Cables to Go Network Router CDM 570 User Manual

Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
Satellite Network Modem Router  
User Guide  
Part Number 22125 Revision 2.0  
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Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
Version 1.5.3  
User Guide  
Part number 22125  
Document Revision 2.0  
Firmware Version 1.5.3  
May 12, 2006  
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Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc.  
3215 Skyway Court  
Fremont, CA 94539  
USA  
Phone: (510) 252-1462  
Fax: (510) 252-1695  
www.vipersat.com  
Part Number 22125  
Manual Revision 2.0  
Firmware Version 1.5.3  
©2006 by Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of  
this manual may be copied or reproduced without prior written permission of  
Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc.  
All products, names, and services are trademarks or registered trademarks of  
their respective companies.  
Printed in the United States of America  
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Document Revision Status  
Document  
Revision  
Date  
Description  
Affected Pages  
Rev. 1.0  
Rev. 2.0  
10/06/05 Initial release of document  
N/A  
All  
5/12/06 Modifications for Firmware version 1.5.3  
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice  
or obligation. Although CVNI has made every effort to verify the content of this  
document, CVNI assumes no responsibility for liability due to errors that may  
appear in this document.  
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Table of Contents  
Setting Vipersat CDM-570/570L Operating  
Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4  
Chapter 3 — Using the Command Line  
Automatic Home State Control (Remote  
Using the Command Line Interface  
i
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Adding a Remote to the STDMA Group .  
Set Current Configuration as Home State. .  
Enable Quality of Service (QoS) Feature  
Configure QoS Rules Based Switching .  
Enable QoS Switch Detection Feature .  
ii  
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Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by  
Reduced data flow in switched mode  
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to  
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to  
Download Base Modem v1.5.1 to Image 2 .  
Setting v1.5.2 Compatibility in Hub Modems  
iii  
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List of Figures  
3-22  
Figure 2-1 Main Menu screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5  
Figure 2-2 Administration screen . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5  
Figure 2-5 Working Mode dialog . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7  
2-11  
Figure 3-32 Hub Statistics screen. . . . . . . . . .3-22  
(Hub) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23  
(Remote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24  
3-29  
Chapter 3 Figures  
Figure 3-1 Main Menu screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3  
Figure 3-2 Administration screen . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4  
type). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8  
Figure 3-8 Hub Type prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9  
Figure 3-9 Group ID prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11  
Figure 3-11 Outbound IP prompt . . . . . . . . . . 3-12  
Figure 3-13 Slot Guardband prompt. . . . . . . . 3-13  
3-16  
Figure 3-43 ToS Delete prompt . . . . . . . . . . .3-34  
Figure 3-44 ToS View screen . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34  
Figure 3-45 Unit Role prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-35  
Figure 3-47 Network ID prompt . . . . . . . . . . .3-36  
Figure 3-48 Unit Name prompt . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36  
3-37  
mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-39  
mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-39  
570L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-40  
570L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-41  
3-41  
Hub). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17  
3-18  
Figure 3-57 Target EbNo prompt . . . . . . . . . .3-42  
Figure 3-58 Target Range prompt . . . . . . . . .3-42  
Type prompt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18  
Figure 3-25 Delete Remote prompt . . . . . . . . 3-19  
v
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3-45  
Appendix C Figures  
Figure C-1 DPC Scaling Function. . . . . . . . . . C-4  
Appendix D Figures  
Figure D-2 Initial Vload screen . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5  
Figure D-3 Add All dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5  
Load) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7  
Figure D-6 Hard Reset screen . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7  
Figure D-9 Configuration File Text . . . . . . . . . D-9  
screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10  
Image 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10  
screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11  
Image 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11  
v1.5.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-12  
D-12  
Appendix A Figures  
Figure A-1 The Seven OSI Protocol Layers . . .A-2  
Figure A-2 Bits and Bytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4  
Figure A-5 NAT Router Example . . . . . . . . . . .A-8  
A-9  
mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10  
Figure A-8 Network Segments . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10  
Appendix B Figures  
Figure B-1 Hub autoswitching menu . . . . . . . .B-5  
vi  
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C
H A P T E R  
GENERAL  
How to Use This Manual  
This manual documents the enhanced Vipersat features and functions of the  
CDM-570/570L Satellite Network Modem Router, and guides the user in how  
to configure this product for use in a Vipersat network. The material covered  
addresses only those areas specific to a CDM-570/570L running in Vipersat  
mode, and complements the universal features and functions described in the  
CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual.  
Earth station engineers, technicians, and operators responsible for the configu-  
ration and maintenance of the CDM-570/570L are the intended audience for this  
document.  
Manual Organization  
This User Guide is organized into the following sections:  
Chapter 1 General  
Contains CDM-570/570L product description, customer support information,  
and manual conventions and references.  
Chapter 2 Quick Start Configuration  
Covers the initial basic steps that are necessary for configuring the CDM-570/  
570L from a factory default state to a functional network element.  
Chapter 1 - General  
1-1  
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How to Use This Manual  
Chapter 3 Using the Command Line Interface (CLI)  
Describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the CDM-570/  
570L in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen is presented along with a detailed  
description and related commands.  
Appendix A Network Addressing  
Supplemental reference information on binary math and network addressing to  
assist with integrating the CDM-570/570L into a Vipersat network.  
Appendix B Automatic Switching  
Supplemental reference information on the Vipersat feature that provides load  
switching (response to network traffic load), application switching (response to  
traffic type) functions, and Entry Channel Mode switching functions.  
Appendix C Dynamic Power Control  
A description of Vipersat’s DPC and its relationship to a CDM-570/570L  
configuration.  
Appendix D Network Migration  
Procedural instructions on upgrading a network of CDM-570/CDD-564 series  
modems to firmware version 1.5.3.  
Conventions and References  
The following conventions are utilized in this manual to assist the reader:  
Note: Provides important information relevant to the accompanying  
NOTE  
text.  
Tip: Provides complementary information that facilitates the  
associated actions or instructions.  
Caution: Explanatory text that notifies the reader of possible  
consequences of an action that they should be aware of.  
1-2  
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How to Use This Manual  
The following documents are referenced in this manual, and provide supple-  
mentary information for the reader:  
CDM-570/570L Modem Installation and Operation Manual (Part Number  
MN/CDM570L.IOM)  
Vipersat Management System User Guide (Part Number 22156)  
Chapter 1 - General  
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Product Description  
Product Description  
Introduction  
The Vipersat CDM-570 and CDM-570L (L-band) Satellite Network Modem  
Routers offer state of the art performance and reliability in a sophisticated and  
cost-effective 1RU package. The CDM-570/570L integrates router functionality  
into the modem, completely eliminating external serial port cabling, and allow-  
ing connection of a 10/100 Base-T LAN/WAN directly to the modem.  
The CDM-570/570L integrated modem/router and communications controller  
operates as a Hub or Remote utilizing TDM/STDMA, SCPC, and IP circuit  
switched management, offering flexibility and control of private satellite  
networks. The CDM-570/570L is designed to connect low- to high-speed data  
link connections between Ethernet LAN to WAN networks, providing a variety  
of communications services to Operators, Service Providers, and Enterprise  
Users. The benefit of this architecture yields seamless bandwidth management-  
on-demand, while simplifying network capacity needs.  
Modem Features  
50–90 MHz or 100–180 MHz IF Range (CDM-570)  
950–1950 MHz IF Range (CDM-570L)  
BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, or 16-QAM Operation  
Data Rate Range from 2.4 kbps up to 9.98 Mbps, depending on  
modulation and FEC used (with FAST feature upgrade)  
Turbo Product Coding (TPC) FEC  
Fast Acquisition Demodulator  
Variable Bit Rate (to 1 bps)  
Programmable TDM/STDMA or dSCPC (dynamic SCPC) Access Control  
BUC 10 MHz Reference and FSK Communications, and optional BUC  
Power Supplies (CDM-570L)  
LNB Power Supply and 10 MHz Reference (CDM-570L)  
1:1 Remote, and N:M Hub Modem Redundancy Schemes  
Router Features  
Fully Integrated Network Management using Vipersat Management  
System (VMS)  
Single Hop On Demand (SHOD) Functions  
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Product Description  
Multi-Transponder Mode (MTM) Functions  
Dynamic Power Control (DPC) for Environment or Mesh Links  
Upstream Bandwidth Management Switching for Application, Load,  
Scheduled, Manual, or VESP  
Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) Bandwidth-On-Demand  
10/100BaseT Ethernet LAN/WAN Interface  
Per Route IP Filtering  
Multi-Protocol Support  
Built-In Header and Payload Compression for Improved Satellite  
Bandwidth Efficiencies  
Built-In Quality of Service (QoS) Functions for Traffic Prioritization  
Software Version Management via FTP or VLoad  
3xDES Decryption  
Network and Bandwidth Management  
The Vipersat network solution integrates this advanced modem/router with the  
powerful network management tool, the Vipersat Management System (VMS).  
The VMS provides for traditional monitor and control of the CDM-570/570L  
modem, but more than just an M&C package, the VMS allows these units to  
share bandwidth, and when needed, switch automatically to a dedicated SCPC  
channel.  
Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC)  
The VMS allows for dynamic point-to-point mesh connections to be established  
between remotes. Traffic inbounds from remotes can be switched: manually or  
automatically, application or load triggered, or scheduled, from shared STDMA  
(burst) mode, to a dedicated SCPC connection. Once the session is completed,  
the remote is automatically switched back to shared mode.  
While in SCPC mode, the VMS provides for dynamic bandwidth allocation,  
automatically altering the bandwidth based on traffic conditions. This effec-  
tively enables the network to better handle connection oriented applications and  
reduce network congestion, jitter, and latency.  
The result is an economical and flexible network with bandwidth shared and  
directed where it is needed for any mix of IP voice, video, and data traffic.  
Chapter 1 - General  
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Product Description  
Turbo Product Coding  
The Comtech Vipersat CDM-570/570L incorporates a Turbo Product Codec  
(TPC). TPC is a FEC technique that delivers significant performance improve-  
ment when compared to Viterbi with concatenated Reed-Solomon. TPC simul-  
taneously offers increased coding gain, lower decoding delay, and significant  
bandwidth savings.  
Header Compression  
Configurable on a per route basis, Header Compression reduces the required  
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) bandwidth by as much as 60%. Example: a  
G.729 voice codec operating at 8 kbps will occupy 32 kbps once encapsulated  
into IP framing on a LAN. Using IP/UDP/RTP Header Compression, the same  
traffic only needs 10.8 kbps total WAN satellite bandwidth to cross the link.  
Normal Web/HTTP traffic can be reduced by an additional 10% via IP/TCP  
Header Compression.  
Payload Compression  
Compressing Payload condenses the size of data frames and reduces the satellite  
bandwidth required to transmit across the link. Configurable on a per route  
basis, Payload Compression optimizes traffic and reduces bandwidth up to 40%.  
Quality of Service  
The CDM-570/570L supports multi-level QoS that minimizes jitter and latency  
for real time traffic, provides priority treatment to mission critical applications,  
and allows non-critical traffic to use the remaining bandwidth. Three modes are  
available: Max/Priority, Min/Max, and Diff Serv.  
Data Encryption  
The CDM-570/570L provides 3xDES data encryption to prevent unauthorized  
access to data over the satellite link. Encryption is configurable on a per route  
basis  
New in this Release  
The following firmware versions incorporate a number of additional features  
and enhancements.  
1-6  
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Product Description  
1.5.3 Release  
New Redundancy Features  
Redundancy Heartbeat Message for Primary Hub Units  
Provides the option for a periodic communications check message to be sent  
from the Hub modem to the VMS for backup recovery in N:M redundancy  
(protected) configurations. This feature allows the message interval to be speci-  
fied by the administrator, and can be enabled through either the CLI or the  
VMS.  
New QoS Features  
Dynamic Buffering  
Reduction of overall system latency is now optimized in the Vipersat network  
by dynamic buffering enhancements that provide a minimum buffer size of 2  
MB, with a user-specified latency period (five second maximum).  
QoS Rule Switching  
With QoS Rule Switching, an STDMA to SCPC switch can be initiated based  
upon any type of IP traffic flow that matches a defined QoS queue.  
Burst Fast Acquisition Timing (BFAT)  
The BFAT feature provides dramatic reduction in data acquisition times for  
Vipersat modems operating in STDMA (burst) mode at low data rates (64 kbps  
to 256 kbps). Preamble size is automatically recalculated and adjusted by the  
modem for optimum performance. This feature can be enabled in modems oper-  
ating at 3/4 QPSK.  
STDMA Slot Quantization  
Utilizing Turbo FEC Block mode, Vipersat STDMA Slot Quantization automat-  
ically sizes the data slot to hold an integral number of FEC blocks, based on the  
current data rate. This results in increased STDMA efficiency.  
RTP Inactivity Timeout  
The timeout period for Real-time Transfer Protocol (e.g., voice, video) data  
flows is now set for 10 seconds of inactivity to reduce the wait period until the  
next switch state occurs, thus increasing SCPC bandwidth utilization.  
Parameter File Consolidation  
Configuration parameters for the entire CDM-570/570L modem (base modem  
plus IP router module) are now stored in one common parameter file. All  
Chapter 1 - General  
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Product Description  
modem parameters are now preserved across firmware upgrades and reboots,  
eliminating a potential cause of communications failure.  
Vipersat File Streaming (VFS)  
The Vipersat File Streaming feature option allows data files to be streamed over  
the Vipersat network at high transmission rates between PC hosts running the  
VFS application.  
Automatic Home State Control (Remote Unit)  
VMS communications management of Remote units is now improved with the  
Home State Revert feature. By configuring a time value (in minutes) in the  
VMS for each Remote in the network, resource recovery is performed on SCPC  
connections when a communications failure occurs between the VMS and a  
Remote, such as a rain fade condition, a Remote unit power down, or a hard-  
ware failure. Should communications be lost for more than the selected time  
period, the Remote will automatically revert to its Home State settings and the  
VMS will remove all allocated resources (bandwidth, demod(s)), freeing them  
for use by any other Remotes in the network.  
ECM User Defined Switch Type  
New SCPC switching flexibility is provided by the Entry Channel Mode (ECM)  
user-defined policy switch type feature. The STDMA Remote Policies can be  
set for the desired SCPC data rate (kbps) and the Switch Type (0=Load, 64-255  
range is user-defined).  
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Customer Support  
Customer Support  
Contact Information  
Contact Comtech Vipersat Networks Customer Support for information or  
assistance with product support, service, or training on any Vipersat product.  
Mail:  
3215 Skyway Court  
Fremont, CA 94539  
USA  
Phone: 1+510-252-1462  
Fax: 1+510-252-1695  
Email: support@vipersat.com  
Return Material Authorization  
Any equipment returned to Vipersat must have a Return Material Authorization  
(RMA) issued prior to return. To return a Comtech Vipersat Networks product  
for repair or replacement:  
Obtain an RMA number from Vipersat Customer Support.  
Be prepared to supply the product model number and serial number of the  
unit.  
To ensure safe shipping of the product, pack the equipment in the original  
shipping carton.  
Reader Comments / Corrections  
If the reader would like to submit any comments or corrections regarding this  
manual and its contents, please forward them to a Vipersat Customer Support  
representative. All input is appreciated.  
Chapter 1 - General  
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Customer Support  
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C
H A P T E R  
QUICK START CONFIGURATION  
Introduction  
This chapter describes the minimum configuration of a Vipersat CDM-570/  
570L Modem/Router that is necessary in order for the equipment to function in  
a Vipersat network.  
The Vipersat CDM-570/570L stores its configuration in an ASCII file named  
the PARAM file. Equipment configuration is typically performed through the  
use of the Command Line Interface (CLI), particularly the initial configuration.  
Once the equipment is functioning in the network, additional configuration can  
be performed via the VMS.  
Refer to Chapter 3, “Using the Command Line Interface,” for a detailed descrip-  
tion on the usage of this feature.  
This manual covers the configuration specifics of the CDM-570/570L when  
used in a Vipersat network. Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Oper-  
ation Manual (Part Number MN/CDM570L.IOM) for general instruction on  
setting up, installing and configuring this equipment.  
Note: Before attempting to configure a CDM-570/570L to be used in a Vipersat  
NOTE  
network, make certain it has the Vipersat option installed and enabled.  
Caution: Do not connect the TX cable until the modem is properly configured,  
and the Home State is verified and Saved.  
Chapter 2 - Quick Start Configuration  
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Introduction  
Caution: Do not connect the TX and RX cables to test equipment without the  
use of a DC voltage block. If BUC or LNB power is disabled through  
the CLI, the setting must be Saved to prevent accidental re-enabling  
during modem reboot or power-cycle.  
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Initial Configuration  
Initial Configuration  
Note: Many of the settings required for equipment configuration are based on  
the LAN/WAN and Satellite network design, and should be obtained from  
the network administrator.  
NOTE  
Terminal Connection  
These procedures are performed using the CLI from a workstation connected to  
the modem/router either via a direct connection to the Console port (a console  
cable is shipped with each unit), or via a telnet connection to the Traffic 100  
port. Alternatively, HyperTerminal or any of the other connection methods  
described in the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual may be  
used.  
Make a terminal connection to the target CDM-570/570L modem/router. If  
connecting via the Traffic 100 Ethernet port (do not use the M&C port), enter  
the IP address of the unit. The factory default IP address is 192.168.1.1. Config-  
ure the terminal for VT-100 emulation mode. Once a terminal connection has  
been made, the CDM-570/570L will respond with a Login prompt. The factory  
defaults are:  
Login: comtech  
Password: comtech  
Once the operator has logged in, the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1 is  
displayed.  
Network Role  
The first and most important step prior to configuring the CDM-570/570L is to  
define its network role.  
The CDM-570/570L is a flexible network component able to perform different  
functions depending on how it is used in a network. The role that is defined for  
each CDM-570/570L will determine what functions are available for each unit  
to fill its role. Refer to the section “Unit Role” on page 3-35 for details on  
setting a CDM-570/570L’s network role. Table 2-1 lists the network roles and  
the corresponding network functions for which the CDM-570/570L can be  
configured.  
Chapter 2 - Quick Start Configuration  
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Initial Configuration  
Table 2-1 CDM-570/570L Network Roles and Functions  
CDM-570/570L Network Role/Function  
Hub Remote Expansion  
Hub Burst Controller providing STDMA Timing Maps  
Hub Point-to-Point SCPC Modem  
Hub Switched Demodulator  
X
X
X
X
X
Remote STDMA Modem  
X
X
X
Remote Point-to-Point SCPC Modem  
Remote Mesh Demodulator  
Setting Vipersat CDM-570/570L Operating  
Parameters  
The following is an example of using the CLI to bring a Vipersat CDM-570/  
570L with factory default settings to the configuration which allows the Viper-  
sat functions to be accessible.  
When the parameter file (param image) of the CDM-570/570L has either been  
reset to or still has the factory default configuration, all Vipersat feature and  
unlock codes in the CDM-570/570L are deleted and all configurations are reset,  
disabling the Vipersat feature set.  
Set the Feature Configuration  
The operating parameters that will be configured in the target CDM-570/570L  
are, in part, determined by the role the CDM-570/570L is to fill in the network,  
Use the following procedure to configure a CDM-570/570L to the network role  
it is to fill in a Vipersat network.  
1. From the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1, select the Administration  
command by entering A at the command prompt.  
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Initial Configuration  
Figure 2-1 Main Menu screen  
2. From the Administration screen shown in figure 2-2, select the Features  
Configuration command by entering F at the command prompt.  
Figure 2-2 Administration screen  
3. From the Feature Configuration menu shown in figure 2-3, verify  
whether or not the Vipersat Feature Codes appear as shown in the figure.  
These codes are entered prior to shipment from the factory; however, if the  
unit has been reset, the codes will have to be re-entered. If the feature  
codes are not displayed in the menu, enter F at the command prompt, then  
enter the 3 digit Feature Code followed by the Unlock Code, as shown in  
Chapter 2 - Quick Start Configuration  
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Initial Configuration  
Figure 2-3 Feature Configuration screen  
Figure 2-4 Feature and Unlock Code dialog  
Tip: The network administrator will have the feature and unlock codes. These  
are stored by the MAC address for the target CDM-570/570L. The target  
unit’s MAC address can be found by entering an I and then an E from the  
Main Menu shown in figure 2-1.  
4. After entering the feature and unlock codes, return to the Feature Config-  
uration menu, shown in figure 2-3, and enter V to toggle the Vipersat  
Management menu item to Enabled. The unit will automatically reboot in  
order to implement the change for this setting.  
5. When the reboot is completed, return to the Feature Configuration menu  
and configure the settings for Vipersat STDMA and Auto Switching  
according to the table below.  
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Initial Configuration  
Table 2-2 CDM-570/570L Network Roles and Features  
Unit Role  
Hub  
Vipersat  
STDMA  
Auto Switching  
Enabled  
Enabled  
Enabled  
Enabled  
(optional) Enabled  
Disabled  
(optional) Enabled  
Disabled  
Hub Expansion  
Remote  
(optional) Enabled  
Disabled  
(optional) Enabled  
Disabled  
Remote Expansion  
6. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.  
7. Enter X at the command prompt to exit the Feature Configuration menu  
and return to the Administration screen.  
8. Ensure that the Working Mode is set to Router-Vipersat.  
If it is not, enter C and change the setting by selecting 4, as shown in  
figure 2-5. The unit will automatically reboot in order to implement the  
change for this setting.  
Figure 2-5 Working Mode dialog  
Set the IP Address  
1. From the Main Menu, enter I to access the Interface Configuration menu  
screen, then enter E to access the Ethernet Interface screen.  
2. Enter I at the command prompt, and enter the designated IP address for  
this unit.  
3. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.  
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Initial Configuration  
Configure the Route Table  
Routing in a Vipersat Network  
CDM-570/570L modem/routers operating in Vipersat mode do not use the  
small or large network described in the CDM-570/570L Installation and Opera-  
tion Manual. There is no HDLC address in a Vipersat network; instead, the  
CDM-570/570L role designation — Hub or Remote, Expansion unit or not —  
determines routing rules that prevent multicast loops. This simplifies the config-  
uration of a Vipersat network.  
Because satellite networks are often used as extensions for access to services  
such as the Internet or the PSTN, they lend themselves quite readily to private  
addressing. For example, to provide Internet access to the satellite network, only  
the Hub requires a public IP address in order for the entire satellite network that  
is controlled by the Hub to have access to the Internet backbone. Utilizing  
Network Address Translation (NAT), the administrator can effectively address  
the network using a minimum number of static route statements.  
Example:  
The IP address 172.16.0.0 is the private address network number for class B  
networks. If there is a router at the Hub with a connection to the Internet, the  
operator can define the local network as a class B. If the operator splits the Class  
B in half and points the upper half toward the satellite there will be over 16000  
usable addresses at the Hub as well as at the Remotes. For details on IP address-  
By putting the one route statement “Remotes 172.16.128.0/17 Wan to Sat” in  
the TDM Hub modem, and by using the route statement “GW 0.0.0.0/0 Wan to  
Sat” at each of the remote modems, the network will successfully route packets.  
The remotes can then be sub-netted as class C networks or below. Additional  
routers at the remotes can be added for unusually large sites, allowing an addi-  
tional layer of NAT without requiring any more explicit routing within the  
Vipersat Modem/Routers.  
Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual for additional  
information on entering routes.  
Creating the Routes  
The following procedure outlines the basic route structure that the target  
CDM-570/570L will require for its role in the network. One of the key routes  
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Initial Configuration  
that must be created is a gateway address for routing the data traffic that is  
received by the unit.  
1. From the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1, select Route Table by entering  
R at the command prompt.  
2. From the Configuring the Route Table screen shown in figure 2-6, enter  
1 at the command prompt to set the first route that will define the default  
gateway.  
Figure 2-6 Configuring the Route Table screen  
In a Hub configuration, the default route will typically point to a router on the  
same LAN as the CDM-570/570L Hub unit.  
In a Remote configuration, the default route will typically point to the satellite  
modem used for communications back to the Hub.  
3. When prompted, enter the Route Name (GW), the IP Address, the  
Number of Bits in the subnet mask, the Route Interface (Ethernet or Sat-  
ellite), and the Next Hop address. The system administrator can supply  
this information, if necessary.  
In a Hub role, for example, enter the name of the route (e.g., DFG), enter  
0.0.0.0 for the destination IP address and 0 for the mask, enter E for  
Ethernet interface, then enter the IP address of the appropriate router or  
modem for the next hop.  
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Initial Configuration  
If this Hub unit is providing the TDM outbound, a route statement or state-  
ments defining satellite communications with the Remote units must be  
entered as well. One recommended option is to enter a single super-route  
that will handle satellite communications with all of the remote subnets; an  
example of this is shown as Route002 in figure 2-6, above.  
4. Enter S at the command prompt in figure 2-6 to save the settings to flash.  
Set the Satellite Modem Configuration  
1. Enter M from the Main Menu, then enter C from the Satellite Modem  
menu to access the Configuration screen.  
2. Enter T to access the Tx Configuration screen shown in figure 2-7. Set  
the Tx parameters for Frequency, Data Rate, FEC, Code Rate, and  
Modulation as specified by the network administrator.  
Note that only Turbo Product Coding is acceptable for FEC when the  
CDM-570/570L is running in Vipersat mode.  
Figure 2-7 Tx Configuration screen  
3. Enter R to access the Rx Configuration screen, and set the Rx parameters  
as specified by the network administrator.  
4. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.  
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Initial Configuration  
Set the Vipersat Configuration  
1. Enter V at the Main Menu command prompt shown in figure 2-1 to select  
the Vipersat Configuration menu shown in figure 2-8.  
Figure 2-8 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub)  
2. Enter R at the command prompt to toggle the Unit Role to either Hub or  
Remote.  
This parameter will determine the role the target CDM-570/570L will per-  
form in the network and what type of commands and functions it will  
receive from the VMS.  
3. Enter E to set the Expansion Unit value (Yes or No).  
When configured as an expansion unit, either as a hub (switched) or as a  
remote (mesh), the CDM-570/570L is set up so that the demod is in SCPC  
mode and available as a resource for dedicated communications with the  
other end of the satellite link.  
4. Enter B at the command prompt to set the Network ID.  
The Network ID that is assigned to the unit defines to what network the  
target CDM-570/570L will belong. All units used in a network will have  
the same Network ID. This parameter is used by the VMS to identify units  
common to a network and allows the VMS to manage multiple networks,  
each with its own unique network ID number.  
5. Enter N at the command prompt to set the Unit Name.  
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Initial Configuration  
6. Enter V at the command prompt to set the Receive Multicast Address.  
The Receive Multicast Address is the multicast IP address assigned to the  
VMS and to all units in the network. The Hub modem transmits the multi-  
cast to this IP address, and the Remotes receive the multicast on this  
address.  
7. Enter I at the command prompt to set the Managing IP Address.  
The Managing IP Address is the IP address of the VMS server.  
8. Enter H to go to the Home State Configuration menu screen, then enter  
W to set the current configuration as the home state.  
9. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.  
This completes the initial configuration of a CDM-570/570L from the factory  
default settings to a functioning, Vipersat-enabled unit. Additional configura-  
tion parameters must be set depending on the network requirements for a  
specific application.  
Refer to Chapter 3, “Using the Command Line Interface,” for additional details  
on configuring the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L.  
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C
H A P T E R  
USING THE COMMAND LINE  
INTERFACE (CLI)  
General  
This chapter describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the  
CDM-570/570L Modem Router in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen related  
to a CDM-570/570L operating in Vipersat mode is presented, along with a  
detailed description of the available commands. For descriptions of all other  
screens, refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual.  
Access to the CLI is provided through either the Console port (local, RS-232)  
or the 10/100BaseT Ethernet Traffic port (Telnet, IP). Access via Telnet  
requires login with password, Console access does not require login. The  
screens presented in this document are as they appear when the CDM-570/570L  
is accessed using Telnet.  
Common Screen Commands  
The following commands appear on each of the menu screens:  
Save Parameters to Permanent Storage  
To Save the current parameter settings to permanent storage, enter S at the  
command prompt. This command saves all data that has been entered from any  
of the CLI screens since the last save was executed. Exiting a screen without  
saving after parameters have been changed does not mean that the changes are  
Chapter 3 - Using the Command Line Interface (CLI)  
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General  
not applied. However, if these changes are not saved prior to a system reset or  
power cycle, they will be lost.  
Exit  
To Exit the current menu screen and return to the previous screen in the menu  
tree, enter X at the command prompt.  
Telnet Logout  
Enter L at the command prompt to Logout of the Telnet session. This command  
appears only when connected via Telnet.  
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Menu Descriptions  
Menu Descriptions  
This section details the CLI command menus and briefly discusses the function  
of each of the commands available on each menu.  
Main menu  
The Main Menu, shown in figure 3-1, allows configuring both the modem and  
router functions of the target CDM-570/570L.  
Note: The entry Vipersat Configuration shown in figure 3-1 will only  
be displayed if the target CDM-570/570L has had the Vipersat  
option enabled as described in the section “Setting Vipersat  
NOTE  
Figure 3-1 Main Menu screen  
A Vipersat CDM-570/570L is normally shipped with the Vipersat option  
enabled. You can verify the CDM-570/570L configuration by checking that the  
command line Vipersat Configuration is displayed on the menu as shown in  
Administration  
The Administration Menu also contains Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
commands. Entering an A at the prompt in the Main Menu, shown in  
figure 3-1 displays the Administration screen shown in figure 3-2.  
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Menu Descriptions  
Figure 3-2 Administration screen  
Enter an F at the prompt to display the Feature Configuration screen shown in  
Feature Configuration  
Figure 3-3 Feature Configuration screen  
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Menu Descriptions  
The Feature Configuration screen shown in figure 3-3 allows enabling and  
disabling CDM-570/570L features.  
Use this menu to enable and disable Vipersat features such as:  
Vipersat STDMA  
Vipersat Auto Switching  
Vipersat File Streamer  
Note: You must enable and disable these Vipersat features using this  
screen. They cannot be enabled or disabled from the Vipersat  
Configuration screen.  
NOTE  
Vipersat Feature Codes menu  
The Vipersat feature codes can be entered as three hexidecimal digits at the  
command prompt as shown figure 3-4 and determine which Vipersat features  
have been purchased for the target CDM-570/570L and are available for use.  
Figure 3-4 Feature and unlock code dialog  
Similarly, unlock codes determine which CDM-570/570L features have been  
purchased and are available for use on the target CDM-570/570L.  
Tip: You may find it more convenient to use the Vipersat Vload utility to  
manage feature and unlock codes.  
Vipersat Management  
This item is an information only display and indicates whether Vipersat  
Management is enabled or disabled in the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L. Acti-  
vation of the Vipersat Feature Code automatically enables the Vipersat Manage-  
ment feature.  
Caution: This command must be enabled in order to use any of the  
Vipersat capabilities of the CDM-570/570L.  
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Menu Descriptions  
Vipersat STDMA  
In order to utilize the Vipersat STDMA feature in the target Vipersat CDM-570/  
570L, this feature must be enabled. Enter A at the command prompt to toggle on  
or off.  
Vipersat Auto Switching  
In order to utilize the auto switching capabilities of the target Vipersat  
CDM-570/570L, toggle the auto switch command to enabled by entering W at  
the command prompt. Vipersat Auto Switching must be enabled for networks  
requiring Load or Application switching to SCPC connections.  
Vipersat File Streamer  
Vipersat File Streamer (VPS) is an optional feature that allows rapid file trans-  
fers over the satellite network between host PCs that are running the client VPS  
application. To activate the Vipersat File Streaming capabilities of the target  
Vipersat CDM-570/570L, toggle this command to enabled by entering R at the  
command prompt.  
Once the parameters on the Feature Configuration screen have been set as  
desired, return to the Main Menu shown in figure 3-1 and enter the V command  
to display the Vipersat Configuration screen shown in figure 3-5.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Vipersat Configuration  
Enter V at the command prompt from the CDM-570/570L Main Menu shown  
in figure 3-1 to display the Vipersat Configuration screen shown in figure 3-5.  
Figure 3-5 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub)  
This menu lists the available commands for configuring a Vipersat CDM-570/  
570L. Note that for the Hub modem only, the command Primary Heart Beat is  
displayed in the Vipersat Configuration screen. For the Remote modem only,  
the status of the Home State Revert setting is displayed.  
Each of these commands is explained in the following sections.  
STDMA Mode  
The items in the STDMA menu will vary depending on the function the target  
CDM-570/570L performs in the network. The CDM-570/570L STDMA menu  
shown in figure 3-6 is from a CDM-570/570L serving as a Hub in the network.  
For comparison, the STDMA Mode menu for a CDM-570/570L operating as a  
between these two screens, and most of the items on the Remote screen are  
information-only display.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Figure 3-6 STDMA screen (Hub, Dynamic Cycle type)  
Figure 3-7 STDMA screen (Remote)  
STDMA  
This menu item is read-only and shows the current state of STDMA in the  
CDM-570/570L. In order to change the STDMA state in the CDM-570/570L,  
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Vipersat Configuration  
STDMA Tx Rate  
This menu item shows the STDMA transmit rate in bps. This item is read-only  
and cannot be modified in this menu.  
Hub Type  
This menu item is only displayed if the CDM-570/570L is being used as a Hub  
in the network. Vipersat STDMA has five modes of operation:  
Fixed - All remotes get the same size slot, regardless of each remote’s  
activity  
Dynamic Slot - Slot size is adjusted each cycle depending on activity  
during the previous cycle  
Dynamic Cycle - A dynamic cycle allows changing the cycle time, and  
corresponding latency, as loads change always providing minimum  
latency for the current traffic load.  
GIR - Guaranteed Information Rate allows assigning a guaranteed data  
rate to a channel.  
Entry Channel - Entry channel mode provides an on-demand channel for  
applications such as a mobile remote.  
Figure 3-8 Hub Type prompt  
Entering a number from 1 to 5 at the command prompt determines the band-  
width allocation mode for the Hub CDM-570/570L.  
Note: If the selected Hub STDMA mode is GIR (Guaranteed Information  
Rate) or Entry Channel, normal load switching is automatically  
disabled. In GIR mode, the Remote is switched to SCPC as soon  
as the GIR threshold is reached, if there is a switch rate defined.  
In Entry Channel mode, the Remote is switched to SCPC as soon  
as the Hub receives the first transmission from the Remote.  
NOTE  
Refer to Appendix B, "Automatic Switching" for details on how each of the  
bandwidth allocation modes functions and the parameters and processes used to  
calculate the commands for each mode.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
1 -- Fixed  
In the Fixed mode, all remotes have the same slot size regardless of type of traf-  
fic or load.  
2 -- Dynamic Slot  
In the Dynamic Slot mode, the slot size for each remote is computed based on  
the time (at the current data rate) needed to transmit all the Bytes in Queue. If  
the result is less than the minimum slot size or more than the maximum slot  
size, the slot is adjusted accordingly.  
3 -- Dynamic Cycle  
In the Dynamic Cycle bandwidth allocation method, available bandwidth is  
allocated to remotes proportionally based on their current bandwidth needs. The  
bandwidth requirements are determined by the number of bytes in queue for  
each remote divided by the total number of bytes in queue for all remotes to  
determine the percentage of bandwidth to allocate for each remote.  
4 -- GIR  
In the GIR mode, the initial computed slot size value is the same as the  
Dynamic Cycle mode except there is no maximum limit. After all remotes have  
been assigned slots, the burst map is checked to see if the total cycle length  
exceeds 1 second. If not, then all requirements are satisfied and the burst map is  
complete. However, if the cycle is greater than one second, then the slots are  
adjusted proportionally so that all remotes receive at least their guaranteed rate  
plus whatever excess is still available.  
In this software version, when the 1 second restriction is exceeded, remotes  
without a specified GIR are reduced to the global minimum slot size and the  
remaining bandwidth is distributed to remotes that have been assigned a GIR  
rate. Remotes assigned a GIR are given available excess bandwidth when  
needed.  
Note: GIR allocations are restricted so that assigned GIR totals cannot  
exceed the available bandwidth to insure proper bandwidth allo-  
cation when the network is overloaded.  
NOTE  
5 -- Entry Channel  
The Entry Channel mode is the same as Dynamic Cycle mode, except that as  
soon as the hub receives an STDMA ACK, it initiates a switch to SCPC mode  
based on the policy set for that remote.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
This mode is designed to accommodate the needs of a remote which will not be  
continuously connected to the network, but which has the need to be able to  
make an on-demand connection when required, such as a mobile remote.  
Note that the switch occurs as soon as the hub receives an STDMA ACK even  
though there may not be traffic at that time. The persistence of the link will be  
determined by the unit’s flag settings.  
Refer to Appendix B, "Automatic Switching" for details on this switching  
mode.  
Group ID  
The STDMA group ID number defines a group of equipment which will  
respond to the output of the burst controller. This group is addressable within a  
network which, in turn, is defined by the network ID number assigned to the  
CDM-570/570L.  
Note: The STDMA group number and the network ID are independent.  
There can be multiple STDMA groups within a single network.  
NOTE  
Figure 3-9 Group ID prompt  
The target CDM-570/570L group ID can be modified by entering an I at the  
command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-9.  
Low Data Rate Fast Acquisition  
This menu item is a toggle used to enable or disable the Vipersat Burst Fast  
Acquisition Timing (BFAT) feature that functions at low data rates (64 kbps to  
256 kbps). Entering A at the command prompt will toggle this feature On or  
Off.  
This feature requires Base Modem firmware version 1.5.2 or later, together with  
Router firmware version 1.5.3 or later.  
Burstmap Multicast IP  
This menu item is used to define the IP address for the Burstmap Multicast that  
is sent out by the STDMA burst controller at the Hub to all of the associated  
remotes in that group. This address must be the same for all members of the  
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Vipersat Configuration  
group. The burstmap is a proprietary message sent from the Hub to all remotes,  
at regular intervals, specifying the relative start time and duration for each  
terminal to transmit.  
To change the current address, enter N at the command prompt to display the  
dialog shown in figure 3-10.  
Figure 3-10 Burstmap Multicast IP prompt  
Outbound IP  
This menu item, which appears for all Hub configurations, displays the current  
Outbound IP address. This specifies the Hub device that is supplying the TDM  
outbound to the satellite (typically a CDM-570/570L). Specifying this address is  
necessary when configuring a Hub that utilizes a burst controller that is a sepa-  
rate device from the TDM modem.  
To change the target address of the TDM outbound for DPC messages for the  
STDMA controller, enter O at the command prompt to display the dialog shown  
Figure 3-11 Outbound IP prompt  
Cycles Per Burst Map  
This menu item, which appears for all Hub types except Dynamic Cycle and  
GIR, displays the number of spin cycles that occur prior to each broadcast of the  
burstmap. This parameter can be modified from the Hub CDM-570/570L by  
entering a C at the command prompt as shown in figure 3-12. For Dynamic  
Cycle and GIR configurations, the number of cycles is automatically set to one  
in order to ensure optimum performance for these Hub types.  
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Figure 3-12 Cycles per Burst Map prompt  
Slot Guardband  
This menu item displays the current length of the slot guardband in milli-  
seconds and the size of the guardband in bytes for the target CDM-570/570L.  
Figure 3-13 Slot Guardband prompt  
On a Hub unit, this value can be modified by entering G at the command  
prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-13 and entering a new value.  
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.  
Note: Note that the value you enter at the command line in figure 3-13  
is in milliseconds. The corresponding value expressed in bytes is  
calculated by the CDM-570/570L based on the STDMA transmit  
bit rate as shown in the menu in figure 3-6.  
NOTE  
Slot Preamble Length  
This menu item displays the current slot preamble size in milli-seconds and  
bytes for the target CDM-570/570L.  
Figure 3-14 Slot Preamble Length prompt  
On a Hub unit, entering P at the command prompt allows changing the pream-  
ble duration in milliseconds.  
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Note: Refer to the Viper Calculator for determining preamble length  
values to enter at the command prompt. If you not have a copy of  
the latest Viper Calculator, contact your Comtech Vipersat  
Networks representative to inquire about a copy.  
NOTE  
Slot Data Length  
This menu item displays the Slot Data Length in milli-seconds and bytes for the  
target CDM-570/570L, and represents the amount of data that can be transmit-  
ted or received in one spin of the STDMA cycle by each of the Remotes belong-  
ing to that group.  
Depending on the Hub type that is defined for the modem, the appearance of  
this parameter will vary:  
Fixed – Slot Data Length  
Dynamic Slot – Nominal Data Length, Minimum Data Length  
Dynamic Cycle – Maximum Data Length, Minimum Data Length  
ECM & GIR – Minimum Data Length  
On a Hub unit, entering B and M at the command prompt brings up the dialogs  
for specifying the data length in milli-seconds for the target CDM-570/570L, as  
shown in figure 3-15.  
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.  
Figure 3-15 Slot Data Length (Nominal)  
Slot Cycle Length  
This menu item is for information only and displays the slot cycle length in  
milli-seconds and bytes for the target CDM-570/570L. This value represents the  
total amount of time (preamble, data length, and guardband) allocated to the  
remote modem during one spin cycle.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Slot Start in Cycle  
This menu item is an information-only display for Remote modems, and indi-  
cates how much time passes from the start of the spin cycle until this Remote is  
provided a time slot. In the example shown in figure 3-7, the Remote is  
provided the first slot in the cycle (0 mSec).  
Set Remotes  
This menu item appears in the STDMA screen when the Unit Role is Hub.  
From a Hub CDM-570/570L, entering R at the command prompt displays the  
STDMA Remotes Menu.  
Figure 3-16 STDMA Remotes Menu screen  
The menu shown in figure 3-16 is used to define and make modifications to the  
Remotes that belong to the STDMA group for the Hub modem, as well as to  
display each Remote’s burstmap status information.  
Adding a Remote to the STDMA Group  
Entering the item number for the Remote modem/router brings up the dialog  
shown in figure 3-17. A prompt to enter the Name for the Remote unit appears,  
followed by a prompt to enter the IP Address.  
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Figure 3-17 Adding a Remote to the STDMA group  
Once a Remote has been added to the group, its Status in the group is displayed  
by the use of the following letters:  
U = Used – This Remote is being used in the burstmap  
Once a remote has been added to the STDMA group, this status will  
always be displayed.  
B = Burstmap – This Remote is currently in the burstmap  
This status will be displayed unless the remote has been removed (R),  
disabled (D), or switched (S) out of the STDMA burstmap.  
R = Removed – This Remote is currently removed from the burstmap.  
When displayed, this status indicates that the Hub has removed this remote  
from the burstmap due to a communications fault.  
D = Disabled – This Remote is currently disabled and is not in the  
burstmap.  
This status will be displayed when a remote is manually disabled by the  
operator or administrator.  
S = Switched – This Remote is currently switched into SCPC mode.  
When displayed, this status indicates that the VMS has automatically  
switched the remote out of the burstmap and into SCPC operation.  
Base  
Entering a B at the command prompt in figure 3-16 allows entering the Remote  
number to start displaying remotes in this menu screen. Entering the number 1,  
as shown in figure 3-16, displays nine remotes, 1 through 9. If the number 4 had  
been entered, the display would show the nine remotes starting with remote 4  
(i.e., remotes 4 through 12).  
Figure 3-18 Modifying Remote Display Base  
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Remote Count  
The Remote Count menu item in figure 3-16 is an information only display  
showing the total number of Remotes that currently belong to the STDMA  
group for this Hub modem.  
Set Remote Policies  
This menu item, which appears for GIR and Entry Channel Hub types, allows  
each Remote to be configured for specific data switching conditions. Entering P  
at the STDMA Remotes Menu command prompt displays the Remote Policies  
screens shown in either figure 3-19 (GIR Hub) or figure 3-21 (Entry Channel  
Hub).  
Figure 3-19 STDMA Remote Policies screen (GIR Hub)  
Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-19 allows the  
Guaranteed Information Rate and the Automatic Load Switch Rate for that  
Remote to be set, as shown in figure 3-20. Note that the Available Bandwidth is  
displayed for reference in this screen to assist with entering the appropriate  
rates. The cycle length for GIR is limited to a maximum of one second.  
Figure 3-20 GIR Remote Policies prompt  
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The Remote Policies screen for an Entry Channel Hub type allows the SCPC  
data rates and switch types to be specified for when a Remote will switch and  
the desired starting point for communications.  
Figure 3-21 Entry Channel Switch Rates screen  
Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-21 allows the  
SCPC Data Rate and the Switch Type for that Remote to be set, as shown in  
figure 3-22. Switch type 0 corresponds to Load Switching; switch types 64  
through 255 are user-defined, and must match VMS policies.  
Figure 3-22 Remote SCPC Data Rate and Switch Type prompt  
The Global SCPC Rate command can be used to set the data rate for all or a  
majority of the Remotes. This allows the rate to be entered just once instead of  
entering the rate for each remote individually. Enter G at the command prompt.  
Figure 3-23 Global SCPC Data Rate prompt  
Similarly, the Global Switch Type command can be used to set the switch type  
for all or a majority of the Remotes. Enter H at the command prompt.  
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Figure 3-24 Global Switch Type prompt  
Delete Remote  
Entering D at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 brings up the Delete  
Remote dialog shown in figure 3-25.  
Figure 3-25 Delete Remote prompt  
Enter the number of the Remote CDM-570/570L at the command prompt to  
delete it from the STDMA group for this Hub modem.  
Enable/Disable Remote  
Enter E at the command prompt in figure 3-16 to display the dialog shown in  
figure 3-26. The Remotes in the STDMA group are displayed, indicating  
whether each is currently Enabled (E) or Disabled.  
Figure 3-26 Enable/Disable Remote prompt  
Enter the number of the Remote at the command prompt to toggle the Remote  
from its current Enable/Disable configuration.  
View Remote(s)  
Entering V at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 will display the listing  
of Remote(s) that belong to the STDMA group for this Hub modem, as shown  
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Figure 3-27 View Remote(s) screen  
The display is for information only and pressing any key will return you to the  
menu shown in figure 3-16.  
Remove Timeout  
Entering R at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 will display the  
Remove Timeout dialog shown in figure 3-28. Note that the menu item shown  
in figure 3-16 shows the current setting (in seconds) for this parameter.  
Figure 3-28 Remove Timeout prompt  
The value entered at the command prompt in figure 3-28 defines the amount of  
time (in seconds) with no communication from a Remote to the Hub before that  
Remote is removed from the Burstmap. This feature is useful, for example, in an  
SNG application where a mobile remote has finished its assignment and has  
shut down.  
If communications are lost for this period of time, the Remote is removed from  
the STDMA group, and the bandwidth resources it had been allocated are then  
made available for use by the other remotes remaining in the group.  
Remove Retry Timeout  
Entering T at the command prompt in figure 3-16 will display the Remove  
Retry Timeout dialog shown in figure 3-29.  
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Figure 3-29 Remove Retry Timeout prompt  
When a Remote is removed from the STDMA group, as described in the section  
“Remove Timeout” above, entering a value in the Remove Retry Timeout  
dialog above defines the amount of time (in seconds) that is allowed to pass  
before a retry attempt is made to return the removed Remote to the group.  
This allows, again using a mobile remote as an example, shutting down the  
remote at one location, moving it to a new location, and then automatically re-  
establishing a connection to the satellite network.  
STDMA Statistics  
Entering V at the command prompt on the STDMA screen displays the  
(Remote). These screens provide information for the number of Bursts (Remote  
only), number of Burst Maps, and the current STDMA Cycle Length.  
Because the Remote modem bursts back to the Hub once every cycle, the  
number of Bursts displayed should be a multiple of the number of Burst Maps  
displayed, with this multiple determined by the number of cycles per burst map  
(1, 2, or more) that has been defined at the Hub. For the example shown in  
figure 3-31 (Dynamic Cycle), the number of cycles per burst map is one, and  
therefore the number of Bursts equals the number of Burst Maps.  
Figure 3-30 STDMA Statistics screen (Hub)  
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Figure 3-31 STDMA Statistics screen (Remote)  
The window of time that is used to average the accumulation of statistics can  
be set by entering W at the command prompt in the Hub screen, then entering  
the number of seconds (from 1 to 20).  
To clear (reset to 0) these statistics, enter C at the command prompt.  
Show Hub Statistics  
Entering a W at the command prompt in the STDMA screen (figure 3-6)  
displays the current statistics for the target CDM-570/570L Hub, as shown in  
Figure 3-32 Hub Statistics screen  
The Burst Controller monitors statistics in the received ACK from each Remote.  
The statistics report the fill status of the STDMA buffers. The Burst Controller  
builds a table of the group and calculates the relative buffer fill for each Remote.  
It then calculates the length of the Data Slot for each Remote based on the Mini-  
mum Slot Size plus a percentage of the Available Bandwidth. Idle remotes  
would receive a Data Slot equal to the Minimum Slot Size.  
In the figure 3-32, Remote 1 with IP address 10.1.128.1 had activity during the  
averaging period. It captured 37.8% of the total slot time and had an average  
slot length of 283 ms. Remotes 2, 3, and 4 had 41.5%, 18.1%, and 7.6% respec-  
tively. The dynamic range of STDMA is a function of the difference between  
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the Nominal Data Slot Size and the Minimum Data Slot Size parameters. These  
parameters are operator selectable. The speed with which STDMA reacts to  
changes in dynamic load is a function of the Statistics Accumulation Window  
parameter and the Cycles per Burst Map parameter, both of which are also oper-  
ator selectable.  
STDMA/SCPC Automatic Switching  
One of the most powerful features of the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is the capa-  
bility to perform automatic switching between STDMA mode and SCPC mode  
based on bandwidth demand. The configuration options that are available to  
meet customer-specific requirements are extensive, and include switching based  
on Load, Application (Voice and Video RTP), ToS, and QoS.  
Note: Care must be taken when configuring the Auto Switching features  
of the Vipersat system to ensure that there is no duplication or  
overlap of switching functions between Application, ToS, and  
QoS for a particular traffic flow. Only one of these switching meth-  
ods should be utilized for any one flow requirement.  
NOTE  
The functions available for configuring the switching operations depend on  
whether the target CDM-570/570L is a Hub unit or if it is a Remote unit.  
In order for the target CDM-570/570L to be automatically switched between  
SDTMA and SCPC modes, the Auto Switching feature must be enabled as  
Selecting Automatic Switching from the Vipersat Configuration screen  
shown in figure 3-5 will display the STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen  
shown in either figure 3-33 (Hub modem) or figure 3-34 (Remote modem).  
Figure 3-33 STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen (Hub)  
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Figure 3-34 STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen (Remote)  
Auto Switching  
The Auto Switching item is for information only and shows the current config-  
uration of the target CDM-570/570L. This feature is Enabled and Disabled as  
described in section “Feature Configuration” on page 3-4. Auto Switching must  
be Enabled in order to utilize any of the related features/commands in this  
menu.  
Current WAN Transmit Mode  
The Current WAN Transmit Mode item is for information only and reflects  
the current status of the CDM-570/570L. If the CDM-570/570L is functioning  
as a Hub in the network, this item will always read Continuous as shown in  
figure 3-33. If the CDM-570/570L is functioning as a Remote in the network  
and STDMA is enabled on the target CDM-570/570L, this item will show  
STDMA (Burst) as shown in figure 3-34.  
Tip: This menu item is useful for determining whether a Remote modem is  
currently operating in STDMA or SCPC mode.  
Voice & Video Application Switching  
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
is able to perform is Application Switching. The Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
provides application switching for non-encrypted SIP and/or H.323 traffic that  
is detected on the satellite network. When encryption prevents the detection of  
this type of traffic, an alternate means of SCPC switching can be configured  
using the ToS auto switching feature.  
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Detection of the voice and video traffic occurs in the Remote modem classifier,  
which looks at traffic that is passed in both directions (Hub-to-Remote and  
Remote-to-Hub). Once the Voice and Video Switch Detection features are  
enabled, the Remote modem will send an Automatic Switch Request (ASR) to  
the VMS when an SIP and/or H.323 call is detected. The ASR contains the  
destination IP address of the RTP packets. If available hardware and bandwidth  
exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier automatically.  
Note: Application switching (voice and video) must be enabled for each  
CDM-570/570L in a network that is going to perform application  
switching in order for the VMS to dynamically optimize network  
circuit parameters to accommodate these applications.  
NOTE  
Load switching by the VMS is not affected by this setting.  
Voice Switch Detection  
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.  
Voice Switch Detection is one of the Application switching commands that  
provides for a dedicated SCPC connection when an SIP and/or H.323 voice call  
is made over the satellite network.  
Entering O at the command prompt toggles the Voice Switch Detection  
command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled. When  
enabled, a voice data-stream will be detected, causing the CDM-570/570L to  
send a switch request to the VMS to switch from STDMA to SCPC mode.  
Video Switch Detection  
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.  
Video Switch Detection is one of the Application switching commands that  
provides for a dedicated SCPC connection when an H.323 video call is made  
over the satellite network.  
Entering I at the command prompt toggles the Video Switch Detection  
command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled. When  
enabled, a video data-stream will be detected, causing the CDM-570/570L to  
send a switch request to the VMS to switch from STDMA to SCPC mode.  
ToS Switch Detection  
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.  
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
is able to perform is ToS (Type of Service) Switching. ToS is defined by an  
eight bit field within an IP packet header that is used to set up per-hop-based  
QoS rules for prioritizing packets. Because the ToS field remains untouched by  
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most encryption methods, ToS switching provides an alternative means of  
SCPC switching when encryption prevents the detection of SIP and H.323  
protocols.  
ToS detection occurs in the Remote modem classifier which only looks at traffic  
that is passed in the LAN-to-SAT (Remote to Hub) direction. Once the ToS  
Switch Detection feature is enabled, the Remote modem will send an ASR to  
the VMS when a packet stamped with the ToS is detected. The ASR contains  
the destination IP address of the ToS stamped packet, the desired SCPC rate,  
and the VMS Switch Type (policy #). If available hardware and bandwidth  
exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier automatically.  
Entering T at the command prompt in figure 3-34 toggles the TOS Switch  
Detection command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled.  
When enabling ToS switching, the ToS switching control parameters must be  
Applying a ToS value to an application (VoIP, IPVC, or priority data) through  
either preservation or classification packet stamping allows the Vipersat switch-  
ing system to function in an encrypted network. Normally in a non-encrypted  
Vipersat network, packets are classified by the Remote CDM-570/570L using  
protocol classification detection and the results are forwarded to VMS via  
VESP (Vipersat External Switching Protocol) or, in legacy VMS systems, via  
an ASR (Automatic Switch Request) message. The VMS switch detector  
service then applies the required or requested bandwidth using policies which  
have been pre-configured in the VMS. Refer to the VMS User’s Guide for  
details.  
For example, if in a non-encrypted network a voice application service connec-  
tion is started, the CDM-570/570L’s classifier analyzes signaling and data  
protocols (H.323, SIP, & Data RTP) being routed through the CDM-570/570L.  
After connection detection, the process waits for data (RTP). Data is normally  
sent after the receiving party answers, which then triggers the system to process  
an ASR. Using the ToS classification, the detection function allows application-  
based switching in encrypted networks where the signaling protocols are  
encrypted or effectively hidden.  
Note: Load switching by the VMS is not affected by enabling ToS detec-  
NOTE  
tion.  
QoS Switch Detection  
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.  
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
is able to perform is QoS (Quality of Service) Switching. With this feature, an  
STDMA to SCPC switch can be initiated based upon any type of IP traffic flow  
that matches a defined QoS queue. QoS detection occurs in the Remote modem  
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classifier, which looks at traffic that is passed in both directions (Hub-to-  
Remote and Remote-to-Hub). When an IP packet matches a defined QoS rule,  
the Remote modem sends an ASR to the VMS that contains the destination  
address of the detected packet, the defined bit rate, and the policy type. If avail-  
able hardware and bandwidth exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier  
automatically.  
Enable Quality of Service (QoS) Feature  
The Remote must have the QoS FAST feature code, and the QoS feature must  
be enabled in order for the QoS Switch Detection feature to function. The QoS  
feature is Enabled/Disabled from the Feature Configuration screen (see  
Configure QoS Rules  
The Vipersat CDM-570/570L is capable of performing automatic switching  
based on the QoS rules for a Remote modem. QoS rules can be assigned to  
different flow types that are user-defined by any combination of traffic type  
protocol (FTP, UDP, RTP, etc.), source/destination IP (specific or range), and/  
or Layer 3 source/destination port.  
The Vipersat QoS Switching feature is designed to manage single, specific  
sessions or flow types, such as a UDP video stream targeted to a specific port.  
When defining QoS rules for QoS based switching, it is best to make them as  
specific as possible so as to avoid unintended or multiple sessions/flows being  
generated with that rule. A QoS rule that creates multiple flows will result in  
poor switching performance. With voice traffic, for example, prioritize by using  
the VOCE protocol rather than prioritizing with RTP or UDP.  
From the Main Menu for the Remote modem, enter Q to access the QoS  
Configuration screen, as shown in figure 3-35.  
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Figure 3-35 QoS Configuration screen  
Enter Q at the command prompt in figure 3-35 to access the QoS Rules Config-  
uration screen, as shown in figure 3-36.  
Figure 3-36 QoS Rules Configuration screen  
Configure the desired number of rules that are necessary for the applications to  
be used for this network. Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Opera-  
tion Manual for details on configuring QoS Rules for the CDM-570/570L.  
Configure QoS Rules Based Switching  
Enter V at the command prompt in figure 3-35 to access the QoS Rules Based  
Switching screen for the Remote modem, as shown in figure 3-37  
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Figure 3-37 QoS Rules Based Switching screen  
Determine which QoS rules will be used as a basis for performing SCPC  
switching, then configure the VMS policy type, the SCPC switch rate, and the  
timeout value to be associated with each rule. Assigning a 0 (zero) value means  
that no SCPC switch will occur for that rule.  
Enable QoS Switch Detection Feature  
Once QoS has been enabled and configured as described above, the last step in  
implementing QoS switching is to Enable the QoS Switch Detection feature.  
Entering Q at the command prompt in figure 3-34 toggles the QoS Switch  
Detection feature between Enabled and Disabled.  
Load Switching  
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L  
is able to perform is Load Switching. The system will detect variations in data  
rate and can be configured to switch from STDMA to SCPC based on band-  
width requirements.  
The initial switch for a Remote CDM-570/570L from STDMA mode to SCPC  
mode is determined by the Hub Burst Controller. Once the Remote is switched  
into SCPC, any requests to meet additional switching requirments within SCPC  
(Step Up or Step Down) are made by the Remote modem.  
The Load Switching command on the Auto Switching menu is a toggle that  
Enables and Disables Load Switching on the target CDM-570/570L. Entering  
L at the command prompt will toggle between these two states. Refer to Appen-  
dix B, Automatic Switching, in this document for additional information on  
Load Switching.  
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Note: Load Switching must be enabled for each CDM-570/570L in a  
NOTE  
network that is going to perform Load Switching in order for the  
VMS to dynamically optimize network performance as load condi-  
tions change on these circuits.  
Application switching by the VMS, such as for Voice and/or  
Video, is not affected by this setting. However, using Load  
Switching for real-time applications is not recommended.  
STDMA Slot Capacity  
This menu item appears for Hub modems only.  
The STDMA Slot Capacity command allows setting the threshold or level of  
slot capacity at which the Burst Controller sends a switch request to the VMS to  
switch the Remote from STDMA mode to SCPC mode.  
Typically the default settings will be optimum, but there may be unique network  
configurations that require modifying the STDMA slot capacity value. To  
change this setting, enter U at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display the  
screen shown in figure 3-38.  
Figure 3-38 STDMA Slot Capacity prompt  
STDMA Switch Delay  
This menu item appears for Hub modems only.  
In order to minimize unnecessary switching from STDMA to SCPC due to tran-  
sient conditions, such as a temporary spike in network traffic for example, a  
switch delay parameter is provided.  
Typically the default values will be optimum, but this value can be changed to  
accommodate a unique network configuration or application. To change this  
setting, enter W at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display the screen  
shown in figure 3-39.  
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Figure 3-39 STDMA Switch Delay prompt  
Percent Allocation  
The Percent Allocation menu item allows adding a fixed percentage to the  
channel bandwidth request to accommodate additional bandwidth requirements  
which may occur after the switch is made from STDMA to SCPC mode.  
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if there may be a larger band-  
width requirement after the switch, the percent allocation value can be  
increased. In choosing a value for this allocation, future bandwidth require-  
ments for the channel must be balanced against efficient bandwidth utilization.  
To change this setting, enter E at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display  
the screen shown in figure 3-40.  
Figure 3-40 Percent Allocation prompt  
SCPC Step Up Threshold  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
The SCPC Step Up Threshold establishes the percentage of bandwidth use  
that will trigger a switch up from the present SCPC rate to a higher rate to  
ensure that there is sufficient bandwidth available for current conditions.  
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if a different threshold is  
desired, an alternate value can be specified by entering U at the command  
prompt in figure 3-34. Note that this value must be greater than the value speci-  
fied for the SCPC Step Down Threshold.  
SCPC Step Down Threshold  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
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The SCPC Step Down Threshold establishes the percentage of bandwidth use  
that will trigger a switch down from the present SCPC rate to a lower rate to  
ensure efficient bandwidth usage.  
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if a different threshold is  
desired, an alternate value can be specified by entering D at the command  
prompt in figure 3-34. Note that this value must be less than the value specified  
for the SCPC Step Up Threshold.  
SCPC Step Delay  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
The SCPC Step Delay feature provides a switching delay period to ensure that  
a premature switch up or down in the SCPC rate does not occur due to a tempo-  
rary rise or fall in traffic.  
A default value (in seconds) is provided, but this parameter can be modified by  
SCPC Step Up Excess  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
During each SCPC Step Up switch, the excess capacity data rate value entered  
by this command is added to the new SCPC data rate. This excess is added each  
time an SCPC Step Up switch occurs. This setting makes additional bandwidth  
available for when the demand arises while minimizing step up switching  
events.  
A default percentage value is provided, but this parameter can be modified by  
ToS Switching Parameters  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
When ToS switching is enabled on a CDM-570/570L, the parameters for ToS  
switching must be defined by entering P from the STDMA/SCPC Auto Switch-  
ing screen (see figure 3-34). The TOS Switching Control menu shown in  
be applied.  
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Figure 3-41 ToS Switching Control screen  
ToS Switching Entry  
After determining what ToS value to use, either application or router classifier,  
select a ToS entry from the list for configuration or edit. The screen will prompt  
for inputs to the list of range-checked values, as shown in the sample dialog in  
figure 3-42 that displays the entries for TOS 03.  
Figure 3-42 ToS Switching Entry dialog  
Enter Name for TOS ID [ ] - At the prompt, enter a user-defined text  
label for circuit identification.  
Enter the TOS ID - Enter an integer value in the range of 1 to 63.  
Entering a value of 0 will result in no switch.  
Enter the Switch Type - Enter an integer value in the range of 64 to 254  
at the prompt to inform the VMS what switching policy to use. Entering a  
value of 0 will result in no switch.  
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Enter the TOS SCPC Switch Data Rate - Enter the desired data rate for  
this service type. Valid entries are from 0 to 10,000 Kbps. This setting will  
override the VMS set policy value.  
Enter the TOS SCPC Timeout - This timer monitors the defined packet  
flow. Once data stops for the duration of the timer setting, the link state  
will be restored to the home state condition. Valid entries are from 1 to 60  
seconds.  
After entering the timeout value, pressing the Enter key will update the TOS  
Switching Control menu with the changes.  
Delete  
Enter D at the command prompt in figure 3-41 to Delete a ToS entry, as shown  
Figure 3-43 ToS Delete prompt  
Note: The value shown in the TOS Value column is the TOS ID associ-  
NOTE  
ated with the ToS entry to be deleted.  
View  
Entering a V at the command prompt will display the Internal TOS Table for  
active entries as shown in figure 3-44.  
Note that, due to binary conversion, the ID value is a multiple of 4 and the  
Timout value is a multiple of 2.  
Figure 3-44 ToS View screen  
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Unit Role  
The Unit Role configuration determines whether the target CDM-570/570L is  
to function as a Remote or as a Hub in the Vipersat satellite network. From the  
Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5), enter R to display the dialog  
shown in figure 3-45.  
Figure 3-45 Unit Role prompt  
The choice made in this command will determine the role the target CDM-570/  
570L will perform in the network and what type of commands and functions it  
will receive from the VMS.  
Expansion Unit  
The Expansion Unit menu item in the Vipersat Configuration screen  
(figure 3-5) defines whether the target CDM-570/570L is to function as an  
Expansion Unit (the demod configured to operate in SCPC mode) or not. Enter-  
ing E at the command prompt will display the dialog shown in figure 3-46.  
Figure 3-46 Expansion Unit prompt  
The VMS uses this data when monitoring and controlling the network to deter-  
mine the target CDM-570/570L’s function. When configured as an expansion  
unit, either as a Hub (switched) or as a Remote (mesh), the CDM-570/570L is  
set up so that the demod is in SCPC mode and available as a resource for dedi-  
cated communications with the other end of the satellite link.  
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Network ID  
The Network ID that is assigned to the unit defines to what network the target  
CDM-570/570L will belong. All units used in a network will have the same  
Network ID. Enter B at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration  
screen (figure 3-5) to display the dialog shown in figure 3-47.  
Figure 3-47 Network ID prompt  
The Network ID is used by the VMS to identify units that are common to a  
network and allows the VMS to manage multiple networks, each with its own  
unique Network ID number.  
Unit Name  
The Unit Name command in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) is  
used to assign a name to the target CDM-570/570L. Enter N at the command  
prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-48. Any name, up to 16 charac-  
ters, can be entered for the unit.  
Figure 3-48 Unit Name prompt  
This name is displayed by the VMS and identifies the unit in the graphical  
network display.  
Receive Multicast Address  
The Receive Multicast Address is the multitcast IP address assigned to the  
VMS and and all CDM-570/570L units in the network. When the CDM-570/  
570L receives a multicast from the VMS server, it receives the server’s IP  
address and responds to the VMS server with a unicast containing its current  
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configuration data, including the CDM-570/570L’s IP address. When the VMS  
receives the unicast response, it registers the CDM-570/570L on the network.  
Enter V at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen  
(figure 3-5) to display the dialog shown in figure 3-49.  
Figure 3-49 Receive Multicast IP Address prompt  
Switch requests can be unicast to the VMS server and unicast switch commands  
received from the VMS by the CDM-570/570L. For more information on this  
process, refer to the VMS User Guide.  
Managing IP Address  
The Managing IP Address command in the Vipersat Configuration screen  
(figure 3-5) allows the IP address for the server running VMS to be entered.  
Enter I at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-50.  
Figure 3-50 Managing IP address menu  
If available, this is the IP address to which the CDM-570/570L sends a unicast  
registration request every 60 seconds when requesting initial registration on the  
VMS network. Later the CDM-570/570L uses this address to send switch  
requests, network health messages, etc. to the managing VMS server.  
Primary Heart Beat  
This menu item appears for the Hub modem only.  
The Primary Heart Beat feature is a redundancy heart beat message for primary  
Hub units that provides the option for a periodic communications check  
message to be sent from the Hub modem to the VMS for backup recovery in  
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N:M redundancy (protected) configurations. The message interval can be speci-  
fied by the administrator through the VMS.  
Enter P at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen  
(figure 3-5) to toggle this feature between Enabled and Disabled.  
Home State Revert  
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.  
The Home State Revert feature allows automatic resource recovery to be  
performed on SCPC connections when a communications failure occurs  
between the VMS and a Remote, such as a rain fade condition, a Remote unit  
power down, or a hardware failure. The period of time (in minutes) for a failure  
is configured in the VMS for each Remote in the network. Should communica-  
tions be lost for more than the specified time period, the Remote will automati-  
cally revert to its Home State settings and the VMS will remove all allocated  
resources (bandwidth, demod(s)), freeing them for use by any other Remote in  
the network.  
Because this feature is configured in the VMS, the status (Enabled or Disabled)  
appears as an information-only display in the Vipersat Configuration menu  
Dynamic Power Control Configuration  
Dynamic Power Control (DPC) is a Vipersat feature that acts to regulate the  
transmit power of the Vipersat satellite modem, such that the specified receive  
signal level (Eb/No) is met for the receiving Vipersat units in the group. DPC is  
driven by the receiver demod, which notifies the transmitting modem of the  
current Eb/No value.  
Refer to Appendix C, Dynamic Power Control, in this document for additional  
information on the DPC feature.  
The Dynamic Power Control Configuration screen (enter C in the Vipersat  
Configuration menu) allows for setting the parameters for the CDM-570/570L  
power levels. The information and commands in the menu will vary depending  
on the function that the target CDM-570/570L performs in the network. The  
screen shown in figure 3-51 is for a Hub or Remote operating in STDMA mode.  
For comparison, the DPC Config screen for a unit operating as a Hub or Remote  
with Expansion (SCPC mode) is shown in figure 3-52. Note that only the appli-  
cable settings appear in this screen.  
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Figure 3-51 DPC Configuration screen (STDMA mode)  
Figure 3-52 DPC Configuration screen (SCPC mode)  
Note: The following descriptions will refer to the CDM-570/570L as  
NOTE  
either modulator or demodulator for simplicity and understanding.  
Before enabling DPC, the operator should verify that a demodulator at another  
terminal is receiving from this modulator, and that there is a working communi-  
cations channel from that receiving station back to the modulator terminal  
(inband communications). Additionally, since DPC controls potentially the full  
power range of the modulator’s output power, it is recommended that the termi-  
nal be commissioned and calibrated before usage.  
DPC Enabled  
The DPC Enabled command (enter E) is a toggle that allows the DPC feature  
to be either Enabled or Disabled. The CDM-570/570L is shipped with the DPC  
Enabled menu item turned off (Disabled) to allow entrance link levels calibra-  
tion during terminal setup.  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Calibrated Data Rate  
This menu item is for information only and displays the Calibrated Data Rate  
in Kbps for the target CDM-570/570L.  
There is a proportional relationship between data rate and power level; as the  
data rate increases, there is a corresponding increase in transmit power level,  
and vice versa.  
Nominal Power Level  
This menu item is for information only and displays the Nominal Power Level  
in dB for the modulator. This power level will vary as the data rate varies.  
Max Power  
The commissioning of a satellite terminal must comply with the calculated link  
budget that is conducted before terminal installation. Using these calculations,  
the maximum transmit power level permitted for the modulator(s) based on  
link/satellite parameters can be configured. This is the value set by the Max  
Power command in the DPC Configuration menu. Enter A at the command  
prompt to display the Max Power dialog shown in figure 3-53.  
Figure 3-53 Maximum Power Level prompt (CDM-570L)  
If more than one modulator is used at this location, that must also be taken into  
consideration and applied to this value set point. The value entered sets the  
maximum power level allowed by all SCPC modulators.  
Min Power  
The Minimum Power level setting corresponds to the lowest transmit power  
level permitted based on link/satellite parameters. Min Power typically can be  
set to the lowest default value (-25.0 dBm for the CDM-570, -40.0 dBm for the  
CDM-570L). There is generally no problem in allowing the modulator(s) to  
reduce power levels when link conditions improve. Enter I at the command  
prompt to display the Min Power dialog shown in figure 3-54.  
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Figure 3-54 Minimum Power Level prompt (CDM-570L)  
The value entered sets the minimum power level allowed by all SCPC modula-  
tors.  
Max Step Down Power  
The Maximum Step Down Power value sets the largest step reduction in trans-  
mit power permitted when the DPC is adjusting the power downward to achieve  
the target set point. The default value for this parameter is 3 dB.  
Enter D at the command prompt to display the Max Step Down Power dialog  
shown in figure 3-55.  
Figure 3-55 Maximum Step Down Power prompt  
Max Step Up Power  
The Maximum Step Up Power value sets the largest step increase in transmit  
power permitted when the DPC is adjusting the power upward to achieve the  
target set point. The default value for this parameter is 3 dB.  
Enter U at the command prompt to display the Max Step Up Power dialog  
shown in figure 3-56.  
Figure 3-56 Maximum Step Up Power prompt  
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Target EbNo  
The Target EbNo is the desired operating receive level for closed loop servo  
control. This is the value used by the receiving CDM-570/570L for comparison  
with the actual received Eb/No. This information is sent back to the transmitting  
terminal for output power level adjustment as necessary.  
Enter T at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display  
the Target EbNo dialog shown in figure 3-57. The default value for this parame-  
ter is 10 dB.  
Figure 3-57 Target EbNo prompt  
Target Range  
The Target Range command sets the range on either side of the Target EbNo  
value, plus or minus, where the received level at the demodulator is acceptable  
and no adjustment to the output power of the transmitting terminal is necessary.  
Enter R at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display  
the Target Range dialog shown in figure 3-58. The default value for this param-  
eter is 0.2 dB.  
Figure 3-58 Target Range prompt  
Speed Up EbNo  
Normally, the PLDM (Path Loss Data Multicast) is sent every 60 seconds from  
each terminal in the network. If the received Eb/No level at the demodulator  
drops below the Speed Up EbNo set value, the corresponding terminal  
increases its PLDM send rate to every 15 seconds until the receive level is  
greater than the set value. This provides a loop speed up to rapidly regain link  
quality.  
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Enter Q at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display  
the Speed Up EbNo dialog shown in figure 3-59. The default value for this  
parameter is 5 dB.  
Figure 3-59 Speed Up EbNo prompt  
Target DPC Address  
The Target DPC Address identifies the modem that is transmitting to this  
CDM-570/570L, and will be receiving the PLDM messages that provide the  
current Eb/No value for this CDM-570/570L. Typically, all Remotes will spec-  
ify the Hub modem that is supplying the TDM outbound. The Outbound IP  
address is sent out to all STDMA Remotes via the Burst Map, and the DPC  
Target for these Remotes is automatically mapped to that address. When operat-  
ing in a dedicated SCPC mode, the Remote’s Target DPC Address is configured  
manually with this command.  
Enter 1 at the command prompt to display the Target DPC Address dialog  
shown in figure 3-60.  
Figure 3-60 Target DPC Address prompt  
The STDMA Burst Controller is not permitted to specify a DPC Target because  
the demodulator is receiving multiple bursts very rapidly from all Remotes in  
the group and is unable to utilize DPC to control the transmit power of the  
remote modems.  
Set Home State Parameters  
A CDM-570/570L’s Home State are those parameters which the CDM-570/  
570L will return to when it is power cycled or reset. Enter H at the command  
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prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen to display the Home State  
Configuration screen shown in figure 3-61.  
The parameters entered using this menu define the settings the target CDM-570/  
570L will go to when it returns to its Home State, either as the result of a  
command by the VMS, or as it comes back on line from a reset or a power  
cycle. A CDM-570/570L’s Home State settings are typically selected so that it  
goes to a configuration which is optimum for its function in the network.  
Figure 3-61 Home State Configuration screen  
Note that each of these Transmit and Receive parameters are the same as found  
in the Tx Configuration and the Rx Configuration screens that are in the  
Satellite Modem Configuration menu.  
Set Current Configuration as Home State  
This command sets the CDM-570/570L’s current configuration as its Home  
State settings. Assuming the modem has been properly configured using the  
Satellite Modem Configuration menu (Tx and Rx parameters) and the  
Feature Configuration menu (Vipersat STDMA setting), these parameter  
values will be copied into the Home State configuration. Rather than entering  
each of these values individually, this command can be used as a shortcut for  
establishing the Home State settings.  
Enter W at the command prompt in the Home State Configuration screen to  
execute this command. Once saved, the modem will be configured with the  
Home State settings at boot time and when manually reset with the Force  
Modem to Home State command.  
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Tip: This command is useful when a CDM-570/570L’s initial set up is  
completed and the unit is functioning as desired in a network.  
Force Modem to Home State  
If at any time it is desired to have a CDM-570/570L return to its Home State,  
this command (enter Y) can be executed. The Home State parameter values are  
“forced” into the Base Modem configuration so that they match. The Base  
Modem parameters will be updated to reflect any modifications that have been  
made from this menu.  
A warning message is displayed as shown in figure 3-62, requiring the  
command to be confirmed before it is executed.  
Figure 3-62 Force Modem to Home State warning  
STDMA State  
This command (enter T) toggles the setting of STDMA in the target CDM-570/  
570L’s home state between Enabled and Disabled. This is the same feature that  
is set from the Feature Configuration menu screen shown in figure 3-3.  
Transmit Frequency  
Enter A at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-63 to set the  
Transmit Frequency for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-63 Transmit Frequency prompt  
Note that this screen dialog example displays the frequency range for the CDM-  
570L L-Band modem. For the CDM-570, the range displayed will be either 50  
to 90 MHz or 100 to 180 MHz.  
Transmit Data Rate  
Enter B at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-64 to set the  
Transmit Data Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
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Figure 3-64 Transmit Data Rate prompt  
Note that the valid range for this parameter will vary depending on the modula-  
tion type, coding rate, and FAST feature data rate.  
Transmit FEC Type  
Enter C at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-65 to enter  
the FEC Coding Type for the CDM-570/570L’s home state. Turbo must be  
selected when operating in Vipersat mode.  
Figure 3-65 Transmit FEC Type prompt  
Transmit Coding Rate  
Enter D at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-66 to set the  
Transmit Coding Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Note that Coding Rates 3 (1/2), 4 (2/3), and 8 (1/1) are not valid selections when  
operating in Vipersat mode with Turbo Product Coding.  
Figure 3-66 Transmit Coding Rate prompt  
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Transmit Modulation Type  
Entering E at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-67 to set  
the Transmit Modulation Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-67 Transmit Modulation Type prompt  
Transmit Power Level  
Enter F at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-68 to set  
the Transmit Power Level for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-68 Transmit Power Level prompt  
Transmit Enable  
The modem transmitter can be Enabled or Disabled with this command. Enter G  
at the command prompt to toggle the Transmit Enable for the target  
CDM-570/570L’s home state between On and Off.  
Receive Frequency  
Enter M at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-69 to set  
the Receive Frequency for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-69 Receive Frequency prompt  
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Vipersat Configuration  
Note that this screen dialog example displays the frequency range for the CDM-  
570L L-Band modem. For the CDM-570, the range displayed will be either 50  
to 90 MHz or 100 to 180 MHz.  
Receive Data Rate  
Enter N at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-70 to set  
the Receive Data Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-70 Receive Data Rate prompt  
Note that the valid range for this parameter will vary depending on the modula-  
tion type, coding rate, and FAST feature data rate.  
Receive FEC Type  
Enter O at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-71 to set the  
Receive FEC Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state. Turbo must be  
selected when operating in Vipersat mode.  
Figure 3-71 Receive FEC Type prompt  
Receive Coding Rate  
Enter P at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-72 to set  
the Receive Coding Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
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Figure 3-72 Receive Coding Rate prompt  
Note that Coding Rates 3 (1/2), 4 (2/3), and 8 (1/1) are not valid selections when  
operating in Vipersat mode with Turbo Product Coding.  
Receive Modulation Type  
Enter Q at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-73 to set  
the Receive Modulation Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.  
Figure 3-73 Receive Modulation Type prompt  
Vipersat Summary  
The Vipersat Summary screen can be viewed by entering D at the command  
prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5).  
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Figure 3-74 Vipersat Summary screen  
The Node ID number that appears in this screen verifies that the unit is regis-  
tered with the VMS and is active in the network. This number is automatically  
assigned by the VMS.  
The two frequency listings are for the modulator (0) and the demodulator (1) for  
the CDM-570/570L. The IF values represent the Intermediate Frequency (Hz)  
that this unit is currently using. The AF values represent Adjusted Frequency  
(Hz), a translation of the IF that is used by the VMS for internal tracking of  
switching commands.  
The DPC target entry is the IP address of the modulator that is to receive the  
DPC messages from this unit.  
The Primary Heart Beat Interval represents the time period between the  
communication check message that is sent from the primary Hub modem to the  
VMS in an N:M redundancy configuration. This interval is specified in the  
VMS.  
Vipersat Migration  
The Vipersat Migration command is used to set the compatibility mode for the  
Hub Burst Controller when conducting a firmware upgrade on the associated  
CDM-570/570L Remotes. Although this command appears in the menu for both  
the Hub modem and the Remote modem, it only applies to STDMA Controllers  
and TDM Outbound modems at the Hub.  
Enter M at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen to  
display the Vipersat Migration dialog shown in figure 3-75.  
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Figure 3-75 Vipersat Migration prompt  
Refer to Appendix D, Firmware Installation, in this document for additional  
information on the use of this command.  
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A
P P E N D I X  
NETWORK ADDRESSING  
This Appendix is an overview of network addressing and how it applies to  
configuring the CDM-570/570L for use in Vipersat Networks. The subjects  
covered are:  
OSI Model  
Binary Math  
IP Addressing  
Network Address Translation  
Subnets  
Network Segments  
Default Gateways  
MAC Addresses  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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The OSI Reference Model  
The OSI Reference Model  
OSI is an acronym for Open Systems Interconnection. This is a network model  
created by ISO (the International Standardization Organization.) The OSI model  
is the basic standard which forms the basis for all networking protocols.  
Figure A-1 The Seven OSI Protocol Layers  
The OSI model defines the building blocks used to construct a working network  
protocol as shown in Figure A-1. The blocks on the right show the individual  
layers which make up the OSI model and the blocks on the left show the layer’s  
functional grouping.  
Each layer, as defined by the OSI model, is only aware of the layers directly  
above and below it.  
Layers 1 3  
Layer 1 / Physical – Layer 1 defines the physical means by which actual bits  
are sent and received. This layer, for example, is where connectors, cable  
lengths, and signaling specifications are defined.  
Layer 2 / Data Link – Layer 2 consist of two sub-layers:  
Logical Link Control (LLC) – The LLC packages bytes received from the  
MAC into a format readable by the Network Layer above it.  
Media Access Control (MAC) – The MAC is concerned with obtaining  
access to the network at an appropriate time; i.e., when no other machines  
are communicating or when permission has been granted.  
Together, these two sub-layer protocols are responsible for moving packets on  
and off the network.  
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The OSI Reference Model  
Layer 3 / Network Layer – Layer 3 is responsible for routing packets through  
multiple networks. The Layer 3 protocol operates without regard to the underly-  
ing protocols in use. For example, routers operate at Layer 3.  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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Binary Math  
Binary Math  
Network devices communicate using BITS, where a bit is a single digit repre-  
sented by a 1 or a 0, or by using BYTEs, where a byte is made up of eight bits in  
any combination of 1’s or 0’s. A byte is also referred to as an octet.  
Figure A-2 Bits and Bytes  
An octet can be converted to or from binary using the technique shown in the  
decimal conversion chart in Figure A-3. The conversion chart also shows the  
decimal equivalent of the binary number.  
1
128  
1
64  
0
32  
1
16  
0
8
0
4
1
2
0
1
1
=
=
165  
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
194  
255  
=
128  
32  
4
1
_____  
165  
Figure A-3 Binary to Decimal Conversion  
Bits containing a 1 in Figure A-3 determine which decimal values should be  
added. These decimal values, when added together, determine the decimal  
equivalent for the binary number.  
This is an example of changing a number expressed in binary (base 2) to its  
decimal equivalent (base 10). The numeric value is the same, you have only  
changed the numbering base (radix.) All digital processes are done in binary.  
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Binary Math  
The conversion to decimal is done whenever binary values need to be read or  
entered by humans as their decimal equivalents.  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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IP Addressing  
IP Addressing  
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique set of numbers assigned to a device  
on a network to uniquely identify that device (by its IP address).  
An IP address is a unique number composed of four octets, with each octet  
separated by a dot. This notation style is called dotted decimal notation.  
Each IP address can be broken down into two parts, as shown in the example  
below:  
Example: 128.121.188.201  
The first two octets are the network ID: 128.121  
The second two octets are the host ID: 188.201  
Network ID - In this example, the 128.121 portion of the IP address  
defines the network that a host belongs to, and is equivalent to a street  
name in a mailing address.  
Host ID - The 188.201 portion of the IP address specifies a unique number  
assigned to the host on the network, and is equivalent to a house number in  
a mailing address.  
IP Address Classes  
IP addresses are assigned to classes according the schedule shown in  
Figure A-4. IP address classes are assigned as follows:  
Class A  
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x (0 and 127 are reserved)  
126 Class As exist  
Can have 16,777,214 hosts on each Class A  
8-bit network number  
24-bit node number  
Class B  
128.0.x.x to 191.254.x.x  
16,384 Class Bs exist  
Can have 65,354 hosts on each Class B  
16-bit network number  
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IP Addressing  
16-bit node number  
CLASS A  
CLASS B  
CLASS C  
Address  
Class  
High-  
Order-Bits  
1st Octet  
Decimal Range  
Networks  
Available  
Hosts  
Available  
Class A  
0
1-126.x.y.z  
126  
16,777,214  
Class B  
Class C  
10  
128-191.x.y.z  
192-223.x.y.z  
16,384  
65,534  
254  
110  
2,097,152  
Figure A-4 IP Address Classes A, B, C  
Class C  
192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x  
2,097,152 Class Cs exist  
Can have 254 hosts on each Class C  
24-bit network number  
8-bit node number  
Class D  
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255  
Reserved for Multicast (messages sent to many hosts).  
Class E  
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255  
Reserved for experimental use and limited broadcast  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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IP Addressing  
Private Network IP Addresses  
RFC 1918 defines blocks of addresses for use on private networks:  
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255  
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255  
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255  
Network Address Translation (NAT)  
Private networks can only connect to the public Internet by using a Network  
Address Translation (NAT) device (a router, for example) or a proxy server  
which has been assigned a public IP address. These network devices use a  
public IP address to request information from the Internet on behalf of the  
private IP addressed devices on the associated private network.  
192.168.0.1  
Public IP  
Host 1  
192.168.0.2  
Internet  
NAT Router  
Host 2  
192.168.0.3  
Figure A-5 NAT Router Example  
This use of private addresses helps to conserve public IP addresses.  
Subnets  
Subnets can be defined as the further segmentation of the InterNIC assigned  
Network ID IP address. The amount and type of subnetting performed by the  
organization is determined by the network layout.  
In the process of subnetting, bits are borrowed from the host ID portion of an IP  
address and are then given to the network ID. Then a “Subnet Mask” gets  
assigned to the host along with the IP address.  
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IP Addressing  
Subnetting is required if the network is segmented.  
Subnet Mask  
The Subnet Mask is used by the host to determine if a destination IP address is  
on the local or on a remote network segment. The table in Figure A-6 shows the  
default subnet mask used for each class of IP address.  
CLASS A  
CLASS B  
CLASS C  
Address Class  
Class A  
Mask Decimal Value  
255.0.0.0  
Mask Binary Value  
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000  
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000  
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000  
Class B  
255.255.0.0  
Class C  
255.255.255.0  
Figure A-6 Default Subnet Masks for IP Classes  
The IP address and subnet mask work with each other to identify a network  
element or device. The subnet mask, like an IP address, contains 4 octets sepa-  
rated by a dot (.) and looks similar to an IP address.  
The subnet mask determines what bits in the IP address are being used to deter-  
mine the network ID by using the Boolean math operator and in a process  
called anding. Anding compares each bit value in the IP address with the bit  
value in the subnet mask. The result of the anding process determines which  
subnet the IP address is on. The Boolean and operator works as follows:  
0 and 0 = 0  
1 and 0 = 0  
1 and 1 = 1  
The table shown in Figure A-7 shows the anding of two binary values and the  
corresponding decimal equivalents for each of the values.  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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IP Addressing  
Dotted Decimal  
Address  
Binary Values  
IP Address  
192.168.2.66  
255.255.255.0  
192.168.2.0  
11000000.10101000.00000010.01000010  
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000  
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000  
Subnet Mask  
ANDing Result  
Figure A-7 ANDing an IP address and a subnet mask  
A calculator, available from SolarWinds, performs these IP and subnet mask  
calculations and can be found at:  
http://support.solarwinds.net/updates/SelectProgramFree.cfm  
Network Segments  
A “Network Segment” is a portion of a network that is bordered by two router  
Figure A-8 Network Segments  
Each network segment must either be on a different network or a different  
subnet. For example, if you have a single IP address available, you can change  
the default mask from 255.255.255.0 to 255.255.255.192. The resulting calcula-  
tion yields four subnets:  
192.168.100.0  
192.168.100.64  
192.168.100.128  
192.168.100.192  
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IP Addressing  
Each of the four subnets can, in turn, support 64 members.  
The example subnet used above yielded 4 subnets, but you can use a different  
mask to meet the specific requirements of your network.  
Default Gateways  
A default gateway is a network device, usually a router, that is responsible for  
routing data packets out of the local network segment.  
The address of the gateway is entered into the devices on the local network,  
providing them with a location to send data that is destined for another segment.  
Figure A-9 Router as Default Gateway  
MAC Addresses  
A MAC address is a physical hardware address that gets assigned to the inter-  
face of a networking device. This address is typically created and burned into a  
device’s ROM during the manufacturing process. MAC addresses are unique to  
the device and are not typically user-assignable.  
The MAC address is used for Layer 2 (Data Link) communications between  
networking devices, and consists of 12 alpha-numeric characters as shown in  
the example below:  
Example: 00-3f-bf-00-01-45  
Appendix A - Network Addressing  
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IP Addressing  
The first six characters are issued to the organization.  
The second six characters are assigned to the hardware interface by  
manufacturing.  
Figure A-10 Network Node MAC Addresses  
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A
P P E N D I X  
AUTOMATIC SWITCHING  
General  
Automatic switching is a feature of VMS which allows dynamically changing  
network configuration in response to changes in either traffic type (application  
switching) or network traffic loads (load switching.)  
The following discussions apply to the Vipersat CDM-570/570L, CDD-564L,  
and CDM-600. Throughout the following discussion, these units are referred to  
as modem/routers.  
Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching  
Load Switching is the mechanism by which the Vipersat network switches a  
remote terminal from STDMA to SCPC mode based on traffic levels at the  
remote. There are two components of load switching in a Vipersat system: VMS  
(network management) and CDM (Comtech Data Modem). The VMS compo-  
nent receives switch requests from the CDM, and based on policy settings and  
available resources, either grants or denies the request. Within the CDM compo-  
nent, load switching is managed at either the Hub or the Remote, based on the  
current mode of operation. When a remote is in STDMA mode, load switching  
for that remote is managed by the Hub STDMA controller. After a Remote has  
been switched to SCPC mode it manages its own switching (or Step Up / Step  
Down) requests.  
The basic concept for all load switching is that a running average of current  
utilization is maintained, and when that utilization exceeds a pre-set threshold, a  
switch is initiated. The data rate for the switch is computed by determining the  
current bandwidth requirement of the remote and adding some percentage of  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Load Switching  
excess margin. The main difference between switching from STDMA to SCPC  
and adjusting within SCPC is that in STDMA mode, the current available band-  
width is constantly changing while in SCPC mode it is constant between  
switches. Furthermore, switches from STDMA to SCPC mode are always  
caused by the traffic level exceeding the switch threshold. Within SCPC mode,  
switches can be caused by traffic exceeding an upper threshold or dropping  
below a lower threshold. However, in both cases the new data rate is based on  
the actual traffic requirements adjusted up by the margin percentage. Also,  
based on policies set in the VMS, if a remote requests less than some threshold  
amount of bandwidth, the remote in put back into STDMA mode.  
Note: If the Hub STDMA mode is GIR (Guaranteed Information Rate) or  
Entry Channel, normal load switching is automatically disabled.  
In GIR mode, the remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the GIR  
threshold is reached, if there is a switch rate defined. In Entry  
Channel mode, the remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the  
hub receives the first transmission from the remote.  
NOTE  
Load Switching  
The next sections describe the principles behind Load Switching and Rate  
Adjustment (Step Up / Step Down).  
Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by the STDMA  
Controller:  
As part of normal STDMA processing, the hub monitors the traffic levels from  
each of the remotes for which it is allocating bandwidth. This is done using the  
STDMA ACK management message (Table 1) which is transmitted at the  
beginning of each burst from the remote. The STDMA ACK contains two  
metrics that are used by the hub:  
1. The number of bytes received for transmission (Queued Bytes) since the last  
cycle.  
2. The number of bytes currently waiting to be transmitted (Bytes In Queue).  
These metrics are used by the hub for 3 purposes:  
1. Determine the amount of STDMA bandwidth (slot size) to allocate in the  
next cycle.  
2. Provide statistics of the amount of activity at each remote (Average Bytes  
Received).  
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Load Switching  
3. Determine if a load switch is needed.  
Table 2.1STDMA ACK Message  
Table B-1  
Data  
Type  
Size in  
Bytes  
Unit of  
Measure  
Description  
Notes:  
IP  
4
4
IP address of Remote  
N/A  
Used by remote to identify  
itself  
Unsigned  
Queued Bytes  
Bytes in Queue  
Bytes  
Total number of bytes queued  
since last cycle (includes  
possible buffer overflow)  
Unsigned  
4
Bytes  
Number of bytes currently  
queued  
Unsigned  
Unsigned  
1
1
Group Number  
N/A  
Dropped Buffers  
Packets  
Number of packets dropped  
(due to limited bandwidth)  
If there is adequate upstream bandwidth available, the values of these two  
metrics will be the same. However, if there is not enough bandwidth to satisfy  
the traffic requirements of the remote, or if the remote has exceeded the maxi-  
mum allocation, some data will be held for the next cycle. In this case, the  
number of Bytes in Queue will start to grow and will exceed the Queued Bytes.  
(In other words, the Bytes in Queue is the sum of the data not yet transmitted  
plus the new data received.)  
If the condition is due to a short burst of data, the backlogged data will eventu-  
ally be transmitted and the system will return to a sustainable rate. However, if  
the overload condition is due to long term increased activity, then the backlog  
condition will continue to grow and eventually trigger an SCPC switch. If the  
overload condition lasts long enough, buffer capacity will eventually be  
exceeded and some data may have to be discarded.  
Note: This is not necessarily bad, as it is often more effective to discard  
NOTE  
old data than transmit it after it has become ‘stale’.  
The “Bytes in Queue” metric is used to determine the STDMA bandwidth allo-  
cated (slot size) for the next cycle; the goal being to keep the data backlog to  
zero. The hub uses this metric to compute the slot size for each remote in the  
next cycle as follows:  
Fixed Mode - All remotes get the same slot regardless of need; i.e. the  
metric is not used.  
Dynamic Cycle Mode - Available bandwidth is allocated to remotes  
proportionally based on current need. (The Bytes in Queue for each  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Load Switching  
remote is divided by the total Bytes in Queue for all remotes to give the  
percentage allocation for each remote.)  
Dynamic Slot Mode - The slot size for each remote is computed based on  
the time (at the current data rate) needed to transmit all the Bytes in  
Queue. If the result is less than the minimum slot size or more than the  
maximum slot size, the slot is adjusted accordingly.  
GIR (Guaranteed Information Rate) Mode - Initially computed the  
same as Dynamic Cycle except there is no maximum limit. After all  
remotes have been assigned slots, the burst map is checked to see if the  
total cycle length exceeds 1 second. If not, then all requirements are  
satisfied and the burst map is complete. However, if the cycle is greater  
than one second, then the slots are adjusted proportionally so that all  
remotes receive at least their guaranteed rate plus whatever excess is still  
available. (In the current design, when the 1 second restriction is  
exceeded, remotes without a specified GIR are reduced to the global  
minimum slot size and the remaining bandwidth is distributed amongst  
remotes that have been assigned a GIR rate. This approach is based on the  
assumption that remotes that have been assigned a GIR are paying a  
premium and should benefit from available excess bandwidth when  
needed. Note that the GIR allocations are restricted so that the assigned  
GIR totals cannot exceed available bandwidth. If this restriction is  
somehow violated, then it will not be possible to properly allocate  
bandwidth when the network is overloaded.)  
Entry Channel Mode - This is the same as Dynamic Cycle, except that as  
soon as the Hub receives an STDMA ACK, it initiates a switch to SCPC  
mode based on the policy set for that remote.  
The important thing to understand about “Bytes in Queue” is that any data that  
is not transmitted (i.e. does not fit) in the next slot will be reported again in the  
next STDMA ACK. Thus the “Bytes in Queue” is not necessarily an accurate  
measure of the actual traffic being passed through the remote.  
The “Queued Bytes” on the other hand, reflects only the data that was received  
in the last cycle and thus is never duplicated (not including TCP retransmis-  
sions). This is the metric that is used for computing average load and initiating a  
load switch as needed.  
Before discussing how load switching is determined, it is necessary to explain  
the user parameters that control the switch. The menu shown in figure B-1  
shows the entries in the automatic switching menu at the hub that are used to  
control load switching.  
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Load Switching  
Table B-2  
Figure B-1 Hub autoswitching menu  
Auto Switching - This is a Vipersat Feature which is enabled in the CDM  
Features Menu. If Auto Switching is not enabled, Load Switching will be  
ignored.  
Load Switching - This is a type of Automatic Switching that is based on  
the amount of traffic at a remote. If this mode is not set, then no remote  
will be switched based on load.  
STDMA Slot Capacity - This is a threshold value. When the amount of  
outbound traffic at a remote exceeds this percentage of the current  
STDMA slot capacity, a load switch is initiated. It is important to  
understand that in most STDMA modes, the amount of bandwidth  
allocated to a remote varies with need and thus from cycle to cycle. Thus  
the amount of traffic that constitutes X% will also vary from cycle to  
cycle. Furthermore, since the D2 allocation algorithm tends to provide no  
more bandwidth than is needed, remotes operating in this mode will  
normally appear to be near 100% capacity whenever they are passing real  
traffic. Thus, in this mode, if the threshold is set too low, switches will  
occur unnecessarily.  
STDMA Switch Delay- This is a built in latency that forces a remote to  
maintain an average load over some number of seconds after reaching a  
switch condition before the switch is actually initiated. This prevents  
switches due to momentary traffic-bursts.  
Percent Allocation - This is an excess amount of bandwidth that is  
allocated beyond the current traffic rate when the switch to SCPC is made.  
For example, if the current average traffic at the time of the switch is 60K,  
and the Percent Allocation is 10%, then the allocation will be for 60K +  
6K = 66K. (Furthermore, the hub always allocates bandwidth in 16K  
blocks so 66K rounded up will actually be 80K.)  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Load Switching  
Load Switching Process  
Each time the hub receives an STDMA ACK, it computes the average load for  
that remote. (See Appendix A for a discussion of how the average is  
computed.) This average is then compared to the bandwidth currently allocated  
to the remote.  
For example, if a remote gets a 50 ms slot in an upstream that is running at  
512000 bps then it can transmit 0.050 * 512000 = 25600 bits = 3200 bytes. If  
the Queued Bytes was 3000, then for that cycle, the remote was at 3000/3200 =  
93.75% of capacity. (If the current cycle time is exactly 1 second, then the effec-  
tive data rate of the remote is also 25600 bits per second.)  
However, if the cycle time is only 500 milliseconds, then the effective data rate  
is actually 25600 / .5 = 51200 bits per second. The effective data rate is impor-  
tant for calculating switch data rates. If the average bandwidth used exceeds the  
threshold percentage of available bandwidth, then a flag is set indicating a  
switch is pending. At this point, the statistics are reset and the traffic load is then  
computed for the time period specified by the switch delay. At the end of this  
delay, if the threshold is still exceeded, a switch is initiated. The data rate speci-  
fied for the switch is determined by taking the current load, as indicated by the  
bytes queued during the delay period, multiplying it by the percent allocation  
and rounding up to the next 16Kbps.  
A key point is that in most of the STDMA modes, the bandwidth allocated to  
each remote is constantly being adjusted to the needs of the network. As long as  
the network is running below capacity, most remotes will get the bandwidth  
they need and a switch will not be required.  
Only when a remote requires more bandwidth than is available in STDMA will  
a switch occur.  
Furthermore, in D2 mode, each remote will always appear to be running at near  
100% capacity, even when there is actually excess bandwidth available. This is  
because in D2 mode, the remotes are almost never given more bandwidth than  
they need. As a result, the algorithm for D2 mode uses a maximum allowed slot  
size rather than the actual allocated slot size to calculate the effective data rate.  
This gives gives a more accurate estimate of the available STDMA bandwidth.  
Load Switching by a Remote  
Once a remote has been switched to STDMA mode, it checks its bandwidth  
requirements once per second to see if a change is needed. The menu for  
controlling the Step Up / Step Down switches are set in the menu shown in  
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Load Switching  
Table B-3  
Figure B-2 Autoswitching menu for a remote  
Auto Switching - Same as Hub  
Load Switching - Same as Hub  
SCPC Step Up Threshold - Same as STDMA Slot Capacity at hub.  
SCPC Step Down Threshold - Similar to STDMA Slot Capacity at hub  
except Step Down is used to trigger a switch if the average load falls  
below this value  
SCPC Step Delay - Same as STDMA Switch Delay at hub  
SCPC Stepup Excess - Same as Percent Allocation at hub. Note that the  
value applies to both Step Up and Step Down switches and if computed  
against the average traffic load at the time the switch is intiated.  
Determining Need-for-Change  
The following process is used to determine if bandwidth utilization warrants a  
need-for-change.  
The user defines both a Step Up and Step Down threshold in terms of percent  
utilization, a bandwidth margin value, and a latency or averaging period. Once  
per second, the CDM router software determines the current percent utilization  
by dividing the bits transmitted by the current transmit data rate.  
If the percent utilization exceeds the step up threshold or is less than the step  
down threshold for the entire latency period, then an ASR (Automatic Switch  
Request) is sent to the VMS. The bandwidth requirement for the ASR is  
computed by taking the average percent utilization over the latency period and  
multiplying that by the current data rate to determine the actual data rate used  
over the measured interval. This number is multiplied by the margin value and  
rounded up to the nearest 8K to determine the requested bandwidth.  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Load Switch Example  
Load Switch Example  
An automatic load switching example, illustrated in the schematic diagram in  
figure B-3, illustrates how a network can respond to changes in traffic volume  
or load conditions. The network’s capability and method of response to load  
changes is determined by the setting and capability of each of the components in  
the system such as the transmitter power output, the antenna capabilities for  
each of the sites in the network, and the policies set in VMS.  
The elements for determining policies and their interactions are discussed in this  
section.  
Table B-4  
Figure B-3 Load switching diagram  
1. A load is generated an application at a remote. In figure B-3, the application  
is a video stream.  
2. The data is connected to the remote CDM-570/570L over an ethernet link for  
transmission to the satellite. While the data-stream transmission is in  
progress, the Satport buffer status is captured and the CDM-570/570L’s  
buffer status is sent to the STDMA Hub Controller.  
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Load Switch Example  
3. The STDMA Hub Controller compares the remote CDM-570/570L’s pre-  
selected buffer limits with its buffer status and if the buffer status exceeds  
the preselected limits the STDMA Hub Controller increases the time-slot  
allocated to that channel. If this brings the buffer status within established  
limits no further changes are made.  
4. If the buffer status continues to exceed the preselected limits, the STDMA  
Controller sends an Automatic Switch Request (ASR) to the VMS.  
5. The VMS processes the switch request by checking for available resources  
by:  
Determining if there is a free demodulator.  
Determining the channel space (bandwidth) requirements to accommodate  
the data flow requested by the STDMA Hub Controller.  
6. If the VMS finds available resources it processes the switch request and  
sends tuning commands which switches the remote CDM-570/570L out of  
STDMA into SCPC mode.  
The ideal condition being looked for is that about 90% utilization of the  
channel be achieved striving to optimize the use of available bandwidth.  
In the case where the remote CDM-570/570L continues to report buffer  
overflow, the STDMA Hub Controller will send a request to the VMS which  
in turn will attempt to double the carrier bandwidth for that channel.  
The ability to actually accomplish this is limited by the currently available  
carrier bandwidth, and ultimately the power output and antenna size available  
at the transmitting remote site.  
If the STDMA Hub Controller cannot make the increase in bandwidth, it will  
continue to receive buffer status reports from the remote CDM-570/570L  
indicating that buffer flow is continuing and the STDMA Hub Controller  
will, in turn, continue to request additional bandwidth from the VMS. If at  
any time another service drops making bandwidth available, the next time the  
STDMA Hub Controller requests additional bandwidth the VMS will grant  
the request.  
If the video data stream is completed before the switch in bandwidth is done,  
the channel is closed, the bandwidth which had been used is made available  
again to the pool, and no further action is taken.  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Load Switch Example  
Reduced data flow in switched mode (SCPC)  
In the event the data flow is reduced, for example a streaming file transfer termi-  
nates, the SCPC switched demodulator detects the reduced flow and notifies the  
VMS. Then, after a period of time determined by policies set for the network,  
the VMS will send a switch command to reduce the size of the carrier band-  
width.  
This entire process is automatic following the policies established for the  
network. The network is dynamically modified changing configuration to auto-  
matically respond to changes to the network’s load.  
The home threshold is the bit rate set to trigger a return to the home threshold.  
This function is used when bandwidth has been allocated to meet load require-  
ments, and the load has been either removed or partially removed. Since the  
new load does not require the bit rate established, the Home Threshold is used  
to determine when the bit rate falls below the preset threshold and switches the  
channel back to its home condition, STDMA for example.  
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Application switching  
Application switching  
bandwidth used, but the change is determined entirely by the type of application  
being requested ignoring load requirements.  
Table B-5  
Table B-6  
Figure B-4 Application switching diagram  
In a system configured for application switching, the remote site modem/router  
looks for a packet in the data stream coming from the LAN that is configured  
using the H.323 stack protocol and contains an H.225 signaling protocol. In the  
illustration shown in Figure B-4 the signal is a call initiated at the remote site.  
The packet is then examined to determine the port number then, from the allo-  
cated port ranges, determines the type of application being sent.  
The modem/router sends a switch request to the VMS requesting a carrier for  
the application type. Typical applications include:  
Video  
Voice over IP (VoIP)  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Application switching  
Each application type will have been assigned a bandwidth allocation when the  
policy for the remote site is established. The voice application, for example,  
might have had the bandwidth set in the policy to handle three simultaneous  
voice connections. When a VoIP protocol is detected in the H.225 signaling  
protocol, the modem/router requests the VMS to switch the bandwidth to  
accommodate three voice circuits.  
The same process applies if the protocol detected is Video.  
When both VoIP and Video are requested, the bandwidth required for the Video  
is used and the VoIP, which has priority, shares the SCPC with the Video.  
Once VMS receives the request to switch, it determines if there is a free demod-  
ulator and if there is bandwidth space available to handle the requested applica-  
tion. If the resources are available, the VMS then performs the switch.  
Applications are streaming data. The remote modem/router looks at the stream-  
ing data flow until it sees a break in the data exceeding 10 seconds. Once a  
break is detected the modem/router presumes that the application is terminated  
(or has malfunctioned), drops the carrier, and makes the bandwidth resources  
available for another service.  
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Type of Service (ToS) Switching  
Type of Service (ToS) Switching  
Type of Service (ToS) switching is used on circuits carrying encrypted traffic  
where the packets cannot be examined to determine the type of traffic being  
carried. Normally, in a non-encrypted Vipersat network, packets are classified  
by the remote CDM-570/570L using protocol classification detection and the  
results are forwarded to VMS via Automatic Switch Request (ASR) messages.  
The VMS switch detector service then applies the required or requested band-  
width using policies which have been pre-configured in the VMS.  
For example, in a non-encrypted network if a voice application service connec-  
tion is started, the CDM-570/570L’s classifier analyzes signaling and data  
protocols (H.323, SIP, & Data RTP) being routed through the CDM-570/570L.  
After connection detection, the process waits for data (RTP). Data is normally  
sent after the receiving party answers, which then triggers the system to process  
an ASR.  
Using the ToS classification, detection function allows application-based-  
switching in encrypted networks where the signaling protocols are encrypted or  
effectively hidden. ToS adds the type of service to the un-encrypted Quality of  
Service byte (QoS) in the header which then can be analyzed to determine the  
type of service being transmitted. Once the type of service is determined, VMS  
uses this information to perform switching following the policies established for  
the detected traffic type.  
Note: Load switching by VMS is not affected by enabling ToS detection.  
NOTE  
Applying a ToS value to an application (VoIP, IPVC, or priority data) through  
either preservation or classification packet stamping allows the VMS to func-  
tion in an encrypted network.  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
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Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching  
Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching  
STDMA entry channel mode provides a method for remotes requiring SCPC  
access channels to enter/re-enter the network initially or after a power or other  
site outage. The switch time will be variable based on the burst rate (bps) of the  
STDMA group, the number of remotes with slots in the group, and where in the  
burst cycle the remote is when it acknowledges receipt of the burst map.  
Initial SCPC rates are settable for each remote in the STDMA group(s). Upon  
detection of a burst map acknowledgement from a remote the STDMA burst  
controller will send a switch request to the VMS with the operator specified  
initial SCPC rate. Upon determining that there is an available demodulator and  
pool bandwidth the VMS will send a multi-command to remove the remote  
from the STDMA group, tune it and the switched demodulator to the specified  
initial bit rate and selected pool frequency. The remote will stay at this initial  
rate unless an application (such as VTC) or consistent load cause it to request  
additional bandwidth from the VMS.  
Entry channel mode is not driven by the presence or absence of customer traffic.  
Once in ECM the switched initial data rate becomes the new temporary home  
state. Temporary home state sets the low limit data load threshold, where the  
remote will stop sending load switch request commands. Remotes no longer  
require burst maps to maintain SCPC transmission.  
After all remotes are processed into ECM, the Burst Controller drops into sanity  
mode sending a keep alive map to service remotes which may have their SCPC  
carrier inhibit flag set. The keep alive message is sent once every two seconds  
until re-entry is invoked.  
Applications Switching  
Comtech Vipersat Networks describes the features of applications switching in  
the VMS 3.x.x Users Guide. As it relates to this application, it is useful to  
describe the fail-safe mechanism used for freeing pool bandwidth.  
If the VMS loses communications with a switched remote for more than three  
minutes, it will attempt to return the remote to home state. If the revert-to-home  
state command succeeds (restoring communications) Entry Channel Mode will  
cause the remote to switch to its initial SCPC bit rate.  
If the revert-to-home state command fails, the VMS will send a command to  
return the remote and the hub demodulator to the state where they were prior to  
losing communications, but leave the remote enabled in the STDMA burst  
controller. This provides the remote with 2 paths to rejoin the network:  
B-14  
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Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching  
1. If the outage was the result of power outage at the site, the remote  
CDM570(L) will reboot in its home state (STDMA), acknowledge the  
receipt of the first burst map causing it to rejoin the network through ECM.  
The VMS will park the demodulator previously in use and free the  
bandwidth slot.  
2. If the outage was due to an extended rain fade or other communications  
blockage with no loss of power, the remote will rejoin the network via the  
previously assigned SCPC channel. When VMS receives a PLDM it will  
send a revert-to-home state command and free the bandwidth slot and burst  
demodulator. The remote will then rejoin the network through ECM.  
Since it is not possible to know which of the above scenarios caused the  
communications outage the VMS will not free the bandwidth slot except  
through operator intervention.  
Figure B-5 and figure B-5 diagram the time state differences and the process of  
recovery. Note that the times referenced in the diagrams are approximate.  
Table B-7  
ECM Switch Recovery<3min.  
Burst  
Demod  
Switched  
Demod  
VMS  
Remote  
State  
Connected  
Unit Reboot  
0
0
Satellite Delay  
250ms +30ms E-E  
Home State- STDMA  
Wait for TX Grant  
30  
State  
Disconnected  
180  
189  
State Unknown Force  
Registration  
180.28  
Registration  
Acknowledgment  
Failure  
Set ID  
Revert Switch  
Command  
189.025  
Process Switch  
Command  
189.305  
190.31  
STDMA TX Grant  
Burst ACK  
Switch Command  
189.6  
Switch  
Acknowledgment&  
PLDM  
ECM  
191.35  
No Switch wait ACK  
Switch  
Acknowledgment  
Force Connected  
191.59  
State  
Connected  
Switch Command  
191.615  
ECM  
Process Switch  
Command  
191.895  
191.9  
Switch  
Acknowledgment&  
PLDM  
Switch  
Acknowledgment  
192.18  
3/7/05  
Figure B-5 ECM switch recovery < 3 minutes  
Appendix B - Automatic Switching  
B-15  
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Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching  
Table B-8  
ECM Switch Recovery>3min.  
Burst  
Demod  
Switched  
Demod  
VMS  
Remote  
State  
Connected  
Unit Reboot  
0
0
Satellite Delay  
250ms +30ms E-E  
State  
Disconnected  
180  
189  
180.28  
No Communications  
Registration  
Acknowledgment  
Failure  
Revert Switch  
Command  
189.05  
189.35  
> 240  
No Communications  
Revert  
Acknowledgment  
Failure  
192  
Home State- STDMA  
TX Grant Burst ACK  
Switch Command  
240.28  
ECM  
State  
Connected  
Switch Command  
240.33  
240.9  
ECM  
Process Switch  
Command  
240.61  
240.62  
Switch  
Acknowledgment&  
PLDM  
Switch  
Acknowledgment  
3/7/05  
Figure B-6 ECM switch recovery > 3 minutes  
B-16  
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A
P P E N D I X  
DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL  
Introduction  
Dynamic Power Control (DPC) provides a mechanism whereby VIPERSAT  
satellite links have their transmit power levels adjusted in order to optimize the  
receive signal quality (as measured by the demodulator Eb/No). This optimiza-  
tion process acts to either increase or decrease transmitted signal levels in order  
to:  
Achieve a minimum level of received Eb/No consistent with providing an  
error free link.  
Reduce transmit power where sufficient link margin exists in order to  
optimize station uplink and satellite transponder power usage.  
DPC can be selectively enabled and disabled on a link-by-link basis and works  
on both point-to-point as well as point-to-multipoint links. DPC relies on the  
passing of an IP message called Path Loss Data Multicast (PLDM) between the  
receive site (where the receive quality is being measured) and the transmit site  
(where the power level is to be adjusted). PLDM's are IP unicast messages, and  
only the transmit site whose frequency and Network ID number matches that  
contained in the PLDM message will act on the message.  
The Vipersat CDM (modulator) units have an algorithm that can, if activated by  
the VMS, automatically adjust the modulator transmit power to maintain a  
constant nominal receive signal quality (Eb/No) at the corresponding receive  
station(s). This provides a mechanism to compensate for varying signal levels  
caused, for example, by the use of different antenna sizes in a mesh network, or  
if Ku band is being used as a means to compensate for rain fade conditions. The  
power control algorithm is a closed loop servo-mechanism with the received  
Appendix C - Dynamic Power Control  
C-1  
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Eb/No values as the input function and the modulator’s transmit power as the  
output function. Only modulator transmit power is controlled by the algorithm  
since the receive chain has its own automatic gain control. DPC can be applied  
to any or all of the modems with the exception of the STDMA burst control  
demodulators. Since the STDMA burst demodulators are SCPC fast acquisi-  
tions receivers they cannot provide stable signal quality measurements (Eb/No).  
This value is critical in closing the power loop control mechanism.  
Note: STDMA is not susceptible to bursts at different power levels since it is a  
standard SCPC demodulator — as long as the input C/N burst power  
ranges comply with the performance specifications of the modem. An  
example is an operation using meshed video carriers.  
NOTE  
DPC is a modulator function that cannot be enabled in remotes operating in  
STDMA mode. DPC is automatically turned on when the remote switches to  
SCPC mode.  
Description  
Operation of the DPC algorithm is controlled by the parameters shown in  
Table C-1 Dynamic Power Control Parameters  
Parameter  
Default  
Significance  
Nominal Power  
Level  
-25 to -5  
dBm  
Power used for scaling Maximum power after  
switching  
Calibrated Data  
Rate  
System  
Specific  
Data Rate which is used for scaling Maximum  
power after switching  
Maximum  
Power Level  
System  
Specific  
Maximum transmit power level permitted based  
on link/satellite parameters  
Minimum  
Power Level  
System  
Specific  
Minimum transmit power level permitted based on  
link/satellite parameters  
Max Step Down  
Power  
3 dB  
3 dB  
Largest step reduction in transmit power permitted  
Largest step increase in transmit power permitted  
Target Eb/No value for which DPC is aiming  
Max Step Up  
Power  
Target Eb/No  
10 dB  
C-2  
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Table C-1 Dynamic Power Control Parameters  
Parameter  
Default  
Significance  
Target Range  
0.2 dB  
Target range for no power adjustment; No  
adjustment occurs when power is within this range  
Speed Up  
Eb/No  
5 dB  
DPC and PLDM process speeded up from default  
(1/min) if Eb/No is below this amount  
The start point for all enabled modulators is the Nominal Power Level. This  
level is measured during initial system turn-up and is the power level at which  
all modems will initially transmit when a call is established. Once communica-  
tion is established and data starts to flow, the modulator begins receiving DPC  
packets from the demodulator and adjusting its transmit power level accord-  
ingly.  
The transmit power level is compared to the received Eb/No. Depending on  
whether the transmit power is high or low, the modulator transmit output level  
is adjusted in steps (step size set by parameters Max Step Up/Down Power)  
until the Eb/No is within the range set by the Target Range for no power adjust-  
ment.  
If the received Eb/No should, for any reason, fall below a minimum value set by  
the Speed Up Eb/No parameter then the PLDM messages will be transmitted at  
a faster rate until the nominal level is restored.  
Adjustment for Data Rate  
The maximum output power level is scaled according to the data rate at which  
the modulator is transmitting. Consider, for example, a system that normally  
runs at a data rate of 512 kbps with a Nominal Power Level of -10 dBm and a  
Maximum Power Level of -5 dBm. If a voice switch occurs that sets the data  
rate to 32 kbps, the power requirements are much lower than the nominal -10  
dBm level. With the above process, it is theoretically possible for the power to  
be raised all the way to -5 dBm, which is past the saturation point for such a  
small data rate. To prevent the use of excessive power that will drown out the  
signal and cause damage to the satellite, the modulator calculates a maximum  
power that is appropriate for its current data rate.  
The net result of the DPC algorithm is that the transmit power of all video carri-  
ers is adjusted such that the receiving modems see a constant Eb/No value. This  
optimizes receive signal quality and use of system resources since it can lead to  
a reduction in power amplifier intermodulation and also a conserving of satellite  
transmit power.  
Appendix C - Dynamic Power Control  
C-3  
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DPC Scaling Function  
Max Ratio  
Nominal Ratio  
Max Power  
(Saturation)  
Calibrated  
Nominal Power  
Level  
Current (Scaled)  
Max Power  
Current  
Data Rate  
Calibrated  
Data Rate  
Data Rate  
Figure C-1 DPC Scaling Function  
data rate, of the DPC system. Once this ratio is mapped out for the system, the  
DPC scaling function will automatically determine the appropriate power level  
for any given data rate. Three parameters are essential for this scaling function:  
Calibrated Data Rate  
Calibrated Nominal Power Level  
Maximum Power Level  
As determined during initial system turn-up, the Calibrated Data Rate and the  
Calibrated Nominal Power Level values for the CDM are entered into the VMS  
Home State menu. The Maximum Power Level (the point at which the signal  
reaches saturation) for the Calibrated Data Rate is then determined, and entered  
into the VMS DPC menu (or the CLI Dynamic Power Control Configuration  
menu). If these home state parameters have not been entered, DPC will not be  
C-4  
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able to function and will disable itself, resulting in an error message that is  
displayed in the CLI.  
Under most circumstances, the system will be running at the Calibrated Data  
Rate, at the Calibrated Nominal Power level. When the VMS sends a switch  
command to the CDM, the modem will go to a different data rate, and will  
calculate a nominal power level for the transmitter. Communication is estab-  
lished, data starts to flow, and the modulator begins receiving DPC packets  
from the demodulator and adjusting its transmit power level accordingly. When  
changing its power, the CDM will calculate a scaled maximum power based on  
its current data rate and certain other values in the home state. This calculated  
maximum is what insures that the modulator is not transmitting with more  
power than is necessary, thus preventing problems.  
Appendix C - Dynamic Power Control  
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A
P P E N D I X  
NETWORK MIGRATION  
Upgrading CDM-570/CDD-564 Series Modems to Firmware Version 1.5.3  
General  
This document covers the migration of networks with CDM-570 and CDD-564  
series modems to Firmware version 1.5.3 from any earlier versions of code. It  
addresses the issues customers will face when migrating their networks and  
provides a step-by-step plan to facilitate the process.  
Comtech Vipersat Networks strives to make firmware migrations as painless as  
possible by maintaining backward compatibility with prior versions of code.  
Only under unavoidable circumstances where it is absolutely necessary will  
backward compatibility be broken. To provide a considerable increase in perfor-  
mance and reliability, the HDLC over-the-air frame was changed from 16 to 24  
bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). By doing so, backward compatibility  
with all previous versions has been broken.  
Customers with existing networks will need to carefully plan the migration to  
the new version of code. There is no particular problem presented for upgrading  
Hub units, Remote mesh units or spares inventories. However, as soon as the  
Hub units are rebooted to the new v1.5.3 code they will lose communications  
with Remote data units that are running v1.5.2.2 or earlier code. The Hub oper-  
ator must take care to insure all Remote data units that are online have the new  
v1.5.3 code in the slot to which they will reboot.  
Note that the main concern is for any Remotes that are offline during the migra-  
tion phase, and then come back online sometime afterwards.  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-1  
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General  
Since there is no way to guarantee all Remote sites will be online during the  
initial upgrade to v1.5.3, Vipersat is providing this migration procedure and util-  
ity to facilitate picking up new or offline units. This migration tool includes  
non-saved control parameters at Hub units only that allow the operator to select  
compatibility mode with v1.5.2 (or earlier) firmware. When the operator  
initiates this backwards compatibility migration control, communications with  
all Remote units at the newly upgraded version 1.5.3 will be lost during that  
time. However, when the migration parameter is set in the TDM outbound and  
the appropriate Burst Controller(s), communications with v1.5.2 (or earlier)  
straggler/offline Remotes will be restored. At this point they can be upgraded to  
v1.5.3, restoring total network wide communications.  
This will represent a network outage to all Remotes connected to the TDM  
outbound. In networks with a DVB outbound, only those Remotes associated  
(grouped) with the Burst Controller set to v1.5.2 compatibility will lose commu-  
nications.  
Great care should be exercised in following these steps as outlined in this docu-  
ment. It is important to remember that network communications will not be  
effected until the units are rebooted to v1.5.3 router code. The last section of  
this document addresses recovering stragglers/offline remotes.  
D-2  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Firmware Upgrade  
Upgrade Overview  
This procedure describes the firmware upgrade process using both the Vipersat  
Vload Utility and a Telnet connection. For detailed information on using Vload,  
refer to the Vload Utility User Guide.  
Caution: This firmware installation procedure requires the modem to be  
rebooted which, in turn, will cause a satellite circuit to drop  
momentarily. Firmware installation should be done when it will not  
cause disruption of a live circuit carrying customer traffic.  
Required Support Utilities and Firmware  
PC Running Microsoft Windows (Latest OS)  
VLoad v3.1.6  
VLOAD Utility 3.1.x User's Guide  
Parameter (.DLL) v1.5.3.6  
Telnet (Windows Program)  
FW10805P.bin (Base Modem Firmware v1.4.5, If upgrading from v1.3.3)  
FW10805U.bin (Base Modem Firmware v1.5.1)  
FW10875J.bin (IP Option Firmware v1.5.3, CDM-570/570L)  
FW11669D.bin (Unit Firmware v1.5.3, CDD-564/564L)  
Basic Steps  
The Vipersat CDM-570/CDD-564 series of modems are comprised of two main  
parts, the Base Modem and the Router Card. These two parts function with  
different firmware code, each of which must be upgraded using the sequence of  
steps below.  
1) "Get Information" from all units using VLOAD, this will retrieve currently  
loaded image versions.  
2) Upgrade Bulk Image location #1 on the router to v1.5.3 Firmware.  
3) Save Flash on all units and reset them to Latest/Oldest.  
4) "Get Information" (VLOAD needs current information before performing  
each step).  
5) Upgrade Bulk Image location #1 on the base modem to v1.4.5 and reset all  
boxes to "Latest" code. Note this is only necessary if unit is running < v1.4.4.  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-3  
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Firmware Upgrade  
6) "Get Information" and load v1.5.1 base modem code to "Oldest" and reset all  
the modems to "Latest".  
7) Load v1.5.1 modem code to "Oldest" (replacing the older image in the other  
location).  
8) Load v1.5.3 router firmware to the "Oldest" Bulk Image.  
Figure D-1 Firmware Migration Stages  
Migration Procedure  
Getting Information with VLOAD  
The first step in getting information is to discover the units in the network. Do  
this by performing an "Add All" as shown in the figures below.  
D-4  
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Figure D-2 Initial Vload screen  
Figure D-3 Add All dialog  
Note that the Receive Multicast Address is the same as the Transmit Multicast  
Address for the VMS. This IP address can be found under the VMS ViperView  
tree view “Vipersat Manager”.  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-5  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Figure D-4 Get Information for IP Address  
It is very important to get information after each step. VLOAD needs to be  
aware of the current configuration of the modems when making decisions about  
"Oldest" and "Latest".  
Upgrade Router to v1.5.3  
This step will upgrade the Bulk Image location 1 of the Router Card to version  
1.5.3 firmware. The Vload Utility provides 3 methods of loading code:  
1) Consecutive - Vload will download each IP address consecutively. Useful if  
loading 1 or 2 units, but very slow for loading networks.  
2) Concurrent - Vload will download all selected IP addresses simultaneously.  
Useful if loading multiple units over a Local Area Network or installed  
networks with large TDM or DVB Outbound Carriers. Take care not to over-  
run the outbound (TDM) transmission rate.  
3) CodeCast - Vload will multicast to all selected IP addresses. The units must  
all have the same CodeCast address. CodeCast is useful for large networks  
that have limited bandwidth available on the TDM outbound.  
Refer to the Vload Utility User Guide for a description of each type and to deter-  
mine which suits your network best. Below is an example of the screen  
displayed for "Consecutive".  
D-6  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Figure D-5 Put Application screen (Consecutive Load)  
Save and Reboot to Latest  
Using either VMS or CLI, Save each unit to flash and reboot with Hard Reset  
to Latest.  
Figure D-6 Hard Reset screen  
Note that all other parameters are set to defaults and do not require any changes.  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-7  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Get Information for Router v1.5.3  
Figure D-7 Unit Information screen (Router)  
The new unit information will show that Image 1 Version=1.5.3 and that the  
Application Version=1.5.3. The application CurrentBoot should = the image  
slot location of 1.5.3, and NextBoot=Latest and Save=Oldest.  
The next part of this step is very important. Prior to version 1.5.3 code, the  
configuration files did not include all modem parameters or any Out Door Unit  
(ODU) parameters. These parameters are stored in 2 lines in the configuration  
file. If they are not saved, the modem will go to the default settings, causing the  
BUC and LNB to turn Off. As a result, the Remote will be lost when the modem  
firmware is updated.  
Select "Configuration" in mode selection and "Get Configuration".  
Figure D-8 Select Configuration screen  
Save the configuration file. Open it using WordPad. Insure that the lines shown  
D-8  
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Figure D-9 Configuration File Text  
If this text is not displayed, Save to flash again, get the configuration and check  
for them in the configuration file once more. Note that the contents of the text  
lines will differ based on the actual configuration and modem type.  
Upgrade Base Modem to v1.5.1  
The Base Modem upgrades have to be done in 2 steps. This is necessary  
because the memory map changed with the v1.4.x firmware and v1.3.3 is not  
capable of writing directly to v1.5.x firmware.  
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to v1.4.5  
Select Base Modem under Mode Selection, then click Browse. Two files  
named FW10805 will appear. Select the file name that ends with “P”; this is the  
v1.4.5 firmware file.  
Figure D-10 Browse for Firmware File  
Put the v1.4.5 modem firmware using the appropriate selected mode (Consecu-  
tive, Concurrent, or CodeCast).  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-9  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Figure D-11 Download v1.4.5 and Hard Reset screen  
When the file transfer is completed, Hard Reset the Modem(s).  
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to v1.5.1  
Get Unit Information to show that v1.4.5 modem code is loaded in Image 1 and  
that the Base Modem Current Image = Image 1. Which image this is will  
depend on which image was running in the modem; it will automatically select  
the offline image to upgrade.  
Figure D-12 Unit Information screen (Base Modem Image 1)  
Browse for the v1.5.1 Base Modem firmware. The file name is FW10805U.  
If the file can not be found, it can be downloaded from the Comtech EF Data  
web site:  
http://www.comtechefdata.com/  
The FW10805U.bin file can be found under Downloads, Flash Upgrades.  
D-10  
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Figure D-13 Download v1.5.1 and Hard Reset screen  
Download Base Modem v1.5.1 to Image 2  
Get Unit Information to show that the current Base Modem image is Image 2,  
which is v1.5.1 firmware.  
Figure D-14 Unit Information screen (Base Modem Image 2)  
Repeat the Download procedure for the Base Modem v1.5.1 firmware file, but  
do not perform a Hard Reset; it is not necessary to reboot the modem again.  
This will insure that the v1.5.1 firmware is in both images in the Base Modem,  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-11  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Figure D-15 Unit Information screen (Base Modem v1.5.1)  
Download Router v1.5.3 to Image 2  
Download the v1.5.3 firmware file to the Router Image 2. This insures that the  
latest firmware code is loaded in all images.  
Get Unit Information one last time and Save the file when prompted. This file  
can be used to maintain a record of unlock codes and sent to Comtech Vipersat  
if additional features are required. The final "get Information" should look like  
the one displayed below.  
Figure D-16 Unit Information screen (final status)  
Completing Migration  
Picking Up Straggler/Offline Remotes  
Ideally, all Remote units will be online during the migration phase. However, in  
a live network this cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, Vipersat provides a way to  
temporarily revert the TDM outbound and Burst Controller(s) to v1.5.2 HDLC  
WAN Framing compatibility mode. Remotes that had lost power or otherwise  
were offline during the upgrade can be recovered at this time. Remotes running  
D-12  
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Firmware Upgrade  
the v1.5.3 firmware will lose communications during this time, so a planned  
maintenance outage is necessary.  
It is only necessary to download 1 image of the Router to v1.5.3 and reset the  
Remotes in order for them to rejoin the network, unless the associated Burst  
Controller is running BFAT. If that is the case, it is suggested that BFAT be  
disabled, and that the STDMA Preamble be increased. This will allow restora-  
tion of communications to all Remotes, with reduced performance. Once the  
straggler Remote(s) have v1.5.1 modem code loaded, BFAT can be re-enabled.  
The appropriate Preamble length will be reset automatically when BFAT is  
running.  
Setting v1.5.2 Compatibility in Hub Modems  
Telnet into the TDM Outbound and Burst Controller Hub units associated with  
the straggler Remote(s) and follow the steps below.  
Figure D-17 Main Menu screen, CLI  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-13  
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Firmware Upgrade  
Figure D-18 Vipersat Configuration screen  
The Vipersat Migration Parameter "M" is available only on Hub non-expansion  
units.  
Figure D-19 Vipersat Migration prompt  
Select O to set the old framing mode to v1.5.2 or earlier. This parameter must  
be set in both outbound and inbound units to properly transmit/receive to/from  
Remote units.  
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Firmware Upgrade  
The straggler Remotes will now frame on the TDM outbound signal. The asso-  
ciated Burst Controller(s) will frame on the inbound signals from these Remotes  
ONLY.  
Download the v1.5.3 Router firmware and Reset the straggler Remotes.  
Return the network to N (1.5.3) compatibility.  
Appendix D - Network Migration  
D-15  
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Firmware Upgrade  
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D-16  
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A
P P E N D I X  
GLOSSARY  
A
ALC Automatic Limit Control is a closed loop mechanism controlling the gain  
stabilization of the HPA’s RF output power.  
APL Asynchronous Party Line – A VIPERSAT term for RS-485 multi-drop bus used  
for control of indoor equipment. See also SPL.  
ARP Address Resolution Protocol – A protocol for a LAN device to determine the  
MAC address of a locally connected device given its IP address. See also MAC.  
ASR Automatic Switch Request is a switch request message used in legacy VMS  
installations  
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)  
B
BER Bit Error Rate (sometimes Ratio) – A measure of the number of data bits  
received incorrectly compared to the total number of bits transmitted.  
BUC Block Up Converter  
Bps Bits Per Second – A measure of transmission speed. See also kb/s &  
Mb/s  
Appendix E - Glossary  
E-1  
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BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying – A modulation technique in which the carrier is  
phase shifted +/- 180 degrees. See also QPSK  
C
C-Band A frequency band commonly used for satellite communications (and sometimes  
terrestrial microwave). For terrestrial earth stations the receive frequency band  
is 3.7-4.2GHz and transmit 5.925-6.425GHz. See also Ku-band.  
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check – A method of applying a checksum to a block of  
data to determine if any errors occurred during transmission over communica-  
tions links.  
CXR Carrier – A radio frequency transmission bearer linking points and over which  
information may be carried.  
D
DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access – A process whereby communications links  
are only activated when there is an actual demand.  
dBm Decibel referenced to 1 milliwatt.  
DHCP The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an Internet protocol for  
automating the configuration of computers that use TCP/IP.  
DNA Dynamic Node Announcement – In VIPERSAT satellite networks a process  
whereby remote sites periodically announce their presence to facilitate network  
setup and monitoring.  
DOS Disk Operating System – A computer operating system.  
DPC Dynamic Power Control.  
DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory  
DSP Digital Signal Processor – A microprocessor chip optimized for signal process-  
ing applications.  
DVB Digital Video Broadcast  
DVP Digital Voice Processor – The VIPERSAT voice card used in packet voice  
applications.  
E-2  
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E
Eb/No Eb/No Ratio Eb = energy per bit No = noise power density per Hz. The bit error  
rate (BER) for digital data is a decreasing function of this ratio. Eb is the energy  
of an information bit. Eb is measured in Joules, or equivalently in Watts per  
Hertz.  
EEPROM Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This equipment  
component is used to record and store data that needs to be retained when the  
equipment is powered down.  
E&M Ear & Mouth (literally) – The signaling leads used to carry telephone circuit  
signaling or indicate circuit activity or status.  
F
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access – A technique where multiple users can  
access a common resource (e.g. satellite) by each being allocated a distinct  
frequency for operation. See also TDMA.  
FEC Forward Error Correction – A process whereby data being transmitted over a  
communications link can have error correction bits added which may be used at  
the receiving end to determine/correct any transmission errors which may occur.  
FIFO First In First Out – A simple buffer or queue technique whereby data queued  
the longest is transmitted first.  
FTP File Transfer Protocol – An application for transferring computer files over the  
Internet. See also TFTP.  
FXO Foreign eXchange Office – a 2 wire telephone interface that looks like a line  
originating from a telephone exchange. See also FXS.  
FXS Foreign eXchange Subscriber – a 2 wire telephone interface that looks like a  
line coming from a telephone instrument. See also FXO.  
G
G.729 ITU standard for LD-CELP (Low Delay – Code Excited Linear Prediction)  
voice encoding at 8kb/s.  
Appendix E - Glossary  
E-3  
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Group ID A number assigned to equipment which defines it as a member of a group when  
addressed by the burst controller.  
GUI Graphical User Interface – A form of graphical shell or user interface to a  
computer operating system.  
H
HDLC High Level Data Link Control – A standard defining how data may be transmit-  
ted down a synchronous serial link.  
HPA High Power Amplifier – The amplifier used in satellite communications to raise  
the transmit signal to the correct power level prior to transmission to satellite.  
See also SSPA.  
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – The Internet standard for World Wide Web  
(WWW) operation.  
Hub The central site of a network which links to a number of satellite earth sites.  
I
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol.  
Installation A program which guides the user through the process of installing an applica-  
Wizard tion.  
IF Intermediate Frequency – In satellite systems, IF frequencies are usually  
centered around 1200 MHz (L-band), or 70 MHz (video/TV).  
IP Internet Protocol – A format for data packets used on networks accessing the  
Internet.  
ISP Internet Service Provider – A company providing Internet access.  
ITU International Telecommunications Union.  
E-4  
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K
Kb/s Kilo Bits per Second - 1000 bits/second. A measure of transmission speed. See  
also bps & Mb/s.  
Ku-Band A frequency band used for satellite communications. For terrestrial earth  
stations the receive frequency band is in the range 10.95 – 12.75GHz and trans-  
mit 14.0 – 14.5GHz. See also C-band.  
L
L-Band A frequency band commonly used as an IF for satellite systems using block up/  
down conversion. Usually 950-1450MHz.  
LAN Local Area Network.  
LLA Low Latency Application  
LNA Low Noise Amplifier - An amplifier with very low noise temperature used as  
the first amplifier in the receive chain of a satellite system.  
LNB Low Noise Block - A downconvertor so called because it converts a whole band  
or “block” of frequencies to a lower band. It is similar to LNA.  
LNC Low Noise Converter - A combined low noise amplifier and block down  
converter, usually with an L-band (typically 950-1450MHz) IF.  
LO Local Oscillator  
M
M&C Monitor & Control.  
MAC Media Access Control - A protocol controlling access to the physical layer of an  
Ethernet network.  
Mb/s Mega Bits per Second - 1 Million bits/second. A measure of transmission speed.  
See also bps & kb/s.  
Modem MODulator and DEModulator units combined.  
Multicast Transmitting a single message simultaneously to all.  
Appendix E - Glossary  
E-5  
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N
NAT Network Address Translation - An Internet standard that enables a local-area  
network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal (private) traffic and a  
second set of addresses for external (public) traffic.  
NOC Network Operation Center (NOC) has access to any earth station installed using  
the VIPERSAT Network Control System (VNCS). An NOC can remotely inter-  
rogate, control, and log network activities.  
O
ODU Outdoor Unit – In a VSAT system the RF components (transceiver) are usually  
installed outdoors on the antenna structure itself and are thus referred to as an  
ODU.  
OSPF Open Shortest Path First - A common routing algorithm.  
P
PLDM Path Loss Data Multicast message is sent every sixty seconds and  
contains information on messages received or lost.  
POP3 Post Office Protocol 3 - A protocol for exchanging e-mail messages between  
host computers. See also SMTP.  
PMUX Port Multiplexing - Each port of the SDMS is individually configured from the  
NMS port (hub) to port (remote) multiplexing.  
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network - Refers to the international telephone  
system based on copper wires carrying analog voice data.  
Q
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying – A modulation technique in which the carrier  
is phase shifted +/- 90 or +/-180 degrees. See also BPSK  
E-6  
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R
RF Radio Frequency – A generic term for signals at frequencies above those used  
for baseband or IF.  
RFC Request For Comment – The de-facto Internet standards issued by the Internet  
Engineering Task Force (IETF).  
RIP Routing Information Protocol  
RS-232 A common electrical/physical standard issued by the IEEE used for point to  
point serial communications up to approximately 115kb/s.  
RS-485 A common electrical/physical standard issued by the IEEE used for multi-drop  
serial communications.  
Rx Receive.  
S
SCPC Single Carrier Per Channel – A satellite communications technique where an  
individual carrier is transmitted to a single destination.  
SDMS Star Data Management System – VIPERSAT equipment forming the heart of  
the VIPERSAT system.  
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - A protocol for exchanging e-mail messages  
between host computers. See also POP3.  
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol – A protocol defining how devices from  
different vendors may be managed using a common network management  
system.  
SPL Synchronous Party Line – An electrically isolated interface between indoor and  
outdoor equipment used in VIPERSAT satellite systems. See also APL.  
SSPA Solid State Power Amplifier – A high power amplifier used in satellite commu-  
nications using semiconductor rather than vacuum tube devices. See also HPA.  
Star A network topology which, if drawn as a logical representation, resembles a star  
Topology with a hub at the center.  
STDMA An acronym for Selective Time Division Multiple Access  
Appendix E - Glossary  
E-7  
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T
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol – A standard for networking  
over unreliable transmission paths. See also UDP.  
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access – A multiple access technique where users  
contend for access to a common channel on a time-shared basis. See also  
FDMA and STDMA.  
STDMA This is an acronym for Selective Time Division Multiple Access - A multiple  
access technique where users time-shared access to a common channel with  
selective sized time slots allocated on usage.  
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol – A simple file transfer protocol used over reli-  
able transmission paths. See also FTP.  
TPI TransParent Interface - As a message arrives at its destination, the SDMS-II  
decodes the token and forwards the data to a port known as TPI  
Tx Transmit.  
U
UDP User Datagram Protocol – A standard for networking over reliable transmission  
paths.  
UDP A multicast transmission using the UDP protocol.  
Multicast  
V
VESP Vipersat External Switching Protocol is a switch-request protocol which allows  
both Vipersat and other manufactures to participate in a VMS controlled  
network  
VMS VIPERSAT Management System  
VoIP Voice over IP  
VOS Vipersat Object Service  
E-8  
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W
Wizard A specialized program which performs a specific function, such as installing an  
application (installation wizard).  
Appendix E - Glossary  
E-9  
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