TP Link Switch TL SL3428 User Manual

TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452  
JetStream L2 Managed Switch  
REV1.2.1  
1910010929  
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Safety Information  
When product has power button, the power button is one of the way to shut off the product;  
When there is no power button, the only way to completely shut off power is to disconnect the  
product or the power adapter from the power source.  
Don’t disassemble the product, or make repairs yourself. You run the risk of electric shock and  
voiding the limited warranty. If you need service, please contact us.  
Avoid water and wet locations.  
This product can be used in the following countries:  
AT  
ES  
LT  
BG  
FI  
BY  
FR  
MT  
SK  
CA  
GB  
NL  
TR  
CZ  
GR  
NO  
UA  
DE  
HU  
PL  
DK  
IE  
EE  
IT  
LV  
SE  
PT  
RO  
RU  
II  
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CONTENTS  
III  
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IV  
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V
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VI  
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VII  
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Package Contents  
The following items should be found in your box:  
One TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 switch  
One power cord  
One console cable  
Two mounting brackets and other fittings  
Installation Guide  
Resource CD for TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 switch, including:  
This User Guide  
Other Helpful Information  
Note:  
Make sure that the package contains the above items. If any of the listed items are damaged or  
missing, please contact your distributor.  
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Chapter 1 About this Guide  
This User Guide contains information for setup and management of TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 switch.  
Please read this guide carefully before operation.  
1.1 Intended Readers  
This Guide is intended for network managers familiar with IT concepts and network terminologies.  
1.2 Conventions  
In this Guide the following conventions are used:  
The switch or TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 mentioned in this Guide stands for  
TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 JetStream L2 Managed Switch without any explanation.  
Tips:  
The two devices of TL-SL3428 and TL-SL3452 are sharing this User Guide. For simplicity, we will  
take TL-SL3428 for example throughout the configuration chapters.TL-SL3428 and TL-SL3452 just  
differ in the number of LED indicators and ports and all gures in this guide are of TL-SL3428.  
Menu NameSubmenu NameTab page indicates the menu structure. SystemSystem  
InfoSystem Summary means the System Summary page under the System Info menu  
option that is located under the System menu.  
Bold font indicates a button, a toolbar icon, menu or menu item.  
Symbols in this Guide:  
Symbol  
Description  
Ignoring this type of note might result in a malfunction or damage to the  
device.  
Note:  
Tips:  
This format indicates important information that helps you make better use  
of your device.  
1.3 Overview of This Guide  
Chapter  
Introduction  
Chapter 1 About This Guide  
Chapter 2 Introduction  
Introduces the guide structure and conventions.  
Introduces the features, application and appearance of  
TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 switch.  
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch  
Introduces how to log on to TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 Web  
management page.  
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Chapter  
Introduction  
Chapter 4 System  
This module is used to configure system properties of the switch.  
Here mainly introduces:  
System Info: Configure the description, system time and network  
parameters of the switch.  
User Management: Configure the user name and password for  
users to log on to the Web management page with a certain  
access level.  
System Tools: Manage the configuration file of the switch.  
Access Security: Provide different security measures for the  
login to enhance the configuration management security.  
Chapter 5 Switching  
This module is used to configure basic functions of the switch. Here  
mainly introduces:  
Port: Configure the basic features for the port.  
LAG: Configure Link Aggregation Group. LAG is to combine a  
number of ports together to make a single high-bandwidth data  
path.  
Traffic Monitor: Monitor the traffic of each port  
MAC Address: Configure the address table of the switch.  
Chapter 6 VLAN  
This module is used to configure VLANs to control broadcast in  
LANs. Here mainly introduces:  
802.1Q VLAN: Configure port-based VLAN.  
Protocol VLAN: Create VLANs in application layer to make some  
special data transmitted in the specified VLAN.  
GVRP: GVRP allows the switch to automatically add or remove  
the VLANs via the dynamic VLAN registration information and  
propagate the local VLAN registration information to other  
switches, without having to individually configure each VLAN.  
Chapter 7 Spanning Tree  
This module is used to configure spanning tree function of the  
switch. Here mainly introduces:  
STP Config: Configure and view the global settings of spanning  
tree function.  
Port Config: Configure CIST parameters of ports.  
MSTP Instance: Configure MSTP instances.  
STP Security: Configure protection function to prevent devices  
from any malicious attack against STP features.  
Chapter 8 Multicast  
This module is used to configure multicast function of the switch.  
Here mainly introduces:  
IGMP Snooping: Configure global parameters of IGMP Snooping  
function, port properties, VLAN and multicast VLAN.  
Multicast IP: Configure multicast IP table.  
Multicast Filter: Configure multicast filter feature to restrict users  
ordering multicast programs.  
Packet Statistics: View the multicast data traffic on each port of  
the switch, which facilitates you to monitor the IGMP messages  
in the network.  
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Chapter  
Introduction  
Chapter 9 QoS  
This module is used to configure QoS function to provide different  
quality of service for various network applications and  
requirements. Here mainly introduces:  
DiffServ: Configure priorities, port priority, 802.1P priority and  
DSCP priority.  
Bandwidth Control: Configure rate limit feature to control the  
traffic rate on each port; configure storm control feature to filter  
broadcast, multicast and UL frame in the network.  
Voice VLAN: Configure voice VLAN to transmit voice data  
stream within the specified VLAN so as to ensure the  
transmission priority of voice data stream and voice quality.  
Chapter 10 ACL  
This module is used to configure match rules and process policies  
of packets to filter packets in order to control the access of the  
illegal users to the network. Here mainly introduces:  
Time-Range: Configure the effective time for ACL rules.  
ACL Config: ACL rules.  
Policy Config: Configure operation policies.  
Policy Binding: Bind the policy to a port/VLAN to take its effect on  
a specific port/VLAN.  
Chapter 11 Network Security  
This module is used to configure the multiple protection measures  
for the network security. Here mainly introduces:  
IP-MAC Binding: Bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID  
and the connected Port number of the Host together.  
ARP Inspection: Configure ARP inspection feature to prevent the  
network from ARP attacks.  
DoS Defend: Configure DoS defend feature to prevent DoS  
attack.  
802.1X: Configure common access control mechanism for LAN  
ports to solve mainly authentication and security problems.  
Chapter 12 SNMP  
This module is used to configure SNMP function to provide a  
management frame to monitor and maintain the network devices.  
Here mainly introduces:  
SNMP Config: Configure global settings of SNMP function.  
Notification: Configure notification function for the management  
station to monitor and process the events.  
RMON: Configure RMON function to monitor network more  
efficiently.  
Chapter 13 LLDP  
This module is used to configure LLDP function to provide  
information for SNMP applications to simplify troubleshooting. Here  
mainly introduces:  
Basic Config: Configure the LLDP parameters of the device.  
Device Info: View the LLDP information of the local device and its  
neighbors.  
Device Statistics: View the LLDP statistics of the local device.  
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Chapter  
Introduction  
Chapter 14 Cluster  
This module is used to configure cluster function to central manage  
the scattered devices in the network. Here mainly introduces:  
NDP: Configure NDP function to get the information of the directly  
connected neighbor devices.  
NTDP: Configure NTDP function for the commander switch to  
collect NDP information.  
Cluster: Configure cluster function to establish and maintain  
cluster.  
Chapter 15 Maintenance  
This module is used to assemble the commonly used system tools  
to manage the switch. Here mainly introduces:  
System Monitor: Monitor the memory and CPU of the switch.  
Log: View configuration parameters on the switch.  
Device Diagnostics: Including Cable Test and Loopback. Cable  
Test tests the connection status of the cable connected to the  
switch; and Loopback tests if the port of the switch and the  
connected device are available.  
Network Diagnostics: Test if the destination is reachable and the  
account of router hops from the switch to the destination.  
Chapter 16 System  
Maintenance via FTP  
Introduces how to download firmware of the switch via FTP  
function.  
Appendix A Specifications  
Lists the hardware specifications of the switch  
Introduces how to configure the PCs.  
Appendix B Configure the PCs  
Appendix C 802.1X Client  
Software  
Introduces how to use 802.1X Client Software provided for  
authentication.  
Appendix D Glossary  
Lists the glossary used in this manual.  
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Chapter 2 Introduction  
Thanks for choosing the TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 JetStream L2 Managed Switch!  
2.1 Overview of the Switch  
Designed for workgroups and departments, TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 from TP-Link provides  
wire-speed performance and full set of layer 2 management features. It provides a variety of  
service features and multiple powerful functions with high security.  
The EIA-standardized framework and smart configuration capacity can provide flexible solutions  
for a variable scale of networks. ACL, 802.1x and Dynamic ARP Inspection provide robust security  
strategy. QoS and IGMP snooping/filtering optimize voice and video application. Link aggregation  
(LACP) increases aggregated bandwidth, optimizing the transport of business critical data. SNMP,  
RMON, WEB/CLI/Telnet Log-in bring abundant management policies. TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452  
switch integrates multiple functions with excellent performance, and is friendly to manage, which  
can fully meet the need of the users demanding higher networking performance.  
2.2 Main Features  
Resiliency and Availability  
+ Link aggregation (LACP) increases aggregated bandwidth, optimizing the transport of  
business critical data.  
+ IEEE 802.1s Multiple Spanning Tree provides high link availability in multiple VLAN  
environments.  
+ Multicast snooping automatically prevents flooding of IP multicast traffic.  
+ Root Guard protects root bridge from malicious attack or configuration mistakes  
Layer 2 Switching  
+ GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) allows automatic learning and dynamic  
assignment of VLANs.  
+ Supports up to 4K VLANs simultaneously (out of 4K VLAN IDs).  
Quality of Service  
+ Supports L2/L3 granular CoS with 4 priority queues per port.  
+ Rate limiting confines the traffic flow accurately according to the preset value.  
Security  
+ Supports multiple industry standard user authentication methods such as 802.1x, RADIUS.  
+ Dynamic ARP Inspection blocks ARP packets from unauthorized hosts, preventing  
man-in-the-middle attacks.  
+ L2/L3/L4 Access Control Lists restrict untrusted access to the protected resource.  
+ Provides SSHv1/v2, SSL 2.0/3.0 and TLS v1 for access encryption.  
Manageability  
+ IP Clustering provides high scalability and easy Single-IP-Management.  
+ Supports Telnet, CLI, SNMP v1/v2c/v3, RMON and web access.  
+ Port Mirroring enables monitoring selected ingress/egress traffic.  
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2.3 Appearance Description  
2.3.1 Front Panel  
Figure 2-1 Front Panel of TL-SL3428  
Figure 2-2 Front Panel of TL-SL3452  
The following parts are located on the front panel:  
10/100Mbps Ports: Designed to connect to the device with a bandwidth of 10Mbps or  
100Mbps. Each has a corresponding 10/100Mbps LED.  
10/100/1000Mbps Ports: Designed to connect to the device with a bandwidth of 10Mbps,  
100Mbps or 1000Mbps. Each has a corresponding 1000Mbps LED.  
SFP Ports: Designed to install the SFP module.  
TL-SL3428 features some SFP transceiver slots that are shared with the associated RJ45  
ports. The associated two ports are referred as a “Combo” port, which means they cannot be  
used simultaneously, otherwise only SFP port works.  
Console Port: Designed to connect with the serial port of a computer or terminal for monitoring  
and configuring the switch.  
LEDs  
Name  
Status  
On  
Indication  
Power is on.  
PWR  
Flashing  
Off  
Power supply is abnormal.  
Power is off or power supply is abnormal.  
The switch is working abnormally.  
On  
SYS  
Flashing  
Off  
The switch is working normally.  
The switch is working abnormally.  
On  
A device is linked to the corresponding port, but no activity.  
Data is being transmitted or received.  
The linked device is running at 100Mbps.  
The linked device is running at 10Mbps.  
No device is connected to the corresponding port.  
Flashing  
Green  
Yellow  
Off  
10/100Mbps  
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Name  
Status  
On  
Indication  
A device is linked to the corresponding port, but no activity.  
Data is being transmitted or received.  
Flashing  
Green  
Yellow  
Off  
The linked device is running at 1000Mbps.  
The linked device is running at 10/100Mbps.  
No device is connected to the corresponding port.  
1000Mbps  
Note:  
1. TL-SL3428 features some “Combo” ports. A “Combo” port consists of a RJ45 port and an SFP  
port, and the two ports share the same LED.  
2. For TL-SL3428, When using the SFP port with a 100M module or a gigabit module, you need  
to log on to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) of the switch and configure its corresponding  
Speed and Duplex mode on SwitchingPortPort Config page. For 100M module, please  
select 100MFD while select 1000MFD for gigabit module. By default, the Speed and Duplex  
mode of SFP port is 1000MFD.  
3. For TL-SL3452, the SFP port can be only used with a gigabit module.  
2.3.2 Rear Panel  
The rear panel of TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 features a power socket and a Grounding Terminal  
(marked with ).  
Figure 2-3 Rear Panel of TL-SL3428  
Figure 2-4 Rear Panel of TL-SL3452  
Grounding Terminal: TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 already comes with Lightning Protection  
Mechanism. You can also ground the switch through the PE (Protecting Earth) cable of AC cord  
or with Ground Cable. For detail information, please refer to Installation Guide.  
AC Power Socket: Connect the female connector of the power cord here, and the male  
connector to the AC power outlet. Please make sure the voltage of the power supply meets the  
requirement of the input voltage (100-240V~ 50/60Hz 0.6A).  
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Chapter 3 Login to the Switch  
3.1 Login  
1) To access the configuration utility, open a web-browser and type in the default address  
http://192.168.0.1 in the address field of the browser, then press the Enter key.  
Figure 3-1 Web-browser  
Tips:  
To log in to the switch, the IP address of your PC should be set in the same subnet addresses of  
the switch. The IP address is 192.168.0.x ("x" is any number from 2 to 254), Subnet Mask is  
255.255.255.0. For the detailed instructions as to how to do this, please refer to Appendix B.  
2) After a moment, a login window will appear, as shown in Figure 3-2. Enter admin for the User  
Name and Password, both in lower case letters. Then click the Login button or press the Enter  
key.  
Figure 3-2 Login  
3.2 Configuration  
After a successful login, the main page will appear as Figure 3-3, and you can configure the  
function by clicking the setup menu on the left side of the screen.  
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Figure 3-3 Main Setup-Menu  
Note:  
Clicking Apply can only make the new configurations effective before the switch is rebooted. If  
you want to keep the configurations effective even the switch is rebooted, please click Save  
Config. You are suggested to click Save Config before cutting off the power or rebooting the  
switch to avoid losing the new configurations.  
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Chapter 4 System  
The System module is mainly for system configuration of the switch, including four submenus:  
System Info, User Management, System Tools and Access Security.  
4.1 System Info  
The System Info, mainly for basic properties configuration, can be implemented on System  
Summary, Device Description, System Time, Daylight Saving Time and System IP pages.  
4.1.1 System Summary  
On this page you can view the port connection status and the system information.  
The port status diagram shows the working status of all ports.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem InfoSystem Summary to load the following page.  
Figure 4-1 System Summary  
Port Status  
Indicates the 100Mbps port is not connected to a device.  
Indicates the 100Mbps port is at the speed of 100Mbps.  
Indicates the 100Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps.  
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Indicates the 1000Mbps port is not connected to a device.  
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.  
Indicates the 1000Mbps port is at the speed of 10Mbps or 100Mbps.  
Indicates the SFP port is not connected to a device.  
Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 1000Mbps.  
Indicates the SFP port is at the speed of 100Mbps.  
When the cursor moves on the port, the detailed information of the port will be displayed.  
Figure 4-2 Port Information  
Port Info  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Displays the type of the port.  
Type:  
Speed:  
Status:  
Displays the maximum transmission rate of the port.  
Displays the connection status of the port.  
Click a port to display the bandwidth utilization on this port. The actual rate divided by theoretical  
maximum rate is the bandwidth utilization. Figure 4-3 displays the bandwidth utilization monitored  
every four seconds. Monitoring the bandwidth utilization on each port facilitates you to monitor the  
network traffic and analyze the network abnormities.  
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Figure 4-3 Bandwidth Utilization  
Bandwidth Utilization  
Rx:  
Select Rx to display the bandwidth utilization of receiving packets  
on this port.  
Tx:  
Select Tx to display the bandwidth utilization of sending packets  
on this port.  
4.1.2 Device Description  
On this page you can configure the description of the switch, including device name, device location  
and system contact.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem InfoDevice Description to load the following page.  
Figure 4-4 Device Description  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Device Description  
Device Name:  
Enter the name of the switch.  
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Device Location:  
System Contact:  
Enter the location of the switch.  
Enter your contact information.  
4.1.3 System Time  
System Time is the time displayed while the switch is running. On this page you can configure the  
system time and the settings here will be used for other time-based functions like ACL.  
You can manually set the system time, get UTC automatically if it has connected to an NTP server  
or synchronize with PC’s clock as the system time.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem InfoSystem Time to load the following page.  
Figure 4-5 System Time  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Time Info  
Current System Date:  
Current Time Source:  
Displays the current date and time of the switch.  
Displays the current time source of the switch.  
Time Config  
Manual:  
When this option is selected, you can set the date and time  
manually.  
Get Time from NTP  
Server:  
When this option is selected, you can configure the time zone  
and the IP address for the NTP Server. The switch will get UTC  
automatically if it has connected to an NTP Server.  
Time Zone: Select your local time.  
Primary/Secondary NTP Server: Enter the IP address for  
the NTP Server.  
Update Rate: Specify the rate fetching time from NTP  
server.  
Synchronize with  
PC’S Clock:  
When this option is selected, the administrator PC’s clock is  
utilized.  
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Note:  
1. The system time will be restored to the default when the switch is restarted and you need to  
reconfigure the system time of the switch.  
2. When Get Time from NTP Server is selected and no time server is configured, the switch will  
get time from the time server of the Internet if it has connected to the Internet.  
4.1.4 Daylight Saving Time  
Here you can configure the Daylight Saving Time of the switch.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem InfoDaylight Saving Time to load the following page.  
Figure 4-6 Daylight Saving Time  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
DST Config  
DST Status:  
Enable or Disable DST.  
Predefined Mode:  
Select a predefined DST configuration:  
USA: Second Sunday in March, 02:00 ~ First Sunday in  
November, 02:00.  
Australia: First Sunday in October, 02:00 ~ First Sunday in  
April, 03:00.  
Europe: Last Sunday in March, 01:00 ~ Last Sunday in  
October, 01:00.  
New Zealand: Last Sunday in September, 02:00 ~ First  
Sunday in April, 03:00.  
Recurring Mode:  
Specify the DST configuration in recurring mode. This  
configuration is recurring in use:  
Offset: Specify the time adding in minutes when Daylight  
Saving Time comes.  
Start/End Time: Select starting time and ending time of  
Daylight Saving Time.  
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Date Mode:  
Specify the DST configuration in Date mode. This configuration  
is recurring in use:  
Offset: Specify the time adding in minutes when Daylight  
Saving Time comes.  
Start/End Time: Select starting time and ending time of  
Daylight Saving Time.  
Note:  
1. When the DST is disabled, the predefined mode, recurring mode and date mode cannot be  
configured.  
2. When the DST is enabled, the default daylight saving time is of Europe in predefined mode.  
4.1.5 System IP  
Each device in the network possesses a unique IP address. You can log on to the Web  
management page to operate the switch using this IP address. The switch supports three modes  
to obtain an IP address: Static IP, DHCP and BOOTP. The IP address obtained using a new mode  
will replace the original IP address. On this page you can configure the system IP of the switch.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem InfoSystem IP to load the following page.  
Figure 4-7 System IP  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
IP Config  
MAC Address:  
Displays MAC address of the switch.  
IP Address Mode:  
Select the mode to obtain IP address for the switch.  
Static IP: When this option is selected, you should enter IP  
Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway manually.  
DHCP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain  
network parameters from the DHCP Server.  
BOOTP: When this option is selected, the switch will obtain  
network parameters from the BOOTP Server.  
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Management VLAN:  
Enter the ID of management VLAN, the only VLAN through which  
you can get access to the switch. By default VLAN1 owning all the  
ports is the Management VLAN and you can access the switch via  
any port on the switch. However, if another VLAN is created and  
set to be the Management VLAN, you may have to reconnect the  
management station to a port that is a member of the  
Management VLAN.  
IP Address:  
Enter the system IP of the switch. The default system IP is  
192.168.0.1 and you can change it appropriate to your needs.  
Subnet Mask:  
Enter the subnet mask of the switch.  
Enter the default gateway of the switch.  
Default Gateway:  
Note:  
1. Changing the IP address to a different IP segment will interrupt the network communication,  
so please keep the new IP address in the same IP segment with the local network.  
2. The switch only possesses an IP address. The IP address configured will replace the original  
IP address.  
3. If the switch gets the IP address from DHCP server, you can see the configuration of the  
switch in the DHCP server; if DHCP option is selected but no DHCP server exists in the  
network, the switch will keep obtaining IP address from DHCP server until success.  
4. If DHCP or BOOTP option is selected, the switch will get network parameters dynamically  
from the Internet, which means that its IP address, subnet mask and default gateway can not  
be configured.  
5. The default IP address is 192.168.0.1.  
4.2 User Management  
User Manage functions to configure the user name and password for users to log on to the Web  
management page with a certain access level so as to protect the settings of the switch from being  
randomly changed.  
The User Management function can be implemented on User Table and User Config pages.  
4.2.1 User Table  
On this page you can view the information about the current users of the switch.  
Choose the menu SystemUser ManagementUser Table to load the following page.  
Figure 4-8 User Table  
4.2.2 User Config  
On this page you can configure the access level of the user to log on to the Web management  
page. The switch provides two access levels: Guest and Admin. The guest only can view the  
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settings without the right to configure the switch; the admin can configure all the functions of the  
switch. The Web management pages contained in this guide are subject to the admin’s login without any  
explanation.  
Choose the menu SystemUser ManagementUser Config to load the following page.  
Figure 4-9 User Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
User Info  
User Name:  
Access Level:  
Create a name for users’ login.  
Select the access level to login.  
Admin: Admin can edit, modify and view all the settings of  
different functions.  
Guest: Guest only can view the settings without the right to edit  
and modify.  
User Status:  
Select Enable/Disable the user configuration.  
Type a password for users’ login.  
Retype the password.  
Password:  
Confirm Password:  
User Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding user  
information. It is multi-optional The current user information can’t  
be deleted.  
User  
ID,  
Name,  
Displays the current user ID, user name, access level and user  
status.  
Access Level and  
status:  
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Operation:  
Click the Edit button of the desired entry, and you can edit the  
corresponding user information. After modifying the settings,  
please click the Modify button to make the modification effective.  
Access level and user status of the current user information can’t  
be modified.  
4.3 System Tools  
The System Tools function, allowing you to manage the configuration file of the switch, can be  
implemented on Config Restore, Config Backup, Firmware Upgrade, System Reboot and  
System Reset pages.  
4.3.1 Config Restore  
On this page you can upload a backup configuration file to restore your switch to this previous  
configuration.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem ToolsConfig Restore to load the following page.  
Figure 4-10 Config Restore  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Config Restore  
Restore Config:  
Click the Restore Config button to restore the backup  
configuration file. It will take effect after the switch automatically  
reboots.  
Note:  
1. It will take a few minutes to restore the configuration. Please wait without any operation.  
2. To avoid any damage, please don’t power down the switch while being restored.  
3. After being restored, the current settings of the switch will be lost. Wrong uploaded  
configuration file may cause the switch unmanaged.  
4.3.2 Config Backup  
On this page you can download the current configuration and save it as a file to your computer for  
your future configuration restore.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem ToolsConfig Backup to load the following page.  
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Figure 4-11 Config Backup  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Config Backup  
Backup Config:  
Click the Backup Config button to save the current configuration  
as a file to your computer. You are suggested to take this measure  
before upgrading.  
Note:  
It will take a few minutes to backup the configuration. Please wait without any operation.  
4.3.3 Firmware Upgrade  
The switch system can be upgraded via the Web management page. To upgrade the system is to  
get more functions and better performance. Go to http://www.tp-link.com to download the updated  
firmware.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem ToolsFirmware Upgrade to load the following page.  
Figure 4-12 Firmware Upgrade  
Note:  
1. Don’t interrupt the upgrade.  
2. Please select the proper software version matching with your hardware to upgrade.  
3. To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while upgrading.  
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4. After upgrading, the device will reboot automatically.  
5. You are suggested to backup the configuration before upgrading.  
4.3.4 System Reboot  
On this page you can reboot the switch and return to the login page. Please save the current  
configuration before rebooting to avoid losing the configuration unsaved.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem ToolsSystem Reboot to load the following page.  
Figure 4-13 System Reboot  
Note:  
To avoid damage, please don't turn off the device while rebooting.  
4.3.5 System Reset  
On this page you can reset the switch to the default. All the settings will be cleared after the switch  
is reset.  
Choose the menu SystemSystem ToolsSystem Reset to load the following page.  
Figure 4-14 System Reset  
Note:  
After the system is reset, the switch will be reset to the default and all the settings will be cleared.  
4.4 Access Security  
Access Security provides different security measures for the remote login so as to enhance the  
configuration management security. It can be implemented on Access Control, SSL Config and  
SSH Config pages.  
4.4.1 Access Control  
On this page you can control the users logging on to the Web management page to enhance the  
configuration management security. The definitions of Admin and Guest refer to 4.2 User  
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Choose the menu SystemAccess SecurityAccess Control to load the following page.  
Figure 4-15 Access Control  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Access Control Config  
Control Mode:  
Select the control mode for users to log on to the Web  
management page.  
DisableDisable the access control function.  
IP-based: Select this option to limit the IP-range of the users  
for login.  
MAC-based: Select this option to limit the MAC address of the  
users for login.  
Port-based: Select this option to limit the ports for login.  
IP Address&Mask  
MAC Address:  
These fields can be available for configuration only when IP-based  
mode is selected. Only the users within the IP-range you set here  
are allowed for login.  
The field can be available for configuration only when MAC-based  
mode is selected. Only the user with this MAC address you set  
here is allowed for login.  
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Port:  
The field can be available for configuration only when Port-based  
mode is selected. Only the users connected to these ports you set  
here are allowed for login.  
Session Config  
Session Timeout:  
If you do nothing with the Web management page within the  
timeout time, the system will log out automatically. If you want to  
reconfigure, please login again.  
Access User Number  
Select Enable/Disable the Number Control function.  
Number Control;  
Admin Number:  
Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web  
management page as Admin.  
Guest Number:  
Enter the maximum number of the users logging on to the Web  
management page as Guest.  
4.4.2 SSL Config  
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), a security protocol, is to provide a secure connection for the  
application layer protocol (e.g. HTTP) communication based on TCP. SSL is widely used to secure  
the data transmission between the Web browser and servers. It is mainly applied through  
ecommerce and online banking.  
SSL mainly provides the following services:  
1. Authenticate the users and the servers based on the certificates to ensure the data are  
transmitted to the correct users and servers;  
2. Encrypt the data transmission to prevent the data being intercepted;  
3. Maintain the integrality of the data to prevent the data being altered in the transmission.  
Adopting asymmetrical encryption technology, SSL uses key pair to encrypt/decrypt information. A  
key pair refers to a public key (contained in the certificate) and its corresponding private key. By  
default the switch has a certificate (self-signed certificate) and a corresponding private key. The  
Certificate/Key Download function enables the user to replace the default key pair.  
After SSL is effective, you can log on to the Web management page via https://192.168.0.1. For  
the first time you use HTTPS connection to log into the switch with the default certificate, you will  
be prompted that “The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted  
certificate authority” or “Certificate Errors”. Please add this certificate to trusted certificates or  
continue to this website.  
On this page you can configure the SSL function.  
Choose the menu SystemAccess SecuritySSL Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 4-16 SSL Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
SSL:  
Select Enable/Disable the SSL function on the switch.  
Certificate Download  
Certificate File:  
Select the desired certificate to download to the switch. The  
certificate must be BASE64 encoded.  
Key Download  
Key File:  
Select the desired SSL key to download to the switch. The key  
must be BASE64 encoded.  
Note:  
1. The SSL certificate and key downloaded must match each other; otherwise the HTTPS  
connection will not work.  
2. The SSL certificate and key downloaded will not take effect until the switch is rebooted.  
3. To establish a secured connection using https, please enter https:// into the URL field of the  
browser.  
4. It may take more time for https connection than that for http connection, because https  
connection involves authentication, encryption and decryption etc.  
4.4.3 SSH Config  
As stipulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), SSH (Secure Shell) is a security protocol  
established on application and transport layers. SSH-encrypted-connection is similar to a telnet  
connection, but essentially the old telnet remote management method is not safe, because the  
password and data transmitted with plain-text can be easily intercepted. SSH can provide  
information security and powerful authentication when you log on to the switch remotely through  
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an insecure network environment. It can encrypt all the transmission data and prevent the  
information in a remote management being leaked.  
Comprising server and client, SSH has two versions, V1 and V2 which are not compatible with  
each other. In the communication, SSH server and client can auto-negotiate the SSH version and  
the encryption algorithm. After getting a successful negotiation, the client sends authentication  
request to the server for login, and then the two can communicate with each other after successful  
authentication. This switch supports SSH server and you can log on to the switch via SSH  
connection using SSH client software.  
SSH key can be downloaded into the switch. If the key is successfully downloaded, the certificate  
authentication will be preferred for SSH access to the switch.  
Choose the menu SystemAccess SecuritySSH Config to load the following page.  
Figure 4-17 SSH Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
SSH:  
Select Enable/Disable SSH function.  
Protocol V1:  
Protocol V2:  
Idle Timeout:  
Select Enable/Disable SSH V1 to be the supported protocol.  
Select Enable/Disable SSH V2 to be the supported protocol.  
Specify the idle timeout time. The system will automatically  
release the connection when the time is up. The default time is  
120 seconds.  
Max Connect:  
Specify the maximum number of the connections to the SSH  
server. No new connection will be established when the number of  
the connections reaches the maximum number you set. The  
default value is 5.  
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Key Download  
Key Type:  
Select the type of SSH key to download. The switch supports  
three types: SSH-1 RSA, SSH-2 RSA and SSH-2 DSA.  
Key File:  
Select the desired key file to download.  
Download:  
Click the Download button to download the desired key file to the  
switch.  
Note:  
1. Please ensure the key length of the downloaded file is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.  
2. After the key file is downloaded, the user’s original key of the same type will be replaced. The  
wrong uploaded file will result in the SSH access to the switch via Password authentication.  
Application Example 1 for SSH:  
Network Requirements  
1. Log on to the switch via password authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled  
on the switch.  
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.  
Configuration Procedure  
1. Open the software to log on to the interface of PuTTY. Enter the IP address of the switch into  
Host Name field; keep the default value 22 in the Port field; select SSH as the Connection  
type.  
2. Click the Open button in the above figure to log on to the switch. Enter the login user name and  
password, and then you can continue to configure the switch.  
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Application Example 2 for SSH:  
Network Requirements  
1. Log on to the switch via password authentication using SSH and the SSH function is enabled  
on the switch.  
2. PuTTY client software is recommended.  
Configuration Procedure  
1. Select the key type and key length, and generate SSH key.  
Note:  
1. The key length is in the range of 256 to 3072 bits.  
2. During the key generation, randomly moving the mouse quickly can accelerate the key  
generation.  
3. After the key is successfully generated, please save the public key and private key to the  
computer.  
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2. On the Web management page of the switch, download the public key file saved in the  
computer to the switch.  
Note:  
1. The key type should accord with the type of the key file.  
2. The SSH key downloading can not be interrupted.  
3. Download the private key file to SSH client software.  
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3. After the public key and private key are downloaded, please log on to the interface of PuTTY  
and enter the IP address for login.  
4. After successful authentication, please enter the login user name. If you log on to the switch  
without entering password, it indicates that the key has been successfully downloaded.  
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Chapter 5 Switching  
Switching module is used to configure the basic functions of the switch, including four submenus:  
Port, LAG, Traffic Monitor and MAC Address.  
5.1 Port  
The Port function, allowing you to configure the basic features for the port, is implemented on the  
Port Config, Port Mirror, Port Security, Port Isolation and Loopback Detection pages.  
5.1.1 Port Config  
On this page, you can configure the basic parameters for the ports. When the port is disabled, the  
packets on the port will be discarded. Disabling the port which is vacant for a long time can reduce  
the power consumption effectively. And you can enable the port when it is in need.  
The parameters will affect the working mode of the port, please set the parameters appropriate to  
your needs.  
Choose the menu SwitchingPortPort Config to load the following page.  
Figure 5-1 Port Config  
Here you can view and configure the port parameters.  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
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Port:  
Displays the port number.  
Description:  
Status:  
Give a description to the port for identification.  
Allows you to Enable/Disable the port. When Enable is  
selected, the port can forward the packets normally.  
Speed and Duplex:  
Select the Speed and Duplex mode for the port. The device  
connected to the switch should be in the same Speed and  
Duplex mode with the switch. When “Auto” is selected, the  
Speed and Duplex mode will be determined by  
auto-negotiation. For the SFP port, this switch does not support  
auto-negotiation.  
Flow Control:  
Allows you to Enable/Disable the Flow Control feature. When  
Flow Control is enabled, the switch can synchronize the speed  
with its peer to avoid the packet loss caused by congestion.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
1.  
The switch can not be managed through the disabled port. Please enable the port which is  
used to manage the switch.  
2.  
3.  
The parameters of the port members in a LAG should be set as the same.  
For TL-SL3428, when using the SFP port with a 100M module or a gigabit module, you need  
to configure its corresponding Speed and Duplex mode. For 100M module, please select  
100MFD while select 1000MFD for gigabit module. By default, the Speed and Duplex mode  
of SFP port is 1000MFD.  
5.1.2 Port Mirror  
Port Mirror, the packets obtaining technology, functions to forward copies of packets from  
one/multiple ports (mirrored port) to a specific port (mirroring port). Usually, the mirroring port is  
connected to a data diagnose device, which is used to analyze the mirrored packets for monitoring  
and troubleshooting the network.  
Choose the menu SwitchingPortPort Mirror to load the following page.  
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Figure5-2 Mirror Group List  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Mirror Group List  
Group:  
Displays the mirror group number.  
Displays the mirroring port number.  
Displays the mirror mode.  
Mirroring:  
Mode:  
Mirrored Port:  
Operation:  
Displays the mirrored ports.  
Click Edit to configure the mirror group.  
Click Edit to display the following figure.  
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Figure 5-3 Port Mirror Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen.  
Mirror Group  
Number:  
Select the mirror group number you want to configure.  
Mirroring Port  
Mirroring Port:  
Select a port from the pull-down list as the mirroring port. When  
Disable is selected, the Port Mirror feature will be disabled.  
Mirrored Port  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port as a mirrored port. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Ingress:  
Select Enable/Disable the Ingress feature. When the Ingress is  
enabled, the incoming packets received by the mirrored port will be  
copied to the mirroring port.  
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Egress:  
Select Enable/Disable the Egress feature. When the Egress is  
enabled, the outgoing packets sent by the mirrored port will be  
copied to the mirroring port.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to. The LAG  
member can not be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.  
1. The LAG member can not be selected as the mirrored port or mirroring port.  
2. A port can not be set as the mirrored port and the mirroring port simultaneously.  
3. The Port Mirror function can take effect span the multiple VLANs.  
5.1.3 Port Security  
MAC Address Table maintains the mapping relationship between the port and the MAC address of  
the connected device, which is the base of the packet forwarding. The capacity of MAC Address  
Table is fixed. MAC Address Attack is the attack method that the attacker takes to obtain the  
network information illegally. The attacker uses tools to generate the cheating MAC address and  
quickly occupy the MAC Address Table. When the MAC Address Table is full, the switch will  
broadcast the packets to all the ports. At this moment, the attacker can obtain the network  
information via various sniffers and attacks. When the MAC Address Table is full, the packets  
traffic will flood to all the ports, which results in overload, lower speed, packets drop and even  
breakdown of the system.  
Port Security is to protect the switch from the malicious MAC Address Attack by limiting the  
maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learned on the port. The port with Port Security  
feature enabled will learn the MAC address dynamically. When the learned MAC address number  
reaches the maximum, the port will stop learning. Thereafter, the other devices with the MAC  
address unlearned can not access to the network via this port.  
Choose the menu SwitchingPortPort Security to load the following page.  
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Figure 5-4 Port Security  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Security  
Select:  
Select the desired port for Port Security configuration. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number.  
Max Learned MAC:  
Specify the maximum number of MAC addresses that can be  
learned on the port.  
Learned Num:  
Learn Mode:  
Displays the number of MAC addresses that have been learned  
on the port.  
Select the Learn Mode for the port.  
Dynamic: When Dynamic mode is selected, the learned  
MAC address will be deleted automatically after the aging  
time.  
Static: When Static mode is selected, the learned MAC  
address will be out of the influence of the aging time and  
can only be deleted manually. The learned entries will be  
cleared after the switch is rebooted.  
Permanent: When Permanent mode is selected, the  
learned MAC address will be out of the influence of the  
aging time and can only be deleted manually. The learned  
entries will be saved even the switch is rebooted.  
Status:  
Select Enable/Disable the Port Security feature for the port.  
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Note:  
1. The Port Security function is disabled for the LAG port member. Only the port is removed from  
the LAG, will the Port Security function be available for the port.  
2. The Port Security function is disabled when the 802.1X function is enabled.  
5.1.4 Port Isolation  
Port Isolation provides a method of restricting traffic flow to improve the network security by  
forbidding the port to forward packets to the ports that are not on its forward portlist.  
Choose the menu SwitchingPortPort Isolation to load the following page.  
Figure 5-5 Port Isolation Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Isolation Config  
Port:  
Select the port number to set its forwardlist.  
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Forward Portlist:  
Port Isolation List  
Select the port that to be forwarded to.  
Port:  
Display the port number.  
Display the forwardlist.  
Forward Portlist:  
5.1.5 Loopback Detection  
With loopback detection feature enabled, the switch can detect loops using loopback detection  
packets. When a loop is detected, the switch will display an alert or further block the corresponding  
port according to the port configuration.  
Choose the menu SwitchingPortLoopback Detection to load the following page.  
Figure 5-6 Loopback Detection Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
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Global Config  
LoopbackDetection  
Status:  
Here you can enable or disable loopback detection function  
globally.  
Detection Interval:  
Set a loopback detection interval between 1 and 1000 seconds.  
By default, it’s 30 seconds.  
Automatic Recovery  
Time :  
Time after which the blocked port would automatically recover to  
normal status. It can be set as integral times of detection interval.  
Web  
Refresh  
Here you can enable or disable web automatic refresh.  
Status :  
Web  
Interval :  
Refresh  
Set a web refresh interval between 3 and 100 seconds. By default,  
it’s 3 seconds.  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for Loopback Detection configuration. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port  
Displays the port number.  
Status  
Enable or disable loopback detection function for the port.  
Select the mode how the switch processes the detected loops.  
Operation Mode  
Alert: When a loop is detected, display an alert.  
Port based: When a loopback is detected, display an alert  
and block the port.  
Recovery Mode  
Select the mode how the blocked port recovers to normal status.  
Auto: Block status can be automatically removed after  
recovery time.  
Manual: Block status only can be removed manually.  
Loop Status  
Block Status  
LAG  
Displays the port status whether a loopback is detected.  
Displays the port status about block or unblock.  
Displays the LAG number the port belongs to.  
Manually remove the block status of selected ports.  
Manual Recover  
Note:  
1. Recovery Mode is not selectable when Alert is chosen in Operation Mode.  
2. Loopback Detection must coordinate with storm control.  
5.2 LAG  
LAG (Link Aggregation Group) is to combine a number of ports together to make a single  
high-bandwidth data path, so as to implement the traffic load sharing among the member ports in  
the group and to enhance the connection reliability.  
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For the member ports in an aggregation group, their basic configuration must be the same. The  
basic configuration includes STP, QoS, GVRP, VLAN, port attributes, MAC Address Learning  
mode and other associated settings. The further explains are following:  
If the ports, which are enabled for the GVRP, 802.1Q VLAN, Voice VLAN, STP, QoS, Port  
Isolation, DHCP Snooping and Port Configuration (Speed and Flow Control), are in a  
LAG, their configurations should be the same.  
The ports, which are enabled for the Port Security, Port Mirror, MAC Address Filtering,  
Static MAC Address Binding, Half-Duplex and 802.1X Authentication, can not be added  
to the LAG.  
It’s not suggested to add the ports with ARP Inspection and DoS Defend enabled to the  
LAG.  
If the LAG is needed, you are suggested to configure the LAG function here before configuring the  
other functions for the member ports.  
Tips:  
1. Calculate the bandwidth for a LAG: If a LAG consists of the four ports in the speed of  
1000Mbps Full Duplex, the theoretical maximum bandwidth of the LAG is up to 8000Mbps  
(2000Mbps * 4) because the bandwidth of each member port is 2000Mbps counting the  
up-linked speed of 1000Mbps and the down-linked speed of 1000Mbps.  
2. The traffic load of the LAG will be balanced among the ports according to the Aggregate  
Arithmetic. If the connections of one or several ports are broken, the traffic of these ports will  
be transmitted on the normal ports, so as to guarantee the connection reliability.  
Depending on different aggregation modes, aggregation groups fall into two types: Static LAG  
and LACP Config. The LAG function is implemented on the LAG Table, Static LAG and LACP  
Config configuration pages.  
5.2.1 LAG Table  
On this page, you can view the information of the current LAG of the switch.  
Choose the menu SwitchingLAGLAG Table to load the following page.  
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Figure 5-7 LAG Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
Hash Algorithm:  
Select the applied scope of Aggregate Arithmetic, which  
results in choosing a port to transfer the packets.  
SRC MAC + DST MAC: When this option is selected,  
the Aggregate Arithmetic will apply to the source and  
destination MAC addresses of the packets.  
SRC IP + DST IP: When this option is selected, the  
Aggregate Arithmetic will apply to the source and  
destination IP addresses of the packets.  
LAG Table  
Select:  
Select the desired LAG. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the LAG number here.  
Group Number:  
Description:  
Member:  
Displays the description of LAG.  
Displays the LAG member.  
Operation:  
Allows you to view or modify the information for each LAG.  
Edit: Click to modify the settings of the LAG.  
Detail: Click to get the information of the LAG.  
Click the Detail button for the detailed information of your selected LAG.  
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Figure 5-8 Detail Information  
5.2.2 Static LAG  
On this page, you can manually configure the LAG. The LACP feature is disabled for the member  
ports of the manually added Static LAG.  
Choose the menu SwitchingLAGStatic LAG to load the following page.  
Figure 5-9 Manually Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
LAG Config  
Group Number:  
Select a Group Number for the LAG.  
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Description:  
LAG Table  
Displays the description of the LAG.  
Member Port:  
Select the port as the LAG member. Clearing all the ports of  
the LAG will delete this LAG.  
Tips:  
1. The LAG can be deleted by clearing its all member ports.  
2. A port can only be added to a LAG. If a port is the member of a LAG or is dynamically  
aggregated as the LACP member, the port number will be displayed in gray and can not be  
selected.  
5.2.3 LACP Config  
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) is defined in IEEE802.3ad and enables the dynamic link  
aggregation and disaggregation by exchanging LACP packets with its partner. The switch can  
dynamically group similarly configured ports into a single logical link, which will highly extend the  
bandwidth and flexibly balance the load.  
With the LACP feature enabled, the port will notify its partner of the system priority, system MAC,  
port priority, port number and operation key (operation key is determined by the physical  
properties of the port, upper layer protocol and admin key). The device with higher priority will lead  
the aggregation and disaggregation. System priority and system MAC decide the priority of the  
device. The smaller the system priority, the higher the priority of the device is. With the same  
system priority, the device owning the smaller system MAC has the higher priority. The device with  
the higher priority will choose the ports to be aggregated based on the port priority, port number  
and operation key. Only the ports with the same operation key can be selected into the same  
aggregation group. In an aggregation group, the port with smaller port priority will be considered  
as the preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal, the port with smaller port number is  
preferred. After an aggregation group is established, the selected ports can be aggregated  
together as one port to transmit packets.  
On this page, you can configure the LACP feature of the switch.  
Choose the menu SwitchingLAGLACP Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 5-10 LACP Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
System Priority:  
Specify a System Priority for the port. The System Priority and the  
Admin Key constitute the aggregation ID. A dynamic aggregation  
group will only be formed between ports having the same aggregation  
ID.  
LACP Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based  
on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for LACP configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Port:  
Admin Key:  
Specify an Admin Key for the port. The member ports in a dynamic  
aggregation group must have the same Admin Key.  
Port Priority:  
Specify a Port Priority for the port. This value determines the priority  
of the port to be selected as the dynamic aggregation group  
member. The port with smaller Port Priority will be considered as the  
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preferred one. If the two port priorities are equal; the port with  
smaller port number is preferred.  
Specify the LACP mode for your selected port.  
Mode:  
Status:  
LAG:  
Enable/Disable the LACP feature for your selected port.  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
5.3 Traffic Monitor  
The Traffic Monitor function, monitoring the traffic of each port, is implemented on the Traffic  
Summary and Traffic Statistics pages.  
5.3.1 Traffic Summary  
Traffic Summary screen displays the traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to  
monitor the traffic and analyze the network abnormity.  
Choose the menu SwitchingTraffic MonitorTraffic Summary to load the following page.  
Figure 5-11 Traffic Summary  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary  
automatically.  
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Refresh Rate:  
Traffic Summary  
Port Select:  
Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based  
on the port number you entered.  
Port:  
Displays the port number.  
Packets Rx:  
Displays the number of packets received on the port. The error  
packets are not counted in.  
Packets Tx:  
Octets Rx:  
Displays the number of packets transmitted on the port.  
Displays the number of octets received on the port. The error octets  
are counted in.  
Octets Tx:  
Statistics:  
Displays the number of octets transmitted on the port.  
Click the Statistics button to view the detailed traffic statistics of the  
port.  
5.3.2 Traffic Statistics  
Traffic Statistics screen displays the detailed traffic information of each port, which facilitates you to  
monitor the traffic and locate faults promptly.  
Choose the menu SwitchingTraffic MonitorTraffic Statistics to load the following page.  
Figure 5-12 Traffic Statistics  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Allows you to Enable/Disable refreshing the Traffic Summary  
automatically.  
Refresh Rate:  
Statistics  
Port:  
Enter a value in seconds to specify the refresh interval.  
Enter a port number and click the Select button to view the traffic  
statistics of the corresponding port.  
Received:  
Sent:  
Displays the details of the packets received on the port.  
Displays the details of the packets transmitted on the port.  
Broadcast:  
Displays the number of good broadcast packets received or  
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.  
Multicast:  
Displays the number of good multicast packets received or  
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.  
Unicast:  
Displays the number of good unicast packets received or  
transmitted on the port. The error frames are not counted in.  
Alignment Errors:  
Displays the number of the received packets that have a bad  
Frame Check Sequence (FCS). The length of the packet is from  
64 bytes to maximal bytes of the jumbo frame (usually 10240  
bytes).  
UndersizePkts:  
Displays the number of the received packets (excluding error  
packets) that are less than 64 bytes long.  
Pkts64Octets:  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are 64 bytes long.  
Pkts65to127Octets:  
Pkts128to255Octets:  
Pkts256to511Octets:  
Pkts512to1023Octets:  
PktsOver1023Octets:  
Collisions:  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are between 65 and 127 bytes long.  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are between 128 and 255 bytes long.  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are between 256 and 511 bytes long.  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are between 512 and 1023 bytes long.  
Displays the number of the received packets (including error  
packets) that are more than 1023 bytes long.  
Displays the number of collisions experienced by a port during  
packet transmissions.  
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5.4 MAC Address  
The main function of the switch is forwarding the packets to the correct ports based on the  
destination MAC address of the packets. Address Table contains the port-based MAC address  
information, which is the base for the switch to forward packets quickly. The entries in the Address  
Table can be updated by auto-learning or configured manually. Most the entries are generated and  
updated by auto-learning. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries can facilitate the  
switch to reduce broadcast packets and enhance the efficiency of packets forwarding remarkably.  
The address filtering feature allows the switch to filter the undesired packets and forbid its  
forwarding so as to improve the network security.  
The types and the features of the MAC Address Table are listed as the following:  
Being kept after reboot Relationship between  
the  
bound  
MAC  
Type  
Configuration Way Aging out  
(if the configuration is  
saved)  
address and the port  
Static  
Manually configuring No  
Yes  
The  
bound  
MAC  
Address Table  
address can not be  
learned by the other  
ports in the same  
VLAN.  
Dynamic  
Automatically  
Yes  
No  
The  
bound  
MAC  
Address Table learning  
address can be learned  
by the other ports in the  
same VLAN.  
Filtering  
Manually configuring No  
Yes  
-
Address Table  
Table 5-1 Types and features of Address Table  
This function includes four submenus: Address Table, Static Address, Dynamic Address and  
Filtering Address.  
5.4.1 Address Table  
On this page, you can view all the information of the Address Table.  
Choose the menu SwitchingMAC AddressAddress Table to load the following page.  
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Figure 5-13 Address Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.  
Enter the VLAN ID of your desired entry.  
Select the corresponding port number of your desired entry.  
Select the type of your desired entry.  
Type:  
All: This option allows the address table to display all the  
address entries.  
Static: This option allows the address table to display the static  
address entries only.  
Dynamic: This option allows the address table to display the  
dynamic address entries only.  
Filtering: This option allows the address table to display the  
filtering address entries only.  
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Address Table  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the MAC address learned by the switch.  
Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address.  
Displays the Type of the MAC address.  
Port:  
Type:  
Aging Status:  
Displays the Aging status of the MAC address.  
5.4.2 Static Address  
The static address table maintains the static address entries which can be added or removed  
manually, independent of the aging time. In the stable networks, the static MAC address entries  
can facilitate the switch to reduce broadcast packets and remarkably enhance the efficiency of  
packets forwarding without learning the address. The static MAC address learned by the port with  
Port Security enabled in the static learning mode will be displayed in the Static Address Table.  
Choose the menu SwitchingMAC AddressStatic Address to load the following page.  
Figure 5-14 Static Address  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Static Address  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Enter the static MAC address to be bound.  
Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.  
Select a port from the pull-down list to be bound.  
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Search Option  
Search Option:  
Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search  
button to find your desired entry in the Static Address Table.  
MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.  
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.  
Port: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.  
Static Address Table  
Select:  
Select the entry to delete or modify the corresponding port number. It  
is multi-optional.  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Displays the static MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding Port number of the MAC address. Here  
you can modify the port number to which the MAC address is bound.  
The new port should be in the same VLAN.  
Type:  
Displays the Type of the MAC address.  
Aging Status:  
Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.  
Note:  
1. If the corresponding port number of the MAC address is not correct, or the connected port (or  
the device) has been changed, the switch can not be forward the packets correctly. Please  
reset the static address entry appropriately.  
2. If the MAC address of a device has been added to the Static Address Table, connecting the  
device to another port will cause its address not to be recognized dynamically by the switch.  
Therefore, please ensure the entries in the Static Address Table are correct and valid.  
3. The MAC address in the Static Address Table can not be added to the Filtering Address Table  
or bound to a port dynamically.  
4. This static MAC address bound function is not available if the 802.1X feature is enabled.  
5.4.3 Dynamic Address  
The dynamic address can be generated by the auto-learning mechanism of the switch. The  
Dynamic Address Table can update automatically by auto-learning or aging out the MAC address.  
To fully utilize the MAC address table, which has a limited capacity, the switch adopts an aging  
mechanism for updating the table. That is, the switch removes the MAC address entries related to  
a network device if no packet is received from the device within the aging time.  
On this page, you can configure the dynamic MAC address entry.  
Choose the menu SwitchingMAC AddressDynamic Address to load the following page.  
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Figure 5-15 Dynamic Address  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Aging Config  
Auto Aging:  
Aging Time:  
Allows you to Enable/Disable the Auto Aging feature.  
Enter the Aging Time for the dynamic address.  
Search Option  
Search Option:  
Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search  
button to find your desired entry in the Dynamic Address Table.  
MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.  
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.  
Port: Enter the Port number of your desired entry.  
LAG ID: Enter the LAG ID of your desired entry.  
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Dynamic Address Table  
Select:  
Select the entry to delete the dynamic address or to bind the MAC  
address to the corresponding port statically. It is multi-optional.  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Displays the dynamic MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding port number of the MAC address.  
Displays the Type of the MAC address.  
Type:  
Aging Status:  
Bind:  
Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.  
Click the Bind button to bind the MAC address of your selected entry  
to the corresponding port statically.  
Tips:  
Setting aging time properly helps implement effective MAC address aging. The aging time that is  
too long or too short results decreases the performance of the switch. If the aging time is too long,  
excessive invalid MAC address entries maintained by the switch may fill up the MAC address table.  
This prevents the MAC address table from updating with network changes in time. If the aging time  
is too short, the switch may remove valid MAC address entries. This decreases the forwarding  
performance of the switch. It is recommended to keep the default value.  
5.4.4 Filtering Address  
The filtering address is to forbid the undesired packets to be forwarded. The filtering address can  
be added or removed manually, independent of the aging time. The filtering MAC address allows  
the switch to filter the packets which includes this MAC address as the source address or  
destination address, so as to guarantee the network security. The filtering MAC address entries  
act on all the ports in the corresponding VLAN.  
Choose the menu SwitchingMAC AddressFiltering Address to load the following page.  
Figure 5-16 Filtering Address  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Filtering Address  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the MAC address to be filtered.  
Enter the corresponding VLAN ID of the MAC address.  
Search Option  
Search Option:  
Select a Search Option from the pull-down list and click the Search  
button to find your desired entry in the Filtering Address Table.  
MAC Address: Enter the MAC address of your desired entry.  
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID number of your desired entry.  
Filtering Address Table  
Select:  
Select the entry to delete the corresponding filtering address. It is  
multi-optional.  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Displays the filtering MAC address.  
Displays the corresponding VLAN ID.  
Here the symbol “--” indicates no specified port.  
Displays the Type of the MAC address.  
Displays the Aging Status of the MAC address.  
Type:  
Aging Status:  
Note:  
1. The MAC address in the Filtering Address Table can not be added to the Static Address Table  
or bound to a port dynamically.  
2. This MAC address filtering function is not available if the 802.1X feature is enabled.  
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Chapter 6 VLAN  
The traditional Ethernet is a data network communication technology basing on CSMA/CD (Carrier  
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) via shared communication medium. Through the  
traditional Ethernet, the overfull hosts in LAN will result in serious collision, flooding broadcasts,  
poor performance or even breakdown of the Internet. Though connecting the LANs through  
switches can avoid the serious collision, the flooding broadcasts can not be prevented, which will  
occupy plenty of bandwidth resources, causing potential serious security problems.  
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a network topology configured according to a logical  
scheme rather than the physical layout. The VLAN technology is developed for switches to control  
broadcast in LANs. By creating VLANs in a physical LAN, you can divide the LAN into multiple  
logical LANs, each of which has a broadcast domain of its own. Hosts in the same VLAN  
communicate with one another as if they are in a LAN. However, hosts in different VLANs cannot  
communicate with one another directly. Therefore, broadcast packets are limited in a VLAN. Hosts  
in the same VLAN communicate with one another via Ethernet whereas hosts in different VLANs  
communicate with one another through the Internet devices such as the router, the Lay 3 switch,  
etc. The following figure illustrates a VLAN implementation.  
Figure 6-1 VLAN implementation  
Compared with the traditional Ethernet, VLAN enjoys the following advantages.  
1Broadcasts are confined to VLANs. This decreases bandwidth utilization and improves  
network performance.  
2Network security is improved. VLANs cannot communicate with one another directly. That  
is, a host in a VLAN cannot access resources in another VLAN directly, unless routers or  
Layer 3 switches are used.  
3Network configuration workload for the host is reduced. VLAN can be used to group  
specific hosts. When the physical position of a host changes within the range of the VLAN,  
you need not change its network configuration.  
A VLAN can span across multiple switches, or even routers. This enables hosts in a VLAN to be  
dispersed in a looser way. That is, hosts in a VLAN can belong to different physical network  
segment. This switch supports two ways, namely, 802.1Q VLAN and Protocol VLAN, to classify  
VLANs. VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different  
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VLANs. The switch can analyze the received untagged packets on the port and match the packets  
with the Protocol VLAN and 802.1Q VLAN in turn. If a packet is matched, the switch will add a  
corresponding VLAN tag to it and forward it in the corresponding VLAN.  
6.1 802.1Q VLAN  
VLAN tags in the packets are necessary for the switch to identify packets of different VLANs. The  
switch works at the data link layer in OSI model and it can identify the data link layer encapsulation  
of the packet only, so you can add the VLAN tag field into the data link layer encapsulation for  
identification.  
In 1999, IEEE issues the IEEE 802.1Q protocol to standardize VLAN implementation, defining the  
structure of VLAN-tagged packets. IEEE 802.1Q protocol defines that a 4-byte VLAN tag is  
encapsulated after the destination MAC address and source MAC address to show the information  
about VLAN.  
As shown in the following figure, a VLAN tag contains four fields, including TPID (Tag Protocol  
Identifier), Priority, CFI (Canonical Format Indicator), and VLAN ID.  
Figure 6-2 Format of VLAN Tag  
1TPID: TPID is a 16-bit field, indicating that this data frame is VLAN-tagged. By default, it is  
0x8100.  
2Priority: Priority is a 3-bit field, referring to 802.1p priority. Refer to section “QoS & QoS  
profile” for details.  
3CFI: CFI is a 1-bit field, indicating whether the MAC address is encapsulated in the  
standard format in different transmission media. This field is not described in detail in this  
chapter.  
4VLAN ID: VLAN ID is a 12-bit field, indicating the ID of the VLAN to which this packet  
belongs. It is in the range of 0 to 4,095. Generally, 0 and 4,095 is not used, so the field is in  
the range of 1 to 4,094.  
VLAN ID identifies the VLAN to which a packet belongs. When the switch receives an  
un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will encapsulate a VLAN tag with the default VLAN ID of the inbound  
port for the packet, and the packet will be assigned to the default VLAN of the inbound port for  
transmission.  
In this User Guide, the tagged packet refers to the packet with VLAN tag whereas the untagged  
packet refers to the packet without VLAN tag, and the priority-tagged packet refers to the packet  
with VLAN tag whose VLAN ID is 0.  
Link Types of ports  
When creating the 802.1Q VLAN, you should set the link type for the port according to its  
connected device. The link types of port including the following three types:  
1ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN, and the egress rule of the  
port is UNTAG. The PVID is same as the current VLAN ID. If the ACCESS port is added to  
another VLAN, it will be removed from the current VLAN automatically.  
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2TRUNK: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs, and the egress rule of the port  
is TAG. The TRUNK port is generally used to connect the cascaded network devices for it  
can receive and forward the packets of multiple VLANs. When the packets are forwarded  
by the TRUNK port, its VLAN tag will not be changed.  
3GENERAL: The GENERAL port can be added in multiple VLANs and set various egress  
rules according to the different VLANs. The default egress rule is UNTAG. The PVID can  
be set as the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.  
PVID  
PVID (Port Vlan ID) is the default VID of the port. When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged  
packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet according to the PVID of its received port and forward  
the packets.  
When creating VLANs, the PVID of each port, indicating the default VLAN to which the port  
belongs, is an important parameter with the following two purposes:  
1When the switch receives an un-VLAN-tagged packet, it will add a VLAN tag to the packet  
according to the PVID of its received port  
2PVID determines the default broadcast domain of the port, i.e. when the port receives UL  
packets or broadcast packets, the port will broadcast the packets in its default VLAN.  
Different packets, tagged or untagged, will be processed in different ways, after being received by  
ports of different link types, which is illustrated in the following table.  
Receiving Packets  
Port Type  
Forwarding Packets  
Untagged Packets  
Tagged Packets  
If the VID of packet is  
the same as the PVID  
of the port, the packet  
will be received.  
The  
packet  
will  
be  
Access  
Trunk  
forwarded after removing its  
VLAN tag.  
If the VID of packet is  
not the same as the  
PVID of the port, the  
packet will be dropped.  
When  
packets  
untagged  
are  
received, the port  
will add the default  
VLAN tag, i.e. the  
PVID of the ingress  
port, to the packets.  
The  
packet  
will  
be  
forwarded with its current  
VLAN tag.  
If the VID of packet is  
allowed by the port, the  
packet will be received.  
If the egress rule of port is  
TAG, the packet will be  
forwarded with its current  
VLAN tag.  
If the VID of packet is  
forbidden by the port,  
the packet will be  
dropped.  
General  
If the egress rule of port is  
UNTAG, the packet will be  
forwarded after removing its  
VLAN tag.  
Table 6-1 Relationship between Port Types and VLAN Packets Processing  
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IEEE 802.1Q VLAN function is implemented on the VLAN Config and Port Config pages.  
6.1.1 VLAN Config  
On this page, you can view the current created 802.1Q VLAN.  
Choose the menu VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config to load the following page.  
Figure 6-3 VLAN Table  
To ensure the normal communication of the factory switch, the default VLAN of all ports is set to  
VLAN1. VLAN1 can not be modified or deleted.  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
VLAN Table  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry  
based on the VLAN ID number you entered.  
VLAN ID Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN. It is  
multi-optional.  
Select:  
Displays the ID number of VLAN.  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the user-defined description of VLAN.  
Displays the port members in the VLAN.  
Description:  
Members:  
Operation:  
Allows you to view or modify the information for each entry.  
Edit: Click to modify the settings of VLAN.  
Detail: Click to get the information of VLAN.  
Click Edit button to modify the settings of the corresponding VLAN. Click Create button to create a  
new VLAN.  
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Figure 6-4 Create or Modify 802.1Q VLAN  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
VLAN Config  
VLAN ID:  
Description:  
Check:  
Enter the ID number of VLAN.  
Give a description to the VLAN for identification.  
Click the Check button to check whether the VLAN ID you entered  
is valid or not.  
VLAN Members  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port to be a member of VLAN or leave it blank.  
It's multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number.  
Link Type:  
Displays the Link Type of the port. It can be reset on Port Config  
screen.  
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Egress Rule:  
Select the Egress Rule for the VLAN port member. The default  
egress rule is UNTAG.  
TAG: All packets forwarded by the port are tagged. The  
packets contain VLAN information.  
UNTAG: Packets forwarded by the port are untagged.  
LAG:  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.  
6.1.2 Port Config  
Before creating the 802.1Q VLAN, please acquaint yourself with all the devices connected to the  
switch in order to configure the ports properly.  
Choose the menu VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config to load the following page.  
Figure 6-5 802.1Q VLAN – Port Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
VLAN Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Select:  
Port:  
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Select the Link Type from the pull-down list for the port.  
Link Type:  
ACCESS: The ACCESS port can be added in a single VLAN,  
and the egress rule of the port is UNTAG. The PVID is same  
as the current VLAN ID. If the current VLAN is deleted, the  
PVID will be set to 1 by default.  
TRUNK: The TRUNK port can be added in multiple VLANs,  
and the egress rule of the port is TAG. The PVID can be set as  
the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.  
GENERAL: The GENERAL port can be added in multiple  
VLANs and set various egress rules according to the different  
VLANs. The default egress rule is UNTAG. The PVID can be  
set as the VID number of any VLAN the port belongs to.  
PVID:  
LAG:  
Enter the PVID number of the port.  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.  
VLAN:  
Click the Detail button to view the information of the VLAN to  
which the port belongs.  
Click the Detail button to view the information of the corresponding VLAN  
Figure 6-6 View the Current VLAN of Port  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
VLAN of Port  
VLAN ID Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry  
based on the VLAN ID number you entered.  
Displays the ID number of VLAN.  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the user-defined description of VLAN.  
Allows you to remove the port from the current VLAN.  
VLAN Description:  
Operation:  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Set the link type for Required. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, set  
port.  
the link type for the port basing on its connected device.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
2
Create VLAN.  
Required. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page,  
click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the VLAN ID and  
the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile, specify its member  
ports.  
3
4
Modify/View VLAN.  
Delete VLAN  
Optional. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page,  
click the Edit/Detail button to modify/view the information of the  
corresponding VLAN.  
Optional. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page,  
select the desired entry to delete the corresponding VLAN by  
clicking the Delete button.  
6.2 Protocol VLAN  
Protocol VLAN is another way to classify VLANs basing on network protocol. Protocol VLANs can  
be sorted by IP, IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, Banyan and so on. Through the Protocol VLANs, the  
broadcast domain can span over multiple switches and the Host can change its physical position  
in the network with its VLAN member role always effective. By creating Protocol VLANs, the  
network administrator can manage the network clients basing on their actual applications and  
services effectively.  
This switch can classify VLANs basing on the common protocol types listed in the following table.  
Please create the Protocol VLAN to your actual need.  
Protocol Type  
ARP  
Type value  
0x0806  
IP  
0x0800  
MPLS  
IPX  
0x8847/0x8848  
0x8137  
IS-IS  
0x8000  
LACP  
802.1X  
0x8809  
0x888E  
Table 6-2 Protocol types in common use  
The packet in Protocol VLAN is processed in the following way:  
1. When receiving an untagged packet, the switch matches the packet with the current Protocol  
VLAN. If the packet is matched, the switch will add a corresponding Protocol VLAN tag to it. If  
no Protocol VLAN is matched, the switch will add a tag to the packet according to the PVID of  
the received port. Thus, the packet is assigned automatically to the corresponding VLAN for  
transmission.  
2. When receiving tagged packet, the switch will process it basing on the 802.1Q VLAN. If the  
received port is the member of the VLAN to which the tagged packet belongs, the packet will  
be forwarded normally. Otherwise, the packet will be discarded.  
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3. If the Protocol VLAN is created, please set its enabled port to be the member of  
corresponding 802.1Q VLAN so as to ensure the packets forwarded normally.  
6.2.1 Protocol VLAN  
On this page, you can create Protocol VLAN and view the information of the current defined  
Protocol VLANs.  
Choose the menu VLANProtocol VLANProtocol VLAN to load the following page.  
Figure 6-7 Create Protocol VLAN  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Protocol VLAN  
Protocol:  
Select the defined protocol template.  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the ID number of the Protocol VLAN. This VLAN should be one  
of the 802.1Q VLANs the ingress port belongs to.  
Protocol VLAN Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry. It is multi-optional.  
Protocol:  
Displays the protocol template of the VLAN.  
Ether Type:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.  
Displays the corresponding VLAN ID of the protocol.  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the settings of the entry. And click the  
Modify button to apply your settings.  
6.2.2 Protocol Template  
The Protocol Template should be created before configuring the Protocol VLAN. By default, the  
switch has defined the IP Template, ARP Template, RARP Template, etc. You can add more  
Protocol Template on this page.  
Choose the menu VLANProtocol VLANProtocol Template to load the following page.  
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Figure 6-8 Create and View Protocol Template  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Protocol Template  
Protocol Name:  
Ether Type:  
Give a name for the Protocol Template.  
Enter the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.  
Protocol Template Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry. It is multi-optional.  
Protocol Name:  
Ether Type:  
Displays the name of the protocol template.  
Displays the Ethernet protocol type field in the protocol template.  
Note:  
The Protocol Template bound to VLAN can not be deleted.  
6.2.3 Port Enable  
On this page, you can enable the port for the Protocol VLAN feature. Only the port is enabled, can  
the configured Protocol VLAN take effect.  
Choose the menu VLANProtocol VLANPort Enable to load the following page.  
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Figure 6-9 Enable Protocol VLAN for Port  
Port Enable:  
Select your desired port for Protocol VLAN feature. All the ports are  
disabled by default.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
Set the link type for port.  
Create VLAN.  
Required. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config  
page, set the link type for the port basing on its connected  
device.  
Required. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config  
page, click the Create button to create a VLAN. Enter the  
VLAN ID and the description for the VLAN. Meanwhile,  
specify its member ports.  
3
4
5
6
7
Create Protocol Template.  
Required. On the VLANProtocol VLANProtocol  
Template page, create the Protocol Template before  
configuring Protocol VLAN.  
Select your desired ports for Required. On the VLANProtocol VLANPort Enable  
Protocol VLAN feature.  
page, select and enable the desired ports for Protocol  
VLAN feature.  
Create Protocol VLAN.  
Required. On the VLANProtocol VLANProtocol  
VLAN page, select the protocol type and enter the VLAN ID  
to create a Protocol VLAN.  
Modify/View VLAN.  
Delete VLAN.  
Optional. On the VLANProtocol VLANProtocol VLAN  
page, click the Edit button to modify/view the information of  
the corresponding VLAN.  
Optional. On the VLANProtocol VLANProtocol VLAN  
page, select the desired entry to delete the corresponding  
VLAN by clicking the Delete button.  
6.3 GVRP  
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is an implementation of GARP (generic attribute  
registration protocol). GVRP allows the switch to automatically add or remove the VLANs via the  
dynamic VLAN registration information and propagate the local VLAN registration information to  
other switches, without having to individually configure each VLAN.  
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GARP  
GARP provides the mechanism to assist the switch members in LAN to deliver, propagate and  
register the information among the members. GARP itself does not work as the entity among the  
devices. The application complied with GARP is called GARP implementation, and GVRP is the  
implementation of GARP. When GARP is implemented on a port of device, the port is called  
GARP entity.  
The information exchange between GARP entities is completed by messages. GARP defines the  
messages into three types: Join, Leave and LeaveAll.  
Join Message: When a GARP entity expects other switches to register certain attribute  
information of its own, it sends out a Join message. And when receiving the Join message  
from the other entity or configuring some attributes statically, the device also sends out a Join  
message in order to be registered by the other GARP entities.  
Leave Message: When a GARP entity expects other switches to deregister certain attribute  
information of its own, it sends out a Leave message. And when receiving the Leave message  
from the other entity or deregistering some attributes statically, the device also sends out a  
Leave message.  
LeaveAll Message: Once a GARP entity starts up, it starts the LeaveAll timer. After the timer  
times out, the GARP entity sends out a LeaveAll message. LeaveAll message is to deregister  
all the attribute information so as to enable the other GARP entities to re-register attribute  
information of their own.  
Through message exchange, all the attribute information to be registered can be propagated to all  
the switches in the same switched network.  
The interval of GARP messages is controlled by timers. GARP defines the following timers:  
Hold Timer: When a GARP entity receives a piece of registration information, it does not send  
out a Join message immediately. Instead, to save the bandwidth resources, it starts the Hold  
timer, puts all registration information it receives before the timer times out into one Join  
message and sends out the message after the timer times out.  
Join Timer: To transmit the Join messages reliably to other entities, a GARP entity sends  
each Join message two times. The Join timer is used to define the interval between the two  
sending operations of each Join message.  
Leave Timer: When a GARP entity expects to deregister a piece of attribute information, it  
sends out a Leave message. Any GARP entity receiving this message starts its Leave timer,  
and deregisters the attribute information if it does not receives a Join message again before  
the timer times out.  
LeaveAll Timer: Once a GARP entity starts up, it starts the LeaveAll timer, and sends out a  
LeaveAll message after the timer times out, so that other GARP entities can re-register all the  
attribute information on this entity. After that, the entity restarts the LeaveAll timer to begin a  
new cycle.  
GVRP  
GVRP, as an implementation of GARP, maintains dynamic VLAN registration information and  
propagates the information to other switches by adopting the same mechanism of GARP.  
After the GVRP feature is enabled on a switch, the switch receives the VLAN registration  
information from other switches to dynamically update the local VLAN registration information,  
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including VLAN members, ports through which the VLAN members can be reached, and so on.  
The switch also propagates the local VLAN registration information to other switches so that all the  
switching devices in the same switched network can have the same VLAN information. The VLAN  
registration information includes not only the static registration information configured locally, but  
also the dynamic registration information, which is received from other switches.  
In this switch, only the port with TRUNK link type can be set as the GVRP application entity to  
maintain the VLAN registration information. GVRP has the following three port registration modes:  
Normal, Fixed, and Forbidden.  
Normal: In this mode, a port can dynamically register/deregister a VLAN and propagate the  
dynamic/static VLAN information.  
Fixed: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister a VLAN dynamically. It only propagates  
static VLAN information. That is, the port in Fixed mode only permits the packets of its static  
VLAN to pass.  
Forbidden: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister VLANs. It only propagates VLAN 1  
information. That is, the port in Forbidden mode only permits the packets of the default VLAN  
(namely VLAN 1) to pass.  
Choose the menu VLANGVRP to load the following page.  
Figure 6-10 GVRP Config  
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Note:  
If the GVRP feature is enabled for a member port of LAG, please ensure all the member ports of  
this LAG are set to be in the same status and registration mode.  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
GVRP:  
Allows you to Enable/Disable the GVRP function.  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry based  
on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Status:  
Enable/Disable the GVRP feature for the port. The port type should be  
set to TRUNK before enabling the GVRP feature.  
Registration  
Mode:  
Select the Registration Mode for the port.  
Normal: In this mode, a port can dynamically register/deregister  
a VLAN and propagate the dynamic/static VLAN information.  
Fixed: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister a VLAN  
dynamically. It only propagates static VLAN information.  
Forbidden: In this mode, a port cannot register/deregister  
VLANs. It only propagates VLAN 1 information.  
LeaveAll Timer:  
Once the LeaveAll Timer is set, the port with GVRP enabled can send  
a LeaveAll message after the timer times out, so that other GARP  
ports can re-register all the attribute information. After that, the  
LeaveAll timer will start to begin a new cycle. The LeaveAll Timer  
ranges from 1000 to 30000 centiseconds.  
Join Timer:  
To guarantee the transmission of the Join messages, a GARP port  
sends each Join message two times. The Join Timer is used to define  
the interval between the two sending operations of each Join  
message. The Join Timer ranges from 20 to 1000 centiseconds.  
Leave Timer:  
Once the Leave Timer is set, the GARP port receiving a Leave  
message will start its Leave timer, and deregister the attribute  
information if it does not receive a Join message again before the  
timer times out. The Leave Timer ranges from 60 to 3000  
centiseconds.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs.  
LeaveAll Timer >= 10* Leave Timer, Leave Timer >= 2*Join Timer  
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Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
Set the link type for port.  
Required. On the VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config  
page, set the link type of the port to be TRUNK.  
Enable GVRP function.  
Required. On the VLANGVRP page, enable GVRP  
function.  
Configure the registration Required. On the VLANGVRP page, configure the  
mode and the timers for the parameters of ports basing on actual applications.  
port.  
6.4 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN  
Network Requirements  
Switch A is connecting to PC A and Server B;  
Switch B is connecting to PC B and Server A;  
PC A and Server A is in the same VLAN;  
PC B and Server B is in the same VLAN;  
PCs in the two VLANs cannot communicate with each other.  
Network Diagram  
Configuration Procedure  
Configure Switch A  
Step  
Operation  
Description  
1
Configure  
the Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, configure  
Link Type of the the link type of Port 2, Port 3 and Port 4 as ACCESS, TRUNK and  
ports  
ACCESS respectively  
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Step  
Operation  
Description  
2
Create VLAN10  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 2 and Port 3.  
3
Create VLAN20  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 3 and Port 4.  
Configure Switch B  
Step  
Operation  
Description  
1
Configure  
the Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, configure  
Link Type of the the link type of Port 7, Port 6 and Port 8 as ACCESS, TRUNK and  
ports  
ACCESS respectively.  
2
3
Create VLAN10  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 6 and Port 8.  
Create VLAN20  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 6 and Port 7.  
6.5 Application Example for Protocol VLAN  
Network Requirements  
Department A is connected to the company LAN via Port12 of Switch A;  
Department A has IP host and AppleTalk host;  
IP host, in VLAN10, is served by IP server while AppleTalk host is served by AppleTalk server;  
Switch B is connected to IP server and AppleTalk server.  
Network Diagram  
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Configuration Procedure  
Configure Switch A  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
Configure  
the Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, configure the  
Link Type of the link type of Port 11 and Port 13 as ACCESS, and configure the link type  
ports  
of Port 12 as GENERAL.  
Create VLAN10  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 12 and Port 13, and  
configure the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag.  
Create VLAN20  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 11 and Port 12, and  
configure the egress rule of Port 12 as Untag.  
Configure Switch B  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
4
Configure  
the Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, configure the  
Link Type of the link type of Port 4 and Port 5 as ACCESS, and configure the link type of  
ports  
Port 3 as GENERAL.  
Create VLAN10  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 10, owning Port 3 and Port 4, and configure  
the egress rule of Port 3 as Untag.  
Create VLAN20  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANVLAN Config page, create a  
VLAN with its VLAN ID as 20, owning Port 3 and Port 5, and configure  
the egress rule of Port 3 as Untag.  
Create Protocol Required. On VLANProtocol VLANProtocol Template page,  
Template  
configure the protocol template practically. E.g. the Ether Type of IP  
network packets is 0800 and that of AppleTalk network packets is 809B.  
5
6
7
Port Enable  
Required. On the VLANProtocol VLANPort Enable page, select  
and enable Port 3, Port 4 and Port 5 for Protocol VLAN feature.  
Create Protocol On VLANProtocol VLANProtocol VLAN page, create protocol  
VLAN 10 VLAN 10 with Protocol as IP.  
Create Protocol On VLANProtocol VLANProtocol VLAN page, create protocol  
VLAN 20  
VLAN 20 with Protocol as AppleTalk.  
Return to CONTENTS  
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Chapter 7 Spanning Tree  
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), subject to IEEE 802.1D standard, is to disbranch a ring network in  
the Data Link layer in a local network. Devices running STP discover loops in the network and block  
ports by exchanging information, in that way, a ring network can be disbranched to form a  
tree-topological ring-free network to prevent packets from being duplicated and forwarded endlessly  
in the network.  
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is the protocol data that STP and RSTP use. Enough  
information is carried in BPDU to ensure the spanning tree generation. STP is to determine the  
topology of the network via transferring BPDUs between devices.  
To implement spanning tree function, the switches in the network transfer BPDUs between each  
other to exchange information and all the switches supporting STP receive and process the  
received BPDUs. BPDUs carry the information that is needed for switches to figure out the  
spanning tree.  
STP Elements  
Bridge IDBridge Identifier: Indicates the value of the priority and MAC address of the bridge.  
Bridge ID can be configured and the switch with the lower bridge ID has the higher priority.  
Root Bridge: Indicates the switch has the lowest bridge ID. Configure the best PC in the ring  
network as the root bridge to ensure best network performance and reliability.  
Designated Bridge: Indicates the switch has the lowest path cost from the switch to the root  
bridge in each network segment. BPDUs are forwarded to the network segment through the  
designated bridge. The switch with the lowest bridge ID will be chosen as the designated bridge.  
Root Path Cost: Indicates the sum of the path cost of the root port and the path cost of all the  
switches that packets pass through. The root path cost of the root bridge is 0.  
Bridge Priority: The bridge priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~61440. The lower value  
priority has the higher priority. The switch with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as  
the root bridge.  
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge and  
forwards packets to the root.  
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment or  
switch.  
Port Priority: The port priority can be set to a value in the range of 0~255. The lower value priority  
has the higher priority. The port with the higher priority has more chance to be chosen as the root  
port.  
Path Cost: Indicates the parameter for choosing the link path by STP. By calculating the path cost,  
STP chooses the better links and blocks the redundant links so as to disbranch the ring-network to  
form a tree-topological ring-free network.  
The following network diagram shows the sketch map of spanning tree. Switch A, B and C are  
connected together in order. After STP generation, switch A is chosen as root bridge, the path from  
port 2 to port 6 is blocked.  
Bridge: Switch A is the root bridge in the whole network; switch B is the designated bridge of  
switch C.  
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Port: Port 3 is the root port of switch B and port 5 is the root port of switch C; port 1 is the  
designated port of switch A and port 4 is the designated port of switch B; port 6 is the blocked  
port of switch C.  
Figure 7-1 Basic STP diagram  
STP Timers  
Hello Time:  
Hello Time ranges from 1 to 10 seconds. It specifies the interval to send BPDU packets. It is used  
to test the links.  
Max. Age:  
Max. Age ranges from 6 to 40 seconds. It specifies the maximum time the switch can wait without  
receiving a BPDU before attempting to reconfigure.  
Forward Delay:  
Forward Delay ranges from 4 to 30 seconds. It specifies the time for the port to transit its state  
after the network topology is changed.  
When the STP regeneration caused by network malfunction occurs, the STP structure will get  
some corresponding change. However, as the new configuration BPDUs cannot be spread in the  
whole network at once, the temporal loop will occur if the port transits its state immediately.  
Therefore, STP adopts a state transit mechanism, that is, the new root port and the designated  
port begins to forward data after twice forward delay, which ensures the new configuration BPDUs  
are spread in the whole network.  
BPDU Comparing Principle in STP mode  
Assuming two BPDUs: BPDU X and BPDU Y  
If the root bridge ID of X is smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.  
If the root bridge ID of X equals that of Y, but the root path cost of X is smaller than that of Y, X is  
superior to Y.  
If the root bridge ID and the root path cost of X equal those of Y, but the bridge ID of X is smaller  
than that of Y, X is superior to Y.  
If the root bridge ID, the root path cost and bridge ID of X equal those of Y, but the port ID of X is  
smaller than that of Y, X is superior to Y.  
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STP Generation  
In the beginning  
In the beginning, each switch regards itself as the root, and generates a configuration BPDU for  
each port on it as a root, with the root path cost being 0, the ID of the designated bridge being that  
of the switch, and the designated port being itself.  
Comparing BPDUs  
Each switch sends out configuration BPDUs and receives a configuration BPDU on one of its ports  
from another switch. The following table shows the comparing operations.  
Step Operation  
1
2
If the priority of the BPDU received on the port is lower than that of the BPDU if of  
the port itself, the switch discards the BPDU and does not change the BPDU of  
the port.  
If the priority of the BPDU is higher than that of the BPDU of the port itself, the  
switch replaces the BPDU of the port with the received one and compares it with  
those of other ports on the switch to obtain the one with the highest priority.  
Table 7-1 Comparing BPDUs  
Selecting the root bridge  
The root bridge is selected by BPDU comparing. The switch with the smallest root ID is chosen as  
the root bridge.  
Selecting the root port and designate port  
The operation is taken in the following way:  
Step Operation  
1
2
For each switch (except the one chosen as the root bridge) in a network, the port  
that receives the BPDU with the highest priority is chosen as the root port of the  
switch.  
Using the root port BPDU and the root path cost, the switch generates a  
designated port BPDU for each of its ports.  
Root ID is replaced with that of the root port;  
Root path is replaced with the sum of the root path cost of the root port and  
the path cost between this port and the root port;  
The ID of the designated bridge is replaced with that of the switch;  
The ID of the designated port is replaced with that of the port.  
3
The switch compares the resulting BPDU with the BPDU of the desired port  
whose role you want to determine.  
If the resulting BPDU takes the precedence over the BPDU of the port, the  
port is chosen as the designated port and the BPDU of this port is replaced  
with the resulting BPDU. The port regularly sends out the resulting BPDU;  
If the BPDU of this port takes the precedence over the resulting BPDU, the  
BPDU of this port is not replaced and the port is blocked. The port only can  
receive BPDUs.  
Table 7-2 Selecting root port and designated port  
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Tips  
In an STP with stable topology, only the root port and designated port can forward data, and the  
other ports are blocked. The blocked ports only can receive BPDUs.  
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), evolved from the 802.1D STP standard, enable Ethernet  
ports to transit their states rapidly. The premises for the port in the RSTP to transit its state rapidly  
are as follows.  
The condition for the root port to transit its port state rapidly: The old root port of the switch  
stops forwarding data and the designated port of the upstream switch begins to forward  
data.  
The condition for the designated port to transit its port state rapidly: The designated port is  
an edge port or connecting to a point-to-point link. If the designated port is an edge port, it  
can directly transit to forwarding state; if the designated port is connecting to a  
point-to-point link, it can transit to forwarding state after getting response from the  
downstream switch through handshake.  
RSTP Elements  
Edge Port: Indicates the port connected directly to terminals.  
P2P Link: Indicates the link between two switches directly connected.  
MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol), compatible with both STP and RSTP and subject to IEEE  
802.1s standard, not only enables spanning trees to converge rapidly, but also enables packets of  
different VLANs to be forwarded along their respective paths so as to provide redundant links  
with a better load-balancing mechanism.  
Features of MSTP:  
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table. It  
binds several VLANs to an instance to save communication cost and network resources.  
MSTP divides a spanning tree network into several regions. Each region has several  
internal spanning trees, which are independent of each other.  
MSTP provides a load-balancing mechanism for the packets transmission in the VLAN.  
MSTP is compatible with both STP and RSTP.  
MSTP Elements  
MST Region (Multiple Spanning Tree Region): An MST Region comprises switches with the same  
region configuration and VLAN-to-Instances mapping relationship.  
IST (Internal Spanning Tree): An IST is a spanning tree in an MST.  
CST (Common Spanning Tree): A CST is the spanning tree in a switched network that connects all  
MST regions in the network.  
CIST (Common and Internal Spanning Tree): A CIST, comprising IST and CST, is the spanning  
tree in a switched network that connects all switches in the network.  
The following figure shows the network diagram in MSTP.  
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Figure 7-2 Basic MSTP diagram  
MSTP  
MSTP divides a network into several MST regions. The CST is generated between these MST  
regions, and multiple spanning trees can be generated in each MST region. Each spanning tree is  
called an instance. As well as STP, MSTP uses BPDUs to generate spanning tree. The only  
difference is that the BPDU for MSTP carries the MSTP configuration information on the switches.  
Port States  
In an MSTP, ports can be in the following four states:  
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data, receive/send BPDU packets as  
well as learn MAC address.  
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets and learn MAC address.  
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.  
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the STP.  
Port Roles  
In an MSTP, the following roles exist:  
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from this bridge to the Root Bridge  
and forwards packets to the root.  
Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a downstream network segment  
or switch.  
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the common root. The path from  
the master port to the common root is the shortest path between this MST region and the  
common root.  
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a root or master port.  
Backup Port: Indicates the port that is the backup port of a designated port.  
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the STP.  
The following diagram shows the different port roles.  
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Figure 7-3 Port roles  
The Spanning Tree module is mainly for spanning tree configuration of the switch, including four  
submenus: STP Config, Port Config, MSTP Instance and STP Security.  
7.1 STP Config  
The STP Config function, for global configuration of spanning trees on the switch, can be  
implemented on STP Config and STP Summary pages.  
7.1.1 STP Config  
Before configuring spanning trees, you should make clear the roles each switch plays in each  
spanning tree instance. Only one switch can be the root bridge in each spanning tree instance. On  
this page you can globally configure the spanning tree function and related parameters.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 7-4 STP Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
STP:  
Select Enable/Disable STP function globally on the switch.  
Select the desired STP version on the switch.  
Version:  
STP: Spanning Tree Protocol.  
RSTP: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.  
MSTP: Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.  
Parameters Config  
CIST Priority:  
Enter a value from 0 to 61440 to specify the priority of the switch  
for comparison in the CIST. CIST priority is an important criterion  
on determining the root bridge. In the same condition, the switch  
with the highest priority will be chosen as the root bridge. The  
lower value has the higher priority. The default value is 32768 and  
should be exact divisor of 4096.  
Hello Time  
Enter a value from 1 to 10 in seconds to specify the interval to  
send BPDU packets. It is used to test the links. 2*(Hello Time + 1)  
Max Age. The default value is 2 seconds.  
Max Age:  
Enter a value from 6 to 40 in seconds to specify the maximum  
time the switch can wait without receiving a BPDU before  
attempting to reconfigure. The default value is 20 seconds.  
Forward Delay:  
TxHold Count:  
Enter a value from 4 to 30 in seconds to specify the time for the  
port to transit its state after the network topology is changed.  
2*(Forward Delay-1) Max Age. The default value is 15 seconds.  
Enter a value from 1 to 20 to set the maximum number of BPDU  
packets transmitted per Hello Time interval. The default value is  
5pps.  
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Max Hops:  
Note:  
Enter a value from 1 to 40 to set the maximum number of hops  
that occur in a specific region before the BPDU is discarded. The  
default value is 20 hops.  
1. The forward delay parameter and the network diameter are correlated. A too small forward  
delay parameter may result in temporary loops. A too large forward delay may cause a  
network unable to resume the normal state in time. The default value is recommended.  
2. An adequate hello time parameter can enable the switch to discover the link failures occurred  
in the network without occupying too much network resources. A too large hello time  
parameter may result in normal links being regarded as invalid when packets drop occurred in  
the links, which in turn result in spanning tree being regenerated. A too small hello time  
parameter may result in duplicated configuration being sent frequently, which increases the  
network load of the switches and wastes network resources. The default value is  
recommended.  
3. A too small max age parameter may result in the switches regenerating spanning trees  
frequently and cause network congestions to be falsely regarded as link problems. A too large  
max age parameter result in the switches unable to find the link problems in time, which in  
turn handicaps spanning trees being regenerated in time and makes the network less  
adaptive. The default value is recommended.  
4. If the TxHold Count parameter is too large, the number of MSTP packets being sent in each  
hello time may be increased with occupying too much network resources. The default value is  
recommended.  
7.1.2 STP Summary  
On this page you can view the related parameters for Spanning Tree function.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Summary to load the following page.  
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Figure 7-5 STP Summary  
7.2 Port Config  
On this page you can configure the parameters of the ports for CIST  
Choose the menu Spanning TreePort Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 7-6 Port Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on  
the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port for STP configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Status:  
Priority:  
Select Enable /Disable STP function for the desired port.  
Enter a value from 0 to 240 divisible by 16. Port priority is an important  
criterion on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen  
as the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.  
ExtPath:  
IntPath:  
ExtPath Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs  
of ports in different MST regions. It is an important criterion on  
determining the root port. The lower value has the higher priority.  
IntPath Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of  
ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining the  
root port. The lower value has the higher priority.  
Edge Port:  
P2P Link:  
Select Enable/Disable Edge Port. The edge port can transit its state  
from blocking to forwarding rapidly without waiting for forward delay.  
Select the P2P link status. If the two ports in the P2P link are root port  
or designated port, they can transit their states to forwarding rapidly to  
reduce the unnecessary forward delay.  
MCheck:  
Select Enable to perform MCheck operation on the port. Unchange  
means no MCheck operation.  
STP Version:  
Port Role:  
Displays the STP version of the port.  
Displays the role of the port played in the STP Instance.  
Root Port: Indicates the port that has the lowest path cost from  
this bridge to the Root Bridge and forwards packets to the root.  
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Designated Port: Indicates the port that forwards packets to a  
downstream network segment or switch.  
Master Port: Indicates the port that connects a MST region to the  
common root. The path from the master port to the common root  
is the shortest path between this MST region and the common  
root.  
Alternate Port: Indicates the port that can be a backup port of a  
root or master port.  
Backup Port: Indicates the port that is the backup port of a  
designated port.  
Disabled: Indicates the port that is not participating in the STP.  
Port Status:  
Displays the working status of the port.  
Forwarding: In this status the port can receive/forward data,  
receive/send BPDU packets as well as learn MAC address.  
Learning: In this status the port can receive/send BPDU packets  
and learn MAC address.  
Blocking: In this status the port can only receive BPDU packets.  
Disconnected: In this status the port is not participating in the STP.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
1. Configure the ports connected directly to terminals as edge ports and enable the BPDU  
protection function as well. This not only enables these ports to transit to forwarding state  
rapidly but also secures your network.  
2. All the links of ports in a LAG can be configured as point-to-point links.  
3. When the link of a port is configured as a point-to-point link, the spanning tree instances  
owning this port are configured as point-to-point links. If the physical link of a port is not a  
point-to-point link and you forcibly configure the link as a point-to-point link, temporary loops  
may be incurred.  
7.3 MSTP Instance  
MSTP combines VLANs and spanning tree together via VLAN-to-instance mapping table  
(VLAN-to-spanning-tree mapping). By adding MSTP instances, it binds several VLANs to an  
instance to realize the load balance based on instances.  
Only when the switches have the same MST region name, MST region revision and  
VLAN-to-Instance mapping table, the switches can be regarded as in the same MST region.  
The MSTP Instance function can be implemented on Region Config, Instance Config and  
Instance Port Config pages.  
7.3.1 Region Config  
On this page you can configure the name and revision of the MST region  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 7-7 Region Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Region Config  
Region Name:  
Revision:  
Create a name for MST region identification using up to 32 characters.  
Enter the revision from 0 to 65535 for MST region identification.  
7.3.2 Instance Config  
Instance Configuration, a property of MST region, is used to describe the VLAN to Instance  
mapping configuration. You can assign VLAN to different instances appropriate to your needs.  
Every instance is a VLAN group independent of other instances and CIST.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance Config to load the following page.  
Figure 7-8 Instance Config  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Instance Table  
Instance ID Select: Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding Instance ID  
based on the ID number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired Instance ID for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays Instance ID of the switch.  
Instance:  
Status:  
Displays the status of the corresponding instance.  
Priority:  
Enter the priority of the switch in the instance. It is an important  
criterion on determining if the switch will be chosen as the root bridge  
in the specific instance.  
VLAN ID:  
Clear:  
Enter the VLAN ID which belongs to the corresponding instance ID.  
After modification here, the previous VLAN ID will be cleared and  
mapped to the CIST.  
Click the Clear button to clear up all VLAN IDs from the instance ID.  
The cleared VLAN ID will be automatically mapped to the CIST.  
VLAN-Instance Mapping  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the desired VLAN ID. After modification here, the new VLAN ID  
will be added to the corresponding instance ID and the previous VLAN  
ID won’t be replaced.  
Instance ID:  
Note:  
Enter the corresponding instance ID.  
In a network with both GVRP and MSTP enabled, GVRP packets are forwarded along the CIST. If  
you want to broadcast packets of a specific VLAN through GVRP, please be sure to map the VLAN  
to the CIST when configuring the MSTP VLAN-instance mapping table. For detailed introduction of  
GVRP, please refer to GVRP function page.  
7.3.3 Instance Port Config  
A port can play different roles in different spanning tree instance. On this page you can configure  
the parameters of the ports in different instance IDs as well as view status of the ports in the  
specified instance.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance Port Config to load the following  
page.  
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Figure 7-9 Instance Port Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Config  
Instance ID:  
Port Select:  
Select the desired instance ID for its port configuration.  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on  
the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port to specify its priority and path cost. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Priority:  
Enter the priority of the port in the instance. It is an important criterion  
on determining if the port connected to this port will be chosen as the  
root port.  
Path Cost:  
Path Cost is used to choose the path and calculate the path costs of  
ports in an MST region. It is an important criterion on determining the  
root port. The lower value has the higher priority.  
Port Role:  
Port Status:  
LAG:  
Displays the role of the port played in the MSTP Instance.  
Displays the working status of the port.  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
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Note:  
The port status of one port in different spanning tree instances can be different.  
Global configuration Procedure for Spanning Tree function:  
Step Operation  
Description  
Make clear roles the switches Preparation.  
play in spanning tree  
1
instances: root bridge or  
designated bridge  
2
Globally  
parameters  
configure  
MSTP Required. Enable Spanning Tree function on the switch  
and configure MSTP parameters on Spanning  
TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config page.  
3
4
Configure MSTP parameters Required. Configure MSTP parameters for ports on  
for ports  
Spanning TreePort ConfigPort Config page.  
Configure the MST region  
Required. Create MST region and configure the role the  
switch plays in the MST region on Spanning  
TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config and Instance  
Config page.  
5
Configure MSTP parameters Optional. Configure different instances in the MST region  
for instance ports  
and configure MSTP parameters for instance ports on  
Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance Port  
Config page.  
7.4 STP Security  
Configuring protection function for devices can prevent devices from any malicious attack against  
STP features. The STP Security function can be implemented on Port Protect and TC Protect  
pages.  
Port Protect function is to prevent the devices from any malicious attack against STP features.  
7.4.1 Port Protect  
On this page you can configure loop protect feature, root protect feature, TC protect feature,  
BPDU protect feature and BPDU filter feature for ports. You are suggested to enable  
corresponding protection feature for the qualified ports.  
Loop Protect  
In a stable network, a switch maintains the states of ports by receiving and processing BPDU  
packets from the upstream switch. However, when link congestions or link failures occurred to the  
network, a down stream switch does not receive BPDU packets for certain period, which results in  
spanning trees being regenerated and roles of ports being reselected, and causes the blocked  
ports to transit to forwarding state. Therefore, loops may be incurred in the network.  
The loop protect function can suppresses loops. With this function enabled, a port, regardless of  
the role it plays in instances, is always set to blocking state, when the port does not receive BPDU  
packets from the upstream switch and spanning trees are regenerated, and thereby loops can be  
prevented.  
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Root Protect  
A CIST and its secondary root bridges are usually located in the high-bandwidth core region.  
Wrong configuration or malicious attacks may result in configuration BPDU packets with higher  
priorities being received by the legal root bridge, which causes the current legal root bridge to lose  
its position and network topology jitter to occur. In this case, flows that should travel along  
high-speed links may lead to low-speed links, and network congestion may occur.  
To avoid this, MSTP provides root protect function. Ports with this function enabled can only be set  
as designated ports in all spanning tree instances. When a port of this type receives BDPU  
packets with higher priority, it transits its state to blocking state and stops forwarding packets (as if  
it is disconnected from the link). The port resumes the normal state if it does not receive any  
configuration BPDU packets with higher priorities for a period of two times of forward delay.  
TC Protect  
A switch removes MAC address entries upon receiving TC-BPDU packets. If a user maliciously  
sends a large amount of TC-BPDU packets to a switch in a short period, the switch will be busy  
with removing MAC address entries, which may decrease the performance and stability of the  
network.  
To prevent the switch from frequently removing MAC address entries, you can enable the TC  
protect function on the switch. With TC protect function enabled, if the account number of the  
received TC-BPDUs exceeds the maximum number you set in the TC threshold field, the switch  
will not performs the removing operation in the TC protect cycle. Such a mechanism prevents the  
switch from frequently removing MAC address entries.  
BPDU Protect  
Ports of the switch directly connected to PCs or servers are configured as edge ports to rapidly  
transit their states. When these ports receive BPDUs, the system automatically configures these  
ports as non-edge ports and regenerates spanning trees, which may cause network topology jitter.  
Normally these ports do not receive BPDUs, but if a user maliciously attacks the switch by sending  
BPDUs, network topology jitter occurs.  
To prevent this attack, MSTP provides BPDU protect function. With this function enabled on the  
switch, the switch shuts down the edge ports that receive BPDUs and reports these cases to the  
administrator. If a port is shut down, only the administrator can restore it.  
BPDU Filter  
BPDU filter function is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network. If a switch receives malicious  
BPDUs, it forwards these BPDUs to the other switched in the network, which may result in  
spanning trees being continuously regenerated. In this case, the switch occupying too much CPU  
or the protocol status of BPDUs is wrong.  
With BPDU filter function enabled, a port does not receive or forward BPDUs, but it sends out its  
own BPDUs. Such a mechanism prevents the switch from being attacked by BPDUs so as to  
guarantee generation the spanning trees correct.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeSTP SecurityPort Protect to load the following page.  
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Figure 7-10 Port Protect  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Protect  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port based on  
the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for port protect configuration. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Loop Protect:  
Loop Protect is to prevent the loops in the network brought by  
recalculating STP because of link failures and network congestions.  
Root Protect:  
TC Protect:  
Root Protect is to prevent wrong network topology change caused by  
the role change of the current legal root bridge.  
TC Protect is to prevent the decrease of the performance and stability  
of the switch brought by continuously removing MAC address entries  
upon receiving TC-BPDUs in the STP network.  
BPDU Protect:  
BPDU Protect is to prevent the edge port from being attacked by  
maliciously created BPDUs  
BPDU Filter:  
LAG:  
BPDU Filter is to prevent BPDUs flood in the STP network.  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
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7.4.2 TC Protect  
When TC Protect is enabled for the port on Port Protect page, the TC threshold and TC protect  
cycle need to be configured on this page.  
Choose the menu Spanning TreeSTP SecurityTC Protect to load the following page.  
Figure 7-11 TC Protect  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
TC Protect  
TC Threshold:  
Enter a number from 1 to 100. It is the maximum number of the  
TC-BPDUs received by the switch in a TC Protect Cycle. The  
default value is 20.  
TC Protect Cycle:  
Enter a value from 1 to 10 to specify the TC Protect Cycle. The  
default value is 5.  
7.5 Application Example for STP Function  
Network Requirements  
Switch A, B, C, D and E all support MSTP function.  
A is the central switch.  
B and C are switches in the convergence layer. D, E and F are switches in the access layer.  
There are 6 VLANs labeled as VLAN101-VLAN106 in the network.  
All switches run MSTP and belong to the same MST region.  
The data in VLAN101, 103 and 105 are transmitted in the STP with B as the root bridge. The  
data in VLAN102, 104 and 106 are transmitted in the STP with C as the root bridge.  
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Network Diagram  
Configuration Procedure  
Configure Switch A:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure ports  
On VLAN802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type  
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN  
101-VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be found  
in the section 802.1Q VLAN.  
2
Enable STP function  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config page,  
enable STP function and select MSTP version.  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigPort Config page,  
enable MSTP function for the port.  
3
4
Configure the region name and On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config  
the revision of MST region  
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the  
default revision setting.  
Configure  
VLAN-to-Instance On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
mapping table of the MST region Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping  
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map  
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.  
Configure Switch B:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure ports  
On VLAN802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type  
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN  
101-VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be found  
in the section 802.1Q VLAN.  
2
Enable STP function  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config page,  
enable STP function and select MSTP version.  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigPort Config page,  
enable MSTP function for the port.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
3
Configure the region name and On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config  
the revision of MST region  
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the  
default revision setting.  
4
Configure  
VLAN-to-Instance On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
mapping table of the MST region Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping  
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map  
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.  
5
6
Configure switch B as the root On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
bridge of Instance 1  
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be 0.  
Configure switch  
B
as the On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
designated bridge of Instance 2 Config page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be  
4096.  
Configure Switch C:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure ports  
On VLAN802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type  
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN  
101-VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be found  
in the section 802.1Q VLAN.  
2
Enable STP function  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config page,  
enable STP function and select MSTP version.  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigPort Config page,  
enable MSTP function for the port.  
3
4
Configure the region name and On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config  
the revision of MST region  
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the  
default revision setting.  
Configure  
VLAN-to-Instance On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
mapping table of the MST region Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping  
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map  
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.  
5
6
Configure switch C as the root On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
bridge of Instance 1  
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 1 to be  
4096.  
Configure switch C as the root On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
bridge of Instance 2  
Config page, configure the priority of Instance 2 to be 0.  
Configure Switch D:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure ports  
On VLAN802.1Q VLAN page, configure the link type  
of the related ports as Trunk, and add the ports to VLAN  
101-VLAN 106. The detailed instructions can be found  
in the section 802.1Q VLAN.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
2
Enable STP function  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigSTP Config page,  
enable STP function and select MSTP version.  
On Spanning TreeSTP ConfigPort Config page,  
enable MSTP function for the port.  
3
4
Configure the region name and On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceRegion Config  
the revision of MST region  
page, configure the region as TP-LINK and keep the  
default revision setting.  
Configure  
VLAN-to-Instance On Spanning TreeMSTP InstanceInstance  
mapping table of the MST region Config page, configure VLAN-to-Instance mapping  
table. Map VLAN 101, 103 and 105 to Instance 1; map  
VLAN 102, 104 and 106 to Instance 2.  
The configuration procedure for switch E and F is the same with that for switch D.  
The topology diagram of the two instances after the topology is stable  
For Instance 1 (VLAN 101, 103 and 105), the red paths in the following figure are connected  
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.  
For Instance 2 (VLAN 102, 104 and 106), the blue paths in the following figure are connected  
links; the gray paths are the blocked links.  
Suggestion for Configuration  
Enable TC Protect function for all the ports of switches.  
Enable Root Protect function for all the ports of root bridges.  
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Enable Loop Protect function for the non-edge ports.  
Enable BPDU Protect function or BPDU Filter function for the edge ports which are connected to  
the PC and server.  
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Chapter 8 Multicast  
Multicast Overview  
In the network, packets are sent in three modes: unicast, broadcast and multicast. In unicast, the  
source server sends separate copy information to each receiver. When a large number of users  
require this information, the server must send many pieces of information with the same content to  
the users. Therefore, large bandwidth will be occupied. In broadcast, the system transmits  
information to all users in a network. Any user in the network can receive the information, no  
matter the information is needed or not.  
Point-to-multipoint multimedia business, such as video conferences and VoD (video-on-demand),  
plays an important part in the information transmission field. Suppose a point to multi-point service  
is required, unicast is suitable for networks with sparsely users, whereas broadcast is suitable for  
networks with densely distributed users. When the number of users requiring this information is  
not certain, unicast and broadcast deliver a low efficiency. Multicast solves this problem. It can  
deliver a high efficiency to send data in the point to multi-point service, which can save large  
bandwidth and reduce the network load. In multicast, the packets are transmitted in the following  
way as shown in Figure 8-1.  
Figure 8-1 Information transmission in the multicast mode  
Features of multicast:  
1. The number of receivers is not certain. Usually point-to-multipoint transmission is needed;  
2. Multiple users receiving the same information form a multicast group. The multicast  
information sender just need to send the information to the network device once;  
3. Each user can join and leave the multicast group at any time;  
4. Real time is highly demanded and certain packets drop is allowed.  
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Multicast Address  
1. Multicast IP Address:  
As specified by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), Class D IP addresses are used as  
destination addresses of multicast packets. The multicast IP addresses range from  
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255. The following table displays the range and description of several  
special multicast IP addresses.  
Multicast IP address range Description  
Reserved multicast addresses for routing protocols  
and other network protocols  
224.0.0.0224.0.0.255  
Addresses for video conferencing  
224.0.1.0224.0.1.255  
Local management multicast addresses, which are  
used in the local network only  
239.0.0.0239.255.255.255  
Table 8-1 Range of the special multicast IP  
2. Multicast MAC Address:  
When a unicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the destination MAC address is the  
MAC address of the receiver. When a multicast packet is transmitted in an Ethernet network, the  
destination is not a receiver but a group with uncertain number of members, so a multicast MAC  
address, a logical MAC address, is needed to be used as the destination address.  
As stipulated by IANA, the high-order 24 bits of a multicast MAC address begins with 01-00-5E  
while the low-order 23 bits of a multicast MAC address are the low-order 23 bits of the multicast IP  
address. The mapping relationship is described as Figure 8-2.  
Figure 8-2 Mapping relationship between multicast IP address and multicast MAC address  
The high-order 4 bits of the IP multicast address are 1110, identifying the multicast group. Only 23  
bits of the remaining low-order 28 bits are mapped to a multicast MAC address. In that way, 5 bits  
of the IP multicast address is not utilized. As a result, 32 IP multicast addresses are mapped to the  
same MAC address.  
Multicast Address Table  
The switch is forwarding multicast packets based on the multicast address table. As the  
transmission of multicast packets can not span the VLAN, the first part of the multicast address  
table is VLAN ID, based on which the received multicast packets are forwarded in the VLAN  
owning the receiving port. The multicast address table is not mapped to an egress port but a group  
port list. When forwarding a multicast packet, the switch looks up the multicast address table  
based on the destination multicast address of the multicast packet. If the corresponding entry can  
not be found in the table, the switch will broadcast the packet in the VLAN owning the receiving  
port. If the corresponding entry can be found in the table, it indicates that the destination address  
should be a group port list, so the switch will duplicate this multicast data and deliver each port one  
copy. The general format of the multicast address table is described as Figure 8-3 below.  
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VLAN ID  
Multicast IP  
Port  
Figure 8-3 Multicast Address Table  
IGMP Snooping  
In the network, the hosts apply to the near Router for joining (leaving) a multicast group by sending  
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) messages. When the up-stream device forwards  
down the multicast data, the switch is responsible for sending them to the hosts. IGMP Snooping is  
a multicast control mechanism, which can be used on the switch for dynamic registration of the  
multicast group. The switch, running IGMP Snooping, manages and controls the multicast group via  
listening to and processing the IGMP messages transmitted between the hosts and the multicast  
router, thereby effectively prevents multicast groups being broadcasted in the network.  
The Multicast module is mainly for multicast management configuration of the switch, including  
four submenus: IGMP Snooping, Multicast IP, Multicast Filter and Packet Statistics.  
8.1 IGMP Snooping  
IGMP Snooping Process  
The switch, running IGMP Snooping, listens to the IGMP messages transmitted between the host  
and the router, and tracks the IGMP messages and the registered port. When receiving IGMP  
report message, the switch adds the port to the multicast address table; when the switch listens to  
IGMP leave message from the host, the router sends the Group-Specific Query message of the  
port to check if other hosts need this multicast, if yes, the router will receive IGMP report message;  
if no, the router will receive no response from the hosts and the switch will remove the port from  
the multicast address table. The router regularly sends IGMP query messages. After receiving the  
IGMP query messages, the switch will remove the port from the multicast address table if the  
switch receives no IGMP report message from the host within a period of time.  
IGMP Messages  
The switch, running IGMP Snooping, processes the IGMP messages of different types as follows.  
1. IGMP Query Message  
IGMP query message, sent by the router, falls into two types, IGMP general query message and  
IGMP group-specific-query message. The router regularly sends IGMP general message to query  
if the multicast groups contain any member. When receiving IGMP leave message, the receiving  
port of the router will send IGMP group-specific-query message to the multicast group and the  
switch will forward IGMP group-specific-query message to check if other members in the multicast  
group of the port need this multicast.  
When receiving IGMP general query message, the switch will forward them to all other ports in the  
VLAN owning the receiving port. The receiving port will be processed: if the receiving port is not a  
router port yet, it will be added to the router port list with its router port time specified; if the  
receiving port is already a router port, its router port time will be directly reset.  
When receiving IGMP group-specific-query message, the switch will send the group-specific query  
message to the members of the multicast group being queried.  
2. IGMP Report Message  
IGMP report message is sent by the host when it applies for joining a multicast group or responses  
to the IGMP query message from the router.  
When receiving IGMP report message, the switch will send the report message via the router port  
in the VLAN as well as analyze the message to get the address of the multicast group the host  
applies for joining. The receiving port will be processed: if the receiving port is a new member port,  
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it will be added to the multicast address table with its member port time specified; if the receiving  
port is already a member port, its member port time will be directly reset.  
3. IGMP Leave Message  
The host, running IGMPv1, does not send IGMP leave message when leaving a multicast group,  
as a result, the switch can not get the leave information of the host momentarily. However, after  
leaving the multicast group, the host does not send IGMP report message any more, so the switch  
will remove the port from the corresponding multicast address table when its member port time  
times out. The host, running IGMPv2 or IGMPv3, sends IGMP leave message when leaving a  
multicast group to inform the multicast router of its leaving.  
When receiving IGMP leave message, the switch will forward IGMP group-specific-query message  
to check if other members in the multicast group of the port need this multicast and reset the  
member port time to the leave time. When the leave time times out, the switch will remove the port  
from the corresponding multicast group. If no other member is in the group after the port is  
removed, the switch will the switch will send IGMP leave message to the router and remove the  
whole multicast group.  
IGMP Snooping Fundamentals  
1. Ports  
Router Port: Indicates the switch port directly connected to the multicast router.  
Member Port: Indicates a switch port connected to a multicast group member.  
2. Timers  
Router Port Time: Within the time, if the switch does not receive IGMP query message from the  
router port, it will consider this port is not a router port any more. The default value is 300 seconds.  
Member Port Time: Within the time, if the switch does not receive IGMP report message from the  
member port, it will consider this port is not a member port any more. The default value is 260  
seconds.  
Leave Time: Indicates the interval between the switch receiving a leave message from a host and  
the switch removing the host from the multicast groups. The default value is 1 second.  
The IGMP Snooping function can be implemented on Snooping Config, Port Config, VLAN  
Config and Multicast VLAN pages.  
8.1.1 Snooping Config  
To configure the IGMP Snooping on the switch, please firstly configure IGMP global configuration  
and related parameters on this page.  
If the multicast address of the received multicast data is not in the multicast address table, the  
switch will broadcast the data in the VLAN. When Unknown Multicast Discard feature is enabled,  
the switch drops the received unknown multicast so as to save the bandwidth and enhance the  
process efficiency of the system. Please configure this feature appropriate to your needs.  
Choose the menu MulticastIGMP SnoopingSnooping Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 8-4 Basic Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
IGMP Snooping:  
Select Enable/Disable IGMP Snooping function globally on the  
switch.  
Unknown Multicast:  
Select the operation for the switch to process unknown multicast,  
Forward or Discard.  
IGMP Snooping Status  
Description:  
Member:  
Displays IGMP Snooping status.  
Displays the member of the corresponding status.  
8.1.2 Port Config  
On this page you can configure the IGMP feature for ports of the switch.  
Choose the menu MulticastIGMP SnoopingPort Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 8-5 Port Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for IGMP Snooping feature configuration. It  
is multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port of the switch.  
IGMP Snooping:  
Fast Leave:  
Select Enable/Disable IGMP Snooping for the desired port.  
Select Enable/Disable Fast Leave feature for the desired port. If  
Fast Leave is enabled for a port, the switch will immediately  
remove this port from the multicast group upon receiving IGMP  
leave messages.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
1. Fast Leave on the port is effective only when the host supports IGMPv2 or IGMPv3.  
2. When both Fast Leave feature and Unknown Multicast Discard feature are enabled, the  
leaving of a user connected to a port owning multi-user will result in the other users  
intermitting the multicast business.  
8.1.3 VLAN Config  
Multicast groups established by IGMP Snooping are based on VLANs. On this page you can  
configure different IGMP parameters for different VLANs.  
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Choose the menu MulticastIGMP SnoopingVLAN Config to load the following page.  
Figure 8-6 VLAN Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
VLAN Config  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the VLAN ID to enable IGMP Snooping for the desired  
VLAN.  
Router Port Time:  
Member Port Time:  
Leave Time:  
Specify the aging time of the router port. Within this time, if the  
switch doesn’t receive IGMP query message from the router port,  
it will consider this port is not a router port any more.  
Specify the aging time of the member port. Within this time, if the  
switch doesn’t receive IGMP report message from the member  
port, it will consider this port is not a member port any more.  
Specify the interval between the switch receiving a leave message  
from a host and the switch removing the host from the multicast  
groups.  
Static Router Ports:  
Enter the static router ports which are mainly used in the network  
with stable topology.  
VLAN Table  
VLAN ID Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding VLAN ID  
based on the ID number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired VLAN ID for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the VLAN ID.  
VLAN ID:  
Router Port Time:  
Member Port Time:  
Displays the router port time of the VLAN.  
Displays the member port time of the VLAN.  
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Leave Time:  
Router Port:  
Displays the leave time of the VLAN.  
Displays the router port of the VLAN.  
Note:  
The settings here will be invalid when multicast VLAN is enabled.  
Configuration procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
Enable IGMP Snooping Required. Enable IGMP Snooping globally on the switch  
function and for the port on MulticastIGMP  
SnoopingSnooping Config and Port Config page.  
Configure the multicast Optional. Configure the multicast parameters for VLANs on  
1
2
parameters for VLANs  
MulticastIGMP SnoopingVLAN Config page.  
If a VLAN has no multicast parameters configuration, it  
indicates the IGMP Snooping is not enabled in the VLAN,  
thus the multicast data in the VLAN will be broadcasted.  
8.1.4 Multicast VLAN  
In old multicast transmission mode, when users in different VLANs apply for join the same  
multicast group, the multicast router will duplicate this multicast information and deliver each  
VLAN owning a receiver one copy. This mode wastes a lot of bandwidth.  
The problem above can be solved by configuring a multicast VLAN. By adding switch ports to the  
multicast VLAN and enabling IGMP Snooping, you can make users in different VLANs share the  
same multicast VLAN. This saves the bandwidth since multicast streams are transmitted only  
within the multicast VLAN and also guarantees security because the multicast VLAN is isolated  
from user VLANS.  
Before configuring a multicast VLAN, you should firstly configure a VLAN as multicast VLAN and  
add the corresponding ports to the VLAN on the 802.1Q VLAN page. If the multicast VLAN is  
enabled, the multicast configuration for other VLANs on the VLAN Config page will be invalid, that  
is, the multicast streams will be transmitted only within the multicast VLAN.  
Choose the menu MulticastIGMP SnoopingMulticast VLAN to load the following page.  
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Figure 8-7 Multicast VLAN  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Multicast VLAN  
Multicast VLAN:  
VLAN ID:  
Select Enable/Disable Multicast VLAN feature.  
Enter the VLAN ID of the multicast VLAN.  
Router Port Time:  
Specify the aging time of the router port. Within this time, if the  
switch doesn’t receive IGMP query message from the router port,  
it will consider this port is not a router port any more.  
Member Port Time:  
Leave Time:  
Specify the aging time of the member port. Within this time, if the  
switch doesn’t receive IGMP report message from the member  
port, it will consider this port is not a member port any more.  
Specify the interval between the switch receiving a leave message  
from a host, and the switch removing the host from the multicast  
groups.  
Router Ports:  
Note:  
Enter the static router ports which are mainly used in the network  
with stable topology.  
1. The router port should be in the multicast VLAN, otherwise the member ports can not receive  
multicast streams.  
2. The Multicast VLAN won't take effect unless you first complete the configuration for the  
corresponding VLAN owning the port on the 802.1Q VLAN page.  
3. It is recommended to choose GENERAL as the link type of the member ports in the multicast  
VLAN.  
4. Configure the link type of the router port in the multicast VLAN as TRUNK or configure the  
egress rule as TAG and the link type as GENERAL otherwise all the member ports in the  
multicast VLAN can not receive multicast streams.  
5. After a multicast VLAN is created, all the IGMP packets will be processed only within the  
multicast VLAN.  
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Configuration procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
Enable IGMP Snooping Required. Enable IGMP Snooping globally on the switch  
function  
and  
for  
the  
port  
on  
MulticastIGMP  
SnoopingSnooping Config and Port Config page.  
Create a multicast VLAN  
Required. Create a multicast VLAN and add all the member  
ports and router ports to the VLAN on the VLAN802.1Q  
VLAN page.  
Configure the link type of the member ports as  
GENERAL.  
Configure the link type of the router ports as TRUNK or  
configure the egress rule as tagged GENERAL.  
3
4
Configure parameters for Optional. Enable and configure a multicast VLAN on the  
multicast VLAN  
MulticastIGMP SnoopingMulticast VLAN page.  
It is recommended to keep the default time parameters.  
Look over the configuration  
If it is successfully configured, the VLAN ID of the multicast  
VLAN will be displayed in the IGMP Snooping Status table  
on the MulticastIGMP SnoopingSnooping Config  
page.  
Application Example for Multicast VLAN:  
Network Requirements  
Multicast source sends multicast streams via the router, and the streams are transmitted to user A  
and user B through the switch.  
Router: Its WAN port is connected to the multicast source; its LAN port is connected to the switch.  
The multicast packets are transmitted in VLAN3.  
Switch: Port 3 is connected to the router and the packets are transmitted in VLAN3; port 4 is  
connected to user A and the packets are transmitted in VLAN4; port 5 is connected to user B and  
the packets are transmitted in VLAN5.  
User A: Connected to Port 4 of the switch.  
User B: Connected to port 5 of the switch.  
Configure a multicast VLAN, and user A and B receive multicast streams through the multicast  
VLAN.  
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Network Diagram  
Configuration Procedure  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Create VLANs  
Create three VLANs with the VLAN ID 3, 4 and 5 respectively,  
and specify the description of VLAN3 as Multicast VLAN on  
VLAN802.1Q VLAN page.  
2
Configure ports  
On VLAN802.1Q VLAN function pages.  
For port 3, configure its link type as GENERAL and its egress rule  
as TAG, and add it to VLAN3, VLAN4 and VLAN5.  
For port 4, configure its link type as GENERAL and its egress rule  
as UNTAG, and add it to VLAN3 and VLAN 4.  
For port 5, configure its link type as GENERAL and its egress rule  
as UNTAG, and add it to VLAN3 and VLAN 5.  
3
Enable  
IGMP Enable IGMP Snooping function globally on MulticastIGMP  
Snooping function  
SnoopingSnooping Config page. Enable IGMP Snooping  
function for port 3, port4 and port 5 on MulticastIGMP  
SnoopingPort Config page.  
4
5
Enable  
VLAN  
Multicast Enable Multicast VLAN, configure the VLAN ID of a multicast  
VLAN as 3 and keep the other parameters as default on  
MulticastIGMP SnoopingMulticast VLAN page.  
Check Multicast VLAN 3-5 and Multicast VLAN 3 will be displayed in the IGMP  
Snooping Status table on the MulticastIGMP  
SnoopingSnooping Config page.  
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8.2 Multicast IP  
In a network, receivers can join different multicast groups appropriate to their needs. The switch  
forwards multicast streams based on multicast address table. The Multicast IP can be  
implemented on Multicast IP Table, Static Multicast IP page.  
8.2.1 Multicast IP Table  
On this page you can view the multicast IP table on the switch.  
Choose the menu MulticastMulticast IPMulticast IP Table to load the following page.  
Figure 8-8 Multicast IP Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
Multicast IP:  
VLAN ID:  
Port:  
Enter the multicast IP address the desired entry must carry.  
Enter the VLAN ID the desired entry must carry.  
Select the port number the desired entry must carry.  
Select the type the desired entry must carry.  
Type:  
All: Displays all multicast IP entries.  
Static: Displays all static multicast IP entries.  
Dynamic: Displays all dynamic multicast IP entries.  
Multicast IP Table  
Multicast IP  
VLAN ID:  
Forward Port  
Type:  
Displays multicast IP address.  
Displays the VLAN ID of the multicast group.  
Displays the forward port of the multicast group.  
Displays the type of the multicast IP.  
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Note:  
If the configuration on VLAN Config page and multicast VLAN page is changed, the switch will  
clear up the dynamic multicast addresses in multicast address table and learn new addresses.  
8.2.2 Static Multicast IP  
Static Multicast IP table, isolated from dynamic multicast group and multicast filter, is not learned  
by IGMP Snooping. It can enhance the quality and security for information transmission in some  
fixed multicast groups.  
Choose the menu MulticastMulticast IPStatic Multicast IP to load the following page.  
Figure 8-9 Static Multicast IP Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Static Multicast  
Multicast IP:  
Enter static multicast IP address.  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the VLAN ID of the multicast IP.  
Enter the forward port of the multicast group.  
Forward Port:  
Search Option  
Search Option:  
Select the rules for displaying multicast IP table to find the desired  
entries quickly.  
All: Displays all static multicast IP entries.  
Multicast IP: Enter the multicast IP address the desired entry  
must carry.  
VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID the desired entry must carry.  
Port: Enter the port number the desired entry must carry.  
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Static Multicast IP Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding static  
multicast IP. It is multi-optional.  
Multicast IP:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the multicast IP.  
Displays the VLAN ID of the multicast group.  
Displays the forward port of the multicast group.  
Forward Port:  
8.3 Multicast Filter  
When IGMP Snooping is enabled, you can specified the multicast IP-range the ports can join so as  
to restrict users ordering multicast programs via configuring multicast filter rules.  
When applying for a multicast group, the host will send IGMP report message. After receiving the  
report message, the switch will firstly check the multicast filter rules configured for the receiving  
port. If the port can be added to the multicast group, it will be added to the multicast address table;  
if the port can not be added to the multicast group, the switch will drop the IGMP report message.  
In that way, the multicast streams will not be transmitted to this port, which allows you to control  
hosts joining the multicast group.  
8.3.1 IP-Range  
On this page you can figure the desired IP-ranges to be filtered.  
Choose the menu MulticastMulticast FilterIP-Range to load the following page.  
Figure 8-10 Multicast Filter  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create IP-Range  
IP Range ID:  
Enter the IP-range ID.  
Start Multicast IP:  
End Multicast IP:  
Enter start multicast IP of the IP-range you set.  
Enter end multicast IP of the IP-range you set.  
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IP-Range Table  
IP-Range ID Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding IP-range  
ID based on the ID number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete or modify the corresponding  
IP-range. It is multi-optional.  
IP-Range ID:  
Displays IP-range ID.  
Start Multicast IP:  
End Multicast IP:  
Displays start multicast IP of the IP-range.  
Displays end multicast IP of the IP-range.  
8.3.2 Port Filter  
On this page you can configure the multicast filter rules for port. Take the configuration on this  
page and the configuration on IP-Range page together to function to implement multicast filter  
function on the switch.  
Choose the menu MulticastMulticast FilterPort Filter to load the following page.  
Figure 8-11 Port Filter  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Filter Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port for multicast filtering. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Filter:  
Select Enable/Disable multicast filtering feature on the port.  
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Action Mode:  
Select the action mode to process multicast packets when the  
multicast IP is in the filtering IP-range.  
Permit: Only the multicast packets whose multicast IP is in the  
IP-range will be processed.  
Deny: Only the multicast packets whose multicast IP is not in  
the IP-range will be processed.  
Bound IP-Range (ID):  
Max Groups:  
Enter the IP-rang ID the port will be bound to.  
Specify the maximum number of multicast groups to prevent some  
ports taking up too much bandwidth.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
1. Multicast Filter feature can only have effect on the VLAN with IGMP Snooping enabled.  
2. Multicast Filter feature has no effect on static multicast IP.  
3. Up to 15 IP-Ranges can be bound to one port.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure IP-Range  
Required. Configure IP-Range to be filtered on  
MulticastMulticast FilterIP-Range page.  
2
Configure multicast filter Optional. Configure multicast filter rules for ports on  
rules for ports  
MulticastMulticast FilterPort Filter page.  
8.4 Packet Statistics  
On this page you can view the multicast data traffic on each port of the switch, which facilitates you  
to monitor the IGMP messages in the network.  
Choose the menu MulticastPacket Statistics to load the following page.  
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Figure 8-12 Packet Statistics  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Select Enable/Disable auto refresh feature.  
Refresh Period:  
Enter the time from 3 to 300 in seconds to specify the auto refresh  
period.  
IGMP Statistics  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Query Packet:  
Report Packet (V1):  
Report Packet (V2):  
Report Packet (V3):  
Leave Packet:  
Error Packet:  
Displays the number of query packets the port received.  
Displays the number of IGMPv1 report packets the port received.  
Displays the number of IGMPv2 report packets the port received.  
Displays the number of IGMPv3 report packets the port received.  
Displays the number of leave packets the port received.  
Displays the number of error packets the port received.  
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Chapter 9 QoS  
QoS (Quality of Service) functions to provide different quality of service for various network  
applications and requirements and optimize the bandwidth resource distribution so as to provide a  
network service experience of a better quality.  
QoS  
This switch classifies the ingress packets, maps the packets to different priority queues and then  
forwards the packets according to specified scheduling algorithms to implement QoS function.  
Figure 9-1 QoS function  
Traffic classification: Identifies packets conforming to certain characters according to certain  
rules.  
Map: The user can map the ingress packets to different priority queues based on the priority  
modes. This switch implements three priority modes based on port, on 802.1P and on DSCP.  
Queue scheduling algorithm: When the network is congested, the problem that many packets  
compete for resources must be solved, usually in the way of queue scheduling. The switch  
supports four schedule modes: SP, WRR, SP+WRR and Equ.  
Priority Mode  
This switch implements three priority modes based on port, on 802.1P and on DSCP. By default, the  
priority mode based on port is enabled and the other two modes are optional.  
1. Port Priority  
Port priority is just a property of the port. After port priority is configured, the data stream will be  
mapped to the egress queues according to the CoS of the port and the mapping relationship  
between CoS and queues.  
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2. 802.1P Priority  
Figure 9-2 802.1Q frame  
As shown in the figure above, each 802.1Q Tag has a Pri field, comprising 3 bits. The 3-bit priority  
field is 802.1p priority in the range of 0 to 7. 802.1P priority determines the priority of the packets  
based on the Pri value. On the Web management page of the switch, you can configure different  
priority tags mapping to the corresponding priority levels, and then the switch determine which  
packet is sent preferentially when forwarding packets. The switch processes untagged packets  
based on the default priority mode.  
3. DSCP Priority  
Figure 9-3 IP datagram  
As shown in the figure above, the ToS (Type of Service) in an IP header contains 8 bits. The first  
three bits indicate IP precedence in the range of 0 to 7. RFC2474 re-defines the ToS field in the IP  
packet header, which is called the DS field. The first six bits (bit 0-bit 5) of the DS field indicate  
DSCP precedence in the range of 0 to 63. The last 2 bits (bit 6 and bit 7) are reserved. On the Web  
management page, you can configure different DS field mapping to the corresponding priority  
levels. Non-IP datagram with 802.1Q tag are mapped to different priority levels based on 802.1P  
priority mode if 8021.1P Priority mode is enabled; the untagged non-IP datagram are mapped  
based on port priority mode.  
Schedule Mode  
When the network is congested, the problem that many packets compete for resources must be  
solved, usually in the way of queue scheduling. The switch implements four scheduling queues,  
TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3. TC0 has the lowest priority while TC3 has the highest priority. The switch  
provides four schedule modes: SP, WRR, SP+WRR and Equ.  
1. SP-Mode: Strict-Priority Mode. In this mode, the queue with higher priority will occupy the  
whole bandwidth. Packets in the queue with lower priority are sent only when the queue with  
higher priority is empty. The switch has four egress queues labeled as TC0, TC1, TC2 and  
TC3. In SP mode, their priorities increase in order. TC3 has the highest priority. The  
disadvantage of SP queue is that: if there are packets in the queues with higher priority for a  
long time in congestion, the packets in the queues with lower priority will be “starved to death”  
because they are not served.  
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Figure 9-4 SP-Mode  
2. WRR-Mode: Weight Round Robin Mode. In this mode, packets in all the queues are sent in  
order based on the weight value for each queue and every queue can be assured of a certain  
service time. The weight value indicates the occupied proportion of the resource. WRR queue  
overcomes the disadvantage of SP queue that the packets in the queues with lower priority  
can not get service for a long time. In WRR mode, though the queues are scheduled in order,  
the service time for each queue is not fixed, that is to say, if a queue is empty, the next queue  
will be scheduled. In this way, the bandwidth resources are made full use of. The default  
weight value ratio of TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3 is 1:2:4:8.  
Figure 9-5 WRR-Mode  
3. SP+WRR-Mode: Strict-Priority + Weight Round Robin Mode. In this mode, this switch  
provides two scheduling groups, SP group and WRR group. Queues in SP group and WRR  
group are scheduled strictly based on strict-priority mode while the queues inside WRR group  
follow the WRR mode. In SP+WRR mode, TC3 is in the SP group; TC0, TC1 and TC2 belong  
to the WRR group and the weight value ratio of TC0, TC1 and TC2 is 1:2:4. In this way, when  
scheduling queues, the switch allows TC3 to occupy the whole bandwidth following the SP  
mode and the TC0, TC1 and TC2 in the WRR group will take up the bandwidth according to  
their ratio 1:2:4.  
4. Equ-Mode: Equal-Mode. In this mode, all the queues occupy the bandwidth equally. The  
weight value ratio of all the queues is 1:1:1:1.  
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The QoS module is mainly for traffic control and priority configuration, including three submenus:  
DiffServ, Bandwidth Control and Voice VLAN.  
9.1 DiffServ  
This switch classifies the ingress packets, maps the packets to different priority queues and then  
forwards the packets according to specified scheduling algorithms to implement QoS function.  
This switch implements three priority modes based on port, on 802.1P and on DSCP, and supports  
four queue scheduling algorithms. The port priorities are labeled as CoS0, CoS1… CoS7.  
The DiffServ function can be implemented on Port Priority, DSCP Priority, 802.1P/CoS  
Mapping and Schedule Mode pages.  
9.1.1 Port Priority  
On this page you can configure the port priority.  
Choose the menu QoSDiffServPort Priority to load the following page.  
Figure 9-6 Port Priority Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Priority Config  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port to configure its priority. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the physical port number of the switch.  
Specify the priority for the port.  
Priority:  
LAG:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
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Note:  
To complete QoS function configuration, you have to go to the Schedule Mode page to select a  
schedule mode after the configuration is finished on this page.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Log on to the Port Priority  
page  
2
Select the desired ports for Select the desired ports. It is multi-optional.  
configuration  
3
4
Select the port priority  
Select a schedule mode  
Required. Select a priority from CoS0 to CoS7.  
Required. Log on to the Schedule Mode page to  
select a schedule mode.  
9.1.2 DSCP Priority  
On this page you can configure DSCP priority. DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) is a new definition to IP  
ToS field given by IEEE. This field is used to divide IP datagram into 64 priorities. When DSCP  
Priority is enabled, IP datagram are mapped to different priority levels based on DSCP priority  
mode; non-IP datagram with 802.1Q tag are mapped to different priority levels based on 802.1P  
priority mode if 8021.1P Priority mode is enabled; the untagged non-IP datagram are mapped based  
on port priority mode.  
Choose the menu QoSDiffServDSCP Priority to load the following page.  
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Figure 9-7 DSCP Priority  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
DSCP Priority Config  
DSCP Priority:  
Priority Level  
DSCP:  
Select Enable or Disable DSCP Priority.  
Indicates the priority determined by the DS region of IP datagram.  
It ranges from 0 to 63.  
Priority Level:  
Indicates the priority level the packets with tag are mapped to. The  
priority levels are labeled as TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3.  
Note:  
To complete QoS function configuration, you have to go to the Schedule Mode page to select a  
schedule mode after the configuration is finished on this page.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Log on to the DSCP Priority  
page  
2
Enable DP priority function  
Required. By default, the DSCP priority function is  
disabled.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
3
Map the DSCP priority to the Required. Select DSCP priority and the corresponding  
priority level  
priority level.  
4
Select a schedule mode  
Required. Log on to the Schedule Mode page to  
select a schedule mode.  
9.1.3 802.1P/CoS Mapping  
On this page you can configure the mapping relation between the 802.1P priority tag-id/CoS-id and  
the TC-id.  
802.1P gives the Pri field in 802.1Q tag a recommended definition. This field, ranging from 0-7, is  
used to divide packets into 8 priorities. 802.1P Priority is enabled by default, so the packets with  
802.1Q tag are mapped to different priority levels based on 802.1P priority mode but the untagged  
packets are mapped based on port priority mode. With the same value, the 802.1P priority tag and  
the CoS will be mapped to the same TC.  
Choose the menu QoSDiffServ802.1P/CoS Mapping to load the following page.  
Figure 9-8 802.1P Priority  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
802.1P Priority Config  
802.1P Priority:  
Select Enable/Disable 802.1P Priority.  
Priority and CoS-mapping Config  
Tag-id/Cos-id:  
Queue TC-id:  
Indicates the precedence level defined by IEEE802.1P and the  
CoS ID.  
Indicates the priority level of egress queue the packets with tag  
and CoS-id are mapped to. The priority levels of egress queue are  
labeled as TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3. By default, the mapping  
relation between tag/cos and the egress queue is: 0-TC1,  
1-TC0, 2-TC0, 3-TC1, 4-TC2, 5-TC2, 6-TC3, 7-TC3.  
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Note:  
To complete QoS function configuration, you have to go to the Schedule Mode page to select a  
schedule mode after the configuration is finished on this page.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
Configure  
the  
mapping Required. On QoSDiffServ802.1P/CoS mapping  
relation between the 802.1P page, configure the mapping relation between the  
priority Tag/CoS and the TC  
802.1P priority Tag/CoS and the TC.  
Select a schedule mode  
Required. On QoSDiffServSchedule Mode  
page,, select a schedule mode.  
9.1.4 Schedule Mode  
On this page you can select a schedule mode for the switch. When the network is congested, the  
problem that many packets compete for resources must be solved, usually in the way of queue  
scheduling. The switch will control the forwarding sequence of the packets according to the priority  
queues and scheduling algorithms you set. On this switch, the priority levels are labeled as TC0,  
TC1… TC3.  
Choose the menu QoSDiffServSchedule Mode to load the following page.  
Figure 9-9 Schedule Mode  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Schedule Mode Config  
SP-Mode:  
Strict-Priority Mode. In this mode, the queue with higher priority  
will occupy the whole bandwidth. Packets in the queue with lower  
priority are sent only when the queue with higher priority is empty.  
WRR-Mode:  
Weight Round Robin Mode. In this mode, packets in all the queues  
are sent in order based on the weight value for each queue. The  
weight value ratio of TC0, TC1, TC2 and TC3 is 1:2:4:8.  
SP+WRR-Mode:  
Strict-Priority + Weight Round Robin Mode. In this mode, this  
switch provides two scheduling groups, SP group and WRR  
group. Queues in SP group and WRR group are scheduled strictly  
based on strict-priority mode while the queues inside WRR group  
follow the WRR mode. In SP+WRR mode, TC3 is in the SP group;  
TC0, TC1 and TC2 belong to the WRR group and the weight value  
ratio of TC0, TC1 and TC2 is 1:2:4. In this way, when scheduling  
queues, the switch allows TC3 to occupy the whole bandwidth  
following the SP mode and the TC0, TC1 and TC2 in the WRR  
group will take up the bandwidth according to their ratio 1:2:4.  
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Equ-Mode:  
Equal-Mode. In this mode, all the queues occupy the bandwidth  
equally. The weight value ratio of all the queues is 1:1:1:1.  
9.2 Bandwidth Control  
Bandwidth function, allowing you to control the traffic rate and broadcast flow on each port to  
ensure network in working order, can be implemented on Rate Limit and Storm Control pages.  
9.2.1 Rate Limit  
Rate limit functions to control the ingress/egress traffic rate on each port via configuring the  
available bandwidth of each port. In this way, the network bandwidth can be reasonably distributed  
and utilized.  
Choose the menu QoSBandwidth ControlRate Limit to load the following page.  
Figure 9-10 Rate Limit  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Rate Limit Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port for Rate configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
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Ingress Rate(Kbps):  
Egress Rate(Kbps):  
Configure the bandwidth for receiving packets on the port. You can  
select a rate from the dropdown list or select "Manual" to set  
Ingress rate, the system will automatically select integral multiple  
of 64Kbps that closest to the rate you entered as the real Ingress  
rate.  
Configure the bandwidth for sending packets on the port. You can  
select a rate from the dropdown list or select "Manual" to set  
Egress rate, the system will automatically select integral multiple  
of 64Kbps that closest to the rate you entered as the real Egress  
rate.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
1. If you enable ingress rate limit feature for the storm control-enabled port, storm control feature  
will be disabled for this port.  
2. When selecting "Manual" to set Ingress/Egress rate, the system will automatically select  
integral multiple of 64Kbps that closest to the rate you entered as the real Ingress/Egress rate.  
For example, if you enter 1023Kbps for egress rate, the system will automatically select  
1024Kbps as the real Egress rate.  
3. When egress rate limit feature is enabled for one or more ports, you are suggested to disable  
the flow control on each port to ensure the switch works normally.  
9.2.2 Storm Control  
Storm Control function allows the switch to filter broadcast, multicast and UL frame in the network.  
If the transmission rate of the three kind packets exceeds the set bandwidth, the packets will be  
automatically discarded to avoid network broadcast storm.  
Choose the menu QoSBandwidth ControlStorm Control to load the following page.  
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Figure 9-11 Storm Control  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Storm Control Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for Storm Control configuration. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Broadcast:  
Multicast:  
UL-Frame:  
Rate (bps):  
Enable/Disable broadcast control feature for the port.  
Enable/Disable multicast control feature for the port.  
Enable/Disable UL-Frame control feature for the port.  
Select the bandwidth for receiving the specified packet on the port.  
The packet traffic exceeding the bandwidth will be discarded.  
LAG:  
Note:  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
If you enable storm control feature for the ingress rate limit-enabled port, ingress rate limit feature  
will be disabled for this port.  
9.3 Voice VLAN  
Voice VLANs are configured specially for voice data stream. By configuring Voice VLANs and  
adding the ports with voice devices attached to voice VLANs, you can perform QoS-related  
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configuration for voice data, ensuring the transmission priority of voice data stream and voice  
quality.  
OUI Address (Organizationally unique identifier address)  
The switch can determine whether a received packet is a voice packet by checking its source MAC  
address. If the source MAC address of a packet complies with the OUI addresses configured by  
the system, the packet is determined as voice packet and transmitted in voice VLAN.  
An OUI address is a unique identifier assigned by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics  
Engineers) to a device vendor. It comprises the first 24 bits of a MAC address. You can recognize  
which vendor a device belongs to according to the OUI address. The following table shows the  
OUI addresses of several manufacturers. The following OUI addresses are preset of the switch by  
default.  
Number OUI Address  
Vendor  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
00-01-E3-00-00-00  
Siemens phone  
00-03-6B-00-00-00  
00-04-0D-00-00-00  
00-60-B9-00-00-00  
Cisco phone  
Avaya phone  
Philips/NEC phone  
00-D0-1E-00-00-00 Pingtel phone  
00-E0-75-00-00-00 Polycom phone  
00-E0-BB-00-00-00 3com phone  
Table 9-1 OUI addresses on the switch  
Voice VLAN Port Mode  
A voice VLAN can operate in two modes: automatic mode and manual mode.  
Automatic Mode: In this mode, the switch will automatically add a port which receives voice  
packets to voice VLAN and determine the priority of the packets through learning the source MAC  
of the UNTAG packets sent from IP phone when it is powered on. The aging time of voice VLAN  
can be configured on the switch. If the switch does not receive any voice packet on the ingress  
port within the aging time, the switch will remove this port from voice VLAN. Voice ports are  
automatically added into or removed from voice VLAN.  
Manual Mode: You need to manually add the port of IP phone to voice VLAN.  
In practice, the port voice VLAN mode is configured according to the type of packets sent out from  
voice device and the link type of the port. The following table shows the detailed information.  
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Port Voice VLAN Voice  
Link type of the port and processing mode  
Mode  
Stream Type  
Automatic Mode  
TAG  
voice ACCESS: Not supported.  
stream  
TRUNK: Supported. The default VLAN of the port can not be  
voice VLAN.  
GENERAL: Supported. The default VLAN of the port can not  
be voice VLAN and the egress rule of the access port in the  
voice VLAN should be TAG.  
UNTAG voice ACCESS: Supported.  
stream  
TRUNK: Not supported.  
GENERAL: Supported. The default VLAN of the port should  
be voice VLAN and the egress rule of the access port in the  
voice VLAN should be UNTAG.  
Manual Mode  
TAG  
voice ACCESS: Not supported.  
stream  
TRUNKSupported. The default VLAN of the port should not  
be voice VLAN.  
GENERALSupported. The default VLAN of the port can not  
be voice VLAN and the egress rule of the access port in the  
voice VLAN should be TAG.  
UNTAG voice ACCESS: Supported.  
stream  
TRUNK: Not supported.  
GENERAL: Supported. The default VLAN of the port should  
be voice VLAN and the egress rule of the access port in the  
voice VLAN should be UNTAG.  
Table 9-2 Port voice VLAN mode and voice stream processing mode  
Note:  
Don’t transmit voice stream together with other business packets in the voice VLAN except for  
some special requirements.  
The Voice VLAN function can be implemented on Global Config, Port Config and OUI Config  
pages.  
9.3.1 Global Config  
On this page, you can configure the global parameters of the voice VLAN, including VLAN ID and  
aging time.  
Choose the menu QoSVoice VLANGlobal Config to load the following page.  
Figure 9-12 Global Configuration  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
Voice VLAN:  
VLAN ID:  
Select Enable/Disable Voice VLAN function.  
Enter the VLAN ID of the voice VLAN.  
Aging Time:  
Specifies the living time of the member port in auto mode after the  
OUI address is aging out.  
9.3.2 Port Config  
Before the voice VLAN function is enabled, the parameters of the ports in the voice VLAN should  
be configured on this page.  
Choose the menu QoSVoice VLANPort Config to load the following page.  
Figure 9-13 Port Config  
Note:  
To enable voice VLAN function for the LAG member port, please ensure its member state accords  
with its port mode.  
If a port is a member port of voice VLAN, changing its port mode to be “Auto” will make the port  
leave the voice VLAN and will not join the voice VLAN automatically until it receives voice streams.  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired port for voice VLAN configuration. It is  
multi-optional.  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Port Mode:  
Select the mode for the port to join the voice VLAN.  
Auto: In this mode, the switch automatically adds a port to the  
voice VLAN or removes a port from the voice VLAN by  
checking whether the port receives voice data or not.  
Manual: In this mode, you can manually add a port to the  
voice VLAN or remove a port from the voice VLAN.  
Security Mode:  
Configure the security mode for forwarding packets.  
Disable: All packets are forwarded.  
Enable: Only voice data are forwarded.  
Member State:  
LAG:  
Displays the state of the port in the current voice VLAN.  
Displays the LAG number which the port belongs to.  
9.3.3 OUI Config  
The switch supports OUI creation and adds the MAC address of the special voice device to the  
OUI table of the switch. The switch determines whether a received packet is a voice packet by  
checking its OUI address. The switch analyzes the received packets. If the packets are recognized  
as voice packets, the access port will be automatically added to the Voice VLAN.  
Choose the menu QoSVoice VLANOUI Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 9-14 OUI Configuration  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create OUI  
OUI:  
Enter the OUI address of the voice device.  
Enter the OUI address mask of the voice device.  
Give a description to the OUI for identification.  
Mask:  
Description:  
OUI Table  
Select:  
OUI:  
Select the desired entry to view the detailed information.  
Displays the OUI address of the voice device.  
Displays the OUI address mask of the voice device.  
Displays the description of the OUI.  
Mask:  
Description:  
Configuration Procedure of Voice VLAN:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
Configure the link type Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page,  
of the port  
configure the link type of ports of the voice device.  
Create VLAN  
Required. On VLAN802.1Q VLANPort Config page, click  
the Create button to create a VLAN.  
Add OUI address  
Optional. On QoSVoice VLANOUI Config page, you can  
check whether the switch is supporting the OUI template or not.  
If not, please add the OUI address.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
4
Configure  
the Required. On QoSVoice VLANPort Config page,  
parameters of the ports configure the parameters of the ports in voice VLAN.  
in voice VLAN  
5
Enable Voice VLAN  
Required. On QoSVoice VLANGlobal Config page,  
configure the global parameters of voice VLAN.  
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Chapter 10 ACL  
ACL (Access Control List) is used to filter packets by configuring match rules and process policies  
of packets in order to control the access of the illegal users to the network. Besides, ACL functions  
to control traffic flows and save network resources. It provides a flexible and secured access  
control policy and facilitates you to control the network security.  
On this switch, ACLs classify packets based on a series of match conditions, which can be L2-L4  
protocol key fields carried in the packets. A time-range based ACL enables you to implement ACL  
control over packets by differentiating the time-ranges.  
The ACL module is mainly for ACL configuration of the switch, including four submenus:  
Time-Range, ACL Config, Policy Config and Policy Binding.  
10.1 Time-Range  
If a configured ACL is needed to be effective in a specified time-range, a time-range should be  
firstly specified in the ACL. As the time-range based ACL takes effect only within the specified  
time-range, data packets can be filtered by differentiating the time-ranges.  
On this switch absolute time, week time and holiday can be configured. Configure an absolute time  
section in the form of “the start date to the end date” to make ACLs effective; configure a week time  
section to make ACLs effective on the fixed days of the week; configure a holiday section to make  
ACLs effective on some special days. In each time-range, four time-slices can be configured.  
The Time-Range configuration can be implemented on Time-Range Summary, Time-Range  
Create and Holiday Config pages.  
10.1.1 Time-Range Summary  
On this page you can view the current time-ranges.  
Choose the menu ACLTime-RangeTime-Range Summary to load the following page.  
Figure 10-1 Time-Range Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Time-Range Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding time-range.  
Displays the index of the time-range.  
Index:  
Time-Range Name: Displays the name of the time-range.  
Slice:  
Displays the time-slice of the time-range.  
Displays the mode the time-range adopts.  
Mode:  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the time-range. Click the Detail button to  
display the complete information of this time–range.  
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10.1.2 Time-Range Create  
On this page you can create time-ranges.  
Choose the menu ACLTime-RangeTime-Range Create to load the following page.  
Figure 10-2 Time-Range Create  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Time-Range  
Name:  
Enter the name of the time-range for time identification.  
Holiday:  
Select Holiday you set as a time-range. The ACL rule based on this  
time-range takes effect only when the system time is within the holiday.  
Absolute:  
Week:  
Select Absolute to configure absolute time-range. The ACL rule based  
on this time-range takes effect only when the system time is within the  
absolute time-range.  
Select Week to configure week time-range. The ACL rule based on this  
time-range takes effect only when the system time is within the week  
time-range.  
Create Time-Slice  
Start Time:  
Set the start time of the time-slice.  
Set the end time of the time-slice.  
End Time:  
Time-Slice Table  
Index:  
Displays the index of the time-slice.  
Start Time:  
End Time:  
Delete:  
Displays the start time of the time-slice.  
Displays the end time of the time-slice.  
Click the Delete button to delete the corresponding time-slice.  
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10.1.3 Holiday Config  
Holiday mode is applied as a different secured access control policy from the week mode. On this  
page you can define holidays according to your work arrangement.  
Choose the menu ACLTime-RangeHoliday Config to load the following page.  
Figure 10-3 Holiday Configuration  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Holiday  
Start Date:  
Specify the start date of the holiday.  
Specify the end date of the holiday.  
Enter the name of the holiday.  
End Date:  
Holiday Name:  
Holiday Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding holiday.  
Displays the index of the holiday.  
Index:  
Holiday Name:  
Start Date:  
End Date:  
Displays the name of the holiday.  
Displays the start date of the holiday.  
Displays the end date of the holiday.  
10.2 ACL Config  
An ACL may contain a number of rules, and each rule specifies a different package range. Packets  
are matched in match order. Once a rule is matched, the switch processes the matched packets  
taking the operation specified in the rule without considering the other rules, which can enhance  
the performance of the switch.  
The ACL Config function can be implemented on ACL Summary, ACL Create, MAC ACL,  
Standard-IP ACL and Extend-IP ACL pages.  
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10.2.1 ACL Summary  
On this page, you can view the current ACLs configured in the switch.  
Choose the menu ACLACL ConfigACL Summary to load the following page.  
Figure 10-4 ACL Summary  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
Select ACL:  
ACL Type:  
Rule Order:  
Select the ACL you have created  
Displays the type of the ACL you select.  
Displays the rule order of the ACL you select.  
Rule Table  
Display the rule table of the ACL you have selected. Here you can edit the rules, view the details of  
them, and move them up and down.  
10.2.2 ACL Create  
On this page you can create ACLs.  
Choose the menu ACLACL ConfigACL Create to load the following page.  
Figure 10-5 ACL Create  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create ACL  
ACL ID:  
Enter ACL ID of the ACL you want to create.  
Rule Order:  
User Config order is set to be match order in this ACL.  
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10.2.3 MAC ACL  
MAC ACLs analyze and process packets based on a series of match conditions, which can be the  
source MAC addresses, destination MAC addresses, VLAN ID, and EtherType carried in the  
packets.  
Choose the menu ACLACL ConfigMAC ACL to load the following page.  
Figure 10-6 Create MAC Rule  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create MAC ACL  
ACL ID:  
Select the desired MAC ACL for configuration.  
Enter the rule ID.  
Rule ID:  
Operation:  
Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the  
rules.  
Permit: Forward packets.  
Deny: Discard Packets.  
S-MAC:  
D-MAC:  
MASK:  
Enter the source MAC address contained in the rule.  
Enter the destination MAC address contained in the rule.  
Enter MAC address mask. If it is set to 1, it must strictly match the  
address.  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the VLAN ID contained in the rule.  
Enter EtherType contained in the rule.  
EtherType:  
User Priority:  
Select the user priority contained in the rule for the tagged packets to  
match.  
Time-Range:  
Select the time-range for the rule to take effect.  
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10.2.4 Standard-IP ACL  
Standard-IP ACLs analyze and process data packets based on a series of match conditions, which  
can be the source IP addresses and destination IP addresses carried in the packets.  
Choose the menu ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL to load the following page.  
Figure 10-7 Create Standard-IP Rule  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Standard-IP ACL  
ACL ID:  
Select the desired Standard-IP ACL for configuration.  
Rule ID:  
Enter the rule ID.  
Operation:  
Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the  
rules.  
Permit: Forward packets.  
Deny: Discard Packets.  
S-IP:  
D-IP:  
Mask:  
Enter the source IP address contained in the rule.  
Enter the destination IP address contained in the rule.  
Enter IP address mask. If it is set to 1, it must strictly match the  
address.  
Time-Range:  
Select the time-range for the rule to take effect.  
10.2.5 Extend-IP ACL  
Extend-IP ACLs analyze and process data packets based on a series of match conditions, which  
can be the source IP addresses, destination IP addresses, IP protocol and other information of this  
sort carried in the packets.  
Choose the menu ACLACL ConfigExtend-IP ACL to load the following page.  
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Figure 10-8 Create Extend-IP Rule  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Extend-IP ACL  
ACL ID:  
Select the desired Extend-IP ACL for configuration.  
Enter the rule ID.  
Rule ID:  
Operation:  
Select the operation for the switch to process packets which match the  
rules.  
Permit: Forward packets.  
Deny: Discard Packets.  
S-IP:  
D-IP:  
Mask:  
Enter the source IP address contained in the rule.  
Enter the destination IP address contained in the rule.  
Enter IP address mask. If it is set to 1, it must strictly match the  
address.  
IP Protocol:  
Select IP protocol contained in the rule.  
Configure TCP flag when TCP is selected from the pull-down list of IP  
Protocol.  
TCP Flag:  
S-Port:  
D-Port:  
Configure TCP/IP source port contained in the rule when TCP/UDP is  
selected from the pull-down list of IP Protocol.  
Configure TCP/IP destination port contained in the rule when  
TCP/UDP is selected from the pull-down list of IP Protocol.  
DSCP:  
Enter the DSCP information contained in the rule.  
Select the time-range for the rule to take effect.  
Time-Range:  
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10.3 Policy Config  
A Policy is used to control the data packets those match the corresponding ACL rules by  
configuring ACLs and actions together for effect. The operations here include stream mirror,  
stream condition, QoS remarking and redirect.  
The Policy Config can be implemented on Policy Summary, Police Create and Action Create  
pages.  
10.3.1 Policy Summary  
On this page, you can view the ACL and the corresponding operations in the policy.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy ConfigPolicy Summary to load the following page.  
Figure 10-9 Policy Summary  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
Select Policy:  
Select name of the desired policy for view. If you want to delete the  
desired policy, please click the Delete button.  
Action Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding policy.  
Enter the index of the policy.  
Index:  
ACL ID:  
Displays the ID of the ACL contained in the policy.  
Displays the source mirror port of the policy.  
Displays the source condition added to the policy.  
Displays the redirect added to the policy.  
Click the Edit button to modify the action.  
S-Mirror:  
S-Condition:  
Redirect:  
Operation:  
10.3.2 Policy Create  
On this page you can create the policy.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy ConfigPolicy Create to load the following page.  
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Figure 10-10 Create Policy  
Enter the name of the policy.  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Policy  
Policy Name:  
10.3.3 Action Create  
On this page you can add ACLs and create corresponding actions for the policy.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy ConfigAction Create to load the following page.  
Figure 10-11 Action Create  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Action  
Select Policy:  
Select ACL:  
S-Mirror:  
Select the name of the policy.  
Select the ACL for configuration in the policy.  
Select S-Mirror to mirror the data packets in the policy to the specific  
port.  
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S-Condition:  
Select S-Condition to limit the transmission rate of the data packets in  
the policy.  
Rate: Specify the forwarding rate of the data packets those match  
the corresponding ACL.  
Out of Band: Specify the disposal way of the data packets those  
are transmitted beyond the rate.  
Redirect:  
Select Redirect to change the forwarding direction of the data packets  
in the policy.  
Destination Port: Forward the data packets those match the  
corresponding ACL to the specific port.  
10.4 Policy Binding  
Policy Binding function can have the policy take its effect on a specific port/VLAN. The policy will  
take effect only when it is bound to a port/VLAN. In the same way, the port/VLAN will receive the  
data packets and process them based on the policy only when the policy is bound to the  
port/VLAN.  
The Policy Binding can be implemented on Binding Table, Port Binding and VLAN Binding  
pages.  
10.4.1 Binding Table  
On this page view the policy bound to port/VLAN.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy BindingBinding Table to load the following page.  
Figure 10-12 Binding Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
Show Mode:  
Select a show mode appropriate to your needs.  
Policy Bind Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding binding policy.  
Displays the index of the binding policy.  
Index:  
Policy Name:  
Interface:  
Direction:  
Displays the name of the binding policy.  
Displays the port number or VLAN ID bound to the policy.  
Displays the binding direction.  
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10.4.2 Port Binding  
On this page you can bind a policy to a port.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy BindingPort Binding to load the following page.  
Figure 10-13 Bind the policy to the port  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port-Bind Config  
Policy Name:  
Port:  
Select the name of the policy you want to bind.  
Enter the number of the port you want to bind.  
Port-Bind Table  
Index:  
Displays the index of the binding policy.  
Policy Name:  
Port:  
Displays the name of the binding policy.  
Displays the number of the port bound to the corresponding policy.  
Displays the binding direction.  
Direction:  
10.4.3 VLAN Binding  
On this page you can bind a policy to a VLAN.  
Choose the menu ACLPolicy BindingVLAN Binding to load the following page.  
Figure 10-14 Bind the policy to the VLAN  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
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VLAN-Bind Config  
Policy Name:  
VLAN ID:  
Select the name of the policy you want to bind.  
Enter the ID of the VLAN you want to bind.  
VLAN-Bind Table  
Index:  
Displays the index of the binding policy.  
Displays the name of the binding policy.  
Displays the ID of the VLAN bound to the corresponding policy.  
Displays the binding direction.  
Policy Name:  
VLAN ID:  
Direction:  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
Configure  
time-range  
effective Required. On ACLTime-Range configuration pages,  
configure the effective time-ranges for ACLs.  
Configure ACL rules  
Configure Policy  
Required. On ACLACL Config configuration pages,  
configure ACL rules to match packets.  
Required. On ACLPolicy Config configuration pages,  
configure the policy to control the data packets those match  
the corresponding ACL rules.  
4
Bind the policy to the Required. On ACLPolicy Binding configuration pages,  
port/VLAN  
bind the policy to the port/VLAN to make the policy effective  
on the corresponding port/VLAN.  
10.5 Application Example for ACL  
Network Requirements  
1. The manager of the R&D department can access to the forum of the company without any  
forbiddance. The MAC address of the manager is 00-64-A5-5D-12-C3.  
2. The staff of the R&D department can visit the forum during the working time.  
3. The staff of the marketing department can not visit the forum during the working time.  
4. The R&D department and marketing department can not communicate with each other.  
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Network Diagram  
Configuration Procedure  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Configure  
Time-range  
On ACLTime-Range page, create a time-range named work_time.  
Select Week mode and configure the week time from Monday to Friday.  
Add a time-slice 08:00~18:00.  
2
Configure  
for On ACLACL ConfigACL Create page, create ACL 11.  
requirement 1  
On ACLACL ConfigMAC ACL page, select ACL 11, create Rule 1,  
configure the operation as Permit, configure the S-MAC as  
00-64-A5-5D-12-C3 and mask as FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF, and configure  
the time-range as No Limit.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigPolicy Create page, create a policy named  
manager.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigAction Create page, add ACL 11 to Policy  
manager.  
On ACLPolicy BindingPort Binding page, select Policy manager  
to bind to port 3.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
3
Configure  
requirement  
and 4  
for On ACLACL ConfigACL Create page, create ACL 100.  
2
On ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL page, select ACL 100,  
create Rule 1, configure operation as Deny, configure S-IP as  
10.10.70.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.50.0  
and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure the time-range as No Limit.  
On ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL page, select ACL 100,  
create Rule 2, configure operation as Permit, configure S-IP as  
10.10.70.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.88.5  
and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure the time-range as work_time.  
On ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL page, select ACL 100,  
create Rule 3, configure operation as Deny, configure S-IP as  
10.10.70.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.88.5  
and mask as 255.255.255.255, configure the time-range as No Limit.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigPolicy Create page, create a policy named  
limit1.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigAction Create page, add ACL 100 to Policy  
limit1.  
On ACLPolicy BindingPort Binding page, select Policy limit1 to  
bind to port 3.  
4
Configure  
requirement  
and 4  
for On ACLACL ConfigACL Create page, create ACL 101.  
3
On ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL page, select ACL 101,  
create Rule 4, configure operation as Deny, configure S-IP as  
10.10.50.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.70.0  
and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure the time-range as No Limit.  
On ACLACL ConfigStandard-IP ACL page, select ACL 101,  
create Rule 5, configure operation as Deny, configure S-IP as  
10.10.50.0 and mask as 255.255.255.0, configure D-IP as 10.10.88.5  
and mask as 255.255.255.255, configure the time-range as work_time.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigPolicy Create page, create a policy named  
limit2.  
On ACLPolicy ConfigAction Create page, add ACL 101 to Policy  
limit2.  
On ACLPolicy BindingPort Binding page, select Policy limit2 to  
bind to port 4.  
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Chapter 11 Network Security  
Network Security module is to provide the multiple protection measures for the network security,  
including five submenus: IP-MAC Binding, ARP Inspection, DoS Defend and 802.1X. Please  
configure the functions appropriate to your need.  
11.1 IP-MAC Binding  
The IP-MAC Binding function allows you to bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the  
connected Port number of the Host together. Basing on the IP-MAC binding table and ARP  
Inspection functions can control the network access and only allow the Hosts matching the bound  
entries to access the network.  
The following three IP-MAC Binding methods are supported by the switch.  
1Manually: You can manually bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the Port  
number together in the condition that you have got the related information of the Hosts in the  
LAN.  
2Scanning: You can quickly get the information of the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID  
and the connected port number of the Hosts in the LAN via the ARP Scanning function,  
and bind them conveniently. You are only requested to enter the IP address on the ARP  
Scanning page for the scanning.  
3DHCP Snooping: You can use DHCP Snooping functions to monitor the process of the  
Host obtaining the IP address from DHCP server, and record the IP address, MAC address,  
VLAN and the connected Port number of the Host for automatic binding.  
These three methods are also considered as the sources of the IP-MAC Binding entries. The  
entries from various sources should be different from one another to avoid collision. Among the  
entries in collision, only the entry from the source with the highest priority will take effect. These  
three sources (Manual, Scanning and Snooping) are in descending order of priority.  
The IP-MAC Binding function is implemented on the Binding Table, Manual Binding, ARP  
Scanning and DHCP Snooping pages.  
11.1.1 Binding Table  
On this page, you can view the information of the bound entries.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityIP-MAC BindingBinding Table to load the following  
page.  
Figure 11-1 Binding Table  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Search Option  
Source:  
Select a Source from the pull-down list and click the Search  
button to view your desired entry in the Binding Table.  
All: All the bound entries will be displayed.  
Manual: Only the manually added entries will be  
displayed.  
Scanning: Only the entries formed via ARP Scanning will  
be displayed.  
Snooping: Only the entries formed via DHCP Snooping  
will be displayed.  
Binding Table  
IP Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding entry  
based on the IP address you entered.  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to modify the Host Name and Protect  
Type. It is multi-optional.  
Host Name:  
IP Address:  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the Host Name here.  
Displays the IP address of the Host.  
Displays the MAC address of the Host.  
Displays the VLAN ID here.  
Port:  
Displays the number of port connected to the Host.  
Allows you to view and modify the Protect Type of the entry.  
Displays the Source of the entry.  
Protect Type:  
Source:  
Collision:  
Displays the Collision status of the entry.  
Warning: Indicates that the collision may be caused by the  
MSTP function.  
Critical: Indicates that the entry has a collision with the  
other entries.  
Note:  
1. Among the entries with Critical collision level, the one with the highest Source priority will take  
effect.  
2. Among the conflicting entries with the same Source priority, only the last added or edited one  
will take effect.  
11.1.2 Manual Binding  
You can manually bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the Port number together in  
the condition that you have got the related information of the Hosts in the LAN.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityIP-MAC BindingManual Binding to load the following  
page.  
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Figure 11-2 Manual Binding  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Manual Binding Option  
Host Name:  
IP Address:  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Enter the Host Name.  
Enter the IP address of the Host.  
Enter the MAC address of the Host.  
Enter the VLAN ID.  
Port:  
Select the number of port connected to the Host.  
Select the Protect Type for the entry.  
Protect Type:  
Manual Binding Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to be deleted. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the Host Name here.  
Host Name:  
IP Address:  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the IP address of the Host.  
Displays the MAC address of the Host.  
Displays the VLAN ID here.  
Port:  
Displays the number of port connected to the Host.  
Displays the Protect Type of the entry.  
Displays the Collision status of the entry.  
Protect Type:  
Collision:  
Warning: Indicates that the collision may be caused by  
the MSTP function.  
Critical: Indicates that the entry has a collision with the  
other entries.  
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11.1.3 ARP Scanning  
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to analyze and map IP addresses to the corresponding  
MAC addresses so that packets can be delivered to their destinations correctly. IP address is the  
address of the Host on Network layer. MAC address, the address of the Host on Data link layer, is  
necessary for the packet to reach the very device. So the destination IP address carried in a  
packet need to be translated into the corresponding MAC address.  
ARP functions to translate the IP address into the corresponding MAC address and maintain an  
ARP Table, where the latest used IP address-to-MAC address mapping entries are stored. When  
the Host communicates with a strange Host, ARP works as the following figure shown.  
Figure 11-3 ARP Implementation Procedure  
1Suppose there are two hosts in the LAN: Host A and Host B. To send a packet to Host B,  
Host A checks its own ARP Table first to see if the ARP entry related to the IP address of Host  
B exists. If yes, Host A will directly send the packets to Host B. If the corresponding MAC  
address is not found in the ARP Table, Host A will broadcast ARP request packet, which  
contains the IP address of Host B, the IP address of Host A, and the MAC address of Host A,  
in the LAN.  
2Since the ARP request packet is broadcasted, all hosts in the LAN can receive it. However,  
only the Host B recognizes and responds to the request. Host B sends back an ARP reply  
packet to Host A, with its MAC address carried in the packet.  
3Upon receiving the ARP reply packet, Host A adds the IP address and the corresponding  
MAC address of Host B to its ARP Table for the further packets forwarding.  
ARP Scanning function enables the switch to send the ARP request packets of the specified IP  
field to the Hosts in the LAN or VLAN. Upon receiving the ARP reply packet, the switch can get the  
IP address, MAC address, VLAN and the connected port number of the Host by analyzing the  
packet and bind them conveniently.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityIP-MAC BindingARP Scanning to load the following  
page.  
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Figure 11-4 ARP Scanning  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Scanning Option  
Start IP Address:  
End IP Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Specify the Start IP address.  
Specify the End IP address.  
Enter the VLAN ID. If blank, the switch will send the untagged  
packets for scanning.  
Scan:  
Click the Scan button to scan the Hosts in the LAN.  
Scanning Result  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to be bound or deleted.  
Displays the Host Name here.  
Host Name:  
IP Address:  
MAC Address:  
VLAN ID:  
Displays the IP address of the Host.  
Displays the MAC address of the Host.  
Displays the VLAN ID here.  
Port:  
Displays the number of port connected to the Host.  
Displays the Protect Type of the entry.  
Displays the Collision status of the entry.  
Protect Type:  
Collision:  
Warning: Indicates that the collision may be caused by the  
MSTP function.  
Critical: Indicates that the entry has a collision with the  
other entries.  
11.1.4 DHCP Snooping  
Nowadays, the network is getting larger and more complicated. The amount of the PCs always  
exceeds that of the assigned IP addresses. The wireless network and the laptops are widely used  
and the locations of the PCs are always changed. Therefore, the corresponding IP address of the  
PC should be updated with a few configurations. DHCPDynamic Host Configuration Protocol, the  
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network configuration protocol optimized and developed basing on the BOOTP, functions to solve  
the above mentioned problems.  
DHCP Working Principle  
DHCP works via the “Client/Server” communication mode. The Client applies to the Server for  
configuration. The Server assigns the configuration information, such as the IP address, to the  
Client, so as to reach a dynamic employ of the network source. A Server can assign the IP  
address for several Clients, which is illustrated in the following figure.  
Figure 11-5 Network diagram for DHCP-snooping implementation  
For different DHCP Clients, DHCP Server provides three IP address assigning methods:  
1Manually assign the IP address: Allows the administrator to bind the static IP address to  
the specific Client (e.g.: WWW Server) via the DHCP Server.  
2Automatically assign the IP address: DHCP Server assigns the IP address without an  
expiration time limitation to the Clients.  
3Dynamically assign the IP address: DHCP Server assigns the IP address with an  
expiration time. When the time for the IP address expired, the Client should apply for a  
new one.  
The most Clients obtain the IP addresses dynamically, which is illustrated in the following figure.  
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Figure 11-6 Interaction between a DHCP client and a DHCP server  
1DHCP-DISCOVER Stage: The Client broadcasts the DHCP-DISCOVER packet to find the  
DHCP Server.  
2DHCP-OFFER Stage: Upon receiving the DHCP-DISCOVER packet, the DHCP Server  
selects an IP address from the IP pool according to the assigning priority of the IP  
addresses and replies to the Client with DHCP-OFFER packet carrying the IP address and  
other information.  
3DHCP-REQUEST Stage: In the situation that there are several DHCP Servers sending the  
DHCP-OFFER packets, the Client will only respond to the first received DHCP-OFFER  
packet and broadcast the DHCP-REQUEST packet which includes the assigned IP  
address of the DHCP-OFFER packet.  
4DHCP-ACK Stage: Since the DHCP-REQUEST packet is broadcasted, all DHCP Servers  
on the network segment can receive it. However, only the requested Server processes the  
request. If the DHCP Server acknowledges assigning this IP address to the Client, it will  
send the DHCP-ACK packet back to the Client. Otherwise, the Server will send the  
DHCP-NAK packet to refuse assigning this IP address to the Client.  
Option 82  
The DHCP packets are classified into 8 types with the same format basing on the format of  
BOOTP packet. The difference between DHCP packet and BOOTP packet is the Option field. The  
Option field of the DHCP packet is used to expand the function, for example, the DHCP can  
transmit the control information and network parameters via the Option field, so as to assign the IP  
address to the Client dynamically. For the details of the DHCP Option, please refer to RFC 2132.  
Option 82 records the location of the DHCP Client. Upon receiving the DHCP-REQUEST packet,  
the switch adds the Option 82 to the packet and then transmits the packet to DHCP Server.  
Administrator can be acquainted with the location of the DHCP Client via Option 82 so as to locate  
the DHCP Client for fulfilling the security control and account management of Client. The Server  
supported Option 82 also can set the distribution policy of IP addresses and the other parameters  
according to the Option 82, providing more flexible address distribution way.  
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Option 82 can contain 255 sub-options at most. If Option 82 is defined, at least a sub-option  
should be defined. This switch supports two sub-options: Circuit ID and Remote ID. Since there is  
no universal standard about the content of Option 82, different manufacturers define the  
sub-options of Option 82 to their need. For this switch, the sub-options are defined as the following:  
The Circuit ID is defined to be the number of the port which receives the DHCP Request packets  
and its VLAN number. The Remote ID is defined to be the MAC address of DHCP Snooping  
device which receives the DHCP Request packets from DHCP Clients.  
DHCP Cheating Attack  
During the working process of DHCP, generally there is no authentication mechanism between  
Server and Client. If there are several DHCP servers in the network, network confusion and  
security problem will happen. The common cases incurring the illegal DHCP servers are the  
following two:  
1It’s common that the illegal DHCP server is manually configured by the user by mistake.  
2Hacker exhausted the IP addresses of the normal DHCP server and then pretended to be  
a legal DHCP server to assign the IP addresses and the other parameters to Clients. For  
example, hacker used the pretended DHCP server to assign a modified DNS server  
address to users so as to induce the users to the evil financial website or electronic trading  
website and cheat the users of their accounts and passwords. The following figure  
illustrates the DHCP Cheating Attack implementation procedure.  
Figure 11-7 DHCP Cheating Attack Implementation Procedure  
DHCP Snooping feature only allows the port connected to the DHCP Server as the trusted port to  
forward DHCP packets and thereby ensures that users get proper IP addresses. DHCP Snooping  
is to monitor the process of the Host obtaining the IP address from DHCP server, and record the IP  
address, MAC address, VLAN and the connected Port number of the Host for automatic binding.  
The bound entry can cooperate with the ARP Inspection and the other security protection features.  
DHCP Snooping feature prevents the network from the DHCP Server Cheating Attack by  
discarding the DHCP packets on the distrusted port, so as to enhance the network security.  
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Choose the menu Network SecurityIP-MAC BindingDHCP Snooping to load the following  
page.  
Figure 11-8 DHCP Snooping  
Note:  
If you want to enable the DHCP Snooping feature for the member port of LAG, please ensure the  
parameters of all the member ports are the same.  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
DHCP Snooping Config  
DHCP Snooping:  
Enable/Disable the DHCP Snooping function globally.  
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Global Flow Control:  
Decline Threshold:  
Decline Flow Control:  
Select the value to specify the maximum amount of DHCP  
messages that can be forwarded by the switch per second. The  
excessive massages will be discarded.  
Select the value to specify the minimum transmission rate of the  
Decline packets to trigger the Decline protection for the specific  
port.  
Select the value to specify the Decline Flow Control. The traffic  
flow of the corresponding port will be limited to be this value if  
the transmission rate of the Decline packets exceeds the  
Decline Threshold.  
Option 82 Config  
Option 82 Support:  
Enable/Disable the Option 82 feature.  
Existed Option 82 field:  
Select the operation for the Option 82 field of the DHCP request  
packets from the Host.  
Keep: Indicates to keep the Option 82 field of the packets.  
Replace: Indicates to replace the Option 82 field of the  
packets with the switch defined one.  
Drop: Indicates to discard the packets including the Option  
82 field.  
Customization:  
Circuit ID:  
Enable/Disable the switch to define the Option 82.  
Enter the sub-option Circuit ID for the customized Option 82.  
Enter the sub-option Remote ID for the customized Option 82.  
Remote ID:  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Port:  
Trusted Port:  
Select Enable/Disable the port to be a Trusted Port. Only the  
Trusted Port can receive the DHCP packets from DHCP  
servers.  
MAC Verify:  
Select Enable/Disable the MAC Verify feature. There are two  
fields of the DHCP packet containing the MAC address of the  
Host. The MAC Verify feature is to compare the two fields and  
discard the packet if the two fields are different.  
Flow Control:  
Select Enable/Disable the Flow Control feature for the DHCP  
packets. The excessive DHCP packets will be discarded.  
Decline Protect:  
LAG:  
Select Enable/Disable the Decline Protect feature.  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs to.  
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11.2 ARP Inspection  
According to the ARP Implementation Procedure stated in 11.1.3 ARP Scanning, it can be found  
that ARP protocol can facilitate the Hosts in the same network segment to communicate with one  
another or access to external network via Gateway. However, since ARP protocol is implemented  
with the premise that all the Hosts and Gateways are trusted, there are high security risks during  
ARP Implementation Procedure in the actual complex network. Thus, the cheating attacks against  
ARP, such as imitating Gateway, cheating Gateway, cheating terminal Hosts and ARP Flooding  
Attack, frequently occur to the network, especially to the large network such as campus network  
and so on. The following part will simply introduce these ARP attacks.  
Imitating Gateway  
The attacker sends the MAC address of a forged Gateway to Host, and then the Host will  
automatically update the ARP table after receiving the ARP response packets, which causes that  
the Host can not access the network normally. The ARP Attack implemented by imitating Gateway  
is illustrated in the following figure.  
Figure 11-9 ARP Attack - Imitating Gateway  
As the above figure shown, the attacker sends the fake ARP packets with a forged Gateway  
address to the normal Host, and then the Host will automatically update the ARP table after  
receiving the ARP packets. When the Host tries to communicate with Gateway, the Host will  
encapsulate this false destination MAC address for packets, which results in a breakdown of the  
normal communication.  
Cheating Gateway  
The attacker sends the wrong IP address-to-MAC address mapping entries of Hosts to the  
Gateway, which causes that the Gateway can not communicate with the legal terminal Hosts  
normally. The ARP Attack implemented by cheating Gateway is illustrated in the following figure.  
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Figure 11-10 ARP Attack – Cheating Gateway  
As the above figure shown, the attacker sends the fake ARP packets of Host A to the Gateway,  
and then the Gateway will automatically update its ARP table after receiving the ARP packets.  
When the Gateway tries to communicate with Host A in LAN, it will encapsulate this false  
destination MAC address for packets, which results in a breakdown of the normal communication.  
Cheating Terminal Hosts  
The attacker sends the false IP address-to-MAC address mapping entries of terminal Host/Server  
to another terminal Host, which causes that the two terminal Hosts in the same network segment  
can not communicate with each other normally. The ARP Attack implemented by cheating terminal  
Hosts is illustrated in the following figure.  
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Figure 11-11 ARP Attack – Cheating Terminal Hosts  
As the above figure shown, the attacker sends the fake ARP packets of Host A to Host B, and then  
Host B will automatically update its ARP table after receiving the ARP packets. When Host B tries  
to communicate with Host A, it will encapsulate this false destination MAC address for packets,  
which results in a breakdown of the normal communication.  
Man-In-The-Middle Attack  
The attacker continuously sends the false ARP packets to the Hosts in LAN so as to make the  
Hosts maintain the wrong ARP table. When the Hosts in LAN communicate with one another, they  
will send the packets to the attacker according to the wrong ARP table. Thus, the attacker can get  
and process the packets before forwarding them. During the procedure, the communication  
packets information between the two Hosts are stolen in the case that the Hosts were unaware of  
the attack. That is called Man-In-The-Middle Attack. The Man-In-The-Middle Attack is illustrated in  
the following figure.  
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Figure 11-12 Man-In-The-Middle Attack  
Suppose there are three Hosts in LAN connected with one another through a switch.  
Host A: IP address is 192.168.0.101; MAC address is 00-00-00-11-11-11.  
Host B: IP address is 192.168.0.102; MAC address is 00-00-00-22-22-22.  
Attacker: IP address is 192.168.0.103; MAC address is 00-00-00-33-33-33.  
1. First, the attacker sends the false ARP response packets.  
2. Upon receiving the ARP response packets, Host A and Host B updates the ARP table of  
their own.  
3. When Host A communicates with Host B, it will send the packets to the false destination  
MAC address, i.e. to the attacker, according to the updated ARP table.  
4. After receiving the communication packets between Host A and Host B, the attacker  
processes and forwards the packets to the correct destination MAC address, which  
makes Host A and Host B keep a normal-appearing communication.  
5. The attacker continuously sends the false ARP packets to the Host A and Host B so as to  
make the Hosts always maintain the wrong ARP table.  
In the view of Host A and Host B, their packets are directly sent to each other. But in fact, there is a  
Man-In-The-Middle stolen the packets information during the communication procedure. This kind  
of ARP attack is called Man-In-The-Middle attack.  
ARP Flooding Attack  
The attacker broadcasts a mass of various fake ARP packets in a network segment to occupy the  
network bandwidth viciously, which results in a dramatic slowdown of network speed. Meantime,  
the Gateway learns the false IP address-to-MAC address mapping entries from these ARP  
packets and updates its ARP table. As a result, the ARP table is fully occupied by the false entries  
and unable to learn the ARP entries of legal Hosts, which causes that the legal Hosts can not  
access the external network.  
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The IP-MAC Binding function allows the switch to bind the IP address, MAC address, VLAN ID  
and the connected Port number of the Host together when the Host connects to the switch. Basing  
on the predefined IP-MAC Binding entries, the ARP Inspection functions to detect the ARP packets  
and filter the illegal ARP packet so as to prevent the network from ARP attacks.  
The ARP Inspection function is implemented on the ARP Detect, ARP Defend and ARP  
Statistics pages.  
11.2.1 ARP Detect  
ARP Detect feature enables the switch to detect the ARP packets basing on the bound entries in  
the IP-MAC Binding Table and filter the illegal ARP packets, so as to prevent the network from  
ARP attacks, such as the Network Gateway Spoofing and Man-In-The-Middle Attack, etc.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityARP InspectionARP Detect to load the following page.  
Figure 11-13 ARP Detect  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
ARP Detect  
ARP Detect:  
Enable/Disable the ARP Detect function, and click the Apply  
button to apply.  
Trusted Port  
Trusted Port:  
Select the port for which the ARP Detect function is  
unnecessary as the Trusted Port. The specific ports, such as  
up-linked port, routing port and LAG port, should be set as  
Trusted Port. To ensure the normal communication of the  
switch, please configure the ARP Trusted Port before enabling  
the ARP Detect function.  
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Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Bind the IP address, MAC Required. On the IP-MAC Binding page, bind the IP  
address, VLAN ID and the address, MAC address, VLAN ID and the connected Port  
connected Port number of number of the Host together via Manual Binding, ARP  
the Host together.  
Scanning or DHCP Snooping.  
2
3
Enable the protection for the Required. On the Network SecurityIP-MAC  
bound entry.  
BindingBinding Table page, specify a protect type for  
the corresponding bound entry.  
Specify the trusted port.  
Required.  
On  
the  
Network  
SecurityARP  
InspectionARP Detect page, specify the trusted port.  
The specific ports, such as up-linked port, routing port  
and LAG port, should be set as Trusted Port.  
4
Enable ARP Detect feature. Required.  
On  
the  
Network  
SecurityARP  
InspectionARP Detect page, enable the ARP Detect  
feature.  
11.2.2 ARP Defend  
With the ARP Defend enabled, the switch can terminate receiving the ARP packets for 300  
seconds when the transmission speed of the legal ARP packet on the port exceeds the defined  
value so as to avoid ARP Attack flood.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityARP InspectionARP Defend to load the following page.  
Figure 11-14 ARP Defend  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
ARP Defend  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Defend:  
Speed:  
Select Enable/Disable the ARP Defend feature for the port.  
Enter a value to specify the maximum amount of the received ARP  
packets per second.  
Current Speed:  
Status:  
Displays the current speed of the received ARP packets.  
Displays the status of the ARP attack.  
LAG:  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs to.  
Operation:  
Click the Recover button to restore the port to the normal status.  
The ARP Defend for this port will be re-enabled.  
Note:  
1. It’s not recommended to enable the ARP Defend feature for the LAG member port.  
2. ARP Detect and ARP Defend can’t be enabled at the same time.  
11.2.3 ARP Statistics  
ARP Statistics feature displays the number of the illegal ARP packets received on each port, which  
facilitates you to locate the network malfunction and take the related protection measures.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityARP InspectionARP Statistics to load the following  
page.  
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Figure 11-15 ARP Statistics  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Enable/Disable the Auto Refresh feature.  
Refresh Interval:  
Specify the refresh interval to display the ARP Statistics.  
Illegal ARP Packet  
Port:  
Displays the port number.  
Trusted Port:  
Illegal ARP Packet:  
Indicates the port is an ARP Trusted Port or not.  
Displays the number of the received illegal ARP packets.  
11.3 DoS Defend  
DoS (Denial of Service) Attack is to occupy the network bandwidth maliciously by the network  
attackers or the evil programs sending a lot of service requests to the Host, which incurs an  
abnormal service or even breakdown of the network.  
With DoS Defend function enabled, the switch can analyze the specific fields of the IP packets and  
distinguish the malicious DoS attack packets. Upon detecting the packets, the switch will discard  
the illegal packets directly and limit the transmission rate of the legal packets if the over legal  
packets may incur a breakdown of the network. The switch can defend a few types of DoS attack  
listed in the following table.  
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DoS Attack Type  
Description  
Scan SYNFIN  
The attacker sends the packet with its SYN field and the FIN field set to 1.  
The SYN field is used to request initial connection whereas the FIN field is  
used to request disconnection. Therefore, the packet of this type is illegal.  
The switch can defend this type of illegal packet.  
Xmascan  
The attacker sends the illegal packet with its TCP index, FIN, URG and  
PSH field set to 1.  
NULL Scan Attack  
The attacker sends the illegal packet with its TCP index and all the control  
fields set to 0. During the TCP connection and data transmission, the  
packets with all the control fields set to 0 are considered as the illegal  
packets.  
SYN packet with its source port  
less than 1024  
The attacker sends the illegal packet with its TCP SYN field set to 1 and  
source port less than 1024.  
Ping Flooding  
The attacker floods the destination system with Ping broadcast storm  
packets to forbid the system to respond to the legal communication.  
SYN/SYN-ACK Flooding  
The attacker uses a fake IP address to send TCP request packets to the  
Server. Upon receiving the request packets, the Server responds with  
SYN-ACK packets. Since the IP address is fake, no response will be  
returned. The Server will keep on sending SYN-ACK packets. If the attacker  
sends overflowing fake request packets, the network resource will be  
occupied maliciously and the requests of the legal clients will be denied.  
Table 11-1 Defendable DoS Attack Types  
On this page, you can enable the DoS Defend type appropriate to your need.  
Choose the menu Network SecurityDoS DefendDoS Defend to load the following page.  
Figure 11-16 DoS Defend  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
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Config  
DoS Protection:  
Defend Table  
Allows you to Enable/Disable DoS Defend function.  
Select:  
Select the entry to enable the corresponding Defend Type.  
Displays the Defend Type name.  
Defend Type:  
Tips:  
You are suggested to take the following further steps to ensure the network security.  
1. It’s recommended to inspect and repair the system vulnerability regularly. It is also necessary  
to install the system bulletins and backup the important information in time.  
2. The network administrator is suggested to inspect the physic environment of the network and  
block the unnecessary network services.  
3. Enhance the network security via the protection devices, such as the hardware firewall.  
11.4 802.1X  
The 802.1X protocol was developed by IEEE802 LAN/WAN committee to deal with the security  
issues of wireless LANs. It was then used in Ethernet as a common access control mechanism for  
LAN ports to solve mainly authentication and security problems.  
802.1X is a port-based network access control protocol. It authenticates and controls devices  
requesting for access in terms of the ports of LAN access control devices. With the 802.1X  
protocol enabled, a supplicant can access the LAN only when it passes the authentication,  
whereas those failing to pass the authentication are denied when accessing the LAN.  
Architecture of 802.1X Authentication  
802.1X adopts a client/server architecture with three entities: a supplicant system, an  
authenticator system, and an authentication server system, as shown in the following figure.  
Figure 11-17 Architecture of 802.1X authentication  
1Supplicant System: The supplicant system is an entity in LAN and is authenticated by the  
authenticator system. The supplicant system is usually a common user terminal computer.  
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An 802.1X authentication is initiated when a user launches client program on the  
supplicant system. Note that the client program must support the 802.1X authentication  
protocol.  
2Authenticator System: The authenticator system is usually an 802.1X-supported network  
device, such as this TP-LINK switch. It provides the physical or logical port for the  
supplicant system to access the LAN and authenticates the supplicant system.  
3Authentication Server System: The authentication server system is an entity that  
provides authentication service to the authenticator system. Normally in the form of a  
RADIUS server. Authentication Server can store user information and serve to perform  
authentication and authorization. To ensure a stable authentication system, an alternate  
authentication server can be specified. If the main authentication server is in trouble, the  
alternate authentication server can substitute it to provide normal authentication service.  
The Mechanism of an 802.1X Authentication System  
IEEE 802.1X authentication system uses EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) to exchange  
information between the supplicant system and the authentication server.  
1EAP protocol packets transmitted between the supplicant system and the authenticator  
system are encapsulated as EAPOL packets.  
2EAP protocol packets transmitted between the authenticator system and the RADIUS  
server can either be encapsulated as EAPOR (EAP over RADIUS) packets or be  
terminated at authenticator system and the authenticator system then communicate with  
RADIUS servers through PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) or CHAP (Challenge  
Handshake Authentication Protocol) protocol packets.  
3When a supplicant system passes the authentication, the authentication server passes the  
information about the supplicant system to the authenticator system. The authenticator  
system in turn determines the state (authorized or unauthorized) of the controlled port  
according to the instructions (accept or reject) received from the RADIUS server.  
802.1X Authentication Procedure  
An 802.1X authentication can be initiated by supplicant system or authenticator system. When the  
authenticator system detects an unauthenticated supplicant in LAN, it will initiate the 802.1X  
authentication by sending EAP-Request/Identity packets to the supplicant. The supplicant system  
can also launch an 802.1X client program to initiate an 802.1X authentication through the sending  
of an EAPOL-Start packet to the switch,  
This TP-LINK switch can authenticate supplicant systems in EAP relay mode or EAP terminating  
mode. The following illustration of these two modes will take the 802.1X authentication procedure  
initiated by the supplicant system for example.  
1EAP Relay Mode  
This mode is defined in 802.1X. In this mode, EAP-packets are encapsulated in higher level  
protocol (such as EAPOR) packets to allow them successfully reach the authentication server.  
This mode normally requires the RADIUS server to support the two fields of EAP: the  
EAP-message field and the Message-authenticator field. This switch supports EAP-MD5  
authentication way for the EAP relay mode. The following figure describes the basic EAP-MD5  
authentication procedure.  
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Figure 11-18 EAP-MD5 Authentication Procedure  
1. A supplicant system launches an 802.1X client program via its registered user name and  
password to initiate an access request through the sending of an EAPOL-Start packet to the  
switch. The 802.1X client program then forwards the packet to the switch to start the  
authentication process.  
2. Upon receiving the authentication request packet, the switch sends an EAP-Request/Identity  
packet to ask the 802.1X client program for the user name.  
3. The 802.1X client program responds by sending an EAP-Response/Identity packet to the  
switch with the user name included. The switch then encapsulates the packet in a RADIUS  
Access-Request packet and forwards it to the RADIUS server.  
4. Upon receiving the user name from the switch, the RADIUS server retrieves the user name,  
finds the corresponding password by matching the user name in its database, encrypts the  
password using a randomly-generated key, and sends the key to the switch through an  
RADIUS Access-Challenge packet. The switch then sends the key to the 802.1X client  
program.  
5. Upon receiving the key (encapsulated in an EAP-Request/MD5 Challenge packet) from the  
switch, the client program encrypts the password of the supplicant system with the key and  
sends the encrypted password (contained in an EAP-Response/MD5 Challenge packet) to  
the RADIUS server through the switch. (The encryption is irreversible.)  
6. The RADIUS server compares the received encrypted password (contained in a RADIUS  
Access-Request packet) with the locally-encrypted password. If the two match, it will then  
send feedbacks (through a RADIUS Access-Accept packet and an EAP-Success packet) to  
the switch to indicate that the supplicant system is authorized.  
7. The switch changes the state of the corresponding port to accepted state to allow the  
supplicant system access the network. And then the switch will monitor the status of  
supplicant by sending hand-shake packets periodically. By default, the switch will force the  
supplicant to log off if it can not get the response from the supplicant for two times.  
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8. The supplicant system can also terminate the authenticated state by sending EAPOL-Logoff  
packets to the switch. The switch then changes the port state from accepted to rejected.  
2EAP Terminating Mode  
In this mode, packet transmission is terminated at authenticator systems and the EAP packets are  
mapped into RADIUS packets. Authentication and accounting are accomplished through RADIUS  
protocol.  
In this mode, PAP or CHAP is employed between the switch and the RADIUS server. This switch  
supports the PAP terminating mode. The authentication procedure of PAP is illustrated in the  
following figure.  
Figure 11-19 PAP Authentication Procedure  
In PAP mode, the switch encrypts the password and sends the user name, the  
randomly-generated key, and the supplicant system-encrypted password to the RADIUS server for  
further authentication. Whereas the randomly-generated key in EAP-MD5 relay mode is generated  
by the authentication server, and the switch is responsible to encapsulate the authentication  
packet and forward it to the RADIUS server.  
802.1X Timer  
In 802.1 x authentication, the following timers are used to ensure that the supplicant system, the  
switch, and the RADIUS server interact in an orderly way:  
1Supplicant system timer (Supplicant Timeout): This timer is triggered by the switch  
after the switch sends a request packet to a supplicant system. The switch will resend the  
request packet to the supplicant system if the supplicant system fails to respond in the  
specified timeout period.  
2RADIUS server timer (Server Timeout): This timer is triggered by the switch after the  
switch sends an authentication request packet to RADIUS server. The switch will resend  
the authentication request packet if the RADIUS server fails to respond in the specified  
timeout period.  
3Quiet-period timer (Quiet Period): This timer sets the quiet-period. When a supplicant  
system fails to pass the authentication, the switch quiets for the specified period before it  
processes another authentication request re-initiated by the supplicant system.  
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Guest VLAN  
Guest VLAN function enables the supplicants that do not pass the authentication to access the  
specific network resource.  
By default, all the ports connected to the supplicants belong to a VLAN, i.e. Guest VLAN. Users  
belonging to the Guest VLAN can access the resources of the Guest VLAN without being  
authenticated. But they need to be authenticated before accessing external resources. After  
passing the authentication, the ports will be removed from the Guest VLAN and be allowed to  
access the other resources.  
With the Guest VLAN function enabled, users can access the Guest VLAN to install 802.1X client  
program or upgrade their 802.1x clients without being authenticated. If there is no supplicant past  
the authentication on the port in a certain time, the switch will add the port to the Guest VLAN.  
With 802.1X function enabled and Guest VLAN configured, after the maximum number retries  
have been made to send the EAP-Request/Identity packets and there are still ports that have not  
sent any response back, the switch will then add these ports into the Guest VLAN according to  
their link types. Only when the corresponding user passes the 802.1X authentication, the port will  
be removed from the Guest VLAN and added to the specified VLAN. In addition, the port will back  
to the Guest VLAN when its connected user logs off.  
The 802.1X function is implemented on the Global Config, Port Config and Radius Server  
pages.  
11.4.1 Global Config  
On this page, you can enable the 802.1X authentication function globally and control the  
authentication process by specifying the Authentication Method, Guest VLAN and various Timers.  
Choose the menu Network Security802.1XGlobal Config to load the following page.  
Figure 11-20 Global Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
802.1X:  
Enable/Disable the 802.1X function.  
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Auth Method:  
Select the Authentication Method from the pull-down list.  
EAP-MD5: IEEE 802.1X authentication system  
uses extensible authentication protocol (EAP) to  
exchange information between the switch and the  
client.  The EAP protocol packets with  
authentication data can be encapsulated in the  
advanced protocol (such as RADIUS) packets to be  
transmitted to the authentication server.  
PAP: IEEE 802.1X authentication system uses  
extensible authentication protocol (EAP) to  
exchange information between the switch and the  
client. The transmission of EAP packets is  
terminated at the switch and the EAP packets are  
converted to the other protocol (such as RADIUS)  
packets for transmission.  
Guest VLAN:  
Enable/Disable the Guest VLAN feature.  
Guest VLAN ID:  
Enter your desired VLAN ID to enable the Guest VLAN  
feature. The supplicants in the Guest VLAN can access  
the specified network source.  
Authentication Config  
Quiet:  
Enable/Disable the Quiet timer.  
Quiet Period:  
Specify a value for Quiet Period. Once the supplicant  
failed to the 802.1X Authentication, then the switch will not  
respond to the authentication request from the same  
supplicant during the Quiet Period.  
Retry Times:  
Specify the maximum transfer times of the repeated  
authentication request.  
Supplicant Timeout:  
Specify the maximum time for the switch to wait for the  
response from supplicant before resending a request to  
the supplicant.  
Server Timeout:  
Specify the maximum time for the switch to wait for the  
response from authentication server before resending a  
request to the authentication server.  
11.4.2 Port Config  
On this page, you can configure the 802.1X features for the ports basing on the actual network.  
Choose the menu Network Security802.1XPort Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 11-21 Port Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Port Config  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Select:  
Port:  
Select your desired port for configuration. It is multi-optional.  
Displays the port number.  
Status:  
Select Enable/Disable the 802.1X authentication feature for the  
port.  
Guest VLAN:  
Control Mode:  
Select Enable/Disable the Guest VLAN feature for the port.  
Specify the Control Mode for the port.  
Auto: In this mode, the port will normally work only after  
passing the 802.1X Authentication.  
Force-Authorized: In this mode, the port can work normally  
without passing the 802.1X Authentication.  
Force-Unauthorized: In this mode, the port is forbidden  
working for its fixed unauthorized status.  
Control Type:  
Specify the Control Type for the port.  
MAC Based: Any client connected to the port should pass the  
802.1X Authentication for access.  
Port Based: All the clients connected to the port can access  
the network on the condition that any one of the clients has  
passed the 802.1X Authentication.  
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Authorized:  
LAG:  
Displays the authentication status of the port.  
Displays the LAG to which the port belongs to.  
11.4.3 Radius Server  
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) server provides the authentication service  
for the switch via the stored client information, such as the user name, password, etc, with the  
purpose to control the authentication and accounting status of the clients. On this page, you can  
configure the parameters of the authentication server.  
Choose the menu Network Security802.1XRadius Server to load the following page.  
Figure 11-22 Radius Server  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Authentication Config  
Primary IP:  
Secondary IP:  
Auth Port:  
Enter the IP address of the authentication server.  
Enter the IP address of the alternate authentication server.  
Set the UDP port of authentication server(s). The default port is 1812  
Auth KEY:  
Set the shared password for the switch and the authentication  
servers to exchange messages.  
Accounting Config  
Accounting:  
Enable/Disable the accounting feature.  
Primary IP:  
Enter the IP address of the accounting server.  
Secondary IP:  
Accounting Port:  
Accounting Key:  
Enter the IP address of the alternate accounting server.  
Set the UDP port of accounting server(s). The default port is 1813.  
Set the shared password for the switch and the accounting  
servers to exchange messages.  
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Note:  
1. The 802.1X function takes effect only when it is enabled globally on the switch and for the  
port.  
2. The 802.1X function can not be enabled for LAG member ports. That is, the port with 802.1X  
function enabled can not be added to the LAG.  
3. The 802.1X function should not be enabled for the port connected to the authentication server.  
In addition, the authentication parameters of the switch and the authentication server should  
be the same.  
Configuration Procedure:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
Connect an authentication Required. Record the information of the client in the LAN to  
server to the switch and do the authentication server and configure the corresponding  
some configuration.  
authentication username and password for the client.  
Install the 802.1X client Required. For the client computers, you are required to  
software.  
install the 802.1X software TpSupplicant provided on the  
CD. For the installation guide, please refer to Return to  
Appendix C: 802.1X Client Software.  
3
Configure  
globally.  
the  
802.1X Required. By default, the global 802.1X function is disabled.  
On the Network Security802.1XGlobal Config page,  
configure the 802.1X function globally.  
4
5
Configure the parameters of Required. On the Network Security802.1XRadius  
the authentication server Server page, configure the parameters of the server.  
Configure the 802.1X for the Required. On the Network Security802.1XPort  
port.  
Config page, configure the 802.1X feature for the port of  
the switch basing on the actual network.  
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Chapter 12 SNMP  
SNMP Overview  
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) has gained the most extensive application on the  
UDP/IP networks. SNMP provides a management frame to monitor and maintain the network  
devices. It is used for automatically managing the various network devices no matter the physical  
differences of the devices. Currently, the most network management systems are based on SNMP.  
SNMP is simply designed and convenient for use with no need of complex fulfillment procedures  
and too much network resources. With SNMP function enabled, network administrators can easily  
monitor the network performance, detect the malfunctions and configure the network devices. In  
the meantime, they can locate faults promptly and implement the fault diagnosis, capacity planning  
and report generating.  
SNMP Management Frame  
SNMP management frame includes three network elements: SNMP Management Station, SNMP  
Agent and MIB (Management Information Base).  
SNMP Management Station: SNMP Management Station is the workstation for running the  
SNMP client program, providing a friendly management interface for the administrator to manage  
the most network devices conveniently.  
SNMP Agent: Agent is the server software operated on network devices with the responsibility of  
receiving and processing the request packets from SNMP Management Station. In the meanwhile,  
Agent will inform the SNMP Management Station of the events whenever the device status  
changes or the device encounters any abnormalities such as device reboot.  
MIB: MIB is the set of the managed objects. MIB defines a few attributes of the managed objects,  
including the names, the access rights, and the data types. Every SNMP Agent has its own MIB.  
The SNMP Management station can read/write the MIB objects basing on its management right.  
SNMP Management Station is the manager of SNMP network while SNMP Agent is the managed  
object. The information between SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent are exchanged  
through SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). The relationship among SNMP  
Management Station, SNMP Agent and MIB is illustrated in the following figure.  
Figure 12-1 Relationship among SNMP Network Elements  
SNMP Versions  
This switch supports SNMP v3, and is compatible with SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c. The SNMP  
versions adopted by SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent should be the same.  
Otherwise, SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent can not communicate with each other  
normally. You can select the management mode with proper security level according to your actual  
application requirement.  
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SNMP v1: SNMP v1 adopts Community Name authentication. The community name is used to  
define the relation between SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent. The SNMP packets  
failing to pass community name authentication are discarded. The community name can limit  
access to SNMP Agent from SNMP NMS, functioning as a password.  
SNMP v2c: SNMP v2c also adopts community name authentication. It is compatible with SNMP  
v1 while enlarges the function of SNMP v1.  
SNMP v3: Basing on SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c, SNMP v3 extremely enhances the security and  
manageability. It adopts VACM (View-based Access Control Model) and USM (User-Based  
Security Model) authentication. The user can configure the authentication and the encryption  
functions. The authentication function is to limit the access of the illegal user by authenticating the  
senders of packets. Meanwhile, the encryption function is used to encrypt the packets transmitted  
between SNMP Management Station and SNMP Agent so as to prevent any information being  
stolen. The multiple combinations of authentication function and encryption function can  
guarantee a more reliable communication between SNMP Management station and SNMP Agent.  
MIB Introduction  
To uniquely identify the management objects of the device in SNMP messages, SNMP adopts the  
hierarchical architecture to identify the managed objects. It is like a tree, and each tree node  
represents a managed object, as shown in the following figure. Thus the object can be identified  
with the unique path starting from the root and indicated by a string of numbers. The number string  
is the Object Identifier of the managed object. In the following figure, the OID of the managed  
object B is {1.2.1.1}. While the OID of the managed object A is {1.2.1.1.5}.  
Figure 12-2 Architecture of the MIB tree  
SNMP Configuration Outline  
1. Create View  
The SNMP View is created for the SNMP Management Station to manage MIB objects. The  
managed object, uniquely identified by OID, can be set to under or out of the management of  
SNMP Management Station by configuring its view type (included/excluded). The OID of managed  
object can be found on the SNMP client program running on the SNMP Management Station.  
2. Create SNMP Group  
After creating the SNMP View, it’s required to create an SNMP Group. The Group Name, Security  
Model and Security Level compose the identifier of the SNMP Group. The Groups with these three  
items the same are considered to be the same. You can configure SNMP Group to control the  
network access by providing the users in various groups with different management rights via the  
Read View, Write View and Notify View.  
3. Create SNMP User  
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The User configured in an SNMP Group can manage the switch via the client program on  
management station. The specified User Name and the Auth/Privacy Password are used for  
SNMP Management Station to access the SNMP Agent, functioning as the password.  
SNMP module is used to configure the SNMP function of the switch, including three submenus:  
SNMP Config, Notification and RMON.  
12.1 SNMP Config  
The SNMP Config can be implemented on the Global Config, SNMP View, SNMP Group,  
SNMP User and SNMP Community pages.  
12.1.1 Global Config  
To enable SNMP function, please configure the SNMP function globally on this page.  
Choose the menu SNMPSNMP ConfigGlobal Config to load the following page.  
Figure 12-3 Global Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
SNMP:  
Enable/Disable the SNMP function.  
Local Engine  
Local Engine ID:  
Specify the switch’s Engine ID for the remote clients. The  
Engine ID is a unique alphanumeric string used to identify the  
SNMP engine on the switch.  
Remote Engine  
Remote Engine ID:  
Specify the Remote Engine ID for switch. The Engine ID is a  
unique alphanumeric string used to identify the SNMP engine  
on the remote device which receives informs from switch.  
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Note:  
The amount of Engine ID characters must be even.  
12.1.2 SNMP View  
The OID (Object Identifier) of the SNMP packets is used to describe the managed objects of the  
switch, and the MIB (Management Information Base) is the set of the OIDs. The SNMP View is  
created for the SNMP management station to manage MIB objects.  
Choose the menu SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP View to load the following page.  
Figure 12-4 SNMP View  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
View Config  
View Name:  
Give a name to the View for identification. Each View can  
include several entries with the same name.  
MIB Object ID:  
View Type:  
Enter the Object Identifier (OID) for the entry of View.  
Select the type for the view entry.  
Include: The view entry can be managed by the SNMP  
management station.  
Exclude: The view entry can not be managed by the SNMP  
management station.  
View Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding view. All  
the entries of a View will be deleted together.  
View Name:  
View Type:  
Displays the name of the View entry.  
Displays the type of the View entry.  
Displays the OID of the View entry.  
MIB Object ID:  
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12.1.3 SNMP Group  
On this page, you can configure SNMP Group to control the network access by providing the users  
in various groups with different management rights via the Read View, Write View and Notify View.  
Choose the menu SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP Group to load the following page.  
Figure 12-5 SNMP Group  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Group Config  
Group Name:  
Enter the SNMP Group name. The Group Name, Security Model  
and Security Level compose the identifier of the SNMP Group.  
These three items of the Users in one group should be the same.  
Security Model:  
Select the Security Model for the SNMP Group.  
v1: SNMPv1 is defined for the group. In this model, the  
Community Name is used for authentication. SNMP v1 can be  
configured on the SNMP Community page directly.  
v2c: SNMPv2c is defined for the group. In this model, the  
Community Name is used for authentication. SNMP v2c can be  
configured on the SNMP Community page directly.  
v3: SNMPv3 is defined for the group. In this model, the USM  
mechanism is used for authentication. If SNMPv3 is enabled,  
the Security Level field is enabled for configuration.  
Security Level:  
Select the Security Level for the SNMP v3 Group.  
noAuthNoPriv: No authentication and no privacy security  
levels is used.  
authNoPriv: Only the authentication security level is used.  
authPriv: Both the authentication and the privacy security  
levels are used.  
Read View:  
Write View:  
Select the View to be the Read View. The management access is  
restricted to read-only, and changes cannot be made to the  
assigned SNMP View.  
Select the View to be the Write View. The management access is  
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writing only and changes can be made to the assigned SNMP  
View. The View defined both as the Read View and the Write View  
can be read and modified.  
Notify View:  
Select the View to be the Notify View. The management station  
can receive notification messages of the assigned SNMP view  
generated by the switch's SNMP agent.  
Group Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding group. It's  
multi-optional.  
Group Name:  
Security Model:  
Security Level:  
Read View:  
Displays the Group Name here.  
Displays the Security Model of the group.  
Displays the Security Level of the group.  
Displays the Read View name in the entry.  
Displays the Write View name in the entry.  
Displays the Notify View name in the entry.  
Write View:  
Notify View:  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the Views in the entry and click the  
Modify button to apply.  
Note:  
Every Group should contain a Read View. The default Read View is viewDefault.  
12.1.4 SNMP User  
The User in an SNMP Group can manage the switch via the management station software. The  
User and its Group have the same security level and access right. You can configure the SNMP  
User on this page.  
Choose the menu SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP User to load the following page.  
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Figure 12-6 SNMP User  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
User Config  
User Name:  
User Type:  
Enter the User Name here.  
Select the type for the User.  
Local User: Indicates that the user is connected to a  
local SNMP engine.  
Remote User: Indicates that the user is connected to a  
remote SNMP engine.  
Group Name:  
Select the Group Name of the User. The User is classified to  
the corresponding Group according to its Group Name,  
Security Model and Security Level.  
Security Model:  
Security Level:  
Auth Mode:  
Select the Security Model for the User.  
Select the Security Level for the SNMP v3 User.  
Select the Authentication Mode for the SNMP v3 User.  
None: No authentication method is used.  
MD5: The port authentication is performed via  
HMAC-MD5 algorithm.  
SHA: The port authentication is performed via SHA  
(Secure Hash Algorithm). This authentication mode has a  
higher security than MD5 mode.  
Auth Password:  
Privacy Mode:  
Enter the password for authentication.  
Select the Privacy Mode for the SNMP v3 User.  
None: No privacy method is used.  
DES: DES encryption method is used.  
Privacy Password:  
Enter the Privacy Password.  
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User Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding User. It is  
multi-optional.  
User Name:  
User Type:  
Displays the name of the User.  
Displays the User Type.  
Group Name:  
Security Model:  
Security Level:  
Auth Mode:  
Displays the Group Name of the User.  
Displays the Security Model of the User.  
Displays the Security Level of the User.  
Displays the Authentication Mode of the User.  
Displays the Privacy Mode of the User.  
Privacy Mode:  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the Group of the User and click  
the Modify button to apply.  
Note:  
The SNMP User and its Group should have the same Security Model and Security Level.  
12.1.5 SNMP Community  
SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c adopt community name authentication. The community name can limit  
access to the SNMP agent from SNMP network management station, functioning as a password. If  
SNMP v1 or SNMP v2c is employed, you can directly configure the SNMP Community on this  
page without configuring SNMP Group and User.  
Choose the menu SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP Community to load the following page.  
Figure 12-7 SNMP Community  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Community Config  
Community Name:  
Access:  
Enter the Community Name here.  
Defines the access rights of the community.  
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read-only: Management right of the Community is  
restricted to read-only, and changes cannot be made to  
the corresponding View.  
read-write: Management right of the Community is  
read-write and changes can be made to the corresponding  
View.  
MIB View:  
Select the MIB View for the community to access.  
Community Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding Community.  
It is multi-optional.  
Community Name:  
Access:  
Displays the Community Name here.  
Displays the right of the Community to access the View.  
Displays the Views which the Community can access.  
MIB View:  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the MIB View and the Access  
right of the Community, and then click the Modify button to  
apply.  
Note:  
The default MIB View of SNMP Community is viewDefault.  
Configuration Procedure:  
If SNMPv3 is employed, please take the following steps:  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Enable SNMP function globally.  
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigGlobal  
Config page, enable SNMP function globally.  
2
Create SNMP View.  
Create SNMP Group.  
Create SNMP User.  
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP  
View page, create SNMP View of the management  
agent. The default View Name is viewDefault and the  
default OID is 1.  
3
4
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP  
Group page, create SNMP Group for SNMPv3 and  
specify SNMP Views with various access levels for  
SNMP Group.  
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP  
User page, create SNMP User in the Group and  
configure the auth/privacy mode and auth/privacy  
password for the User.  
If SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c is employed, please take the following steps:  
Step Operation  
Enable SNMP function globally.  
Description  
1
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigGlobal  
Config page, enable SNMP function globally.  
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Step Operation  
Description  
2
Create SNMP View.  
Required. On the SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP  
View page, create SNMP View of the management  
agent. The default View Name is viewDefault and the  
default OID is 1.  
3
Create  
SNMP Required alternatively.  
Community  
directly.  
Create SNMP Community directly.  
On the SNMPSNMP ConfigSNMP  
Community page, create SNMP Community  
based on SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c.  
Create SNMP Group and SNMP User.  
Configure  
Similar to the configuration way based on  
SNMPv3, you can create SNMP Group and  
SNMP User of SNMP v1/v2c. The User name  
can limit access to the SNMP agent from SNMP  
network management station, functioning as a  
community name. The users can manage the  
device via the Read View, Write View and Notify  
View defined in the SNMP Group.  
access level  
for the User.  
Create  
Group and SNMP  
User.  
SNMP  
12.2 Notification  
With the Notification function enabled, the switch can initiatively report to the management station  
about the important events that occur on the Views (e.g., the managed device is rebooted), which  
allows the management station to monitor and process the events in time.  
The notification information includes the following two types:  
Trap Trap is the information that the managed device initiatively sends to the Network  
management station without request.  
InformInform packet is sent to inform the management station and ask for the reply. The switch  
will resend the inform request if it doesn’t get the response from the management station during  
the Timeout interval, and it will terminate resending the inform request if the resending times reach  
the specified Retry times. The Inform type, employed on SNMPv2c and SNMPv3, has a higher  
security than the Trap type.  
On this page, you can configure the notification function of SNMP.  
Choose the menu SNMPNotificationNotification to load the following page.  
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Figure 12-8 Notification Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Create Notification  
IP Address:  
Enter the IP address of the management Host.  
UDP Port:  
Enter the number of the UDP port used to send notifications.  
The UDP port functions with the IP address for the notification  
sending. The default is 162.  
User:  
Enter the User name of the management station.  
Select the Security Model of the management station.  
Select the Security Level for the SNMP v3 User.  
Security Model:  
Security Level:  
noAuthNoPriv: No authentication and no privacy security  
level are used.  
authNoPriv: Only the authentication security level is used.  
authPriv: Both the authentication and the privacy security  
levels are used.  
Type:  
Select the type for the notifications.  
Trap: Indicates traps are sent.  
Inform: Indicates informs are sent. The Inform type has a  
higher security than the Trap type.  
Retry:  
Specify the amount of times the switch resends an inform  
request. The switch will resend the inform request if it doesn’t  
get the response from the management station during the  
Timeout interval, and it will terminate resending the inform  
request if the resending times reach the specified Retry times.  
Timeout:  
Specify the maximum time for the switch to wait for the  
response from the management station before resending a  
request.  
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Notification Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to delete the corresponding  
management station.  
IP Address:  
UDP Port:  
User:  
Displays the IP address of the management host.  
Displays the UDP port used to send notifications.  
Displays the User name of the management station.  
Displays the Security Model of the management station.  
Displays the Security Level for the SNMP v3 User.  
Displays the type of the notifications.  
Security Model:  
Security Level:  
Type:  
Timeout:  
Displays the maximum time for the switch to wait for the  
response from the management station before resending a  
request.  
Retry:  
Displays the amount of times the switch resends an inform  
request.  
Operation:  
Click the Edit button to modify the corresponding entry and click  
the Modify button to apply.  
12.3 RMON  
RMON (Remote Monitoring) basing on SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)  
architecture, functions to monitor the network. RMON is currently a commonly used network  
management standard defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is mainly used to  
monitor the data traffic across a network segment or even the entire network so as to enable the  
network administrator to take the protection measures in time to avoid any network malfunction. In  
addition, RMON MIB records network statistics information of network performance and  
malfunction periodically, based on which the management station can monitor network at any time  
effectively. RMON is helpful for network administrator to manage the large-scale network since it  
reduces the communication traffic between management station and managed agent.  
RMON Group  
This switch supports the following four RMON Groups defined on the RMON standard (RFC1757):  
History Group, Event Group, Statistic Group and Alarm Group.  
RMON Group  
Function  
History Group  
After a history group is configured, the switch collects and records network  
statistics information periodically, based on which the management station  
can monitor network effectively.  
Event Group  
Statistic Group  
Alarm Group  
Event Group is used to define RMON events. Alarms occur when an event is  
detected.  
Statistic Group is set to monitor the statistic of alarm variables on the specific  
ports.  
Alarm Group is configured to monitor the specific alarm variables. When the  
value of a monitored variable exceeds the threshold, an alarm event is  
generated, which triggers the switch to act in the set way.  
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The RMON Groups can be configured on the History Control, Event Config and Alarm Config  
pages.  
12.3.1 History Control  
On this page, you can configure the History Group for RMON.  
Choose the menu SNMPRMONHistory Control to load the following page.  
Figure 12-9 History Control  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
History Control Table  
Select:  
Index:  
Port:  
Select the desired entry for configuration.  
Displays the index number of the entry.  
Specify the port from which the history samples were taken.  
Specify the interval to take samplings from the port.  
Enter the name of the device or user that defined the entry.  
Select Enable/Disable the corresponding sampling entry.  
Interval:  
Owner:  
Status:  
12.3.2 Event Config  
On this page, you can configure the RMON events.  
Choose the menu SNMPRMONEvent Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 12-10 Event Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Event Table  
Select:  
Index:  
Select the desired entry for configuration.  
Displays the index number of the entry.  
User:  
Enter the name of the User or the community to which the  
event belongs.  
Description:  
Type:  
Give a description to the event for identification.  
Select the event type, which determines the act way of the  
network device in response to an event.  
None: No processing.  
Log: Logging the event.  
Notify: Sending trap messages to the management station.  
Log&Notify: Logging the event and sending trap messages  
to the management station.  
Owner:  
Status:  
Enter the name of the device or user that defined the entry.  
Select Enable/Disable the corresponding event entry.  
12.3.3 Alarm Config  
On this page, you can configure Statistic Group and Alarm Group for RMON.  
Choose the menu SNMPRMONAlarm Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 12-11 Alarm Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Alarm Table  
Select:  
Select the desired entry for configuration.  
Displays the index number of the entry.  
Index:  
Variable:  
Port:  
Select the alarm variables from the pull-down list.  
Select the port on which the Alarm entry acts.  
Sample Type:  
Specify the sampling method for the selected variable and  
comparing the value against the thresholds.  
Absolute: Compares the values directly with the thresholds  
at the end of the sampling interval.  
Delta: Subtracts the last sampled value from the current  
value. The difference in the values is compared to the  
threshold.  
Rising Threshold:  
Rising Event:  
Enter the rising counter value that triggers the Rising Threshold  
alarm.  
Select the index of the corresponding event which will be  
triggered if the sampled value is larger than the Rising  
Threshold.  
Falling Threshold:  
Falling Event:  
Enter the falling counter value that triggers the Falling Threshold  
alarm.  
Select the index of the corresponding event which will be  
triggered if the sampled value is lower than the Falling  
Threshold.  
Alarm Type:  
Specify the type of the alarm.  
All: The alarm event will be triggered either the sampled  
value exceeds the Rise Hold or is under the Fall Hold.  
Rising: When the sampled value exceeds the Rising  
Threshold, an alarm event is triggered.  
Falling: When the sampled value is under the Falling  
Threshold, an alarm event is triggered.  
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Interval:  
Owner:  
Status:  
Enter the alarm interval time in seconds.  
Enter the name of the device or user that defined the entry.  
Select Enable/Disable the corresponding alarm entry.  
Note:  
When alarm variables exceed the Threshold on the same direction continuously for several times,  
an alarm event will only be generated on the first time, that is, the Rising Alarm and Falling Alarm  
are triggered alternately for that the alarm following to Rising Alarm is certainly a Falling Alarm and  
vice versa.  
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Chapter 13 LLDP  
LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) is a Layer 2 protocol that is used for network devices to  
advertise their own device information periodically to neighbors on the same IEEE 802 local area  
network. The advertised information, including details such as device identification, capabilities  
and configuration settings, is represented in TLV (Type/Length/Value) format according to the  
IEEE 802.1ab standard, and these TLVs are encapsulated in LLDPDU (Link Layer Discovery  
Protocol Data Unit). The LLDPDU distributed via LLDP is stored by its recipients in a standard MIB  
(Management Information Base), making it possible for the information to be accessed by a  
Network Management System (NMS) using a management protocol such as the Simple Network  
Management Protocol (SNMP).  
An IETF Standard MIB, as well as a number of vendor specific MIBs, have been created to  
describe a network's physical topology and associated systems within that topology. However,  
there is no standard protocol for populating these MIBs or communicating this information among  
stations on the IEEE 802 LAN. LLDP protocol specifies a set. The device running LLDP can  
automatically discover and learn about the neighbors, allowing for interoperability between the  
network devices of different vendors. This protocol allows two systems running different network  
layer protocols to learn about each other.  
The LLDP information can be used by SNMP applications to simplify troubleshooting, enhance  
network management, and maintain an accurate network topology.  
LLDPDU Format  
Each LLDPDU includes an ordered sequence of three mandatory TLVs followed by one or more  
optional TLVs plus an End of LLDPDU TLV, as shown in the figure below. Chassis ID TLV, Port ID  
TLV, TTL TLV and End TLV are the four mandatory TLVs for a LLDPDU. Optional TLVs provide  
various details about the LLDP agent advertising them and they are selected by network  
management.  
The maximum length of the LLDPDU shall be the maximum information field length allowed by the  
particular transmission rate and protocol. In IEEE 802.3 MACs, for example, the maximum  
LLDPDU length is the maximum data field length for the basic, untagged MAC frame (1500  
octets).  
LLDP Working Mechanism  
1) LLDP Admin Status  
The transmission and the reception of LLDPDUs can be separately enabled for every port,  
making it possible to configure an implementation to restrict the port either to transmit only or  
receive only, or to allow the port to both transmit and receive LLDPDUs. Four LLDP admin  
statuses are supported by each port.  
Tx&Rx: the port can both transmit and receive LLDPDUs.  
Rx_Only: the port can receive LLDPDUs only.  
Tx_Only: the port can transmit LLDPDUs only.  
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Disable: the port cannot transmit or receive LLDPDUs.  
2) LLDPDU transmission mechanism  
If the ports are working in TxRx or Tx mode, they will advertise local information by  
sending LLDPDUs periodically.  
If there is a change in the local device, the change notification will be advertised. To  
prevent a series of successive LLDPDUs transmissions during a short period due to  
frequent changes in local device, a transmission delay timer is set by network  
management to ensure that there is a defined minimum time between successive LLDP  
frame transmissions.  
If the LLDP admin status of the port is changed from Disable/Rx to TxRx/Tx, the Fast  
Start Mechanism will be active, the transmit interval turns to be 1 second, several  
LLDPDUs will be sent out, and then the transmit interval comes back to the regular  
interval.  
3) LLDPDU receipt mechanism  
When a port is working in TxRx or Rx mode, the device will check the validity of the received  
LLDPDUs and the attached TLVs, save this neighbor information to the local device and then  
set the aging time of this information according to the TTL value of TTL (Time To Live) TLV.  
Once the TTL is 0, this neighbor information will be aged out immediately.  
The aging time of the local information in the neighbor device is determined by TTL. Hold Multiplier  
is a multiplier on the Transmit Interval that determines the actual TTL value used in an LLDPDU.  
TTL = Hold Multiplier * Transmit Interval.  
TLV  
TLV refers to Type/Length/Value and is contained in a LLDPDU. Type identifies what kind of  
information is being sent, Length indicates the length of information string in octets and Value is  
the actual information to be sent. The basic TLV Format is shown as follows:  
Each TLV is identified by a unique TLV type value that indicates the particular kind of information  
contained in the TLV.  
The following table shows the details about the currently defined TLVs.  
TLV Type  
TLV Name  
Description  
Usage in  
LLDPDU  
0
End of LLDPDU Mark the end of the TLV sequence in LLDPDUs. Mandatory  
Any information following an End Of LLDPDU  
TLV shall be ignored.  
1
2
Chassis ID  
Identifies the Chassis address of the connected Mandatory  
device.  
Port ID  
Identifies the MAC address of the specific port Mandatory  
that transmitted the LLDP frame.  
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TLV Type  
TLV Name  
Description  
Usage in  
LLDPDU  
3
Time To Live  
Indicates the number of seconds that the Mandatory  
neighbor device is to regard the local information  
to be valid.  
4
5
6
Port Description Identifies the description string of the port.  
Optional  
Optional  
Optional  
System Name  
Identifies the system name.  
System  
Identifies the system description.  
Description  
7
8
System  
Capabilities  
Identifies the main functions of the system and Optional  
the functions enabled.  
Management  
Address  
Identifies the management IP address, the Optional  
corresponding interface number and OID (Object  
Identifier). The management IP address is  
specified by the user.  
127  
Organizationally Allows different organizations, such as IEEE Optional  
Specific  
802.1, IEEE 802.3, IETF, as well as individual  
software and equipment vendors, to define TLVs  
that advertise information to remote device.  
Optional TLVs are grouped into two categories including basic management TLV and  
Organizationally-specific TLV.  
1) Basic Management TLV  
A set of TLVs considered to be basic to the management of the network stations are required for  
all LLDP implementations.  
2) Organizationally Specific TLV  
Different organizations have defined various TLVs. For instance, Port VLAN ID TLV, Port and  
Protocol VLAN ID TLV, VLAN Name TLV And Protocol Identity TLV are defined by IEEE 802.1,  
while MAC/PHY Configuration/Status TLV, Power Via MDI TLV, Link Aggregation TLV and  
Maximum Frame TLV are defined by IEEE 802.3.  
Note:  
For detailed introduction of TLV, please refer to IEEE 802.1AB standard.  
In TP-LINK switch, the following LLDP optional TLVs are supported.  
Port Description TLV  
The Port Description TLV allows network management to  
advertise the IEEE 802 LAN station's port description.  
System Capabilities TLV The System Capabilities TLV identifies the primary functions of  
the system and whether or not these primary functions are  
enabled.  
System Description TLV The System Description TLV allows network management to  
advertise the system's description, which should include the full  
name and version identification of the system's hardware type,  
software operating system, and networking software.  
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System Name TLV  
The System Name TLV allows network management to advertise  
the system's assigned name, which should be the system's fully  
qualified domain name.  
Management  
TLV  
Address The Management Address TLV identifies an address associated  
with the local LLDP agent that may be used to reach higher  
entities to assist discovery by network management.  
Port VLAN ID TLV  
The Port VLAN ID TLV allows a VLAN bridge port to advertise the  
port's VLAN identifier (PVID) that will be associated with untagged  
or priority tagged frames.  
Port And Protocol VLAN The Port And Protocol VLAN ID TLV allows a bridge port to  
ID TLV  
advertise a port and protocol VLAN ID.  
VLAN Name TLV  
The VLAN Name TLV allows an IEEE 802.1Q-compatible IEEE  
802 LAN station to advertise the assigned name of any VLAN with  
which it is configured.  
Link Aggregation TLV  
The Link Aggregation TLV indicates whether the link is capable of  
being aggregated, whether the link is currently in an aggregation,  
and if in an aggregation, the port identification of the aggregation.  
MAC/PHY Configuration/ The MAC/PHY Configuration/Status TLV identifies: a)The duplex  
Status TLV  
and bit-rate capability of the sending IEEE 802.3 LAN node that is  
connected to the physical medium; b)The current duplex and  
bit-rate settings of the sending IEEE 802.3 LAN node; c)Whether  
these settings are the result of auto-negotiation during link  
initiation or of manual set override action.  
Max Frame Size TLV  
Power Via MDI TLV  
The Maximum Frame Size TLV indicates the maximum frame  
size capability of the implemented MAC and PHY.  
The Power Via MDI TLV allows network management to advertise  
and discover the MDI power support capabilities of the sending  
IEEE 802.3 LAN station.  
The LLDP module is mainly for LLDP function configuration of the switch, including three  
submenus: Basic Config, Device Info and Device Statistics.  
13.1Basic Config  
LLDP is configured on the Global Config and Port Config pages.  
13.1.1 Global Config  
On this page you can configure the LLDP parameters of the device globally.  
Choose the menu LLDPBasic ConfigGlobal Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 13-1 Global Configuration  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
LLDP:  
Enable/disable LLDP function globally.  
Parameters Config  
Transmit Interval:  
Enter the interval for the local device to transmit LLDPDU to its  
neighbors. The default value is 30 seconds.  
Hold Multiplier:  
Transmit Delay:  
Enter a multiplier on the Transmit Interval. It determines the actual  
TTL (Time To Live) value used in an LLDPDU. TTL = Hold  
Multiplier * Transmit Interval. The default value is 4.  
Enter a value from 1 to 8192 in seconds to specify the time for the  
local device to transmit LLDPDU to its neighbors after changes  
occur so as to prevent LLDPDU being sent frequently. The default  
value is 2 seconds.  
Reinit Delay:  
This parameter indicates the amount of delay from when LLDP  
status becomes "disable" until re-initialization will be attempted.  
The default value is 3 seconds.  
Notification Interval:  
Fast Start Count:  
Specify the interval of Trap message which will be sent from local  
device to network management system. The default value is 5  
seconds.  
When the port's LLDP state transforms from Disable (or Rx_Only)  
to Tx&Rx (or Tx_Only), the fast start mechanism will be enabled,  
that is, the transmit interval will be shorten to a second, and  
several LLDPDUs will be sent out (the number of LLDPDUs  
equals this parameter). The default value is 3.  
13.1.2 Port Config  
On this page you can configure all ports' LLDP parameters.  
Choose the menu LLDPBasic ConfigPort Config to load the following page.  
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Figure 13-2 Port Configuration  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
LLDP Port Config  
Port Select:  
Select the desired port to configure.  
Admin Status:  
Select the port’s LLDP operating mode:  
Tx&Rx: Send and receive LLDP frames.  
Rx_Only: Only receive LLDP frames.  
Tx_Only: Only send LLDP frames.  
Disable: Neither send nor receive LLDP frames.  
Notification Mode:  
Enable/Disable the ports' SNMP notification. If enabled, the local  
device will notify the trap event to SNMP server.  
Included TLVs:  
Details:  
Select TLVs to be included in outgoing LLDPDU.  
Click Details to display the included TLVs.  
13.2 Device Info  
You can view the LLDP information of the local device and its neighbors on the Local Info and  
Neighbor Info pages respectively.  
13.2.1 Local Info  
On this page you can see all ports' configuration and system information.  
Choose the menu LLDPDevice InfoLocal Info to load the following page.  
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Figure 13-3 Local Information  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Refresh Rate:  
Local Info  
Enable/Disable the auto refresh function.  
Specify the auto refresh rate.  
Enter the desired port number and click Select to display the information of the corresponding  
port.  
13.2.2 Neighbor Info  
On this page you can get the information of the neighbors.  
Choose the menu LLDPDevice InfoNeighbor Info to load the following page.  
Figure 13-4 Neighbor Information  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Refresh Rate:  
Enable/Disable the auto refresh function.  
Specify the auto refresh rate.  
Neighbor Info  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Local Port:  
Displays the local port number connecting to the neighbor device.  
Displays the system name of the neighbor device.  
System Name:  
Chassis ID:  
Displays the Chassis ID of the neighbor device.  
System Description:  
Neighbor Port:  
Information:  
Displays the system description of the neighbor device.  
Displays the he port number of the neighbor linking to local port.  
Click Information to display the detailed information of the  
neighbor device.  
13.3 Device Statistics  
You can view the LLDP statistics of local device through this feature.  
Choose the menu LLDPDevice StatisticsStatistic Info to load the following page.  
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Figure 13-5 Device Statistics  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Auto Refresh  
Auto Refresh:  
Refresh Rate:  
Enable/Disable the auto refresh function.  
Specify the auto refresh rate.  
Global Statistics  
Last Update:  
Total Inserts:  
Total Deletes:  
Total Drops:  
Total Ageouts:  
Displays latest update time of the statistics.  
Displays the number of neighbors inserted till last update time.  
Displays the number of neighbors deleted by local device.  
Displays the number of neighbors dropped by local device.  
Displays the number of overtime neighbors in local device.  
Neighbor Statistics  
Port Select:  
Click the Select button to quick-select the corresponding port  
based on the port number you entered.  
Port:  
Displays local device's port number.  
Transmit Total:  
Displays the number of LLDPDUs sent by this port.  
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Receive Total:  
Discards:  
Displays the number of LLDPDUs received by this port.  
Displays the number of LLDPDUs discarded by this port.  
Displays the number of error LLDPDUs received by this port.  
Displays the number of overtime neighbors linking to this port.  
Displays the number of TLVs dropped by this port.  
Errors:  
Ageouts:  
TLV Discards:  
TLV Unknowns:  
Displays the number of unknown TLVs received by this port.  
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Chapter 14 Cluster  
With the development of network technology, the network scale is getting larger and more network  
devices are required, which may result in a more complicated network management system. As a  
large number of devices need to be assigned different network addresses and every management  
device needs to be respectively configured to meet the application requirements, manpower are  
needed.  
The Cluster Management function can solve the above problem. It is mainly used to central  
manage the scattered devices in the network. A network administrator can manage and maintain  
the switches in the cluster via a management switch. The management switch is the commander  
of the cluster and the others are member switches.  
The typical topology is as follows.  
Figure 14-1 Cluster topology  
Cluster Role  
According to their functions and status in a cluster, switches in the cluster play different roles. You  
can specify the role a switch plays. There are four roles.  
Commander Switch: Indicates the device that can configure and manage all the devices in a  
cluster. It discovers and determins the candidate switches by collecting NDP (Neighbor Discovery  
Protocol) and NTDP (Neighbor Topology Discovery Protocol).  
Member Switch: Indicates the device that is managed in a cluster.  
Candidate Switch: Indicates the device that does not belong to any cluster though it can be  
added to a cluster.  
Individual Switch: Indicates the device with cluster feature disabled.  
The roles can be changed from one to anther following the specified rules.  
The current switch you create cluster is specified as the commander switch.  
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The commander switch discovers and determines candidate switches by collecting related  
information.  
After being added to the cluster, the candidate switch becomes to be the member switch.  
After being removed from the cluster, the member switch becomes to be the candidate switch.  
The commander switch becomes to be the candidate switch only when the cluster is deleted.  
Introduction to Cluster  
Cluster functions to configure and manage the switches in the cluster based on three protocols,  
NDP, NTDP and CMP (Cluster Management Protocol).  
NDP: All switches get neighbor information by collecting NDP.  
NTDP: The commander switch collects the NDP information and neighboring connection  
information of each device in a specific network range to determine the candidate switches in  
the cluster.  
Cluster maintenance: The commander switch adds the candidate switch to the cluster and  
removes the member switch from the cluster according to the collected NTDP information.  
The Cluster module, mainly used for cluster management configuration, including three submenus:  
NDP, NTDP and Cluster.  
14.1 NDP  
NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) is used to get the information of the directly connected neighbor  
devices to support cluster establishing. An NDP-enabled device sends NDP packets regularly to  
neighbor devices as well as receives NDP packets from neighbor devices. An NDP packet carries  
the NDP information (including the device name, MAC address, firmware version and so on).  
A switch keeps and maintains a neighbor information table, which contains the NDP information of  
each neighbor switch. If a switch receives the NDP information of a new neighbor, it will add the  
information to the neighbor information table. If the received NDP information is different from the  
old information, the switch will update it in the neighbor information table; if the received NDP  
information is the same with the old information, the switch will just update the aging time; if the  
switch does not receive NDP information within the aging time, the switch will remove the  
corresponding information from the table automatically.  
The NDP function can be implemented on Neighbor Info, NDP Summary and NDP Config  
pages.  
14.1.1 Neighbor Info  
On this page you can view the NDP neighbor information of the switch.  
Choose the menu ClusterNDPNeighbor Info to load the following page.  
Figure 14-2 Neighbor Information  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Neighbor  
Search Option:  
Select the information the desired entry should contain and then  
click the Search button to display the desired entry in the following  
Neighbor Information table.  
Neighbor Info  
Native Port:  
Remote Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Displays the port number of the neighbor switch which is  
connected to the corresponding port.  
Device Name:  
Device MAC:  
Displays the name of the neighbor switch.  
Displays MAC address of the neighbor switch.  
Displays the firmware version of the neighbor switch.  
Firmware Version:  
Aging Time:  
Displays the period for the switch s to keep the NDP packets from  
the neighbor switch.  
14.1.2 NDP Summary  
On this page you can view the NDP configuration of the switch.  
Choose the menu ClusterNDPNDP Summary to load the following page.  
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Figure 14-3 NDP Summary  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
NDP:  
Displays the global NDP status (enabled or disabled) for the  
switch.  
Aging Time:  
Hello Time:  
Displays the period for the neighbor switch to keep the NDP  
packets from this switch.  
Displays the interval to send NDP packets.  
Port Status  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
NDP:  
Displays the NDP status (enabled or disabled) for the current port.  
Displays the count of currently sent NDP packets.  
Displays the count of currently received NDP packets.  
Displays the count of currently received error NDP packets.  
Displays the count of the connected neighbors.  
Send NDP Packets:  
Receive NDP Packets:  
Error NDP Packets:  
Neighbors:  
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Click the Detail button to view the complete information collected  
for the port.  
Detail:  
14.1.3 NDP Config  
On this page you can configure the NDP function for the switch.  
Choose the menu ClusterNDPNDP Config to load the following page.  
Figure 14-4 NDP Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
NDP:  
Select Enable/Disable NDP function globally.  
Aging Time:  
Enter the period for the neighbor switch to keep the NDP packets  
from this switch.  
Hello Time:  
Enter the interval to send NDP packets.  
Port Config  
Select:  
Select the desired port to configure its NDP status.  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
Port:  
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NDP:  
Displays NDP status of the current port.  
Enable:  
Disable:  
Click the Enable button to enable NDP for the port you select.  
Click the Disable button to disable NDP for the port you select.  
Note:  
1. NDP function is effective only when NDP function is enabled globally and for the port.  
2. The aging time should be set over the hello time value, otherwise the neighbor information  
table of NDP ports will not take effect.  
14.2 NTDP  
NTDP (Neighbor Topology Discovery Protocolis used for the commander switch to collect NDP  
information. NTDP transmits and forwards NTDP topology collection request based on NDP  
neighbor information table, and collects the NDP information and neighboring connection  
information of each device in a specific network range. The commander switch can collects the  
specified topology in the network regularly and you can also enable topology collection manually  
on the commander switch.  
After the commander switch sends out NTDP request packets, lots of switches receive the request  
packets and send out response packets at the same time, which may result in network congestion  
and the commander switch overload. To avoid the above problem, two time parameters are  
designed to control the spread speed of NTDP request packets.  
NTDP hop delay: Indicates the time between the switch receiving NTDP request packets and  
the switch forwarding NTDP request packets for the first time.  
NTDP port delay: Indicates the time between the port forwarding NTDP request packets and its  
adjacent port forwarding NTDP request packets over.  
The NTDP function can be implemented on Device Table, NTDP Summary and NTDP Config  
pages.  
14.2.1 Device Table  
On this page you can view the information of the devices collected by NTDP. Meanwhile, no matter  
whether a cluster is established, on this page you can manually collect NTDP information at any  
time to manage and control devices.  
Choose the menu ClusterNTDPDevice Table to load the following page.  
Figure 14-5 Device Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
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Device Table  
Device Type:  
Device MAC:  
Cluster Name:  
Role:  
Displays the device description collected through NTDP.  
Displays the MAC address of this device.  
Displays the cluster name of this device.  
Displays the role this device plays in the cluster.  
Commander: Indicates the device that can configure and  
manage all the devices in a cluster.  
Member: Indicates the device that is managed in a cluster.  
Candidate: Indicates the device that does not belong to any  
cluster though it can be added to a cluster.  
Individual: Indicates the device with cluster feature disabled.  
Hops:  
Displays the hop count from this device to the switch.  
Neighbor Info:  
Click the Detail button to view the complete information of this  
device and its neighbors.  
Collect Topology:  
Click the Collect Topology button to collect NTDP information of  
the switch so as to collect the latest network topology.  
Click the Detail button to view the complete information of this device and its neighbors.  
1.0.1 Build 20100226 Rel.38288  
Figure 14-6 Information of the Current Device  
14.2.2 NTDP Summary  
On this page you can view the NTDP configuration.  
Choose the menu ClusterNTDPNTDP Summary to load the following page.  
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Figure 14-7 NTDP Summary  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
NTDP:  
Displays the NTDP status (enabled or disabled) of the switch  
globally.  
NTDP Interval Time:  
NTDP Hops:  
Displays the interval to collect topology information.  
Displays the hop count the switch topology collects.  
NTDP Hop Delay:  
Displays the time between the switch receiving NTDP request  
packets and the switch forwarding NTDP request packets for the  
first time.  
NTDP Port Delay:  
Displays the time between the port forwarding NTDP request  
packets and its adjacent port forwarding NTDP request packets  
over.  
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Port Status  
Port:  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
NTDP:  
Displays NTDP status (enabled or disabled) of the current port.  
14.2.3 NTDP Config  
On this page you can configure NTDP globally.  
Choose the menu ClusterNTDPNTDP Config to load the following page.  
Figure 14-8 NTDP Config  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
NTDP:  
Select Enable/Disable NTDP for the switch globally.  
NTDP Interval Time:  
Enter the interval to collect topology information. The default is 1  
minute.  
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NTDP Hops:  
Enter the hop count the switch topology collects. The default is 3  
hops.  
NTDP Hop Delay:  
Enter the time between the switch receiving NTDP request  
packets and the switch forwarding NTDP request packets for the  
first time. The default is 200 milliseconds.  
NTDP Port Delay:  
Enter the time between the port forwarding NTDP request packets  
and its adjacent port forwarding NTDP request packets over. The  
default is 20 milliseconds.  
Port Config  
Select:  
Port:  
Select the desired port for NTDP status configuration.  
Displays the port number of the switch.  
NTDP:  
Enable:  
Displays NTDP status (enabled or disabled) of the current port.  
Click the Enable button to enable NTDP feature for the port you  
select.  
Disable:  
Note:  
Click the Disable button to disable NTDP feature for the port you  
select.  
NTDP function is effective only when NTDP function is enabled globally and for the port.  
14.3 Cluster  
A commander switch can recognize and add the candidate switch to a cluster automatically based  
on NDP and NTDP. You can manually add the candidate switch to a cluster. If the candidate switch  
is successfully added to the cluster, it will get a private IP address assigned by the commander  
switch. You can manage and configure the member switch via the commander switch.  
The Cluster function can be implemented on Cluster Summary and Cluster Config pages.  
14.3.1 Cluster Summary  
On this page you can view the status of the current cluster.  
Choose the menu ClusterClusterCluster Summary to load the following page.  
For a candidate switch, the following page is displayed:  
Figure 14-9 Cluster Summary for Candidate Switch  
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The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global  
Cluster:  
Displays the cluster status (enabled or disabled) of the switch.  
Displays the role the switch plays in the cluster.  
Cluster Role:  
For a member switch, the following page is displayed:  
Figure 14-10 Cluster Summary for Member Switch  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
Cluster:  
Displays the cluster status (enabled or disabled) of the switch.  
Displays the role the switch plays in the cluster.  
Cluster Role:  
Cluster Name:  
Commander MAC:  
Displays the name of the current cluster the switch belongs to.  
Displays the MAC address of the commander switch.  
For an individual switch, the following page is displayed:  
Figure 14-11 Cluster Summary for Individual Switch  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Global Config  
Cluster:  
Displays the cluster status (enabled or disabled) of the switch.  
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Cluster Role:  
Displays the role the switch plays in the cluster.  
14.3.2 Cluster Config  
On this page you can configure the status of the cluster the switch belongs to.  
Choose the menu ClusterClusterCluster Config to load the following page.  
For a candidate switch, the following page is displayed.  
Figure 14-12 Cluster Configuration for Candidate Switch  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Current Role  
Role:  
Displays the role the current switch plays in the cluster.  
Role Change  
Individual:  
Select this option to change the role of the switch to be individual  
switch.  
For a member switch, the following page is displayed.  
Figure 14-13 Cluster Configuration for Member Switch  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Current Role  
Role:  
Displays the role the current switch plays in the cluster.  
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Role Change  
Individual:  
Select this option to change the role of the switch to be individual  
switch.  
For an individual switch, the following page is displayed.  
Figure 14-14 Cluster Configuration for Individual Switch  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Current Role  
Role:  
Displays the role the current switch plays in the cluster.  
Role Change  
Candidate:  
Select this option to change the role of the switch to be candidate  
switch.  
14.4 Application Example for Cluster Function  
Network Requirements  
Three switches form cluster, one commander switch(Here take TP-LINK TL-SL5428E as an  
example) and two member switches(Here take TP-LINK TL-SL3428/TL-SL3452 as an example).  
The administrator manages all the switches in the cluster via the commander switch.  
Port 1 of the commander switch is connecting to the external network, port 2 is connecting to  
member switch 1 and port 3 is connecting to member switch 2.  
IP pool: 175.128.0.1, Mask: 255.255.255.0.  
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Network Diagram  
Figure 14-15 Network diagram  
Configuration Procedure  
Configure the member switch  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
Enable NDP function on the On ClusterNDPNDP Config page, enable NDP  
switch and for port 1 function.  
2
Enable NTDP function on the On ClusterNTDPNTDP Config page, enable  
switch and for port 1  
NTDP function.  
Configure the commander switch  
Step Operation  
Description  
1
2
3
Enable NDP function on the On ClusterNDPNDP Config page, enable NDP  
switch and for port 1, port 2 and function.  
port 3  
Enable NTDP function on the On ClusterNTDPNTDP Config page, enable  
switch and for port 1, port 2 and NTDP function.  
port 3  
Create a cluster and configure On ClusterClusterCluster Config page, configure  
the related parameters  
the role as Commander and enter the related  
information.  
IP pool: 175.128.0.1  
Mask: 255.255.255.0  
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Step Operation  
Configure the member switch  
Description  
4
On ClusterClusterMember Config page, select  
the member switch and click the Manage button to log  
on to its Web management page.  
Or  
On ClusterClusterCluster Topology page,  
double-click the switch icon to view its detailed  
information; click the switch icon and click the Manage  
button to log on to the Web management page.  
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Chapter 15 Maintenance  
Maintenance module, assembling the commonly used system tools to manage the switch,  
provides the convenient method to locate and solve the network problem.  
1System Monitor: Monitor the utilization status of the memory and the CPU of switch.  
2Log: View the configuration parameters of the switch and find out the errors via the Logs.  
3Cable Test: Test the connection status of the cable to locate and diagnose the trouble spot  
of the network.  
4Loopback: Test whether the ports of the switch and its peer device are available.  
5Network Diagnostics: Test whether the destination device is reachable and detect the  
route hops from the switch to the destination device.  
15.1 System Monitor  
System Monitor functions to display the utilization status of the memory and the CPU of switch via  
the data graph. The CPU utilization rate and the memory utilization rate should fluctuate stably  
around a specific value. If the CPU utilization rate or the memory utilization rate increases  
markedly, please detect whether the network is being attacked.  
The System Monitor function is implemented on the CPU Monitor and Memory Monitor pages.  
15.1.1 CPU Monitor  
Choose the menu MaintenanceSystem MonitorCPU Monitor to load the following page.  
Figure 15-1 CPU Monitor  
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Click the Monitor button to enable the switch to monitor and display its CPU utilization rate every  
four seconds.  
15.1.2 Memory Monitor  
Choose the menu MaintenanceSystem MonitorMemory Monitor to load the following page.  
Figure 15-2 Memory Monitor  
Click the Monitor button to enable the switch to monitor and display its Memory utilization rate  
every four seconds.  
15.2 Log  
The Log system of switch can record, classify and manage the system information effectively,  
providing powerful support for network administrator to monitor network operation and diagnose  
malfunction.  
The Logs of switch are classified into the following eight levels.  
Severity  
Level Description  
The system is unusable.  
emergencies  
0
1
2
3
4
5
Action must be taken immediately.  
Critical conditions  
alerts  
critical  
Error conditions  
errors  
Warnings conditions  
warnings  
notifications  
Normal but significant conditions  
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Informational messages  
Debug-level messages  
Table 15-1 Log Level  
informational  
debugging  
6
7
The Log function is implemented on the Log Table, Local Log, Remote Log and Backup Log  
pages.  
15.2.1 Log Table  
The switch supports logs output to two directions, namely, log buffer and log file. The information  
in log buffer will be lost after the switch is rebooted or powered off whereas the information in log  
file will be kept effective even the switch is rebooted or powered off. Log Table displays the system  
log information in log buffer.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceLogLog Table to load the following page.  
Figure 15-3 Log Table  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Log Info  
Index:  
Displays the index of the log information.  
Time:  
Displays the time when the log event occurs. The log can get the  
correct time after you configure on the System ->System  
Info->System Time Web management page.  
Module:  
Displays the module which the log information belongs to. You can  
select a module from the drop-down list to display the corresponding  
log information.  
Severity:  
Displays the severity level of the log information. You can select a  
severity level to display the log information whose severity level value  
is the same or smaller.  
Content:  
Note:  
Displays the content of the log information.  
1. The logs are classified into eight levels based on severity. The higher the information severity  
is, the lower the corresponding level is.  
2. This page displays logs in the log buffer, and at most 512 logs are displayed.  
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15.2.2 Local Log  
Local Log is the log information saved in switch. By default, all system logs are saved in log buffer  
and the logs with severities from level_0 to level_4 are saved in log file meanwhile. On this page,  
you can set the output channel for logs.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceLogLocal Log to load the following page.  
Figure 15-4 Local Log  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Local Log Config  
Select:  
Select the desired entry to configure the corresponding local log.  
Log Buffer:  
Indicates the RAM for saving system log. The inforamtion in the  
log buffer is displayed on the Log Table page. It will be lost when  
the switch is restarted.  
Log File:  
Severity:  
Status:  
Indicates the flash sector for saving system log. The inforamtion  
in the log file will not be lost after the switch is restarted and can  
be exported on the Backup Log page.  
Specify the severity level of the log information output to each  
channel. Only the log with the same or smaller severity level  
value will be output.  
Enable/Disable the channel.  
15.2.3 Remote Log  
Remote log feature enables the switch to send system logs to the Log Server. Log Server is to  
centralize the system logs from various devices for the administrator to monitor and manage the  
whole network.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceLogRemote Log to load the following page.  
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Figure 15-5 Log Host  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Log Host  
Select:  
Index:  
Select the desired entry to configure the corresponding log host.  
Displays the index of the log host. The switch supports 4 log  
hosts.  
Host IP:  
Configure the IP for the log host.  
UDP Port:  
Displays the UDP port used for receiving/sending log  
information. Here we use the standard port 514.  
Severity:  
Specify the severity level of the log information sent to each log  
host. Only the log with the same or smaller severity level value  
will be sent to the corresponding log host.  
Status:  
Note:  
Enable/Disable the log host.  
The Log Server software is not provided. If necessary, please download it on the Internet.  
15.2.4 Backup Log  
Backup Log feature enables the system logs saved in the switch to be output as a file for device  
diagnosis and statistics analysis. When a critical error results in the breakdown of the system, you  
can export the logs to get some related important information about the error for device diagnosis  
after the switch is restarted.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceLogBackup Log to load the following page.  
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Figure 15-6 Backup Log  
The following entry is displayed on this screen:  
Backup Log  
Backup Log:  
Click the Backup Log button to save the log as a file to your computer.  
Note:  
It will take a few minutes to backup the log file. Please wait without any operation.  
15.3 Device Diagnostics  
This switch provides Cable Test and Loopback functions for device diagnostics.  
15.3.1 Cable Test  
Cable Test functions to test the connection status of the cable connected to the switch, which  
facilitates you to locate and diagnose the trouble spot of the network.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceDevice DiagnosticsCable Test to load the following page.  
Figure 15-7 Cable Test  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Cable Test  
Port:  
Select the port for cable testing.  
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Pair:  
Displays the Pair number.  
Status:  
Displays the connection status of the cable connected to the port. The  
test results of the cable include normal, close, open, short, impedance  
or unknown.  
Length:  
Error:  
If the connection status is normal, here displays the length range of  
the cable.  
If the connection status is close, open or impedance, here displays the  
error length of the cable.  
Note:  
1. The Length displayed here is the length of pair cable not that of the physical cable.  
2. The test result is just for your reference.  
15.3.2 Loopback  
Loopback test function, looping the sender and the receiver of the signal, is used to test whether  
the port of the switch is available as well as to check and analyze the physical connection status of  
the port to help you locate and solve network malfunctions.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceDevice DiagnosticsLoopback to load the following page.  
Figure 15-8 Loopback  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Loopback Type  
Internal:  
Select Internal to test whether the port is available.  
External:  
Select External to test whether the device connected to the port  
of the switch is available  
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Loopback Port  
Loopback Port:  
Test:  
Select the desired port for loopback test.  
Click the Test button to start the loopback test for the port.  
15.4 Network Diagnostics  
This switch provides Ping test and Tracert test functions for network diagnostics.  
15.4.1 Ping  
Ping test function, testing the connectivity between the switch and one node of the network,  
facilitates you to test the network connectivity and reachability of the host so as to locate the  
network malfunctions.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceNetwork DiagnosticsPing to load the following page.  
Figure 15-9 Ping  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Ping Config  
Destination IP:  
Ping Times:  
Enter the IP address of the destination node for Ping test.  
Enter the amount of times to send test data during Ping testing. The  
default value is recommended.  
Data Size:  
Interval:  
Enter the size of the sending data during Ping testing. The default  
value is recommended.  
Specify the interval to send ICMP request packets. The default value  
is recommended.  
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15.4.2 Tracert  
Tracert test function is used to test the connectivity of the gateways during its journey from the  
source to destination of the test data. When malfunctions occur to the network, you can locate  
trouble spot of the network with this tracert test.  
Choose the menu MaintenanceNetwork DiagnosticsTracert to load the following page.  
Figure 15-10Tracert  
The following entries are displayed on this screen:  
Tracert Config  
Destination IP:  
Max Hop:  
Enter the IP address of the destination device.  
Specify the maximum number of the route hops the test data can pass  
through.  
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Chapter 16 System Maintenance via FTP  
The firmware can be downloaded to the switch via FTP function. FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a  
protocol in the application layer, is mainly used to transfer files between the remote server and the  
local PCs. It is a common protocol used in the IP network for files transfer. If there is something  
wrong with the firmware of the switch and the switch can not be launched, the firmware can be  
downloaded to the switch again via FTP function.  
1. Hardware Installation  
Figure 16-1  
1Connect FTP server to port 1 of the switch.  
2Connect the Console port of the PC to the switch.  
3Save the firmware of the switch in the shared file of FTP server. Please write down the  
user name, password and the firmware name.  
2. Configure the Hyper Terminal  
After the hardware installation, please take the following steps to configure the hyper terminal of  
the management PC to manage the switch.  
1Select StartAll ProgramsAccessoriesCommunicationsHyper Terminal to  
open hyper terminal.  
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Figure 16-2 Open Hyper Terminal  
2The Connection Description Window will prompt shown as Figure 16-3. Enter a name into  
the Name field and click OK.  
Figure 16-3 Connection Description  
3Select the port to connect in Figure 16-4 and click OK.  
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Figure 16-4 Select the port to connect  
4Configure the port selected in the step above shown as the following Figure 16-5.  
Configure Bits per second as 38400, Data bits as 8, Parity as None, Stop bits as 1,  
Flow control as None, and then click OK.  
Figure 16-5 Port Settings  
3. Download Firmware via booUtil menu  
To download firmware to the switch via FTP function, you need to enter into the bootUtil menu of  
the switch and take the following steps.  
1Connect the console port of the PC to the console port of the switch and open hyper  
terminal. Connect FTP server to port 1 of the switch.  
2Power off and restart the switch. When you are prompted that “Press CTRL-B to enter the  
bootUtil” in the hyper terminal, please press CTRL-B key to enter into bootUtil menu  
shown as Figure 16-6.  
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Figure 16-6 bootUtil Menu  
As the prompt is displayed for a short time, you are suggested not to release the CTRL-B key  
until you enter into bootUtil menu after powering on the switch.  
3After entering into bootUtil menu, please firstly configure the IP parameters of the switch.  
The format is:  
ifconfig ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx mask 255.255.255.0 gateway xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.  
For example: Configure the IP address as 172.31.70.22, mask as 255.255.255.0 and  
gateway as172.31.70.1. The detailed command is shown as below. Enter the command  
and press Enter.  
[TP-LINK]: ifconfig ip 172.31.70.22 mask 255.255.255.0 gateway 172.31.70.1  
4Configure the parameters of the FTP server which keeps the upgrade firmware. Later you  
can download the firmware to the switch from the FTP server. The format of the command  
is: ftp host xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx user xxxxx pwd xxxxx file xxxxxx.bin.  
Here take the following parameters of the FTP server as an example. IP address is  
172.31.70.146; the user name and password for login to the FTP server are both 123; the  
name of the upgrade firmware is tl_sl3428_up.bin. The detailed command is shown as  
below. Enter the command and press Enter.  
[TP-LINK]: ftp host 172.31.70.146 user 123 pwd 123 file tl_sl3428_up.bin  
5Enter the upgrade command and press Enter to upgrade the firmware. After a while, the  
prompt “You can only use the port 1 to upgrade” will display in the hyper terminal shown  
as the following figure.  
[TL-LINK]: upgrade  
You can only use the port 1 to upgrade.  
6When the prompt “Are you sure to upgrade the firmware[Y/N]:” displays, please enter Y to  
start upgrade or enter N to quit upgrade shown as the following figure. The # icon  
indicates it is upgrading. After upgrading, the [TP-LINK] command will display.  
Are you sure to upgrade the firmware[Y/N]: y  
###############################################  
###############################################  
###############################################  
###################################  
[TP-LINK]:  
7Please enter start command to start the switch shown as the following figure. Enter the  
user name and password (the default user name and password are both admin) to login to  
the CLI command window and you can manage the switch via CLI command.  
[TP-LINK]: start  
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Start . . . . . . . .  
User Access Login  
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *  
User:  
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *  
When you forget the login user name and password, you can enter reset command after entering  
into bootUtil menu to reset the system. The system will be restored to the factory default settings,  
and the default login user name and password are both admin.  
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Appendix A: Specifications  
IEEE802.3 10Base-T Ethernet  
IEEE802.3u 100Base-TX/100Base-FX Fast Ethernet  
IEEE802.3ab 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet  
IEEE802.3z 1000Base-X Gigabit Ethernet  
IEEE802.3x Flow Control  
Standards  
IEEE802.1p QoS  
IEEE802.1q VLAN  
IEEE802.1X Port-based Access Authentication  
Ethernet: 10Mbps HD20Mbps FD  
Transmission Rate  
Fast Ethernet: 100Mbps HD200Mbps FD  
Gigabit Ethernet: 2000Mbps FD  
10Base-T: UTP/STP of Cat. 3 or above  
100Base-TX: UTP/STP of Cat. 5 or above  
Transmission Medium  
100Base-FX: MMF or SMF SFP Module (Optional)  
1000Base-T: 4-pair UTP (100m) of Cat. 5, Cat. 5e, Cat. 6  
1000Base-X: MMF or SMF SFP Module (Optional)  
PWRSYS10/100Mbps LEDs1000Mbps LEDs  
LED  
Transmission Method  
Store and Forward  
10BASE-T14881pps/port  
Packets Forwarding Rate 100BASE-TX148810pps/port  
1000Base-T1488095pps/port  
Operating Temperature: 0~ 40℃  
Operating  
Storage Temperature: -40~ 70℃  
Environment  
Operating Humidity: 10% ~ 90% RH Non-condensing  
Storage Humidity: 5% ~ 90% RH Non-condensing  
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Appendix B: Configuring the PCs  
In this section, we’ll introduce how to install and configure the TCP/IP correctly in Windows 2000.  
First make sure your Ethernet Adapter is working, refer to the adapter’s manual if necessary.  
1. Configure TCP/IP component  
1) On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Control Panel.  
2) Click the Network and Internet Connections icon, and then click on the Network  
Connections tab in the appearing window.  
3) Right click the icon that showed below, select Properties on the prompt page.  
Figure B-1  
4) In the prompt page that showed below, double click on the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).  
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Figure B-2  
5) The following TCP/IP Properties window will display and the IP Address tab is open on  
this window by default.  
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Figure B-3  
6) Select Use the following IP address. And the following items will be available. If the switch's  
IP address is 192.168.0.1, specify IP address as 192.168.0.x (x is from 2 to 254), and the  
Subnet mask as 255.255.255.0.  
Now:  
Click OK to save your settings.  
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Appendix C: 802.1X Client Software  
In 802.1X mechanism, the supplicant Client should be equipped with the corresponding client  
software complied with 802.1X protocol standard for 802.1X authentication. When the switch  
TL-SL3428 works as the authenticator system, please take the following instructions to install the  
TpSupplicant provided on the attached CD for the supplicant Client.  
1.1 Installation Guide  
1. Insert the provided CD into your CD-ROM drive. Open the file folder and double click the icon  
to load the following figure. Choose the proper language and click Next to  
continue.  
Figure C-1 Choose Setup Language  
2. Please wait for the InstallShield Wizard preparing the setup shown as the following screen.  
Figure C-2 Preparing Setup  
3. Then the following screen will appear. Click Next to continue. If you want to stop the  
installation, click Cancel.  
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Figure C-3 Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard  
4. To continue, choose the destination location for the installation files and click Next on the  
following screen.  
Figure C-4 Choose Destination Location  
By default, the installation files are saved on the Program Files folder of system disk. Click the  
Change button to modify the destination location proper to your need.  
5. Till now, The Wizard is ready to begin the installation. Click Install to start the installation on  
the following screen.  
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Figure C-5 Install the Program  
6. The InstallShield Wizard is installing TpSupplicant shown as the following screen. Please  
wait.  
Figure C-6 Setup Status  
7. On the following screen, click Finish to complete the installation.  
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Figure C-7 InstallShield Wizard Complete  
Note: Please pay attention to the tips on the above screen. If you have not installed WinPcap 4.0.2  
or the higher version on your computer, the 802.1X Client Software TpSupplicant can not work. It’s  
recommended to go to http://www.winpcap.org to download the latest version of WinPcap for  
installation.  
1.2 Uninstall Software  
If you want to remove the TpSupplicant, please take the following steps:  
1. On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to All ProgramsTP-LINK  
TpSupplicant, and then click Uninstall TP-LINK 802.1X, shown as the following figure.  
Figure C-8 Uninstall TP-LINK 802.1X  
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2. Then the following screen will appear. If you want to stop the remove process, click Cancel.  
Figure C-9 Preparing Setup  
3. On the continued screen, click Yes to remove the application from your PC.  
Figure C-10 Uninstall the Application  
4. Click Finish to complete.  
Figure C-11 Uninstall Complete  
1.3 Configuration  
1. After completing installation, double click the icon  
Software. The following screen will appear.  
to run the TP-LINK 802.1X Client  
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Figure C-12 TP-LINK 802.1X Client  
Enter the Name and the Password specified in the Authentication Server. The length of Name  
and Password should be less than 16 characters.  
2. Click the Properties button on Figure C-12 to load the following screen for configuring the  
connection properties.  
Figure C-13 Connection Properties  
Send 802.1X protocol packets by Unicast: When this option is selected, the Client will send the  
EAPOL Start packets to the switch via multicast and send the 802.1X authentication packets via  
unicast.  
Obtain an IP address automatically: Select this option if the Client automatically obtains the IP  
address from DHCP server. After passing the authentication, the Client can be assigned the IP  
address by DHCP server. The Client can access the network after getting the new IP address.  
Auto reconnect after timeout: Select this option to allow the Client to automatically start the  
connection again when it does not receive the handshake reply packets from the switch within a  
period.  
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3. To continue, click Connect button after entering the Name and Password on Figure C-12.  
Then the following screen will appear to prompt that the Radius server is being searched.  
Figure C-14 Authentication Dialog  
4. When passing the authentication, the following screen will appear.  
Figure C-15 Successfully Authenticated  
5. Double click the icon  
status screen will pop up.  
on the right corner of desktop, and then the following connection  
Figure C-16 Connection Status  
1.4 FAQ:  
Q1: Why does this error dialog box pop up when starting up the TP-LINK 802.1X Client Software?  
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A1: It’s because the supported DLL file is missing. You are suggested to go to  
http://www.winpcap.org to download WinPcap 4.0.2 or the higher version for installation, and  
run the client software again.  
Q2: Is this TP-LINK 802.1X Client Software compliable with the switches of the other  
manufacturers?  
A2: No. This TP-LINK 802.1X Client Software is customized for TP-LINK switches.  
Q3: Is it safe to set the password being automatically saved?  
A3: Yes. The password saved in the configuration files is encrypted.  
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Appendix D: Glossary  
Access Control List (ACL)  
ACLs can limit network traffic and restrict access to certain users or devices by checking each  
packet for certain IP or MAC (i.e., Layer 2) information.  
Boot Protocol (BOOTP)  
BOOTP is used to provide bootup information for network devices, including IP address  
information, the address of the TFTP server that contains the devices system files, and the name  
of the boot file.  
Class of Service (CoS)  
CoS is supported by prioritizing packets based on the required level of service, and then placing  
them in the appropriate output queue. Data is transmitted from the queues using weighted  
round-robin service to enforce priority service and prevent blockage of lower-level queues. Priority  
may be set according to the port default, the packet’s priority bit (in the VLAN tag), TCP/UDP port  
number, or DSCP priority bit.  
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)  
DSCP uses a six-bit tag to provide for up to 64 different forwarding behaviors. Based on network  
policies, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. The DSCP bits  
are mapped to the Class of Service categories, and then into the output queues.  
Domain Name Service (DNS)  
A system used for translating host names for network nodes into IP addresses.  
Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)  
Provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network. DHCP  
is based on the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), adding the capability of automatic allocation of  
reusable network addresses and additional configuration options.  
Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN (EAPOL)  
EAPOL is a client authentication protocol used by this switch to verify the network access rights for  
any device that is plugged into the switch. A user name and password is requested by the switch,  
and then passed to an authentication server (e.g., RADIUS) for verification. EAPOL is  
implemented as part of the IEEE 802.1X Port Authentication standard.  
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP)  
Defines a way for switches to exchange VLAN information in order to register necessary VLAN  
members on ports along the Spanning Tree so that VLANs defined in each switch can work  
automatically over a Spanning Tree network.  
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP)  
The GARP provides a generic attribute dissemination capability that is used by participants in  
GARP Applications (GARP Participants) to register and de-register attribute values with other  
GARP Participants within a Bridged LAN. The definition of the attribute types, the values that they  
can carry, and the semantics that are associated with those values when registered, are specific to  
the operation of the GARP Application concerned.  
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Generic Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)  
GMRP allows network devices to register end stations with multicast groups. GMRP requires that  
any participating network devices or end stations comply with the IEEE 802.1p standard.  
Group Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP)  
See Generic Attribute Registration Protocol.  
IEEE 802.1D  
Specifies a general method for the operation of MAC bridges, including the Spanning Tree  
Protocol.  
IEEE 802.1Q  
VLAN Tagging—Defines Ethernet frame tags which carry VLAN information. It allows switches to  
assign endstations to different virtual LANs, and defines a standard way for VLANs to  
communicate across switched networks.  
IEEE 802.1p  
An IEEE standard for providing quality of service (QoS) in Ethernet networks. The standard uses  
packet tags that define up to eight traffic classes and allows switches to transmit packets based on  
the tagged priority value.  
IEEE 802.1X  
Port Authentication controls access to the switch ports by requiring users to first enter a user ID  
and password for authentication.  
IEEE 802.3ac  
Defines frame extensions for VLAN tagging.  
IEEE 802.3x  
Defines Ethernet frame start/stop requests and timers used for flow control on full-duplex links.  
(Now incorporated in IEEE 802.3-2002)  
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)  
A protocol through which hosts can register with their local router for multicast services. If there is  
more than one multicast switch/router on a given subnetwork, one of the devices is made the  
“querier” and assumes responsibility for keeping track of group membership.  
IGMP Snooping  
Listening to IGMP Query and IGMP Report packets transferred between IP Multicast Routers and  
IP Multicast host groups to identify IP Multicast group members.  
IGMP Query  
On each subnetwork, one IGMP-capable device will act as the querier — that is, the device that  
asks all hosts to report on the IP multicast groups they wish to join or to which they already belong.  
The elected querier will be the device with the lowest IP address in the subnetwork.  
IP Multicast Filtering  
It is a feature to allow or deny the Client to add the specified multicast group.  
Multicast Switching  
A process whereby the switch filters incoming multicast frames services which no attached host  
has registered, or forwards them to all ports contained within the designated multicast group.  
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Layer 2  
Data Link layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This is related directly to the  
hardware interface for network devices and passes on traffic based on MAC addresses.  
Link Aggregation  
See Port Trunk.  
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)  
Allows ports to automatically negotiate a trunked link with LACP-configured ports on another  
device.  
Management Information Base (MIB)  
An acronym for Management Information Base. It is a set of database objects that contains  
information about a specific device.  
MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm  
An algorithm that is used to create digital signatures. It is intended for use with 32 bit machines  
and is safer than the MD4 algorithm, which has been broken. MD5 is a one-way hash function,  
meaning that it takes a message and converts it into a fixed string of digits, also called a message  
digest.  
Network Time Protocol (NTP)  
NTP provides the mechanisms to synchronize time across the network. The time servers operate  
in a hierarchical-master-slave configuration in order to synchronize local clocks within the subnet  
and to national time standards via wire or radio.  
Port Authentication  
See IEEE 802.1X.  
Port Mirroring  
A method whereby data on a target port is mirrored to a monitor port for troubleshooting with a  
logic analyzer or RMON probe. This allows data on the target port to be studied unobstructively.  
Port Trunk  
Defines a network link aggregation and trunking method which specifies how to create a single  
high-speed logical link that combines several lower-speed physical links.  
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS)  
RADIUS is a logon authentication protocol that uses software running on a central server to  
control access to RADIUS-compliant devices on the network.  
Remote Monitoring (RMON)  
RMON provides comprehensive network monitoring capabilities. It eliminates the polling required  
in standard SNMP, and can set alarms on a variety of traffic conditions, including specific error  
types.  
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)  
RSTP reduces the convergence time for network topology changes to about 10% of that required  
by the older IEEE 802.1D STP standard.  
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Secure Shell (SSH)  
A secure replacement for remote access functions, including Telnet. SSH can authenticate users  
with a cryptographic key, and encrypt data connections between management clients and the  
switch.  
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)  
The application protocol in the Internet suite of protocols which offers network management  
services.  
Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)  
SNTP allows a device to set its internal clock based on periodic updates from a Network Time  
Protocol (NTP) server. Updates can be requested from a specific NTP server, or can be received  
via broadcasts sent by NTP servers.  
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)  
A technology that checks your network for any loops. A loop can often occur in complicated or  
backup linked network systems. Spanning Tree detects and directs data along the shortest  
available path, maximizing the performance and efficiency of the network.  
Telnet  
Defines a remote communication facility for interfacing to a terminal device over TCP/IP.  
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)  
Protocol suite that includes TCP as the primary transport protocol, and IP as the network layer  
protocol.  
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)  
A TCP/IP protocol commonly used for software downloads.  
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)  
UDP provides a datagram mode for packet-switched communications. It uses IP as the underlying  
transport mechanism to provide access to IP-like services. UDP packets are delivered just like IP  
packets – connection-less datagrams that may be discarded before reaching their targets. UDP is  
useful when TCP would be too complex, too slow, or just unnecessary.  
Virtual LAN (VLAN)  
A Virtual LAN is a collection of network nodes that share the same collision domain regardless of  
their physical location or connection point in the network. A VLAN serves as a logical workgroup  
with no physical barriers, and allows users to share information and resources as though located  
on the same LAN.  
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