Intel Network Router ZT 8101 10 100 User Manual
Intel® NetStructure™ ZT 8101 10/  
100 Ethernet Switch  
User’s Manual  
February 2003  
Order Number: 273869-002  
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Contents  
Contents  
1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................11  
Highlights............................................................................................................................11  
Ethernet Features...............................................................................................................11  
Layer 2 Switching Functions..................................................................11  
Layer 3 Switching Functions..................................................................12  
Additional Features................................................................................................12  
Front Panel Features .............................................................................12  
Management Functions .........................................................................13  
Warranty ................................................................................................13  
Specifications......................................................................................................................13  
Electrical ................................................................................................13  
Mechanical.............................................................................................14  
Environmental........................................................................................14  
Standards...............................................................................................14  
Product Information and Sales Support..............................................................................14  
2
Installation and Initial Setup.......................................................................................................15  
Installing the Board.............................................................................................................15  
Power on................................................................................................................15  
Uninstalling the Board.........................................................................................................16  
Identifying External Components........................................................................................16  
Status LEDs...........................................................................................................17  
Health Status LED .................................................................................18  
Hot Swap LED .......................................................................................18  
Port LEDs ..............................................................................................................18  
Link / Activity LED Mode........................................................................18  
Link / Speed LED Mode.........................................................................19  
Getting Started with Management ......................................................................................19  
Accessing the Local Console.................................................................................19  
To log in to the switch the first time........................................................20  
Setting the IP Address...........................................................................................20  
To configure the IP address...................................................................20  
Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem..................................................................21  
To upgrade the firmware using Zmodem...............................................21  
3
Switch Management and Operating Concepts .........................................................................23  
Managing the Switch ..........................................................................................................23  
Switch IP and MAC Addresses...........................................................................................24  
Port Configurations.............................................................................................................24  
Flow Control...........................................................................................24  
Port Security and MAC Address Learning .............................................25  
SNMP .................................................................................................................................25  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay..........................................................................................................26  
DNS Relay..........................................................................................................................26  
Packet Forwarding..............................................................................................................26  
MAC Address Aging Time .....................................................................................27  
MAC Address Forwarding......................................................................................27  
3
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Storm Control.........................................................................................................27  
Traffic Control ........................................................................................................28  
IP Forwarding ........................................................................................................28  
ARP Table..............................................................................................28  
Router Ports...........................................................................................28  
Priority.................................................................................................................................29  
Prioritization Methods .........................................................................................................29  
Filtering...............................................................................................................................30  
MAC Address Filtering...........................................................................30  
IP Address Filtering................................................................................30  
Port Mirroring......................................................................................................................31  
Spanning Tree Protocol......................................................................................................31  
STP Levels and Parameters..................................................................................31  
STP Parameters for the Switch Level....................................................32  
STP Parameters for the Port Level........................................................33  
Link Aggregation.................................................................................................................33  
VLANs.................................................................................................................................35  
Port-Based VLANs.................................................................................................35  
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs..............................................................................................36  
GVRP.....................................................................................................36  
Ingress Checking ...................................................................................37  
Broadcast Storm Control and VLANs ....................................................................37  
Layer 3-Based VLANs ...........................................................................................37  
Multi-Netting...........................................................................................................38  
IP Path MTU Discovery ......................................................................................................38  
IP Interfaces........................................................................................................................38  
System IP Interface................................................................................38  
Additional IP Interfaces..........................................................................39  
IP Addressing Scheme ..........................................................................39  
Multicasting.........................................................................................................................40  
GMRP....................................................................................................................40  
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).......................................................41  
IGMP Queriers.......................................................................................................41  
IGMP Snooping .....................................................................................................42  
IGMP Group Settings.............................................................................................42  
Routing Protocols ...............................................................................................................42  
RIP.........................................................................................................................43  
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) ..........................................43  
Protocol-Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM).....................................43  
4
Using the Telnet Console ...........................................................................................................45  
Before You Start .................................................................................................................45  
General Deployment Strategy ...............................................................................45  
VLAN Layout..........................................................................................................46  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs.........................................................................46  
Static Route Assessment.......................................................................................46  
Getting Started....................................................................................................................47  
Console Usage Conventions .................................................................................47  
Connecting to the Switch.......................................................................................47  
To log in to the switch the first time........................................................48  
Main Menu.............................................................................................................48  
4
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Creating User Accounts.........................................................................................50  
To create a new user account................................................................50  
Admin and User Privileges.....................................................................51  
To log in once you have created a registered user................................51  
Saving Changes ....................................................................................................51  
To save changes to NV-RAM ................................................................52  
Reboot ...................................................................................................................52  
Basic Settings.....................................................................................................................52  
Switch Information .................................................................................................53  
Basic Switch Setup ................................................................................................53  
Network Management Setup .................................................................................55  
To configure SNMP................................................................................55  
To configure trap recipients ...................................................................55  
To configure the access list ...................................................................56  
Serial Port Settings................................................................................................56  
Port Configurations................................................................................................56  
Switch Utilities........................................................................................................57  
To update firmware................................................................................58  
To download a configuration file ............................................................58  
To upload a configuration file.................................................................58  
To upload a history log file.....................................................................58  
To test connectivity with ping.................................................................59  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay.............................................................................................59  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent .............................................59  
DNS Relay.............................................................................................................60  
To configure DNS Relay services..........................................................60  
Network Monitoring.............................................................................................................61  
Port Statistics.........................................................................................................61  
To view port utilization ...........................................................................61  
To view port error statistics....................................................................62  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types ......................................63  
Address Tables......................................................................................................63  
To view the MAC address table.............................................................63  
To view the IP address table..................................................................64  
To view the routing table........................................................................64  
To view the ARP table ...........................................................................65  
Status.....................................................................................................................65  
To view GVRP status.............................................................................65  
To view the router ports .........................................................................65  
To view the IGMP snooping status ........................................................66  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table ..............................................66  
To view the IGMP group table ...............................................................66  
To view the DVMRP routing table..........................................................67  
To view the switch’s history log..............................................................67  
Advanced Setup .................................................................................................................68  
Spanning Tree .......................................................................................................68  
To configure global STP switch settings................................................68  
To define the port members of an STP group........................................69  
Forwarding.............................................................................................................70  
To configure MAC address aging ..........................................................70  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding......................................71  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding ...................................71  
5
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Contents  
To configure storm control .....................................................................72  
To configure advanced traffic control.....................................................72  
To configure static IP routes ..................................................................73  
To configure static ARP .........................................................................73  
IP Address Filtering ...............................................................................................73  
To specify an IP address for filtering......................................................73  
Priority Settings...................................................................................................................74  
MAC Address Priority ............................................................................................74  
IP Priority ...............................................................................................................75  
Priority based on Port ............................................................................................75  
User Priority Regeneration ....................................................................................76  
Mirroring Configurations ........................................................................................77  
To configure a port for mirroring ............................................................77  
GMRP....................................................................................................................77  
To configure GMRP globally..................................................................77  
To configure port GMRP settings...........................................................77  
To configure VLANs supporting GMRP.................................................................78  
VLAN Configuration...............................................................................................78  
To configure GVRP globally...................................................................78  
To create or modify a port-based VLAN ................................................78  
To create or modify an 802.1Q VLAN....................................................79  
To configure the member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN..............................80  
Link Aggregation....................................................................................................80  
To configure a link aggregation group ...................................................80  
To configure link aggregation load sharing............................................81  
Layer 3 IP Networking ........................................................................................................82  
Setting Up IP Interfaces.........................................................................................82  
To set up IP Interfaces on the switch.....................................................82  
RIP Configuration ..................................................................................................82  
To configure RIP....................................................................................83  
Multicast Global Configurations.............................................................................83  
To configure globally the multicast protocols.........................................83  
IGMP Configuration ...............................................................................................84  
To configure IGMP snooping .................................................................84  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface ...................................................85  
DVMRP Interface Configuration ............................................................................86  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface................................................86  
PIM-DM Interface Configurations ..........................................................................86  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface ...............................................86  
Static Router Port ..................................................................................................87  
To configure a static router port.............................................................88  
5
Using the Web Console .............................................................................................................89  
Before You Start .................................................................................................................89  
General Deployment Strategy ...............................................................................89  
VLAN Layout..........................................................................................................90  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs.........................................................................90  
Static Route Assessment.......................................................................................90  
Getting Started....................................................................................................................91  
Logging In..............................................................................................................91  
Configuration Options............................................................................................91  
6
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Admin and User Privileges.....................................................................94  
Saving Changes ....................................................................................................94  
To retain any configuration changes permanently.................................94  
Restart ...................................................................................................................95  
Factory Reset ........................................................................................................95  
To reset the switch to factory default values..........................................95  
Basic Settings.....................................................................................................................95  
Switch Information .................................................................................................96  
Basic Switch Setup ................................................................................................96  
Serial Port Settings................................................................................................98  
Port Configurations................................................................................................98  
Network Management............................................................................................99  
To configure SNMP community strings..................................................99  
To configure trap recipients ...................................................................99  
To configure management station IP addresses .................................100  
Switch Utilities......................................................................................................100  
To update firmware..............................................................................100  
To download a configuration file ..........................................................101  
To upload a configuration file...............................................................101  
To upload a history log file...................................................................101  
To test connectivity with ping...............................................................102  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent ................................................................................102  
To configure the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent .......................................102  
To configure the static BOOTP relay setup .........................................103  
DNS Relay...........................................................................................................103  
To configure DNS Relay ......................................................................104  
To configure the static DNS table ........................................................104  
Network Monitoring...........................................................................................................104  
Port Statistics.......................................................................................................105  
To view port utilization .........................................................................105  
To view port error statistics..................................................................105  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types ....................................106  
Address Tables....................................................................................................107  
To view the MAC address table...........................................................107  
To view the IP address table................................................................107  
To view the routing table......................................................................108  
To view the ARP table .........................................................................108  
Status...................................................................................................................109  
To view GVRP Status ..........................................................................109  
To view router ports .............................................................................109  
To view IGMP snooping status ............................................................109  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table ............................................110  
To view the IGMP group table .............................................................110  
To view the DVMRP routing table........................................................111  
To view the switch’s history log............................................................111  
Advanced Setup ...............................................................................................................112  
Spanning Tree Protocol .......................................................................................112  
To configure STP switch settings.........................................................112  
To define the port members of an STP group......................................113  
Forwarding...........................................................................................................114  
To configure MAC address aging ........................................................114  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding....................................114  
7
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Contents  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding .................................115  
To configure storm control ...................................................................115  
To configure advanced traffic control...................................................116  
To configure static IP routes ................................................................116  
To configure static ARP .......................................................................117  
IP Address Filtering .............................................................................................117  
To specify an IP address for filtering....................................................117  
Priority Settings....................................................................................................118  
MAC Address Priority...........................................................................118  
IP Priority .............................................................................................119  
Priority based on Port ..........................................................................119  
User Priority Regeneration...................................................................120  
Mirroring Configurations ......................................................................................121  
To configure a port for mirroring ..........................................................121  
VLAN Configurations ...........................................................................................121  
To configure GVRP globally.................................................................121  
To configure a port-based VLAN .........................................................122  
To configure an 802.1Q VLAN.............................................................122  
To configure member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN..................................123  
GMRP ..................................................................................................123  
Link Aggregation..................................................................................................124  
Layer 3 - IP Networking ....................................................................................................125  
Setting Up IP Interfaces.......................................................................................125  
To set up IP interfaces on the switch...................................................126  
RIP Configuration ................................................................................................126  
To globally enable or disable RIP ........................................................126  
To configure RIP interface settings......................................................126  
Multicast Global Configurations...........................................................................127  
To configure globally the multicast protocols.......................................127  
IGMP Configurations ...........................................................................................128  
To configure IGMP snooping ...............................................................128  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface .................................................129  
DVMRP Interface Configurations.........................................................................129  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface..............................................129  
PIM-DM Setup .....................................................................................................130  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface .............................................130  
Static Router Port Settings ..................................................................................130  
To configure a static router port...........................................................131  
A
Agency Approvals.....................................................................................................................133  
CE Certification....................................................................................133  
Safety...................................................................................................133  
Emissions Test Regulations.................................................................133  
Regulatory Information .....................................................................................................134  
FCC—Federal Communications Commission (USA) ..........................134  
Industry Canada (Canada)...................................................................134  
Product Safety Information ...............................................................................................134  
Safety Precautions...............................................................................134  
Safety Information.............................................................................................................135  
AC and/or DC Power Safety Warning (AC and/or DC Powered Units)135  
Rack Mount Enclosure Safety..............................................................136  
Warranty Information ........................................................................................................136  
8
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Contents  
Intel® NetStructure™ Compute Boards & Platform Products  
Limited Warranty136  
B
Serial Cable................................................................................................................................139  
B.1  
B.2  
Pin Assignments...............................................................................................................139  
Building the Cable.............................................................................................................140  
Tables  
SNMP Trap Events.....................................................................................................................25  
Figures  
1
2
3
4
5
Injector/Ejector Operations .........................................................................................................15  
Front Panel .................................................................................................................................17  
Main Menu..................................................................................................................................49  
Web Console ..............................................................................................................................92  
Serial Cable Diagram................................................................................................................140  
Revision History  
Date  
Revision  
Description  
First release of this document  
Changes regarding SNMP, priority, Link Aggregation, GMRP.  
January 2002  
January 2003  
001  
002  
9
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10  
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Introduction  
1
The Intel® NetStructure™ ZT 8101 10/100 Ethernet Switch is a high performance managed  
switch that supports both Layer 2 and Layer 3 features. For fast connection speeds and flexibility, it  
has 24 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet ports and 2 gigabit Ethernet ports in a 6U CompactPCI* form  
factor board. The in-chassis switch minimizes external wiring, thus improving density and  
reliability.  
You can manage the switch from a terminal, with Telnet, from a Web browser, or through IPMI via  
the Intel® NetStructure™ ZT 7101 Chassis Management Module. The ZT 8101 routes and  
switches at full wire speed with its non-blocking architecture, and it has sophisticated multicast  
protocols to limit unnecessary traffic. It provides an in-chassis switch fabric that you can configure  
to operate in a redundant configuration.  
Highlights  
• Full wire speed on all ports  
• VLAN ID tagging and priority queues  
• Link aggregation  
• Port mirroring  
• Packet filtering  
• Multicast and broadcast storm control  
• DHCP/BOOTP packet forwarding  
• RIP (v1 and v2), DVMRP, PIM-DM  
• Low port latency  
• Hot-swappable board with LED indicator  
Ethernet Features  
Layer 2 Switching Functions  
• 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T port functions  
— 22 10/100 Fast Ethernet ports to the mid-plane connectors  
— 2 10/100 Fast Ethernet ports (RJ45) on the font panel  
— 2 100/1000 Ethernet ports (RJ45) on the front panel  
• Auto-negotiation function for speed (10 MB/100 MB/1000 MB), duplex (full/half), and flow-  
control  
• Back pressure flow control for half-duplex mode  
• IEEE 802.3x compliant flow control for full-duplex mode  
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Introduction  
• Per device packet buffer: 512 KB  
• 8.8 Gbps switching fabric capacity  
• Store and forward switching mode  
• 8 KB for MAC address caching  
• Broadcast and multicast storm control  
• Port mirroring  
• IEEE 802.3ad link aggregation  
• IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol  
• IEEE 802.1Q tagged VLANs  
• GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) for distribution of VLAN information  
• GMRP (Group Multicast Registration Protocol)  
• IEEE 802.1p priority support with 4 priority queues  
• IGMP Snooping  
Layer 3 Switching Functions  
• Wire speed IP forwarding rate per system  
• Hardware-based Layer 3 IP switching  
• 2 KB for IP address caching  
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol) v1 and v2  
• IP v4  
• IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) v2  
• PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode)  
• DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) v3  
• IP multi-netting  
• Path MTU discovery  
• DHCP/BOOTP relay  
Additional Features  
Front Panel Features  
• 2 10/100 RJ45 ports  
• 2 100/1000 RJ45 ports  
• RS-232 serial console port  
• Status LEDs for port link, speed, and activity  
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Introduction  
Management Functions  
• RS-232 port for out-of-band management and system diagnostics  
• Telnet remote control console  
• Web-based management console  
• SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c Agent  
• Supported MIBs  
— MIB-II  
— Bridge MIB  
— RMON MIB (Statistics, History, Alarm, Event)  
— RIP MIB  
— CIDR MIB  
— 802.1p MIB  
— RFC 1157 SNMP v1/v2c  
— RFC 1516 Repeater MIB  
— RFC 1643 Ethernet MIB  
— RFC 2737 Entity MIB  
— RFC 2239 IEEE 802.3 MAU MIB  
• TFTP  
• IP filtering on management interface  
• DHCP client  
• Password enabled  
Warranty  
2 years  
Specifications  
Electrical  
• Less than 35W power consumption  
• 3.3V, 5.0V, 12V supplies  
Power Requirements  
Typical  
Supply Voltage, Vcc  
+5VDC +5%, -3%  
4A  
Supply Current, Vcc=5.0VDC  
Supply Voltage, V3.3V  
+3.3VDC +5%, -3%  
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Introduction  
Power Requirements  
Supply Current, V3.3V=3.3VDC  
Typical  
6A  
Supply Voltage, V12.0V  
+12VDC ±10%  
20mA  
Supply Current, V12V=12.0V  
Mechanical  
• Measures 9.2" x 6.3" (233.35 mm x 160 mm)  
• Width: 0.8" (1 slot - 4HP)  
• Connector: IEC-1076-4-101 (J1-J5)  
Environmental  
• Operating Temperature (requires 200 LFM airflow): 0 to 50 C  
• Storage Temperature: -25 to +55 C  
• Non-Condensing Relative Humidity: less than 95% at 40 C  
Standards  
• PICMG 2.16 R1.0 CompactPCI Packet Switching Backplane Specification  
• PICMG 2.19 R1.0 CompactPCI System Management  
• IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree  
• IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN  
• MIB, MIB-II, Bridge MIB, RIP MIB, CIDR MIB, 802.1p MIB, RFC 1157, RFC 1516  
Repeater MIB, RFC 1643 Ethernet MIB, RFC 2737 Entity MIB, RFC 2239 IEEE 802.3 MAU  
MIB  
• IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T, IEEE 802.3u 100BASE-TX, and IEEE 802.3ab 1000BASE-T  
• IEEE 802.1P Priority Tagging, 802.3ac VLAN TAG, 802.3ad Link Aggregation, 802.3x Flow  
Control  
• RFC 768, 783, 791/950, 792, 826, 854, 855, 856, 857,1058, 1519, 1542, 1723, 2068, 2113,  
2328, 2131, 2236  
Product Information and Sales Support  
(805) 541-0488  
www.Intel.com  
14  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
2
This chapter provides installation and initial setup information for the switch.  
Installing the Board  
These instructions explain the mechanical aspects of installing a ZT 8101 board. The board should  
be installed in a PICMG* 2.16-compliant fabric slot.  
1. System power does not need to be off to insert a ZT 8101 board.  
2. Prepare the board by opening the injector/ejector mechanisms.  
Figure 1. Injector/Ejector Operations  
3. Carefully align the edges of the board with the left and right card guides in the appropriate slot.  
It may be helpful to look into the enclosure to verify correct alignment of the rails in the  
guides.  
4. Taking care to keep the board aligned in the guides, slide the board in until the injector/ejector  
mechanisms engage the retention bars.  
5. Simultaneously push in the board and rotate the injector/ejector mechanisms to their closed  
positions (rotate inward) to seat the backplane connectors. When the board is in place, it will  
boot if the system power is on.  
6. Make the desired connections at the faceplate and configure the board.  
Power on  
After the power switch is turned on, the LED indicators should respond as follows:  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
• All LED indicators will momentarily blink, which represents a reset of the system.  
• The board status LED indicator will blink while the switch loads onboard software and  
performs a self-test. After approximately 20 seconds, the LED will light again to indicate the  
switch is in a ready state.  
• The hot-swap LED indicator will be off.  
• The port LED indicators will be off if there is no Ethernet connection and on if there is an  
Ethernet connection.  
Uninstalling the Board  
These instructions explain the mechanical aspects of removing a Intel® NetStructure™ ZT 8101  
10/100 Ethernet Switch board from a system.  
1. You do not need to turn off the system power to remove a ZT 8101 board.  
2. Disconnect connections at the faceplate (Ethernet and serial ports).  
3. The board should be in a “safe” state to be removed or data may be lost. Signal the system that  
a board is about to be removed by partially unlatching the ejectors on the board to be removed.  
Do not fully open the ejectors, as this levers the board out of the enclosure and prematurely  
breaks its backplane connection.  
4. Wait for the blue hot swap LED on the board's faceplate to light; this indicates that board  
processes have finished and the board is safe to extract. If the hot swap LED fails to light after  
30 seconds, re-latch the ejectors and unlatch them again. In this case, the board is safe to  
extract (though the hot swap LED may not light).  
5. Once the hot swap LED lights, open the injector/ejector mechanisms fully, rotating the handles  
outward until the board disengages from the backplane (refer to “” on page 15).  
6. Slide the board evenly out of the enclosure.  
7. Install a replacement board or cover the empty slot with a filler panel to maintain the  
enclosure's shielding and cooling performance.  
Identifying External Components  
This section describes the front panel and the LED indicators of the ZT 8101switch. The front  
panel consists of LED indicators, a management serial port, a toggle button, two 10/100 Ethernet  
ports, and two 100/1000 Ethernet ports.  
16  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Figure 2. Front Panel  
Status LEDs  
The two LEDs at the bottom of the font panel are status LEDs. The top LED indicates the overall  
status of the board and the bottom LED indicates the hot swap status of the board.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Health Status LED  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
Not powered.  
Green  
Powered and functioning normally.  
Attention needed due to one of the following conditions:  
• Over temperature  
• Power supplies exceeding voltage limits  
• IPMB time outs  
Amber  
Hot Swap LED  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
Switch is active or in the process of shutting down; do not remove it.  
Safe to remove the switch.  
Blue  
Port LEDs  
The LED array on the front panel displays information about all the Ethernet links on the board. A  
green/amber two-color LED is used for each of the 26 Ethernet port connections (24 10/100 + 2  
Gigabit). A push-button switch just below the array toggles the LED display from Link/Activity  
mode to Link/Speed mode. The default LED mode is Link/Activity. When you depress the switch  
button, the LEDs are in Link/Speed mode.  
Link / Activity LED Mode  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
No Ethernet connection.  
Solid Green  
Good connection, link present.  
Blinking Green  
Port is transmitting or receiving packets (activity is on going).  
Port is not forwarding packets. The port has been disabled by management, an  
address violation has occurred, or the port is being blocked by STP.  
Solid Amber  
Note: After a port is reconfigured, the port LED can remain amber for as long as  
30 seconds while STP checks the switch for loop paths. When the STP checking  
is completed, the port then resumes displaying its current connection status.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Link / Speed LED Mode  
Port Type  
Status  
Meaning  
10/100  
Off  
10 Mb/s  
Solid Green  
Solid Green  
Solid Amber  
100 Mb/s  
100 Mb/s  
1000 Mb/s  
100/1000  
Getting Started with Management  
The switch contains the following components:  
• A CPU  
• Memory for data storage  
• Flash memory for configuration data, operational programs, and SNMP agent firmware.  
These components allow you to manage and monitor the switch from either the board’s serial port  
or the network itself. You can configure and manage the switch from these locations:  
• A terminal or a workstation running terminal emulation software and connected to the switch  
via the RS-232 port.  
• A workstation connected to the network and running Telnet.  
• A workstation connected to the network and running a Web browser.  
To access the switch via Telnet or a Web browser, you must assign the switch an appropriate IP  
address for your network. To do this, you must access the switch using the RS-232 port via the  
Local Console.  
This section explains how to  
• Set up access to the Local Console  
• Configure the switch’s IP address  
Once you complete these tasks, you can access the switch from any of the three locations. Since the  
Local Console and the Telnet Console use the same interface, chapter 4 explains how to access the  
switch using Telnet and then explains all the configuration and management options in this  
interface. Chapter 5 explains the Web Console. Both the Web and the Telnet/Local interfaces  
expose the same functionality. Chapter 3 describes some basic concepts that you should be familiar  
with before configuring the switch.  
Accessing the Local Console  
The Local Console is a terminal or a workstation running a terminal emulation program that is  
connected directly to the switch via the RS-232 serial port on the front of the switch. Such a  
connection is referred to as an “Out-of-Band” connection because the console is connected to the  
switch using a different circuit than the circuit used for normal network communications. The  
Local Console can be used to set up and manage the switch even when the network is down.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
The serial port on the front panel uses Cisco* cable kit (Order Number: ACS-DSBUASYN). This  
kit includes a DB-25 terminal adapter, a DB-9 terminal adapter, and RJ-45 rollover cable. To build  
this cable, see Appendix B, “Serial Cable”.  
A terminal (such as a VT-100) or a computer running a terminal emulation program (such as  
HyperTerminal, which is automatically installed with Windows*) is connected to this cable.  
The serial port is set at the factory for the following configuration:  
• Baud rate:  
• Data width:  
• Parity:  
9600  
8 bits  
None  
1
• Stop bits:  
• Flow Control: None  
Make sure the terminal or computer you are using to make this connection is configured to match  
these settings.  
If you are having problems making this connection on a computer, make sure the emulation is set  
to VT-100. If you still don't see anything, press CTRL+R to refresh the screen.  
To log in to the switch the first time  
The usernames and passwords used to access the switch are case sensitive; therefore, “S” is not the  
same as “s.”  
When you first connect to the switch, you will be presented with a login screen.  
1. Use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to move to the Username field. Leave the field blank and  
press Enter. There is no initial username.  
2. Move to the Password field. Leave the field blank and press Enter. There is no initial  
password. The Main Menu appears.  
The first created user automatically gets administrator privileges. One of your first configuration  
tasks should be to create at least one Admin-level user for the switch to protect it from  
unauthorized users.  
Setting the IP Address  
You use the Basic Network Setup menu to set the boot-up operation for obtaining an IP address or  
to manually assign the IP address for the switch. The switch needs a valid IP address for your  
network to access the switch via Telnet or the Web.  
To configure the IP address  
1. From the Main Menu, select Basic Network Setup and press Enter.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
2. To configure the IP address, use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to modify the settings in the  
New Switch IP Settings column.  
Parameter  
Get IP From  
Default  
Manual  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the spacebar to toggle to Manual, DHCP, or BOOTP.  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
255.0.0.0  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch.  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that contains the  
workstations that you will use to manage the switch. This  
VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in the following  
fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. Press Escape to return to the Main Menu.  
6. To save your changes to NV-RAM, highlight Save Changes and press Enter.  
To continue configuring the switch, see chapter 4 for information on this interface. See chapter 5  
for information about using the Web Console.  
Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem  
Generally, TFTP is the first choice to use to upgrade firmware. The Telnet Console and the Web  
Console both have options for upgrading the firmware using a TFTP server (see chapters 4 and 5).  
However, you can also use Zmodem to upgrade the firmware from the serial port. The switch can  
hold only one image of the firmware.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem.  
To upgrade the firmware using Zmodem  
1. Obtain the runtime firmware.  
2. Using Windows HyperTerminal*, log in to the switch through the serial port.  
3. From the Main Menu, select Reboot and press Enter.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
4. When the power on self test message appears, press the # key and wait for the following  
message:  
Please change your baud rate to 115200 for the Zmodem upgrade, or  
press CTRL+C to go to the BOOT Menu.  
If you press CTRL+C, you can configure the baud rate to a different value.  
5. Change HyperTerminal’s baud rate to 115200.  
6. Use the Send File function of HyperTerminal to upgrade the firmware.  
When the download is completed, Zmodem will display a message indicating that it is done  
and then a message about loading the Runtime image.  
7. Change the baud rate of HyperTerminal back to 9600 bps.  
8. Disconnect and reconnect.  
9. Log in to the switch.  
10. From the main menu, select Switch Information and press Enter. Verify the firmware  
version.  
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Switch Management and Operating  
Concepts  
3
This chapter describes many of the concepts you need to understand to configure and manage the  
switch. It also describes many of the features available for managing the switch. The instructions  
for configuring the switch are in chapter 4 (Telnet Console) and chapter 5 (Web Console).  
Managing the Switch  
The Intel® NetStructure™ ZT 8101 10/100 Ethernet Switch switch has three methods for  
configuring switch parameters and viewing switch status and statistics:  
• Serial—The switch’s serial port on the front panel allows a terminal or a PC running terminal  
emulation software to be connected to the switch and configure the switch. It uses the same  
application that is used over Telnet. The serial port is usually used only for initial set up, such  
as configuring the switch’s IP address, or when the network is down. It can also be used to  
upgrade the switch’s firmware with Zmodem.  
• Telnet—The switch's embedded Telnet server allows users from remote systems, which are  
running a Telnet application over TCP/IP, to log in to the switch, configure it, and view the  
status of and statistics from the ports. The current implementation allow eight 8 Telnet sessions  
to be active at the same time.  
• Web—The switch's embedded Web server allows users from remote systems, which are  
running a Web browser, to log in to the switch, configure it, and view the status of and  
statistics from the ports. The current implementation allows five HTTP sessions to be active at  
the same time.  
The switch also contains the following utilities:  
• Ping—The Ping utility invokes the ICMP echo request and echo reply messages. A host sends  
an ICMP echo request message to a specified destination. Any computer that receives an echo  
request formulates an echo reply and transmits it to the original sender. The echo request and  
associated reply can be used to test whether a destination is reachable and responding.  
• TFTP—The TFTP protocol is used to transfer files without any kind of authentication. It runs  
on top of UDP, using timeout and retransmission to ensure that data arrives. The switch's TFTP  
client allows users to copy files from, and to, a remote system that is running the TFTP server  
protocol. The TFTP client allows only one user to access it and transfer files.  
You can use the TFTP client to do the following:  
— Download firmware.  
— Download or upload a switch configuration file.  
— Upload the switch's history log.  
Some TFTP servers cannot determine when a transaction is aborted. In these cases, you must  
reboot the switch, which restarts the TFTP server and re-initializes the TFTP transaction.  
• Switch diagnostics—The PROM loader automatically runs memory diagnostics each time the  
switch is booted.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• Reset to factory defaults—The switch includes an option that allows you to reset the  
configuration to the factory defaults. You can select to reset the IP address or save your  
configured IP address.  
Switch IP and MAC Addresses  
Each switch must be assigned its own IP Address. The switch's default IP address is 10.90.90.90.  
You can change the default switch IP address to meet the specification of your networking address  
scheme.  
The switch is also assigned a unique MAC address by the factory. You cannot change this MAC  
address.  
In addition, you can also set an IP address for a gateway router. This becomes necessary when the  
network management station is located on a different IP network from the switch, making it  
necessary for management packets to go through a router to reach the network manager, and vice  
versa.  
For security, you can list the IP addresses of the network management stations that you want to  
manage the switch. If you list IP addresses, only those workstations have access; all others will be  
denied.  
You can also configure a VLAN for the network that the management stations are on, and then  
configure the switch for this VLAN.  
Port Configurations  
By default, the switch is configured to use auto-negotiation to determine each port's speed and  
duplex setting. The user can modify this and configure a port to use a specified configuration. The  
Ethernet ports have the following characteristics:  
Ethernet Port  
Link Speed  
Duplex  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Gigabit Ethernet  
10/100 Mbps  
100 Mbps  
Half, Full  
Half, Full  
Full  
Gigabit Ethernet  
1000 Mbps  
Flow Control  
All ports have a traffic limit because they have a limited buffer space to receive incoming frames.  
Upon reaching the limit, a port either starts dropping packets or triggers flow control. The ZT 8101  
switch uses the following methods for flow control:  
• 802.3x flow control—The switch sends PAUSE frames, which request remote ports to delay  
sending packets for a period of time. The sending ports suspend further frame transmission  
until the specified time period has elapsed.  
• 802.3x compliant flow control—The switch does not send PAUSE frames, but it does  
respond to them.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• Back pressure—The switch fakes a collision and then transmits a jam sequence to ensure all  
stations are notified of the “collision.” This causes the sending ports to trigger their back-off  
routines and reduces the amount of traffic on the port.  
The port type and duplex mode determine which type of flow control is used. The following table  
lists the port types and their flow control methods.  
Port Type  
Duplex Mode  
Flow Control  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Gigabit Ethernet  
Half  
Full  
Full  
Back pressure  
802.3x compliant  
802.3x  
Port Security and MAC Address Learning  
For security purposes, you can disable MAC address learning on one or more ports. When MAC  
address learning is disabled, a port uses the first packet received as a permanent address and  
accepts broadcast traffic and packets from only that one MAC address. New addresses will not be  
learned.  
The default value for each port is learning enabled.  
SNMP  
The switch has an embedded Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent which is  
compliant with SNMP v1 and SNMP v2c. This agent monitors the status of the board's hardware  
and the traffic passing through its ports. A computer attached to the network, called a management  
station, can access this information. The switch uses the following features to control access to its  
information:  
• Community strings-You can configure up to four community strings so that only authorized  
management stations can access the agent. You can set each string to grant either read only or  
read/write access.  
• IP address-You can restrict access to specified IP addresses. You can enter up to three IP  
addresses which restricts access to these specified management stations.  
You can also specify which management agents receive the trap messages generated by the SNMP  
agent. These trap messages are status messages that alert you of events such as authentication  
failure, STP topology changes, and link status changes on the port.  
The following events will generate an SNMP trap on the ZT 8101 switch:  
SNMP Trap Events (Sheet 1 of 2)  
Type  
Log Message  
Device  
Device  
Device  
System Startup  
Port 1 link up speed 100Mbps full duplex  
Port 1 link down  
Management  
Management  
Successful login through Console (Username: Edward)  
Console session timeout (Username: Edward)  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
SNMP Trap Events (Sheet 2 of 2)  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Management  
Spanning Tree  
Spanning Tree  
Spanning Tree  
Spanning Tree  
Security  
Login failed for user Edward through Console  
Successful login through Telnet (Username: Edward)  
Telnet session timeout (Username: Edward)  
Login failed for user Edward through telnet  
Configuration saved to flash (Username: Edward)  
Upgrade firmware successfully (Username: Edward)  
Upgrade firmware unsuccessfully! (Username: Edward)  
Download configuration successfully (Username: Edward)  
Download configuration unsuccessfully! (Username: Edward)  
Topology Change  
New Root  
Spanning tree protocol is enabled  
Spanning tree protocol is disabled  
Possible spoofing attack from 00-80-C8-11-22-33 port 1  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
BOOTP and DHCP allow stations to obtain boot and TCP/IP information dynamically. The relay  
agent allows them to obtain this information when the BOOTP/DHCP server is not on the same IP  
interface as the end station. You can configure the switch so that the messages are forwarded from  
one interface to the appropriate server on another interface.  
DNS Relay  
The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to map names to IP addresses. DNS relay enables the  
switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy. It forwards DNS requests to DNS servers only if it can’t  
resolve the name from its cache.  
If you enable DNS relay on the switch, you can specify a primary and secondary DNS server to  
forward requests that the switch cannot resolve. You can also specify that requests destined for  
specific DNS servers should be first serviced by looking in the switch’s table.  
Packet Forwarding  
The switch maintains a forwarding table. This table contains the relationship between a destination  
MAC or IP address and the Ethernet port or gateway router the destination resides on. This  
information is used to forward packets. This reduces the traffic congestion on the network, because  
packets, instead of being transmitted to all ports, are transmitted to the destination port only. For  
example, if Port 1 receives a packet destined for a station on Port 2, the switch transmits that packet  
through Port 2 only, and transmits nothing through the other ports. This process is referred to as  
“learning” the network topology.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
You can configure forwarding rules for the following:  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC address forwarding  
• IP address to a specified gateway  
• IP address to a specified MAC address  
MAC Address Aging Time  
The aging time affects the learning process of the switch. Dynamic forwarding table entries, which  
are made up of the source and destination MAC addresses and their associated port numbers, are  
deleted from the table if they are not accessed within the aging time.  
The aging time can be 300—1,000,000 seconds with a default value of 300 seconds. A very long  
aging time can result in dynamic forwarding table entries that are out-of-date or no longer exist.  
This may cause incorrect packet forwarding decisions by the switch.  
If the aging time is too short, however, many entries may be aged out too soon. This will result in a  
high percentage of received packets whose source addresses cannot be found in the forwarding  
table, in which case the switch will broadcast the packet to all ports, negating many of the benefits  
of having a switch.  
Static forwarding entries are not affected by the aging time.  
The switch has 8 KB for MAC address caching, which allows the switch to cache over 8,000 MAC  
addresses.  
MAC Address Forwarding  
The switch allows you to configure how unicast and multicast packets are forwarded.  
• For unicast packets, you specify the MAC address and then either select the port that they will  
be forwarded to or have them dropped (called “BlackHole”).  
• For multicast packets, you specify the MAC address and then select the ports they can be  
forwarded to.  
Storm Control  
You can also set thresholds to control broadcast and multicast storms. When the threshold is  
exceeded, the switch drops the multicast or broadcast traffic. When traffic levels drop below the  
threshold, the switch resumes forwarding the traffic again.  
The thresholds are applied to all Ethernet ports and cannot be set for individual ports. The threshold  
specifies in thousands the number of broadcast or multicast packets per second a port can receive  
before triggering a storm control response. The possible range is 0 K— 255 K packets per second.  
This threshold can be configured to apply to broadcast packets, to multicast packets, or to both.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Traffic Control  
You can also set thresholds for the amount of traffic a port can handle before triggering flow  
control. The flow control threshold sets the limit for the maximum amount of memory a port can  
use to hold packets. When a port reaches this limit, the port sends a signal to slow down the packets  
coming in:  
• Ports in half-duplex mode assert a jamming signal.  
• Ports in full-duplex mode send PAUSE frames.  
You can set the flow control thresholds for individual ports and then monitor the status.  
IP Forwarding  
You can configure how packets are forwarded, based on their IP address, by configuring entries for  
the ARP table and the routing table.  
ARP Table  
The ARP table maintains the mappings from Internet addresses (IP) to hardware addresses (MAC).  
There are two types of ARP entries: dynamic and static.  
When a static ARP entry is added to the switch's ARP table, the switch does not send an ARP  
query to the configured IP address. This allows the switch to connect to devices that have not  
implemented ARP.  
The ARP table has the following characteristics:  
• Static entries have higher precedence than dynamic entries. Therefore, a static entry will not be  
overwritten by a dynamic entry.  
• The aging time for dynamic entries is 20 minutes. This value is not configurable.  
• The table can be up to 2 KB in size.  
• Up to 32 static entries are allowed in the table.  
Router Ports  
Router ports allow multicast packets to be propagated throughout the network. Router ports can be  
either static or dynamic. Static router ports are special routes that you manually enter into the  
switch’s routing table. Usually it is a port that has a router attached to it, and the router has a  
connection to a WAN or to the Internet. Static router ports should be used sparingly, because when  
a network failure occurs, they do not change. However, they can reduce network traffic by  
eliminating the need for a routing protocol on a local network. For example, a local network, which  
has only one link to the network, is an ideal candidate for a static route. You can also use them to  
restrict the transmission path a datagram must follow, based on the datagram's destination address.  
You can add up to 32 static entries into the routing table.  
Dynamic router ports are added by the switch. The switch monitors each port for UDP multicast  
packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports. When these packets are detected on a port,  
that port is dynamically assigned as a router port.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Priority  
The ZT 8101 switch allows you to assign specific levels of priority to traffic traversing the switch.  
Setting priority allows you to protect bandwidth for important nodes on your network. Traffic in  
the switch can be prioritized any of the following ways:  
• MAC Address  
• TCP/IP address  
• Physical Port  
• 802.1p Priority Bits  
Frames that match the user defined criteria are given a priority tag. The switch supports four  
hardware priority levels per egress port, so the eight levels (0-7) of priority are mapped to four  
hardware queues (0-3) as listed in the table below.  
Priority in Frames  
Priority Queue of ASIC  
0-1  
2-3  
4-5  
6-7  
0
1
2
3
Note: 0 is the lowest priority, 7 is the highest priority  
After an Ethernet frame has been prioritized, the switch forwards the Ethernet frame using the strict  
priority-based scheduling algorithm. With this algorithm, any frames residing in a higher priority  
queue are always transmitted first. Only when these queues are empty are frames in lower priority  
queues transmitted.  
It is important to note that this function does not overwrite the existing priority tag on the frame by  
default. Instead, the class of service only affects packets inside the switch. The frame retains the  
original priority tag value on the egress port.  
The switch is capable of overwriting and setting a new priority value in the frame on egress, but  
will only do this if User Priority Regeneration is configured on the switch to do so. When User  
Priority Regeneration is enabled, the 802.1p priority information that is set for the egress frame is  
defined by user.  
Prioritization Methods  
• MAC Address— Allows frames to be prioritized based on whether the MAC address is:  
— Source only  
— Destination only  
— Source or Destination  
• IP Address— Allows packets to be prioritized based on whether the IP address is:  
— Source only  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
— Destination only  
— Source or Destination  
• Physical port— Set Priority level for all ingress frames on a physical port  
• 802.1p—802.1p priority bits are part of an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagged Ethernet frame. When  
a frame arrives at the switch, the 802.1p priority field is examined and is mapped to a hardware  
queue. By default, 802.1p priority information is not replaced or manipulated, and the  
information observed on ingress is preserved when transmitting the frame.  
Filtering  
A filtering database is used to segment the network and control communication between segments.  
It can also filter packets off the network for intrusion control. Static filtering entries can be made by  
MAC or IP addresses.  
Each port on the switch is a unique collision domain, and the switch filters (discards) packets  
whose destination lies on the same port as where it originated. This keeps local packets from  
disrupting communications on other parts of the network.  
The switch does some filtering automatically:  
• Dynamic filtering—The switch automatically learns and ages MAC addresses and their  
location on the network. Filtering occurs to keep local traffic confined to its segment.  
• Filtering done by the Spanning Tree Protocol—STP filters packets based on topology,  
ensuring that signal loops don't occur.  
• Filtering done for VLAN integrity—The switch filters packets from a member of a VLAN  
(VLAN 2, for example) destined for a device on another VLAN (VLAN 3).  
You can also manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses.  
Whenever a switch encounters a packet originating from, or destined to, a MAC address or an IP  
address entered into the filter table, the switch discards the packet.  
MAC Address Filtering  
When filtering by MAC address, you have two options:  
• Static—This option allows you to specify which port handles the packets from the specified  
MAC address.  
• BlackHole—This option allows you to have the switch drop the packets from, or to, a  
specified MAC address.  
IP Address Filtering  
When filtering by IP address, you have three options. You can have the switch drop the packet  
based on where the IP address appears in the  
• Source  
• Destination  
• Source and destination  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
The table can contain 32 entries, and two table entries are needed to configure a bi-directional  
filter.  
Port Mirroring  
Port mirroring allows the traffic on a particular port to be monitored by sending copies of the  
packets to a target port. You can then attach a logic analyzer or a RMON probe to the target port  
and study the traffic crossing the source port in a completely unobtrusive manner. You can  
configure only one port to be a target port, but you can select multiple ports to be mirrored to this  
target port. For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
You can select which traffic is mirrored. For a given mirrored port (or source port), you can select  
to mirror only incoming traffic, only outgoing traffic, or both.  
When mirroring ports, remember the following:  
• The source port cannot be the target port.  
• The target port cannot belong to a link aggregation group.  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
Spanning Tree Protocol  
The IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol allows for the blocking of links between switches that  
form loops within the network. When multiple links between switches are detected, a primary link  
is established. Duplicated links are blocked from use and become standby links. The protocol  
allows for the duplicate links to be used in the event of a failure of the primary link.  
It is possible to cause serious degradation of network performance if the Spanning Tree is  
incorrectly configured. The switch’s default global setting should be used by the majority of  
installations.  
The ZT 8101 switch performs the following functions:  
• Creates a single spanning tree from any combination of switching or bridging elements.  
• Creates multiple spanning trees from any combination of ports contained within a single  
switch, in user-specified groups.  
• Automatically reconfigures the spanning tree to compensate for the failure, addition, or  
removal of any element in the tree.  
• Reconfigures the spanning tree without operator intervention.  
STP Levels and Parameters  
The ZT 8101 switch allows for two levels of operation: the switch level and the port level. The  
switch level forms a spanning tree consisting of links between one or more switches. The port level  
constructs a spanning tree consisting of groups of one or more ports. The STP operates in much the  
same way for both levels.  
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• On the switch level, STP calculates the Bridge Identifier for each switch and then sets the Root  
Bridge and the Designated Bridges.  
• On the port level, STP sets the Root Port and the Designated Ports.  
The factory default settings should cover the majority of installations. Setting up STP using values  
other than the defaults can be complex. Therefore, we recommend that you keep the default factory  
settings, and STP will automatically assign root bridges/ports and block loop connections.  
Influencing STP to choose a particular switch as the root bridge using the Priority setting, or  
influencing STP to choose a particular port to block using the Port Priority and Port Cost settings  
is, however, relatively simple.  
For example, if all switches have STP enabled with default settings, the switch with the lowest  
MAC address in the network becomes the root switch. By increasing the priority (lowering the  
priority number) of the best switch, STP can be forced to select the best switch as the root switch.  
STP Parameters for the Switch Level  
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the switch level.  
Parameter  
Description  
Default Value  
Specifies the combination of the user-set priority and  
the switch's MAC address. The bridge identifier  
consists of two parts: a 16-bit priority and a 48-bit  
Ethernet MAC address. The only portion that a user  
can configure is the priority.  
Bridge Identifier  
32768 + MAC address  
Specifies the relative priority for each switch. Lower  
Priority  
numbers specify a higher priority and a greater chance 32768  
of a given switch being elected as the root bridge.  
Specifies the length of time between broadcasts of the  
hello message by the switch. It can be set from 1 — 10  
seconds. This interval is not used until the switch  
Hello Time  
2 seconds  
becomes (if ever) the root bridge.  
The Hello Time parameter cannot be longer than the  
Max Age parameter.  
Measures the age of a received BPDU for a port, and  
ensures that the BPDU is discarded when its age  
exceeds the value of the Max Age parameter.  
Max Age  
20 seconds  
15 seconds  
It can be set from 6—40 seconds.  
Specifies the time a port can remaining in the listening  
state while moving from the blocking state to the  
forwarding state.  
Forward Delay  
It can be set from 4—30 seconds.  
Use the following formulas when setting these parameters:  
• Max Age <= 2 x (Forward Delay -1 second)  
• Max Age >= 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second)  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
STP Parameters for the Port Level  
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the port or port group level.  
Variable  
Description  
Default Value  
Specifies the relative priority for each port. Lower  
numbers specify a higher priority and a greater chance 128  
of a given port being elected as the root port.  
Port Priority  
•
100 for 10 Mbps Fast  
Ethernet ports  
Specifies a value used by STP to evaluate paths. STP  
calculates path costs and selects the path with the  
minimum cost as the active path.  
•
19 for 100 Mbps Fast  
Ethernet ports  
Port Cost  
•
4 for 1000 Mbps Gigabit  
Ethernet ports  
Link Aggregation  
The switch supports IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation which allows several ports to be grouped so  
that they can act as a single port. This is done to either increase the bandwidth of a network  
connection or to ensure fault recovery. The group has the following assignments:  
• Master port-This port is the Ethernet port with the lowest port number. All member ports are  
configured to use its port settings and become members of its VLAN.  
• Anchor port-This port is in charge of sending control packets, such as spanning tree BPDUs,  
and also the flooding of multicast frames. When a link change event occurs in the group, the  
anchor port may be re-elected.  
The ZT 8101 supports up to six link aggregation groups, each of which may include from 2 - 8  
switch ports. However, the gigabit ports (ports 25 and 26) cannot be included in a link aggregation  
group that contains 10/100 ports.  
The switch supports both static link aggregation and dynamic link aggregation. Static link  
aggregation (Trunk mode) lets users define a fixed link aggregation path. Dynamic link  
aggregation uses Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) which automatically detects the  
presence of other link aggregation devices in the network and lets them exchange data to configure  
and maintain link aggregation groups. The switch also supports LCAP Marker Protocol which  
provides for the controlled removal of aggregate link members and assures minimum or no loss of  
data when removing member links.  
When a link aggregation group is deleted or disabled, the ports retain their reassigned port settings.  
They do not recover their original port settings. For example, suppose that Port 1 belongs to  
VLAN1 and Port 2 belongs to VLAN2. When you create a group with a starting point of Port 1 and  
a width of 2, Port 2 will be added to VLAN1 and removed from VLAN2 automatically. If you  
delete or disable the group later, the Port 2 will still be assigned to VLAN1.  
When configuring Link Aggregation you can also specify the load sharing algorithm used. The  
default load sharing algorithm is Layer 3 IP Source Address. There are six load sharing algorithms  
to select from:  
• Layer 2 MAC Source Address (SA)  
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• Layer 2 MAC Destination Address (DA)  
• Layer 2 MAC Source Address and Destination Address (XOR of SA and DA)  
• Layer 3 IP Source Address (SIP)  
• Layer 3 IP Destination Address (DIP)  
• Layer 3 IP Source Address and IP Destination Address (XOR of SIP and DIP)  
Remember the following guidelines when creating a link aggregation group:  
• The ports used in a group must all be of the same media type.  
• The ports used for each group must all be on the same switch.  
• The ports in a group must be contiguous.  
• Ports can only be assigned to one link aggregation group.  
• Use the same link aggregation mode (Trunk or LACP) on both ends of the link.  
• None of the ports in a group can be configured as a mirror source port or a mirror target port.  
• All of the ports in a group must be treated as a whole when added to, or deleted from, a VLAN.  
• STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) will use the port parameters of the master port in the calculation  
of port cost and in determining the state of the link aggregation group. The following formula  
is used to calculate the path cost:  
• group path cost = (path cost of master port) minus (number of ports in the group)  
• STP treats all ports in a link aggregation group as a single port and will block the entire group  
if it is a redundant link.  
• Data transmitted to a specific host (destination address) will always be transmitted over the  
same port in the group. This allows packets in a data stream to arrive in the same order they  
were sent.  
• The configuration of the lowest numbered port in the group becomes the configuration for all  
of the ports in the aggregation group. This port is called the master port of the group, and all  
configuration options-including the VLAN configuration-that are applied to the master port  
are applied to the entire link aggregation group.  
• Load sharing is automatically applied to the links in the link aggregation group, and a link  
failure within the group causes the network traffic to be directed to the remaining links in the  
group. The default load sharing algorithm is based on the source IP address, but options to use  
the destination IP address, source MAC address, destination MAC address, or a combination  
of them is selectable.  
• Switches or servers that use a load-balancing scheme that sends the packets of a host-to-host  
data stream over multiple ports cannot use this scheme in creating a link aggregation  
connection with the ZT 8101 switch.  
• The link aggregation group(s) should be configured prior to connecting any cable between the  
switches to avoid creating a data loop. Before removing a link aggregation group, you should  
disconnect all link aggregation cables or disable the all ports in the link aggregation group to  
avoid creating a data loop.  
• When using a load sharing algorithm based on layer 3 IP addresses, dynamic rebalancing of a  
reestablished failed link in the link aggregation group will not occur. The load sharing  
algorithm will be applied to any new IP addresses learned after the link is reestablished, but  
the exiting learned IP addresses will not be rebalanced over the entire link aggregation group.  
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VLANs  
VLANs allow you to group some physical ports as if they were on the same LAN. VLANs can be  
created either statically or dynamically:  
• Static VLAN—This VLAN is manually configured on the switch.  
• Dynamic VLAN—This VLAN uses GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) to enable  
ports to dynamically join a VLAN group.  
VLANs reduce traffic because traffic between VLANs is restricted. Bridges forward unicast,  
multicast, and broadcast traffic only on LAN segments that serve the VLAN to which the traffic  
belongs.  
The switch supports two kinds of VLANs:  
• Port based VLAN—These VLANs are defined by the physical port connections to the switch  
and are restricted to the number of ports in the switch. They use untagged frames.  
• IEEE 802.1Q VLAN—These VLANS are based on a packet-tagging scheme. Packets may be  
tagged or untagged. A tagged packet's membership in an 802.1Q VLAN is determined by a tag  
that is inserted in the packet header by the switch or an end node indicating the VLAN number  
that the packet belongs to. Untagged packets are treated as if they were in a port based VLAN,  
where a connection to one of the switch's physical ports determines VLAN membership.  
Physical ports can belong to only one VLAN as an untagged port, but can belong to more than  
one 802.1Q VLAN as a tagged port.  
Initially, all ports belong to a special VLAN called “default.” This default VLAN is a IEEE802.1Q  
VLAN, which has the following unique characteristics:  
• The name and the type fields are read-only.  
• It cannot be deleted.  
• All ports can be deleted from this VLAN.  
• Its VID is 1, which cannot be changed.  
All user-configured VLANs have the following characteristics:  
• The size of VLAN name field is 32 bytes.  
• Ingress checking defaults to on.  
• Up to 32 static VLANs can be configured.  
The switch supports a maximum of 255 VLANs (32 static, the rest dynamic).  
Port-Based VLANs  
A port-based VLAN is the easiest type to configure on the switch because you only need to specify  
the following:  
• VLAN name  
• Member ports  
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The complexity of the VLAN configuration is hidden. The switch applies the following rules when  
it creates the VLAN:  
• Tagged frames are discarded. With port-based VLANs, frames are assumed to be untagged, so  
that the VLAN members do not receive frames coming from another VLAN.  
• VLAN ID is assigned using an internal algorithm. The switch allocates the largest free VLAN  
ID that is smaller than 4095 (for example, 4094, 4093, 4092).  
• The member port's PVID is assigned as the VLAN ID.  
• A port can only belong to one port-based VLAN.  
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs have the following characteristics:  
• Use filtering to assign packets to VLANs.  
• Assume the presence of a single global spanning tree.  
• Use an explicit tagging scheme with one-level tagging.  
An IEEE 802.1Q VLAN is not as simple as a port-based VLAN, but it is also more flexible. You  
can configure ports to be tagged, untagged, or forbidden.  
• Untagged Member Port—Designates the port as an untagged member of the VLAN. When  
an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header remains unchanged. When a  
tagged packet exits the port, the tag is stripped and the packet is changed to an untagged  
packet. If the port is attached to a device that is not IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant (VLAN-  
tag unaware), then the port should be set to untagged.  
• Tagged Member Port—Designates the port as a tagged member of the VLAN. When an  
untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header is changed to include the 32-bit  
tag associated with the PVID (Port VLAN Identifier). When a tagged packet with a different  
VID exits the port, the packet header is unchanged. If the port is attached to a device that is  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant, (VLAN-tag aware), then the port can be set to tagged.  
• Forbidden Port—Designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN and prevents  
packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering the port.  
You can enable or disable the following per port for IEEE 802.1Q VLANs:  
• GVRP  
• Ingress Checking  
GVRP  
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) must be enabled globally on the switch before  
individual ports can be enabled.  
A global flag controls the switch's ability to participate in dynamically configured VLANs. If the  
GVRP flag is enabled, ports can dynamically register to be a member of a VLAN. If the flag is  
disabled, only statically configured ports can be members of VLANs.  
The default value is disabled.  
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Ingress Checking  
An ingress port is a port on a switch where packets are flowing into the switch and VLAN  
forwarding decisions must be made. Packets are forwarded according to the following rules:  
• If ingress checking is disabled on a port, the switch forwards all incoming tagged frames, even  
when the receiving port is not a member of the destination VLAN of the frame.  
• If ingress checking is enabled on a port, the switch examines the VLAN information in the  
packet header (if present) and decides whether to forward the packet.  
When ingress checking is enabled, the switch uses different rules based on whether the incoming  
packet is tagged. If the packet is tagged with VLAN information, the ingress port uses the  
following rules to determine whether to forward the packet.  
• It determines if the ingress port itself is a member of the tagged VLAN. If it is not, the packet  
is dropped.  
• If the ingress port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN, the switch determines if the destination  
port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN. If it is not, the packet is dropped.  
• If the destination port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN, the packet is forwarded, and the  
destination port transmits it to its attached network segment.  
If the packet is not tagged with VLAN information, the ingress port tags the packet with its own  
PVID as a VID (if the port is a tagging port). It then uses the following rules to determine whether  
to forward the packet:  
• If the destination port is a member of the same VLAN (has the same VID) as the ingress port,  
the packet is forwarded, and the destination port transmits it on its attached network segment.  
• If it is not a member of the same VLAN, the packet is dropped.  
This process is used to conserve bandwidth within the switch by dropping packets that are not on  
the same VLAN as the ingress port at the point of reception. This eliminates the subsequent  
processing of packets that will just be dropped by the destination port.  
Broadcast Storm Control and VLANs  
The ZT 8101 switch has broadcast sensors and filters built into each port to control broadcast  
storms, but VLANs can also be used to segment broadcast domains. They do this by forwarding  
packets only to ports that are members of the same VLAN. Other parts of the network are  
effectively shielded. Thus, the smaller the broadcast domain, the smaller effect a broadcast storm  
will have. Because VLANs are implemented at each switch port, they can be quite effective in  
limiting the scope of broadcast storms.  
Layer 3-Based VLANs  
Layer 3-based VLANs use IP addresses to determine VLAN membership. These VLANs are based  
on Layer 3 information, but this does not constitute a “routing” function.  
Note: The ZT 8101 allows an IP subnet to be configured for each 802.1Q VLAN that exists on the  
switch.  
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Even though a switch inspects a packet's IP address to determine VLAN membership, no route  
calculation is performed, the RIP protocol is not employed, and packets traversing the switch are  
bridged using the Spanning Tree algorithm.  
A switch that implements Layer 3 (or subnet) VLANs without performing any routing function  
between these VLANs is referred to as performing “IP switching.”  
• IP switching does not allow packets to cross VLANs (in this case, IP subnets) without a  
network device performing a routing function between the VLANs (IP subnets).  
• The ZT 8101 switch does not directly support IP switching; however, you can configure the  
switch to imitate this behavior by assigning IP subnets to configured VLANs and then  
disabling the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). This prevents packets from crossing IP  
subnets without going through an external router.  
Multi-Netting  
In legacy networks, multi-netting is commonly used to configure a physical router port with more  
than one IP interface. In a Layer 3 switch, an IP interface is bound to a single VLAN. To  
accommodate multi-netting, you must configure two or more tagged VLANs to span the same  
physical ports and then assign each VLAN a different IP address.  
The VLANs must include tagged ports, because untagged ports can only belong to one VLAN.  
IP Path MTU Discovery  
Some datagrams are sent with a don’t fragment bit set. If these datagrams are larger than the  
maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of a link in the destination path, the datagram is dropped.  
IP path MTU discovery alerts the host of this problem so that the host can fragment the packets to a  
size acceptable to all links on the destination path.  
IP Interfaces  
An IP interface associates an IP address with a specific VLAN, which allows the VLAN to act as  
Layer 3 and be configured for RIP and multicasting protocols. Each VLAN must be configured  
prior to setting up the corresponding IP interface. The switch has one pre-configured IP interface.  
You can add additional IP interfaces for each user-defined VLAN.  
System IP Interface  
The switch’s pre-configured IP interface is called “System.” This name cannot be modified. By  
default, the System IP interface is bound to the default VLAN (VID=1). This VLAN contains all  
the switch's Ethernet ports.  
You can assign or change the IP address of the System IP interface with a manual assignment,  
BOOP, or DHCP. The switch uses the IP address assigned to the switch as the IP address for the  
System IP interface.  
Note: BOOTP and DHCP are only available for the System IP interface.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Additional IP Interfaces  
To add an IP interface to the switch, you must first configure a VLAN and then associate an IP  
address (subnet mask and gateway) with the VLAN. These user-defined IP interfaces differ from  
the System IP interface in the following ways:  
• They cannot use BOOTP/DHCP to get a dynamic IP address. They must be assigned a manual  
IP address.  
• They can be renamed. However, when the change is applied, all other settings for the IP  
interface are changed to their default values. This includes the settings for RIP and the IP  
multicast protocols.  
IP Addressing Scheme  
An IP addressing scheme must be established and implemented when the IP interfaces are set up on  
the switch.  
For example:  
VLAN Name  
System (default)  
VID  
Switch Ports  
5, 6, 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 24  
1
2
3
4
5
6
Engineering  
Marketing  
Finance  
9, 10, 11, 12  
13, 14, 15, 16  
17, 18, 19, 20  
1, 2, 3, 4  
Sales  
Backbone  
25, 26  
In this case, six IP interfaces (or six subnets) are required, so a CIDR notation of 10.32.0.0/11 (or a  
11-bit) addressing scheme will work. This addressing scheme will give a subnet mask of  
11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 (binary) or 255.224.0.0 (decimal).  
A10.xxx.xxx.xxx IP address notation provide six network addresses. For example:  
VLAN Name  
System (default)  
VID  
Network Address  
1
2
3
4
5
6
10.32.0.0  
10.64.0.0  
10.96.0.0  
10.128.0.0  
10.160.0.0  
10.192.0.0  
Engineering  
Marketing  
Finance  
Sales  
Backbone  
The six IP interfaces, each with an IP address listed in the table above and a subnet mask of  
255.224.0.0, can be entered into the Setup IP Interface form.  
IP interfaces consist of two parts—a subnet mask and an IP address.  
Each IP interface listed above provides a maximum of 2,097,150 unique IP addresses per interface  
(assuming the 10.xxx.xxx.xxx notation).  
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Multicasting  
Multicasting is a group of protocols and tools that enable a single source point to send packets to  
groups of multiple destination points with persistent connections that last for some amount of time.  
The main advantage of multicasting, when compared to broadcasting, is a decrease in the network  
load.  
• Broadcast packets are sent to all devices on a subnetwork.  
• Unicast packets are sent from a single network device to another single network device.  
• Multicast packets are sent to a group of network devices.  
The following table lists some of the permanently assigned multicast addresses.  
Address  
Description  
Base Address (reserved)  
224.0.0.0  
224.0.0.1  
224.0.0.2  
224.0.0.3  
224.0.0.4  
224.0.0.5  
224.0.0.6  
224.0.0.7  
224.0.0.8  
224.0.0.9  
224.0.0.10  
224.0.0.11  
224.0.0.12  
224.0.0.13  
224.0.0.14  
224.0.0.15  
224.0.0.16  
224.0.0.17  
224.0.0.18  
All Systems on this subnet  
All Routers on this subnet  
Unassigned  
DVMRP Routers  
OSPF IGP Routers  
OSPF IGP Designated Routers  
ST Routers  
ST Hosts  
All RIP2 Routers  
All IGRP Routers  
Mobile Agents  
DHCP Servers and Relay Agents  
All PIM Routers  
RSVP Encapsulation  
All CBT Routers  
Designated Sbm  
All Sbms  
VRRP  
224.0.0.19 through 224.0.0.225 except  
224.0.0.21  
Unassigned  
224.0.0.21  
DVMRP on MOSPF  
GMRP  
GMRP (Group Multicast Registration Protocol) allows ports to dynamically join multicast groups.  
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It provides a mechanism that allows bridges and end-stations to dynamically register (and  
subsequently, de-register) group membership information with the MAC bridge attached to the  
same LAN segment. It also provides a mechanism for that information to be disseminated across  
all bridges in the bridged LANs that support extended filtering services. The operation of GMRP  
relies upon the services provided by GARP (Generic Attribute Registration Protocol).  
Once you have enabled GMRP globally on the switch, each individual port can be configured to  
participate in GMRP or not.  
The switch will have the following restrictions on members:  
• The maximum number of static entries is 32.  
• The maximum number of dynamic entries is 64.  
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)  
Multicasting relies on the concept of nodes joining and leaving multicast groups. Nodes use IGMP  
to join and then leave a multicast group. Based on the IGMP reports the switch receives from the  
nodes, it can decide whether to forward a multicast packet on a particular interface.  
The ZT 8101 switch supports both IGMPv1 and IGMPv2. You can select which version to use on a  
particular VLAN.  
IGMPv2 is an enhancement to the original IGMP and includes a few extensions such as a  
procedure for the election of the multicast querier for each LAN, explicit leave messages for faster  
pruning, and group-specific query messages.  
IGMP Queriers  
An IGMP querier sends IGMP Query packets periodically to help to maintain the multicast group  
information for a VLAN. When IGMP Snooping is enabled for a VLAN, the switch uses the  
following states to determine whether the VLAN becomes a querier:  
• Non-Querier—Prevents the VLAN from becoming a querier.  
• V1 Querier—Enables the sending of IGMPv1 query packets. If no querier is present in the  
VLAN or the VLAN’s IP address is smaller than current V1 querier, the switch becomes the  
querier for the VLAN. IGMPv2 group-specific query and leave packets are not handled.  
• V2 Querier—If a V1 querier is present in the VLAN, the switch remains silent. If no querier  
is present in the VLAN or the VLAN’s IP address is smaller than current V2 querier, the  
switch becomes the querier for the VLAN. The switch then handles IGMPv2 group-specific  
query and leave packets.  
When receiving an IGMPv2 leave packet, the IGMP interface issues an IGMPv2 group specific  
query packet immediately and waits one second to check if any IGMP reports are received on the  
ports. If not, the port is removed from the IGMP group member list, and the group's multicast data  
is not forwarded to this port until an IGMP report is received again.  
If the IGMP interface is designated as the IGMP querier, the switch uses the following intervals for  
sending query packets:  
• When you enable IGMP snooping or boot the switch with the querier option enabled, the first  
query packet will not be sent for 255 seconds. This time delay is non-standard.  
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• The second query packet will be sent after the Startup Querier Interval, which is one fourth of  
the Query Interval. By default, this is 31 seconds.  
• The next query packets will be sent periodically according to the Query Interval. The default  
Query Interval is 125 seconds.  
IGMP Snooping  
IGMP Snooping is a feature that reduces the flooding of IP multicast traffic. The default behavior  
for handling a multicast packet is to flood the packet to all members of a VLAN. With IGMP  
Snooping, only the active member ports receive the data.  
All groups learned by IGMP Snooping are recorded in an internal group table with the VLAN ID  
and Multicast Group Address used as the table's index. The table's port list stores the active  
member ports for this group. This table can contain a maximum of 128 groups. If the active  
multicast groups exceed this limit, the new group's data will be flooded in the VLAN.  
You can globally enable or disable IGMP Snooping on the switch. You can also enable or disable  
the snooping for a specific VLAN. You must enable IGMP globally for it to be enabled on a  
specific VLAN. By default, the IGMP global flag is off and VLAN flag is on. Thus, when you  
enable IGMP globally, it is enabled on all VLANs.  
You can configure the switch to snoop and to keep track of IGMP groups. These two interact in the  
following ways:  
• If the IP interface has IGMP Snooping configured for the associated VLAN, the configuration  
of IGMP Snooping will be overwritten by the IGMP group settings. On such VLANs, the per-  
VLAN flag is the only available configurable option on the IGMP Snooping screen.  
• If the IGMP group settings are disabled on the interface, IGMP Snooping on the VLAN  
becomes configurable and the switch uses these settings for the VLAN.  
Note: The switch supports a maximum of 255 VLANs and a maximum of 128 IGMP Snooping groups. If  
you create more than 128 VLANs with IGMP Snooping enabled, some of those VLANs will not be  
added to the IGMP Snooping table and the group's data will be flooded in the VLAN.  
IGMP Group Settings  
An IP host uses IGMP to register its IP multicast group membership with the switch. Periodically,  
the switch queries the multicast group to see if the group is still in use and takes one of the  
following actions:  
• If the group is still active, a single IP host responds to the query, and the group registration is  
maintained.  
• If the group is inactive and a report is not received within the time limit for a response, the  
group registration is removed.  
Routing Protocols  
This section presents an overview of routing protocols that the switch supports.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
RIP  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. The ZT 8101 switch supports both RIP v1 and RIP v2. You  
can configure the following RIP options:  
• Enable or disable RIP on the switch  
• Enable or disable transmitting RIP packets on a specific IP interface  
• Enable or disable receiving RIP packets on a specific IP interface  
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all network nodes. Because the delivery trees are  
“pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
The switch supports DVMRP v3.  
Protocol-Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM)  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead. The switch supports PIM-DM v2.  
The PIM-DM multicast routing protocol assumes that all downstream routers want to receive  
multicast messages and relies on explicit prune messages from downstream routers to remove  
branches from the multicast delivery tree that do not contain multicast group members.  
PIM-DM has no explicit “join” messages. It relies on periodic flooding of multicast messages to all  
interfaces. It then waits for the following:  
• A timer to expire (the join/prune interval)  
• The downstream routers to transmit explicit “prune” messages indicating that there are no  
multicast members on their respective branches.  
PIM-DM then removes these branches (“prunes” them) from the multicast delivery tree.  
Because a member of a pruned branch of a multicast delivery tree may want to join a multicast  
delivery group (at some point in the future), the protocol periodically removes the prune  
information from its database and floods multicast messages to all interfaces on that branch. The  
interval for removing prune information is the join/prune interval.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
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Using the Telnet Console  
4
Your ZT 8101 switch supports a console management interface that allows you to set up and  
control your switch, either with an ordinary terminal (or terminal emulator) or over a TCP/IP  
network using a Telnet application. This chapter describes how to use the Telnet Console to access  
the switch, change its settings, and monitor its operation.  
Note: Switch configuration settings that are saved with APPLY are only active until the switch is  
rebooted. Settings that are saved to non-volatile RAM (with the Save Changes option from the  
Main Menu) are retained.  
Before You Start  
The ZT 8101 switch supports a wide array of functions and provides great flexibility and increased  
network performance by eliminating the routing bottleneck between networks: the WAN, the  
Internet, and the intranet. This new generation switch performs routing functions in hardware  
rather than software. To take full advantage of this flexibility and rich feature set, you need to  
carefully plan a deployment strategy that will maximize the potential of the ZT 8101 switch.  
This plan should include a  
• “General Deployment Strategy”  
• “VLAN Layout”  
• “IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs”  
• “Static Route Assessment”  
General Deployment Strategy  
• Determine how to segment the network—This involves creating VLANs in an existing  
Layer 2 switched network.  
• Develop an IP addressing scheme—This involves allocating a block of IP addresses to each  
network segment. Each network subnet is then assigned a network address and a subnet mask.  
• Determine which network resources must be shared by the subnets and how they will be  
shared—You can connect shared resources directly to the Layer 3 switch, if need be. Or you  
can set up static routes to make the shared resources accessible.  
• Determine how each subnet will communicate with the WAN or Internet—Again, static  
routes should be determined and default gateways identified.  
• Develop a security scheme—Some subnets on the network need more security or should be  
isolated from the other subnets. You can use MAC and IP filtering. You can also configure one  
or more VLANs on the Layer 3 switch without an IP subnet. Without a subnet mask, these  
VLANs function as a Layer 2 VLAN and require an external router to connect to the rest of the  
network.  
• Develop a policy scheme—Some subnets will have a greater need for multicasting  
bandwidth, for example. A policy is a mechanism to alter the normal packet forwarding in a  
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Using the Telnet Console  
network device, and can be used to intelligently allocate bandwidth to time-critical  
applications such as the integration of voice, video, and data on the network.  
• Develop a redundancy scheme— Planning redundant links and routes to network-critical  
resources can save valuable time in case a link or a device fails. You can use the Spanning Tree  
Protocol to block the redundant link until it is needed.  
VLAN Layout  
VLANs on the ZT 8101 switch have more functions than on a traditional Layer 2 switch and must  
therefore be laid-out and configured with more care. Layer 3 VLANs could be thought of as  
network links rather than as a collection of associated end users. Further, Layer 3 VLANs are  
assigned an IP network address and subnet mask to enable IP routing between them.  
Layer 3 VLANs must be configured on the switch before they can be assigned IP subnets. Also, the  
static VLAN configuration is specified on a per port basis. On the ZT 8101 switch, a VLAN can  
consist of end nodes, just like a traditional Layer 2 switch. But a VLAN can also consist of one or  
more Layer 2 switches, each of which is connected to multiple end nodes or network resources.  
For example, a Layer 3 VLAN, consisting of four ports, could be connected to four switches. If  
these switches each have 24 ports, then the Layer 3 VLAN would contain 96 (4 x 24) end nodes.  
Assigning an IP subnet to the Layer 3 VLAN would allow wire-speed IP routing from the WAN to  
each end node and between end nodes.  
Therefore, the IP subnets for a network must be determined first, and the VLANs configured on the  
switch to accommodate the IP subnets. Finally, the IP subnets can be assigned to the VLANs.  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs  
The ZT 8101 switch allows the assignment of IP subnets to individual VLANs. Any VLAN  
configured on the switch that is not assigned an IP subnet will behave as a Layer 2 VLAN and will  
not be capable of IP routing.  
Developing an IP addressing scheme is a complex subject. As you are developing your scheme,  
remember that the switch requires a unique IP address for all the anticipated end nodes on each  
Layer 3 VLAN. The switch treats a VLAN with an IP network address and subnet mask as an IP  
interface in an IP routing mode.  
Static Route Assessment  
You need to define static routes for the following types of subnets:  
• Subnets not accessible through the default route  
• Subnets that the switch does not already know about internally  
• Subnets not learned through the dynamic routing protocols  
You determine how these packets are routed by entering static routes into the switch’s static/default  
routing table.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Getting Started  
This section describes the conventions (function keys and entry fields) and explains how to log in  
to the switch for the first time.  
Console Usage Conventions  
You can use the following function keys with the Telnet Console.  
Key  
Action  
Arrows  
Tab  
Moves the cursor around the screen.  
Moves the cursor to the next menu or field.  
Moves the cursor to the previous menu or field.  
Returns to the previous screen.  
Backspace  
Esc  
CTRL+T  
CTRL+R  
Returns to the Main Menu.  
Refreshes the current screen.  
Applies the settings. This is the same as highlighting  
APPLY and pressing Enter.  
CTRL+A  
CTRL+P  
CTRL+N  
Spacebar  
Displays the previous page of information.  
Displays the next page of information.  
Shows the next available option in a selection box.  
You use the following fields to enter or select items.  
Field  
Description  
[Entry]  
Allows you to input a string or integer value.  
Allows you to use the spacebar to toggle though a list  
of options.  
<Toggle>  
BUTTON  
Allows the user to highlight it and press Enter to  
perform the designated action such as APPLY or  
SAVE.  
The default mode for an Edit field is insert. You can use the Insert key to toggle between insert and  
overstrike.  
The APPLY button (or CTRL+A) only applies for the current session. Use Save Changes from the  
Main Menu for permanent changes. Save Changes enters the current switch configuration into  
non-volatile RAM for use the next time the switch is rebooted.  
Connecting to the Switch  
You can use this interface by connecting an RS-232C serial cable to the switch’s front panel serial  
port and to a VT100-compatible terminal or to a computer running an ordinary terminal emulator  
program (for example, the terminal program included with the Windows operating system). Set the  
terminal parameters to these values:  
• VT-100/ANSI compatible  
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Using the Telnet Console  
• 9,600 baud  
• 8 data bits  
• No parity  
• One stop bit  
• No flow control  
See chapter 2 for instructions on logging in using this serial connection.  
You can also access the same interface with a Telnet application. Once you have set an IP address  
for your switch, you can use a Telnet program (in VT-100 compatible terminal mode) to access and  
control the switch. All of the screens are identical, whether accessed from the serial port or from a  
Telnet application.  
To log in to the switch the first time  
These instructions describe how to log in to the switch using a Telnet application. The passwords  
used to access the switch are case sensitive; therefore, “S” is not the same as “s.” The factory  
default IP address for the switch is 10.90.90.90.  
1. From a computer attached to the same network as the switch, open a command window.  
2. In a command window, enter Telnet <IP_address>.  
Replace <IP_address> with the address assigned to the switch.  
3. In the Username field press Enter. There is no initial username.  
4. In the Password field, press Enter. There is no initial password. The Main Menu appears.  
The first created user automatically has Admin privileges. One of your first configuration tasks  
should be to create at least one Admin-level user for the switch to protect it from unauthorized  
users.  
Press CTRL+R to refresh the screen. This command can be used at any time to force the console  
program in the switch to refresh the console screen.  
Note: If the arrow keys don’t work, check your terminal preferences and make sure you have enabled VT  
100 Arrows.  
Main Menu  
The Main Menu has these options.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Figure 3. Main Menu  
• Basic Setup  
— Switch Information—Display information about the switch’s hardware and firmware.  
— Basic Switch Setup—Configure the switch’s IP address.  
— Serial Port Settings—Configure the switch’s serial port that is used for terminal sessions.  
— Port Configurations—Enable/disable individual ports and set their speed and duplex  
state.  
— User Accounts—Set up user accounts, change their passwords, and modify their access  
rights.  
— Network Management—Set up SNMP traps and community strings.  
— Switch Utilities—View the history log, ping other devices, and manage firmware and  
configuration files.  
— Network Monitoring—View various statistics by port or protocol and various routing  
tables.  
• Advanced Setup  
— Spanning Tree—Enable/disable the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for the switch and on  
individual ports.  
— Forwarding—Reduce traffic congestion on the network by configuring MAC address  
aging, unicast packet forwarding, storm control, and static IP routes.  
— IP Address Filtering—Configure filters to handle packets from specified IP addresses.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
— Priority Settings—Configure switch traffic priority based on MAC address, IP address,  
or Port.  
— Mirroring Configurations—Configure a source port to send a copy of its data to a target  
port for monitoring and troubleshooting.  
— GMRP—Enable and configure GMRP for ports and VLANs  
— VLAN Configurations—Set up and administer VLANs on the switch.  
— Link Aggregation—Combine ports on the switch to increase bandwidth.  
— Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup—Configure IP interfaces, RIP, and multicast routing  
protocols.  
• Save Changes—Save the switch’s current settings in non-volatile RAM (NV_RAM) so that  
they are not lost when the switch is rebooted.  
• Logout—Return to the login screen and close the current user account.  
• Reboot—Select which configuration file is used when the switch restarts.  
Creating User Accounts  
Access to the console is controlled via user accounts. You can create up to six accounts, one of  
which must be an Admin-level account. The other five accounts can be any combination of  
Admin-level and User-level accounts.  
To create a new user account  
1. From the Main Menu, select User Accounts and press Enter.  
2. Use the spacebar to toggle the Action field to Add.  
3. Enter the new username, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password.  
Determine whether the new user should have Admin or User privileges. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between these options. (The next section describes the differences between these  
levels.)  
The first user you create must be assigned Admin privileges.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the user addition effective.  
A listing of all user accounts and access levels is shown below the user setup menu. This list is  
updated when Apply is executed.  
5. To delete a user, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the username, highlight APPLY, and  
press Enter.  
You must enter an account’s password to delete it.  
6. To modify a user’s password or privileges, toggle the Action field to Update, enter the  
username, the old password, and then modify the New Password and/or the Access Level  
fields. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Note: Remember that APPLY makes changes to the switch configuration for the current session only. All  
changes (including user additions or updates) must be entered into non-volatile RAM using the  
Save Changes command on the Main Menu, if you want these changes to be permanent.  
Admin and User Privileges  
The switch uses two levels of user privileges: Admin and User. Some menu selections available to  
users with Admin privileges are not be available to those with User privileges.  
The table summarizes the Admin and User privileges:  
Admin  
User  
Switch Configuration Management  
Configuration  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Read Only  
Read Only  
Read Only  
No  
Network Monitoring  
SNMP Community Strings and Trap Stations  
Update Firmware and Configuration Files  
Ping  
Yes  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay and DNS Relay  
Factory Reset  
Read Only  
No  
Reboot Switch  
No  
Advanced Setup  
Read Only  
User Account Management  
Add/Update/Delete User Accounts  
View User Accounts  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
To log in once you have created a registered user  
1. From the Login screen, type in your username and press Enter.  
2. Type in your password and press Enter.  
The main menu screen will be displayed based on your access level or privilege.  
Saving Changes  
The ZT 8101 switch has two levels of memory: normal RAM and non-volatile or NV-RAM.  
Configuration changes are made effective by highlighting APPLY and pressing Enter. When you  
do this, the settings are immediately applied to the switch software in RAM and immediately take  
effect.  
Some settings, though, require you to restart the switch before they will take effect. Restarting the  
switch erases all settings in RAM and reloads the stored settings from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is  
necessary to save all setting changes to NV-RAM before rebooting the switch.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To save changes to NV-RAM  
1. To retain any configuration changes permanently, from the Main Menu select Save Changes  
and press Enter.  
2. Answer Yes to the confirmation prompt.  
Reboot  
1. From the Main Menu, select Reboot and press Enter.  
2. Highlight one of these options and press Enter.  
Option  
Description  
Restarts the switch. Any configuration settings not  
saved using Save Changes from the Main Menu will  
be lost. The switch's configuration will be restored to  
the last configuration saved in NV-RAM.  
Reboot  
Saves the current configuration to NV-RAM (identical  
to using Save Changes) and then restarts the switch.  
Save Configuration & Reboot  
Restarts the switch using the default factory  
configuration. All custom configuration data will be  
lost.  
Reboot & Load Factory Default Configuration  
Restarts the switch using the default factory  
configuration, except the user configured IP address  
will be retained. All other configuration data will be  
lost.  
Reboot & Load Factory Default Configuration  
Except IP Address  
3. Highlight Yes on the confirmation prompt and press Enter.  
Basic Settings  
This section explains some of the basic options for configuring the switch.  
Condition  
Task  
Configure the options in the Network Management  
Setup screens.  
Using SNMP for network management.  
Use the Switch Utilities to save configurations for use  
on multiple switches.  
Installing more than one switch.  
Use the Ping Test utility from the Switch Utilities  
menu.  
Testing communication with other devices.  
Need to set the port settings for the serial port to  
values other than the default values.  
Configure the options with the Serial Port Settings  
screen.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Switch Information  
The Switch Information screen displays descriptive information about the switch.  
From the Main Menu, select Switch Information. This screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Device Type  
Description  
Specifies the product name: ZT 8101 Fast-Ethernet Switch.  
Specifies the unique MAC address assigned to the switch. This address is not  
configurable.  
MAC Address  
Boot PROM Version  
Firmware Version  
Specifies the version of the switch’s boot code.  
Specifies the version of the firmware installed on the switch. You can update this  
using a switch utility.  
Hardware Version  
Device S/N  
Specifies the hardware version of the switch.  
Specifies the serial number of the switch.  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple switches,  
you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the area or location where the switch resides.  
Specifies the contact person for the switch.  
Spanning Tree  
GVRP  
Indicates whether STP is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Group VLAN Registration Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping is enabled  
or disabled.  
IGMP Snooping  
RIP  
Indicates whether the Routing Information Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode is enabled or  
disabled.  
PIM-DM  
Indicates whether the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is enabled or  
disabled.  
DVMRP  
Basic Switch Setup  
Use the Basic Network Setup menu to set the boot-up operation for obtaining an IP address or to  
manually assign the IP address for the switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Basic Network Setup and press Enter.  
2. To configure the IP address, use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to modify the settings in the  
New Switch IP Settings column.  
Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the spacebar to toggle to Manual, DHCP, or BOOTP.  
(For more information about these options, see the  
descriptions below.)  
Get IP From  
Manual  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch. Only  
available for the Manual option.  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
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Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network. Only available  
for the Manual option.  
Subnet Mask  
255.0.0.0  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch. Only available for the  
Manual option.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that the switch resides in.  
This VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in these fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Get IP From Description  
The switch uses the Get IP From setting to determine where to get its IP address. You must use the  
Manual option if you want to configure multiple IP interfaces. The manual option is also more  
convenient if you are going to manage the switch with Telnet Console or Web Console. Both of  
these consoles require you to know the IP address, and although BOOTP/DHCP usually assign the  
same IP address when a device reboots, there is no guarantee.  
• BOOTP—The switch sends out a BOOTP broadcast request when it is powered up. The  
BOOTP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by  
a central BOOTP server. If this option is set, the switch looks for a BOOTP server to provide it  
with this information.  
• DHCP—The switch sends out a DHCP broadcast request when it is powered up. The DHCP  
protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a DHCP  
server. If this option is set, the switch looks for a DHCP server to provide it with this  
information.  
• Manual—The switch uses the entered IP address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway. These  
entries should be of the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a number (represented in  
decimal form) between 0—255. This option requires entries in these fields:  
— IP Address—This address should be a unique address on the network assigned to the  
switch by the network administrator.  
— Subnet Mask—This is a bitmask that determines the extent of the subnet that the switch  
is on. The value should be 255.0.0.0 for a Class A network, 255.255.0.0 for a Class B  
network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network, but custom subnet masks are allowed.  
— Default Gateway—This IP address determines where packets with a destination address  
outside the current subnet are sent. This is usually the address of a router or a host acting  
as an IP gateway. If your network is not part of an intranet, or you do not want the switch  
to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field unchanged.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Network Management Setup  
You use the Network Management screens to display and modify parameters for the Simple  
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent that  
monitors the status of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer  
attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this  
information. Access rights to the on-board agent are controlled by community strings. To  
communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid community string for  
authentication.  
To configure SNMP  
You can configure up to four community strings.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | SNMP Configurations and press  
Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of clients  
wanting access to the switch's SNMP agent. This is similar to a password in  
that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive or request  
SNMP information from the switch.  
Community String  
Specifies the level of access for an authorized client. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between Read and R/W (read-write).  
Rights  
Status  
Specifies whether the current string is Enabled or Disabled. This is used to  
temporarily limit access to the switch's SNMP agent. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between Enabled and Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure trap recipients  
The Trap Recipient Setup screen allows you to specify which management stations receive  
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to three trap recipients  
may be entered.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | SNMP Configurations | Trap  
Recipients Setup and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the management station that will receive traps  
generated by the switch.  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting to receive traps from the switch's SNMP agent. This is similar to a  
password in that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive  
or request SNMP information from the switch.  
SNMP Community String  
Status  
Enables or disables the selected community string. This is used to  
temporarily limit a station from receiving traps generated by the switch. Use  
the spacebar to toggle between Enabled and Disabled.  
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3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure the access list  
You can specify the IP addresses of up to three management stations that will be allowed access to  
the management agent of the switch. If you enter IP addresses in this form, only the management  
stations with those IP addresses are allowed to access the management agent of the switch. All  
other IP addresses will be blocked.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | Access List Setup and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Port  
Description  
Specifies the IP addresses of the management stations that you want to  
access the switch’s management agent.  
Specifies the ZT 8101 switch port that the management station will use for  
access. Enter a number from 1—26.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Serial Port Settings  
The Serial Port Settings screen allows the configuration of the switch's serial port, which is on the  
front panel. Terminals must match these settings to connect to the switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Serial Port Settings and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Sets the serial bit rate that will be used for communication the next time the  
switch is restarted. This setting applies only when the serial port is being  
used for out-of-band management. Available speeds are 9600, 19,200,  
38,400 and 115,200 bits per second. The default setting is 9600.  
Baud Rate  
Sets the time the interface can be idle before the switch automatically logs  
out the user. The options are Never, 2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes.  
Auto-Logout  
Values for data bits (the number of bits used to represent one character of data) and stop bits  
(the number of bits used to mark the end of a unit of transmission) are displayed but are not  
configurable.  
Note: Auto logout is not configurable for the Telnet and Web Console. The switch automatically logs the  
user out of these interfaces when the session has been idle for 15 minutes.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Port Configurations  
You can enable or disable a specific port and set its speed and duplex state.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Port Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the View Ports field to view the ports you want to configure.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
3. In the Configure Port field enter the port number or a range of ports. To configure a single port,  
enter that port number in both the To and From field.  
4. Use the spacebar to toggle these fields to the appropriate value.  
Field  
Description  
State  
Enables or disables the currently selected ports.  
Specifies the speed and full- or half-duplex state of the ports. For 100 Mpbs  
ports the choices are Auto, 10/Half, 10/Full, 100/Half, and 100/Full. For  
gigabit ports, the choices are Auto,1000/Full, and 100/Full.  
Speed/Duplex  
Flow Control  
Specifies the flow control mode for the port.  
Enables or disables dynamic learning of MAC addresses. You can disable  
MAC learning to increase the security of a specific port. Such disabled ports  
only receive broadcast traffic and packets that have a destination MAC  
address that matches the port’s MAC address.  
Learn  
5. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Switch Utilities  
You can upgrade the switch’s firmware by transferring a new firmware file from an TFTP (Trivial  
File Transfer Protocol) server to the switch. You can also load a configuration file into the switch  
from an TFTP server or save the switch’s configuration file and a history log to an TFTP server.  
The TFTP server must be running TFTP server software to perform the file transfer. TFTP server  
software is a part of many network management software packages, or can be obtained as a  
separate program.  
The switch utilities also allow you to ping stations and to configure DNS relay and BOOTP/DHCP  
relay.  
To access these utilities, from the Main Menu select Switch Utilities and press Enter.  
Switch Utilities  
Layer 3 Switch  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
Switch Settings  
Server IP Address  
Switch IP Address  
Subnet Mask  
: 10.40.44.60  
: 10.90.90.90  
: 255.0.0.0  
: 0.0.0.0  
Gateway Router  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
TFTP Services  
Others  
Download Firmware from TFTP Server  
Ping Test  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
DNS Relay  
Download Configuration from TFTP Server  
Upload Settings to TFTP Server  
Upload History Log to TFTP Server  
Upload History Log to TFTP Server  
*******************************************************************************  
Function:  
Message:  
CTRL+T = Main Menu  
Esc = Previous screen  
CTRL+R = Refresh  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To update firmware  
The switch can hold only one image of the firmware. The switch is rebooted after new firmware is  
downloaded. If you have any current settings that you have not saved to non-volatile RAM, use the  
Save Changes option on the Main Menu before starting these steps.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Download Firmware from TFTP Server and  
press Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path and the filename to the firmware file on the TFTP  
server, based from the root of the server.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the information so that the next time  
you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path\filename.  
5. To start the download, highlight DOWNLOAD and press Enter.  
When the download is completed, the switch automatically reboots and executes the new runtime  
firmware.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem. See “Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem” on page 21.  
To download a configuration file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Download Configuration from TFTP Server  
and press Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path and the filename to the file on the TFTP server.  
4. To start the download, highlight DOWNLOAD and press Enter.  
When the download is completed, the switch saves the configuration in NV-RAM and  
automatically reboots.  
To upload a configuration file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Upload Settings to TFTP Server and press  
Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path on the TFTP server and the filename.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the information so that the next time  
you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path\filename.  
5. To start the file transfer to the TFTP server, highlight UPLOAD and press Enter.  
To upload a history log file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Upload History Log to TFTP Server and  
press Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path on the TFTP server and the filename.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the information so that the next time  
you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path\filename.  
5. To start the file transfer to the TFTP server, highlight UPLOAD and press Enter.  
To test connectivity with ping  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Ping Test and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the network device to ping.  
Number of Repetitions  
Default timeout  
Specifies the number of test packets to send. Three is the usual number.  
Specifies the number of seconds to wait between sending the packets.  
3. To start the test, highlight START and press Enter.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
BOOTP/DHCP relay agent enables end stations to use a BOOTP or DHCP server to obtain TCP/IP  
configuration information or boot files to be loaded into memory, even if the servers are not on the  
local IP interface. The following conditions determine whether you need to enable BOOTP/DHCP  
relay:  
• If the BOOTP or DCHP server and end station are on the same IP interface, no relay agent is  
necessary.  
• If the servers and the end stations are on different IP interfaces, a relay agent is necessary for  
the switch to forward the messages.  
The relay agent forwards these packets between IP interfaces, and therefore must know the IP  
addresses of the BOOTP and DHCP servers and their respective subnet names (or IP interface  
names).  
When the switch receives packets destined for a BOOTP or DHCP server, it forwards them to  
specific servers as defined in the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from  
the BOOTP or DHCP servers to the appropriate subnets.  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | BOOTP/DHCP Relay and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Status  
Enables or disables the BOOTP/DHCP relay function.  
Sets the maximum number of hops (routers) that the BOOTP  
messages can be relayed through. If a packet's hop count is  
more than the hop count limit, the packet is dropped. The  
range is between 1—16 hops. The default value is 4.  
BOOTP HOPS Count Limit  
Sets the minimum time (in seconds) that the switch will wait  
before forwarding a request packet. If the value in the  
seconds field of the packet is less than the relay time  
threshold, the packet will be dropped. The range is between  
0—9999 seconds. The default value is 0 seconds.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Time Threshold  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. If you enabled BOOTP/DHCP Relay, highlight BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface  
Configuration and press Enter.  
5. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the subnet name (IP interface name) of the network that the  
BOOTP or DHCP server is located on.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the BOOTP or DHCP relay server. Multiple  
servers may be entered for a given subnet name (IP interface name).  
BOOTP/DHCP Server  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the change current.  
7. To modify an entry in the table, toggle the Action field to Modify, enter the changes, highlight  
APPLY, and press Enter.  
8. Use Save Changes on the Main Menu to enter the table into NV-RAM.  
DNS Relay  
DNS relay enables the switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy and to forward DNS requests to the  
DNS server only when required. Whether you enable DNS relay depends upon whether you want  
to  
• Save a DNS server or a linking WAN extraneous or repetitive traffic.  
• Try to shorten the response time for a DNS request on a slow or long WAN.  
• Change or control the IP response for a series of DNS requests.  
• Control which servers are used for DNS.  
When the switch receives packets destined for a DNS server and the requests are not statically  
defined in the switch or previously cached, the switch forwards them to the servers as defined in  
the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from the DNS servers back to the  
appropriate subnets.  
To configure DNS Relay services  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | DNS Relay and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
DNS Relay State  
Enables or disables DNS relay on the switch.  
Name Server [1]  
Specifies the IP address of the primary DNS server.  
Specifies the IP address of a secondary DNS server.  
Enables or disables the DNS cache on the switch.  
Name Server [2]  
DNS Relay Cache Status  
Enables or disables the DNS Static Table Lookup function on the  
switch.  
DNS Static Table Lookup Status  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. If you enabled DNS Static Table Lookup, highlight Static Table Configuration and press  
Enter.  
5. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the DNS server.  
Domain Name  
IP Address  
Status  
Specifies the IP address of the DNS server.  
Enables or disables the entry for static look up.  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the change current.  
7. To modify an entry in the table, toggle the Action field to Modify, enter the changes, highlight  
APPLY, and press Enter.  
8. Use Save Changes on the Main Menu to enter the table into NV-RAM.  
Network Monitoring  
This section explains how to monitor the following aspects of the switch:  
• “Port Statistics” (packets, errors, and utilization)  
• “Address Tables” (MAC, IP, routing, and ARP)  
• “Status” (switch history, router port table, IP multicast forwarding table, and other such tables)  
Port Statistics  
To view port utilization  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Utilization and press Enter.  
2. To change the refresh interval, toggle the Refresh Interval field to a new value.  
3. To clear the statistics and gather new information, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press  
Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
The Port Utilization screen displays these statistics.  
Column  
Description  
Port  
Identifies the port.  
TX/sec  
RX/sec  
Displays the number of packets transmitted per second.  
Displays the number of packets received per second.  
Displays the calculated percentage of the bandwidth being used by the device  
attached to the port.  
%Util.  
To view port error statistics  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Error Packets and press Enter.  
2. In the Port field, enter the port number to view.  
3. Toggle the Interval field to suspend or to a value from 2 seconds to 1 minute. This field sets the  
interval at which the error statistics are updated.  
4. To clear the statistics and gather new, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press Enter.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Field  
Description  
Rx Frames—Received packets  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (Frame  
Check Sequence and alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter  
records the sum of CRC errors and code errors (frames received with  
rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Small. The total number of frames received that were shorter than 64 octets  
long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Undersize  
Oversize  
Fragment  
Jabber  
Long. The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518  
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Small with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
shorter than 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS  
octets) and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Long with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
longer than 1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),  
and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Total dropped. The total number of events in which packets were dropped  
due to a lack of resources.  
Drop Pkts  
Tx Frames—Transmitted packets  
ExDefer  
Delayed. The number of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a  
particular interface was delayed because the medium was busy.  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Late Coll.  
Late Collisions. The number of times that a collision is detected after the  
allowable detection period.  
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Field  
Ex. Coll.  
Description  
Excessive Collisions. The number of frames for which transmission failed  
due to excessive collisions.  
Single Collision Frames. The number of successfully transmitted frames for  
which transmission is inhibited by more than one collision.  
Single Coll.  
Coll.  
Total Collisions. An estimate of the total number of collisions on this network  
segment.  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Packet Analysis and press Enter.  
2. In the Port field, enter the port number to be analyzed.  
3. Toggle the Interval field to suspend or to a value from 2 seconds to 1 minute. This field sets the  
interval at which the statistics are updated.  
4. To clear the statistics and gather new, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press Enter.  
The screen displays these statistics (RX indicates received and TX indicates transmitted).  
Column  
Description  
The size in octets (bytes) of frames or the type of frame transferred through the  
switch.  
Frame Size or Type  
The total number of frames transferred through the switch, of the corresponding  
size or type.  
Frame Counts  
Frames/sec  
The number of frames per second transferred through the switch, of the  
corresponding size or type.  
Total  
The total number of bytes or frames received or transmitted.  
Total/sec  
The total number of bytes or frames received or transmitted per second.  
Address Tables  
To view the MAC address table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | MAC Address Table and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Browse By field to ALL, MAC Address, Port, or VLAN. This sets a filter to  
determine which MAC addresses to display.  
— The ALL option specifies no filter.  
— The MAC Address option allows you to enter a specific address.  
— The Port option allows you to enter a port number  
— The VLAN option allows you to enter a VLAN name.  
3. Highlight BROWSE and press Enter to populate the table.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
The following information is displayed for each MAC address.  
Column  
Description  
VID  
The VLAN ID of the VLAN the port is a member of.  
The name of the VLAN.  
VLAN Name  
MAC Address  
Port  
The MAC address.  
The port corresponding to this MAC address. “CPU” is used to identify the  
MAC address for the switch.  
How the switch discovered the MAC address. The possible entries are  
Dynamic, Self, and Static. Self is used to identify the MAC address for the  
switch.  
Type  
4. To clear all entries and force the switch to rebuild the table, highlight CLEAR ALL and press  
Enter. If you have selected to browse by port, you will have the option of clearing all the  
entries for the specified port.  
To view the IP address table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IP Address Table and press Enter.  
2. To find a particular IP address, enter the IP address in the IP Address field, highlight FIND,  
and press Enter. To find all IP address known by the switch, enter 0.0.0.0 for the IP address.  
The following information is displayed about each IP address.  
Column  
Interface  
Description  
The name of the IP interface corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address corresponding to the IP interface name.  
The port the IP address is associated with.  
IP Address  
Port  
Learned  
The method the switch used to discover the IP address, either Dynamic or Static.  
To view the routing table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Routing Table and press Enter.  
2. To find a particular IP address, enter the following in the appropriate fields: the IP address, the  
subnet mask, and the gateway. Highlight FIND, and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Column  
IP Address  
Description  
The IP address corresponding to the subnet mask and gateway.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Gateway  
The gateway used to reach the IP address.  
Interface Name  
Hops  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
The number of hops (routers) between the switch and the IP address.  
The routing protocol used to link the switch to the IP address.  
Protocol  
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To view the ARP table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | ARP Table and press Enter.  
2. Enter the IP interface name and the IP address, highlight FIND, and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Column  
Description  
Interface  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address that corresponds to the MAC address.  
The MAC address that corresponds to the IP address.  
IP Address  
MAC Address  
The method that was used to enter the IP address and MAC address pair  
into the ARP table. The possible entries are Static, Dynamic, and Local.  
Type  
3. To delete an entry from the table, enter its information in the fields, highlight CLEAR, and  
press Enter.  
Status  
To view GVRP status  
From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | GVRP and press Enter. The GVRP Status  
screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Description  
The number of VLANs that have been defined for the  
switch.  
Number of IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ID  
Current Egress Ports  
Current Untagged Ports  
The ID assigned to the currently displayed VLAN.  
The ports in the VLAN that are egress ports.  
The ports in the VLAN that are untagged.  
The status of the VLAN, whether it is a permanent  
definition or whether the ports dynamically joined the  
VLAN.  
Status  
The time the VLAN was created or last modified,  
relative to when the switch was last booted.  
Creation time since switch power up  
Note: If more than one IEEE 802.1Q VLAN has been defined for the switch, use CTRL+N to view the  
status of the other VLANs.  
To view the router ports  
Router ports can be either static or dynamic. Static ports are ports that you manually configure to  
route UDP multicast packets. Dynamic ports are added by the switch when the switch detects UDP  
multicast packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports on a port.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Router Ports and press Enter.  
2. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to search for router ports. Highlight  
FIND and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
The Router Port table contains the VLAN name, and under the port groupings (1 to 8, 9 to 16, 17 to  
24, and 25 to 26), a port is assigned an “S” if the port is a static router port, a “D” if the port has  
been dynamically assigned to be a router port, or a “-” if the port is not a router port.  
To view the IGMP snooping status  
You can view IGMP group information for each VLAN.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IGMP Snooping Status and press Enter.  
2. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to retrieve IGMP snooping  
information. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IGMP Snooping Status screen contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
Multicast group  
MAC address  
Reports  
The IP address of a multicast group learned by IGMP snooping.  
The corresponding MAC address learned by IGMP snooping.  
The number of IGMP reports for the listed source.  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table  
You can browse the IP multicast forwarding table for static and dynamic (learned) entries. You can  
also search the table using a combination of a multicast group IP address, a multicast source IP  
address, and a subnet mask.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IP Multicast Forwarding Table and  
press Enter.  
2. Enter the following: a multicast group address, a source IP address, and a source subnet mask  
address. To find all multicast groups known to the switch, use 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IP Multicast Forwarding Table contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
The IP address of a multicast group.  
Multicast Group  
Source IP Addr.  
Source Mask  
The IP address of a multicast source.  
The subnet mask of a multicast source.  
The IP address of the next hop router between the multicast group and the  
source.  
Upstream Neighbor  
Expire Time  
Prot.  
The number of seconds the packets from the multicast source can live.  
The multicast routing protocol used by the current source.  
To view the IGMP group table  
You can view IGMP information for an IP interface name and a multicast group IP address.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IGMP Group Table and press Enter.  
2. Enter the name of an IP interface and the IP address of a multicast group. To find all multicast  
groups, use 0.0.0.0 for the addresses.  
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3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IGMP Group table contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
The IP interface associated with the multicast group.  
Interface Name  
Multicast Group  
Last Reporter IP  
Querier IP  
The IP address of the multicast group associated with the IP interface.  
The IP address of the member that responded with the last report.  
The IP address of the member elected to be the querier for the group.  
The time when the next report is due.  
Expire  
To view the DVMRP routing table  
You can search the DVMRP routing table with an IP address and subnet mask combination.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | DVMRP Routing Table and press  
Enter.  
2. Enter an IP address and a subnet mask.  
3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The DVMRP Routing Table contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
Source Address  
Source Mask  
The source IP address used to retrieve this information.  
The source subnet mask used to retrieve this information.  
The IP address of the next hop router for the source address.  
Next-hop Router  
The number of hops (routers) between the multicast group member and the  
switch.  
Hop  
The method the switch used to discover the source address, either Static or  
Dynamic.  
Learned  
Interface  
Exp  
The IP interface name of the source address.  
The number of seconds before the entry expires. Expired entries display  
H-D (hold down) for 120 seconds before they are removed.  
To view the switch’s history log  
From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Switch History and press Enter. The Switch  
History screen contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
A counter incremented whenever an entry to the switch's history log is made. The  
table displays the last entry (highest sequence number) first.  
Seq. #  
The time the history log entry was made. The time is specified in days, hours, and  
minutes since the switch was last restarted.  
Time  
Log Text  
The text describing the event that triggered the history log entry.  
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Advanced Setup  
Most of the following options can be configured independently of the other options. However, you  
must configure a VLAN before you can configure an IP interface for it.  
Spanning Tree  
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents loops in a network by allowing only one active path  
between any two network devices at a time. (For more information about using this protocol, refer  
to “Spanning Tree Protocol” in chapter 3.)  
STP operates on two levels. On the switch level, the settings are globally implemented. On the port  
level, the settings are implemented on a user-defined group basis. STP must be enabled on the  
switch for it to be enabled on a particular port.  
To configure global STP switch settings  
1. From the Main Menu, select Spanning Tree and press Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Status field to Enabled or Disabled.  
The factory default settings should cover the majority of installations, and most installations  
should keep these default settings.  
3. To change the factory default settings, configure these fields.  
Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the switch will wait  
for a configuration message from the root bridge. At the end  
of this time, the switch will start sending out its own  
configuration messages for permission to become the root  
bridge.  
The device with the lowest bridge identifier becomes the  
root bridge (see the Priority field).  
Max Age  
20  
Max Age must be set within the following range:  
•
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time  
+1)]  
•
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward  
Delay -1)]  
Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between two  
configuration messages. The root bridge sends these  
messages at this interval to inform all other devices that it is  
the root bridge. This time will be used if and when your  
switch becomes the root bridge.  
Hello Time  
2
It can be set from 1—10 seconds.  
The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max Age.  
Otherwise, a configuration error occurs.  
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Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the root device will  
wait before changing states (for example, from listening to  
blocking, from blocking to forwarding). This delay is required  
because every device must receive information about  
topology changes before it starts to forward packets. In  
addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting  
information that would make it return to a blocking state;  
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.  
Forward Delay  
15  
•
•
Maximum value is 30  
Minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Age / 2) +1]  
Priority is used in selecting the root bridge, root port, and  
designated port. The device with the highest priority  
becomes the STP root bridge. The lower the numeric value,  
the higher the priority. If all devices have the same priority,  
the device with the lowest MAC address will become the  
root bridge.  
Priority  
32768  
Range: 0—65535.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed about STP.  
Field  
Description  
Designated Root Bridge  
Root Priority  
The IP address of the current root bridge for the STP group.  
The current value of the bridge priority for the group.  
The currently assigned cost for the route from the designated STP-group  
port to the root bridge.  
Cost to Root  
Root Port  
The port number of the root port.  
The time (in seconds) since the last change in the root bridge or designated  
STP-group port.  
Last Topology Change  
Topology Change Count  
The number of topology changes since the switch was last restarted.  
To define the port members of an STP group  
The switch allows you to configure Spanning Tree Groups that consist of a group of ports that will  
be handled as though they were a single spanning tree device. An STP group uses the switch-level  
parameters entered above, with the addition of port priority and port cost.  
An STP group spanning tree works in the same way as the switch-level spanning tree, but the root  
bridge concept is replaced with a root port concept. A root port is a port of the group that is elected  
(on the basis of port priority and port cost) to be the connection to the network for the group.  
Redundant links will be blocked, just as redundant links are blocked on the switch level.  
An STP port group should correspond to a VLAN group of ports.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Spanning Tree | Port Settings and press Enter.  
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2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the range of ports to view. The Fast Ethernet ports are displayed  
for configuration in groups of 12, and the two gigabit Ethernet ports are  
displayed together.  
View Ports  
Specifies a specific port or range of ports to configure. To configure a  
specific port, enter the port number in both the From and To field.  
Configure Port  
Port Cost  
Specifies the port cost. It can be set between 1—65535. The lower the cost,  
the greater the probability the port will be chosen as the designated port  
(chosen to forward packets). The default value for the 10/100 ports is 19,  
and for the 100/1000 ports it is 4.  
Specifies the port priority. It can be set between 0—255. The default is 128.  
The lower the priority, the greater the probability the port will be chosen as  
the root port. If two ports have the same priority, the port with the lowest port  
number is selected. For example, STP chooses port 1 instead of port 5 if  
they both have the same priority.  
Priority  
State  
Enables or disables STP on the specified port or range of ports.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays this additional information about the port.  
Column  
Connection  
Description  
Displays the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control method.  
Displays whether the port is Disabled or Forwarding.  
Displays the assigned STP group name for the port.  
Status  
STP Name  
Forwarding  
Forwarding reduces traffic congestion on the network because packets are transmitted only to the  
destination port rather than to all ports. The switch maintains a number of static forwarding tables  
which you can manually configure for MAC, IP, and ARP forwarding.  
This section explains how to configure  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC forwarding (unicast MAC address, multicast MAC address, and storm control)  
• IP forwarding (static and default routes, static ARP)  
To configure MAC address aging  
A very long MAC address aging time can result in out-of-date dynamic entries that may cause  
incorrect packet filtering and forwarding decisions. A very short aging time may cause entries to be  
aged out too soon, which results in a high percentage of received packets whose source addresses  
cannot be found in the address table. In this case, the switch must broadcast the packet to all ports,  
negating many of the benefits of having a switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding and press Enter.  
2. In the MAC Address Aging Time field, specify the length of time a learned MAC address can  
remain in the forwarding table without being accessed (that is, how long a learned MAC  
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Address is allowed to remain idle). The aging time can be set to any value between 300—  
1,000,000 seconds. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding  
Unicast addresses are used to transmit messages from a single network device to another, single  
network device. You can specify to have these addresses statically forwarded to a specified port or  
to have the switch drop them.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Unicast MAC Address Settings and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the unicast MAC address in the packets.  
Specifies whether to forward the packets (Static) or to drop the packets  
(BlackHole).  
Type  
Specifies which port to use for forwarding the packets. This option is not  
available if BlackHole is specified as the type.  
Port  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the VLAN to which the MAC address belongs.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the MAC address, highlight APPLY,  
and press Enter.  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding  
The multicast MAC address settings configure the switch to forward multicast packets from a  
specific MAC address to a specified VLAN. The port settings determine which ports can join the  
VLAN to forward the multicast packets.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Multicast MAC Address Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
VLAN Name  
Multicast MAC Address  
Specifies the VLAN to which the multicast MAC packets are forwarded.  
Specifies the MAC address of the source for the multicast packets.  
Specifies how the port can join the multicast group. You can enter the  
values for the individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the  
spacebar to toggle between E, F, and -.  
•
E (Engress)—Specifies that the port is a static member of the multicast  
group.  
Port  
•
•
F (Forbidden)—Restricts the port from joining the multicast group.  
- (None)—Specifies that the port has no restrictions and that it can join  
the multicast group dynamically.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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4. To modify an entry, toggle the Action field to Add/Modify, enter the VLAN Name and MAC  
address, configure the ports, highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
5. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the VLAN Name and MAC address,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
To configure storm control  
The storm control settings allow you to specify thresholds for broadcast or multicast traffic that  
will activate storm control. When the threshold is exceeded, the switch drops the broadcast or  
multicast traffic. When the traffic level drops below the threshold, the switch resumes forwarding  
the traffic again.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Broadcast/Multicast Storm Control and press  
Enter.  
2. Configure these fields for each port group.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies, in thousands, the number of broadcast or multicast packets per  
second a port can receive before triggering a storm control response.  
Upper Threshold (Kpps)  
Broadcast Storm Mode  
Multicast Storm Mode  
Enables or disables storm control for broadcast packets.  
Enables or disables storm control for multicast packets.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure advanced traffic control  
Advance traffic control sets the threshold for the amount of traffic a port can handle before  
triggering flow control. You must enable flow control on the ports before you can set a flow control  
threshold. (See the Port Configurations option on the Main Menu.)  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Advance Traffic Control and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the View Ports field to the group of ports you want to configure.  
3. In the field, enter a port or a range of ports to configure. To configure a single port, enter that  
port number in both the To and From field.  
4. In the Flow Control Threshold field, enter a value from 2—57344.  
5. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays the following information about the ports:  
Field  
Description  
Port  
The port number.  
Flow Control Threshold  
Drop Packet  
The current value of the flow control threshold.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently dropping packets.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently implementing flow  
control.  
Flow Control Status  
Port Connection  
A status filed that indicates the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control  
mode.  
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To configure static IP routes  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Static/Default Routes and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address to be statically entered into the IP forwarding table.  
Specifies the corresponding subnet mask for the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Gateway IP  
Specifies the address of the next hop gateway for the IP address. This is  
usually a router with a connection to a WAN or the Internet.  
Specifies the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) metric. This is the number  
of hops between the IP address and the Gateway. This is a number  
between 1 and 15.  
Metric  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete a route, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the route information in the fields,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
To configure static ARP  
The ARP table maps an IP address to a device’s MAC address.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Static ARP and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the IP interface of the IP address that you are adding to the static  
ARP table.  
Interface Name  
IP Address  
Specifies the IP address of the end node or station.  
MAC Address  
Specifies the MAC address corresponding to the IP address.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the entry’s information in the fields,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
IP Address Filtering  
You can manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses. For  
information about specifying MAC addresses to drop, see the Forwarding | Unicast MAC  
Address Setting screen.  
To specify an IP address for filtering  
1. From the Main Menu, select Filtering | IP Address Filtering and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
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3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the packets you want dropped.  
Specifies the condition for filtering the packets:  
•
•
•
Dst. (destination)—Packets with the above IP address as their  
destination will be dropped.  
Source/Destination  
Src. (source)—Packets with the above IP address as their source will  
be dropped.  
Either—All packets with the above IP address will be dropped.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To remove an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the IP address and the direction,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
Priority Settings  
The ZT 8101 switch allows you to assign specific levels of priority to traffic traversing the switch.  
Setting priority allows you to protect bandwidth for important nodes on your network. Frames that  
match the user defined criteria are given a priority tag. The switch supports four hardware priority  
levels per egress port, so the eight levels (0-7) of priority are mapped to four hardware queues (0-3)  
as listed in the table below.  
Priority in Frames  
Priority Queue of ASIC  
0-1  
2-3  
4-5  
6-7  
0
1
2
3
After an Ethernet frame has been prioritized, the switch forwards the Ethernet frame using the strict  
priority-based scheduling algorithm. With this algorithm, any frames residing in a higher priority  
queue are always transmitted first. Only when these queues are empty are frames in lower priority  
queues transmitted. If priority is not assigned to a frame the default value is 0.  
Note: If flow control is enabled, a small of amount of low priority traffic may be forwarded before high  
priority traffic.  
MAC Address Priority  
You can specify a MAC address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either  
a higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Priority Settings, and press Enter.  
2. Select MAC Address Priority, and press Enter.  
3. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
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Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of VLAN on which this MAC address resides.  
MAC Address Specifies the MAC address to set a priority for.  
MAC Address  
User Priority  
Specifies the priority for this MAC address. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the  
highest priority.  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options are:  
• Dst. (destination)—Packets with the above MAC address as their destination will  
be given the selected priority.  
Source/Destination  
• Src. (source)—Packets with the above MAC address as their source will be  
given the selected priority.  
• Either—All packets with the above MAC address will be given the selected  
priority.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the MAC address, highlight APPLY,  
and press Enter.  
IP Priority  
You can specify an IP address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either a  
higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Priority Settings, and press Enter.  
2. Select IP Priority, and press Enter.  
3. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
IP Address Specifies the IP address to set a priority for.  
Specifies the priority for this IP address. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the  
highest priority.  
User Priority  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options are:  
• Dst. (destination)—Packets with the above IP address as their destination will be  
given the selected priority.  
Source/Destination  
• Src. (source)—Packets with the above IP address as their source will be given  
the selected priority.  
• Either—All packets with the above IP address will be given the selected priority.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the IP address, highlight APPLY,  
and press Enter.  
Priority based on Port  
You can specify a port so that packets received on this port are given special handling, either a  
higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
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1. From the Main Menu, select Priority Settings, and press Enter.  
2. Select Priority Based on Port, and press Enter.  
3. Select and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies which port(s) to configure (1-26).  
Configure port from  
Default Priority  
Specifies the priority for this port. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest  
priority.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
User Priority Regeneration  
You can enable User Priority Regeneration to set the 802.1p priority bit to a user defined level for  
all egress frames.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Priority Settings, and press Enter.  
2. Select User Priority Regeneration, and press Enter.  
3. Select and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 0. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Priority 0  
Priority 1  
Priority 2  
Priority 3  
Priority 4  
Priority 5  
Priority 6  
Priority 7  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 1. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 2. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 3. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 4. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 5. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 6. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 7. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
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Mirroring Configurations  
Incoming or outgoing traffic from any source port can be mirrored for real-time analysis. A logic  
analyzer or a RMON probe can then be attached to study the traffic crossing the source port in a  
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, remember these conditions:  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
• For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
To configure a port for mirroring  
1. From the Main Menu, select Mirroring Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port where information will be duplicated and sent for capture  
and network analysis. This is the port where a network analyzer would be  
attached to capture packets duplicated from the source (mirrored) port.  
Target Port  
Specifies which port to mirror and which packets to mirror. This port is the  
source of the packets. Use one of these values:  
•
•
•
•
R—Mirror incoming packet  
T—Mirror outgoing packets  
Mirrored Port  
B—Mirror both incoming and outgoing packets  
- (none)—Do not mirror  
Use the spacebar to toggle these values for a specific port. If the port has an  
X, this port cannot be selected for mirroring.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To modify a target port in the table of current settings, enter the port number in the Target Port  
field, change the mirror port value, highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
GMRP  
GMRP (Group Multicast Registration Protocol) allows ports to dynamically join multicast groups.  
It provides a mechanism that allows bridges and end-stations to dynamically register (and  
subsequently, de-register) group membership information with the MAC bridge attached to the  
same LAN segment.  
To configure GMRP globally  
1. From the Main Menu, select GMRP and press Enter.  
2. Use the spacebar to toggle the Switch GMRP field to Enabled or Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure port GMRP settings  
1. From the Main Menu, select GMRP and press Enter.  
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2. Select Configure Port GMRP Settings, and press Enter.  
3. Select and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
Configure Port  
GMRP State  
Specifies which port(s) to configure (1-28).  
Specifies the state (off or on) of GMRP for this port.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
To configure VLANs supporting GMRP  
1. From the Main Menu, select GMRP and press Enter.  
2. Select Configure VLANs Supporting GMRP, and press Enter.  
3. Select and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
VID  
Support GMRP  
Specifies which VLAN ID to configure (1-4094).  
Specifies the state (off or on) of GMRP for this VLAN  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
VLAN Configuration  
The switch allows the assignment of an IP interface to each VLAN. A VLAN must be configured  
before setting up its IP interface. You can create either a port-based or an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. By  
default, all ports belong to an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN called “default.” Although this VLAN cannot  
be deleted, all member ports can be assigned to other VLANs.  
To configure GVRP globally  
The global GVRP flag determines whether GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is enabled  
on the switch so that the switch can share VLAN information with other switches, and VLANs can  
span multiple switches. When this flag is disabled, VLANs are confined to the physical  
connections of the switch. By default, this flag is disabled.  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Use the spacebar to toggle the Switch GVRP field to Enabled or Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To create or modify a port-based VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | Configure VLAN Settings and press  
Enter.  
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2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, a VLAN name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the type of VLAN. Use the spacebar to toggle the type to Port  
Based VLAN.  
VLAN Type  
Membership  
Specifies the status of the port. You can enter the status indicators of  
individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the spacebar to  
toggle between M and -.  
•
•
M (member)—Designates the port as a static member.  
- (non-member)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To create or modify an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | Configure VLAN Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, the name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the type of VLAN. Use the spacebar to toggle the type to 1Q  
VLAN.  
VLAN Type  
VID  
Specifies an identifier for the VLAN. Enter a number from 2—4094.  
Specifies the status of the port. You can enter the status indicators of  
individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the spacebar to  
toggle between U, T, F, and -.  
•
U (Untagged)—Designates the port as an untagged member of the  
VLAN. When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet  
header remains unchanged. When a tagged packet exits the port, the  
tag is stripped and the packet is changed to an untagged packet. If the  
port is attached to a device that is not IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant  
(VLAN-tag unaware), then the port should be set to untagged.  
•
T (Tagged)—Designates the port as a tagged member of the VLAN.  
When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header  
is changed to include the 32-bit tag associated with the PVID (Port  
VLAN Identifier). When a tagged packet with a different VID exits the  
port, the packet header is unchanged. If the port is attached to a device  
that is IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant, (VLAN-tag aware), then the port  
can be set to tagged.  
Membership  
•
•
F (Forbidden)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN and prevents packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering  
the port.  
- (non-member)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN.  
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4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To enter the change into non-volatile RAM, highlight Save Changes from the Main Menu and  
press Enter.  
To configure the member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | IEEE 802.1Q Port Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Highlight the Configure Port field and enter the range of port numbers you want to configure.  
To configure a single port, enter that port number in both the To and From field.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables ingress filter checking. Ingress filtering allows the port  
to compare the VID tag of an incoming packet with the PVID number  
assigned to the port. If the two are different, the port filters (drops) the  
packet. Use the spacebar to toggle between On and Off.  
Ingress Checking  
Enables or disables GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol). This allows  
the switch to share VLAN information with other switches so that a VLAN  
can span multiple switches.  
GVRP  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Link Aggregation  
Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped together so that they can act as a single port.  
This is done to either increase the bandwidth of a network connection or to increase fault tolerance.  
Link Aggregation is most commonly used to link a bandwidth-intensive network device or devices  
—such as a server or server farm—to the backbone of a network.  
You can configure up to six aggregation groups, each using from two to eight ports between any  
two ZT 8101 switches or other devices that support 802.1ad Link Aggregation.  
To configure a link aggregation group  
1. From the Main Menu, select Link Aggregation and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies one of the six possible link aggregation groups configurable on the  
switch.  
Group ID  
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Starting Port  
Group Width  
Specifies the first port in the group. This port is called the master port.  
Specifies the number of ports (2-8), in sequential order from the master port  
that will be included in the link aggregation group.  
• TRUNK—Specifies a static link aggregation group. Static link aggregation  
defines a fixed link aggregation path.  
• LACP—Specifies a dynamic link aggregation group. Dynamic link  
aggregation uses Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) to automatically  
detects the presence of other link aggregation devices in the network and lets  
them exchange data to configure and maintain link aggregation groups.  
Status  
• DISABLE—Disables the link aggregation group.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays the following additional information.  
Column  
Description  
Specifies which member port is the master port. The master port is always  
the lowest numbered port. All member ports are configured to use its settings  
and become members of its VLAN.  
Master  
Anchor  
Note: This value will not be displayed on an LACP trunk until it is negotiated  
with the aggregation partner.  
Specifies which member port is the anchor port. The anchor port is  
responsible for the flooding of multicast frames and for sending control  
packets.  
Note: This value will not be displayed on an LACP trunk until it is negotiated  
with the aggregation partner.  
To configure link aggregation load sharing  
1. From the Main Menu, select Link Aggregation and press Enter.  
2. From the Link Aggregation Menu, select Load Sharing Algorithm and press Enter.  
3. Select a load sharing algorithm from the following:  
Field  
Src Address  
Description  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Source Address (SA)  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Destination Address (DA)  
Dst Address  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Source and Destination Address (XOR  
of SA and DA)  
Src & DST Address  
Src IP  
Dst IP  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Source Address (SIP)  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Destination Address (DIP)  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Source and Destination Address (XOR of  
SIP and DIP)  
SRC & DST IP  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Layer 3 IP Networking  
This section describes how to configure:  
• IP Interfaces  
• RIP  
• Multicast routing protocols  
Setting Up IP Interfaces  
Each IP interface on the switch corresponds to a VLAN. A VLAN, which does not have a  
corresponding IP interface defined for it, will function as a Layer 2-only VLAN.  
The switch allows ranges of IP addresses (OSI Layer 3) to be assigned to VLANs (OSI Layer 2).  
Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up the corresponding IP interface.  
To set up IP Interfaces on the switch  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IP Interface Settings and  
press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface. The interface name for the “default”  
VLAN is System.  
Interface Name  
IP Address  
Specifies the IP address of the IP interface.  
Specifies the subnet mask for the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the VLAN that is assigned to this IP interface. This VLAN must  
already exist. The IP interface gets its port membership from the VLAN.  
VLAN Name  
State  
Enables or disables the IP interface.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The Action field can be toggled between Add/Modify and Delete using the space bar. This enables  
the addition/modification of a new or existing IP interface entry or the deletion of an existing entry.  
If you modify an existing IP interface and apply the changes, the RIP and IP multicast interface  
configurations are reset to default values.  
RIP Configuration  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses the hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. RIP is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means that  
it performs routing within a single autonomous system.  
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To configure RIP  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | RIP Configurations and press  
Enter.  
2. Using the space bar, toggle the RIP Status field to Enabled or Disabled. This function allows  
the RIP protocol to be turned on or off without changing the RIP setup.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. On the RIP Configurations menu, select RIP Interface Settings.  
5. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface on which RIP is to be set up. This  
interface must be previously configured on the switch.  
Interface Name  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to transmit RIP  
packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V1 Compatible,  
and V2 Only. Disabled prevents the transmission of RIP packets.  
TX Mode  
RX Mode  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to interpret received  
RIP packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V2 Only, and  
V1 and V2. Disabled prevents the reception of RIP packets.  
Enables or disables authentication between routers. When authentication is  
enabled, a password is used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network. Authentication is only supported when RIP is in V1  
Compatible or V2 Only mode.  
Authentication  
Password  
Specifies the password to be used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network.  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Multicast Global Configurations  
The Multicast Global Configurations screen is only for globally enabling or disabling the multicast  
routing protocols on the switch. Each VLAN or IP Interface uses these global values unless you  
configured it to use specialized settings. The protocol must be enabled globally before you can  
enable it on a specific VLAN or IP interface. (RIP is globally set up with the RIP Configuration  
option.)  
To configure globally the multicast protocols  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | Multicast Global  
Configurations and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables, globally, Internet Group Management Protocol  
(IGMP) snooping. This protocol allows the switch to forward  
multicast traffic intelligently on the switch.  
Switch IGMP Snooping  
Enables or disables, globally, the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing  
Protocol (DVMRP).  
DVMRP State  
PIM-DM State  
Enables or disables, globally, the Protocol Independent Multicasting  
- Dense Mode (PIM-DM) multicasting protocol.  
DVMRP Include Report From  
Unknown Neighbors  
Enables or disables receiving DVMRP reports from unknown  
neighbors.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Each protocol has a corresponding configuration screen. You access these screens from the Layer  
3 - IP Networking Setup screen.  
IGMP Configuration  
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows the switch to forward multicast traffic  
intelligently on the switch. The switch “snoops” the IGMP query and report messages and forwards  
traffic only to the ports that request the multicast traffic. This prevents the switch from  
broadcasting the traffic to all ports and possibly affecting network performance.  
IGMP requires a network device that learns about the presence of multicast groups on its subnets  
and that keeps track of group membership. Multicasting is not connection oriented, so data is  
delivered to the requesting hosts on a best-effort level of service.  
The switch has two configuration screens for IGMP:  
• The IGMP snooping screen allows you to configure the switch for snooping and querying.  
• The IGMP interface screen allows you to configure the switch to keep track of IGMP groups.  
To configure IGMP snooping  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IGMP Snooping  
Configurations and press Enter.  
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2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Action field to either Add/Modify or Delete and configure  
these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN you want to configure.  
Specifies whether this VLAN should respond to IGMP queries. Three  
options are available:  
•
•
•
No—Prevents this VLAN from becoming a querier.  
Querier Version  
V1—Enables the sending of IGMP query packets when needed.  
V2—Enables the sending of IGMP query and leave packets according  
to the IGMP V2 specification.  
Use the spacebar to toggle between the options.  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 2—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
Query Interval  
Max Response Time  
State  
Specifies the time that can elapse between general IGMP queries. Enter a  
value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for IGMP member reports.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Enables or disables learning about IGMP groups. If enabled, the switch  
limits multicast forwarding to active member ports.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the changes.  
These conditions affect the fields on the IGMP snooping screen:  
• The switch IGMP snooping flag must be enabled for these settings to have any effect.  
• If the IGMP settings have been enabled for the IP interface associated with the VLAN you  
select, the only field available on the IGMP snooping screen is the State field.  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IGMP Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface you want to configure. The IP address  
field displays the address which corresponds to the entered IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the version number of IGMP to be used with the IP interface. Use  
the spacebar to select 1 or 2.  
Version  
Specifies the time (in seconds) between the transmission of IGMP query  
packets. Enter a value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Max Response Time  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for reports from members.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 1—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
State  
Enables or disables IGMP on this IP interface.  
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3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Note: When IGMP is enabled on an interface, the switch IGMP snooping flag is set to Enabled and  
becomes a read-only parameter.  
DVMRP Interface Configuration  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all nodes of a network. Because the delivery trees  
are “pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low-bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | DVMRP Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the interface to configure. This must be a previously  
defined IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the maximum interval the switch will wait to hear from a neighbor.  
Neighbor Timeout Interval If this interval expires, the switch assumes that this neighbor is down. Enter  
a value from 1—65535. The default is 35.  
Specifies the interval between probes. A probe is a query to other routers to  
Probe Interval  
determine if a multicast group is present on a given router subnetwork.  
Enter a value from 1—65535 seconds. The default is 10.  
Specifies the cost for this path. The higher the assigned cost, the less likely  
it is that multicast packets will be routed over this interface (provided that  
other path options exist). Enter a value between 1—31. The default is 1.  
Metric  
State  
Enables or disables DVMRP for this interface.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
PIM-DM Interface Configurations  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead.  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | PIM-DM Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
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2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of an IP interface that you want to configure for PIM-DM.  
This must be a previously-defined IP interface. The IP Address field  
displays the address associated with the IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the interval between sending Hello packets to other routers on the  
network. The Hello messages are used by the router to determine whether it  
is the root router on the delivery tree or not. If the router does not receive a  
Hello message within the Hello Interval, it will begin transmitting Hello  
messages to advertise its availability to become the root router. The range is  
between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 30 seconds.  
Hello Interval  
State  
Disables or enables PIM-DM for this IP interface.  
Specifies the interval for performing these tasks:  
•
•
Removing prune information from a branch of a multicast delivery tree.  
Flooding multicast messages to all branches of that delivery tree.  
Join-Prune Interval  
These two actions are equivalent. The range is between 1—65535  
seconds. The default is 60 seconds.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Static Router Port  
A static router port allows UDP multicast and IGMP packets to be forwarded to a designated port  
regardless of VLAN configuration.  
A router port functions within Layer 2 of the OSI model. A static router port is a port that has a  
router attached to it. Generally, this router would have a connection to a WAN or to the Internet.  
Establishing a router port will allow multicast packets coming from the router to be propagated  
through the network. It also allows multicast messages coming from the network to be propagated  
to the router.  
The purpose of a router port is to enable UDP multicast packets and IGMP multicast group  
membership messages to reach multiple ports of a multi-port router. Routers do not implement  
IGMP snooping or transmit/forward IGMP report packets. Thus, forwarding all IP UDP multicast  
packets to a static router port on the ZT 8101 switch guarantees that all ports of a multi-port router,  
which are attached to the switch, can reach all multicast group members through the attached  
router's other ports.  
A router port interacts with multicast packets in these ways:  
• All IGMP report packets will be forwarded to the router port.  
• IGMP queries (from the router port) will be flooded to all ports.  
• All UDP multicast packets will be forwarded to the router port. Because routers do not send  
IGMP reports or implement IGMP snooping, a multi-port router connected to the router port  
of the Layer 3 switch would not be able to receive UDP data streams from its ports unless the  
UDP multicast packets were all forwarded to the router port.  
The switch dynamically configures a router port when it detects IGMP query packets, RIPv2  
multicast, DVMRP multicast, PIM-DM multicast packets flowing into a port.  
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To configure a static router port  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | Static Router Port Settings  
and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN the static router port resides on.  
Specifies the ports that you want to set up as static router ports. Each port  
can be set individually as a router port by highlighting the port's entry using  
the Arrow keys. Use the spacebar to toggle between M (member) and -  
(non-member).  
Router Port  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete and enter the VLAN name of the VLAN  
for which the router port table entry is to be deleted. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Web Console  
5
The ZT 8101 switch has an embedded Web server that allows you to manage the switch from  
anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as Netscape* Navigator or Microsoft*  
Internet Explorer. The Web browser communicates directly with the switch using the HTTP  
protocol.  
The Web Console program and the Telnet Console are different ways to access the same internal  
switching software and configure it. Thus, all settings found in the Web Console are the same as  
those found in the Telnet Console.  
Note: The Web Console does not accept Chinese language input (or other languages requiring 2 bytes per  
character).  
Before You Start  
The ZT 8101 switch supports a wide array of functions and provides great flexibility and increased  
network performance by eliminating the routing bottleneck between networks: the WAN, the  
Internet, and the intranet. This new generation switch performs routing functions in hardware  
rather than software. To take full advantage of this flexibility and rich feature set, you need to  
carefully plan a deployment strategy that will maximize the potential of the ZT 8101 switch.  
This plan should include a  
• “General Deployment Strategy”  
• “VLAN Layout”  
• “IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs”  
• “Static Route Assessment”  
General Deployment Strategy  
• Determine how to segment the network—This involves creating VLANs in an existing  
Layer 2 switched network.  
• Develop an IP addressing scheme—This involves allocating a block of IP addresses to each  
network segment. Each network subnet is then assigned a network address and a subnet mask.  
• Determine which network resources must be shared by the subnets and how they will be  
shared—You can connect shared resources directly to the Layer 3 switch, if need be. Or you  
can set up static routes to make the shared resources accessible.  
• Determine how each subnet will communicate with the WAN or Internet—Again, static  
routes should be determined and default gateways identified.  
• Develop a security scheme— Some subnets on the network need more security or should be  
isolated from the other subnets. You can use MAC and IP filtering. You can also configure one  
or more VLANs on the Layer 3 switch without an IP subnet. Without a subnet mask, these  
VLANs function as a Layer 2 VLAN and require an external router to connect to the rest of the  
network.  
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• Develop a policy scheme—Some subnets will have a greater need for multicasting  
bandwidth, for example. A policy is a mechanism to alter the normal packet forwarding in a  
network device, and can be used to intelligently allocate bandwidth to time-critical  
applications such as the integration of voice, video, and data on the network.  
• Develop a redundancy scheme—Planning redundant links and routes to network-critical  
resources can save valuable time in case a link or device fails. You can use the Spanning Tree  
Protocol to block the redundant link until it is needed.  
VLAN Layout  
VLANs on the ZT 8101 switch have more functions than on a traditional Layer 2 switch and must  
therefore be laid-out and configured with a more care. Layer 3 VLANs could be thought of as  
network links rather than as a collection of associated end users. Further, Layer 3 VLANs are  
assigned an IP network address and subnet mask to enable IP routing between them.  
Layer 3 VLANs must be configured on the switch before they can be assigned IP subnets. Also, the  
static VLAN configuration is specified on a per port basis. On the ZT 8101 switch, a VLAN can  
consist of end-nodes, just like a traditional Layer 2 switch. But a VLAN can also consist of one or  
more Layer 2 switches, each of which is connected to multiple end nodes or network resources.  
For example, a Layer 3 VLAN, consisting of four ports, could be connected to four switches. If  
these switches each have 24 ports, then the Layer 3 VLAN would contain 96 (4 x 24) end nodes.  
Assigning an IP subnet to the Layer 3 VLAN would allow wire-speed IP routing from the WAN to  
each end node and between end nodes.  
Therefore, the IP subnets for a network must be determined first, and the VLANs configured on the  
switch to accommodate the IP subnets. Finally, the IP subnets can be assigned to the VLANs.  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs  
The ZT 8101 switch allows the assignment of IP subnets to individual VLANs. Any VLAN  
configured on the switch that is not assigned an IP subnet will behave as a Layer 2 VLAN and will  
not be capable of IP routing.  
Developing an IP addressing scheme is a complex subject. As you are developing your scheme,  
remember that the switch requires a unique IP address for all the anticipated end nodes on each  
Layer 3 VLAN. The switch treats a VLAN with an IP network address and subnet mask as an IP  
interface in an IP routing mode.  
Static Route Assessment  
You need to define static routes for the following types of subnets:  
• Subnets not accessible through the default route  
• Subnets that the switch does not already know about internally  
• Subnets not learned through the dynamic routing protocols  
You determine how these packets are routed by entering static routes into the switch’s static/default  
routing table.  
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Using the Web Console  
Getting Started  
The first step required to use the Web Console for the first time is to secure a browser such as  
Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer.  
The second step is to configure the IP address of the switch. This must be done manually through  
the serial port. See chapter 2 for instructions.  
Note: If you are using the Web Console on an isolated network without a DHCP server, ensure that your  
workstation’s subnet mask matches the subnet mask you assigned to the switch.  
Logging In  
1. To begin managing your switch simply, start the browser you have installed on your computer.  
2. Enter the IP address you have defined for the switch. The URL in the address bar should read  
something like: http://123.123.123.123, where the numbers 123 represent the IP address of the  
switch.  
The factory default IP address for the switch is 10.90.90.90.  
3. In the page that opens, enter the name and password of an Admin user if an account has been  
created, or click the fields and press Enter if no user accounts have been created.  
The Switch Information screen appears.  
This chapter describes the switch management features that are available from the Web Console.  
The immediate sections below describe some basics about user accounts, saving changes, and  
resetting the switch to factory default settings. The subsequent sections describe the basic and  
advanced features.  
If no user accounts have been created, one of your first configuration tasks should be to create at  
least one Admin-level user to protect the switch from unauthorized users.  
Configuration Options  
The Web Console has the following configuration options.  
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Using the Web Console  
Figure 4. Web Console  
The left panel has these options:  
• Basic Setup  
— Switch Information—Display information about the switch’s hardware, firmware, and  
protocol configuration.  
— Basic Switch Setup—Configure the switch’s IP address.  
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— Serial Port Settings—Configure the switch’s serial port that is used for terminal sessions.  
— Port Configurations—Enable/disable individual ports and set their speed and duplex  
state.  
— User Accounts—Set up user accounts, change their passwords, and modify their access  
rights.  
— Network Management—Set up SNMP traps and community strings.  
— Switch Utilities—View the history log, ping other devices, and manage firmware and  
configuration files.  
— Network Monitoring—View various statistics by port or protocol and various routing  
tables.  
— Factory Reset—Restart the switch using the default factory configuration.  
— Save Changes—Save the switch’s current settings in non-volatile RAM (NV_RAM) so  
that they are not lost when the switch is rebooted.  
— Reboot—Restart the switch.  
• Advanced Setup  
— Spanning Tree—Enable/disable the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for the switch and on  
individual ports.  
— Forwarding—Reduce traffic congestion on the network by configuring MAC address  
aging, unicast packet forwarding, storm control, and static IP routes.  
— IP Address Filtering—Configure filters to handle packets from specified IP addresses.  
— Priority Settings—Configure switch traffic priority based on MAC address, IP address,  
or Port.  
— Mirroring Configurations—Configure a source port to send a copy of its data to a target  
port for monitoring and troubleshooting.  
— VLAN Configurations—Set up and administer VLANs on the switch.  
— Link Aggregation—Combine ports on the switch to increase bandwidth.  
— Layer 3 IP Networking—Configure IP interfaces, RIP, and multicast routing  
protocols.User Accounts  
Access to the console is controlled via user accounts. You can create up to six accounts, one of  
which must be an Admin-level account. The other five accounts can be any combination of  
Admin-level and User-level accounts.  
1. Under Basic Setup in the left panel, click User Accounts.  
2. Click New to add a user.  
3. Enter a new username, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password.  
Determine whether the user should have Admin or User privileges. (The next section describes  
the differences.) The first user created must be granted Admin privileges.  
4. Click Apply to make the user addition effective.  
The Apply button makes changes to the switch configuration for the current session only. If you  
want these changes to be permanent, all changes (including user additions or updates) must be  
entered into non-volatile ram using the Save Changes option in the left panel.  
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Using the Web Console  
Admin and User Privileges  
There are two levels of user privileges: Admin and User. Some menu selections available to users  
with Admin privileges are not be available to those with User privileges.  
The table summarizes the Admin and User privileges:  
Admin  
User  
Switch Configuration Management  
Configuration  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Read Only  
Read Only  
Read Only  
No  
Network Monitoring  
SNMP Community Strings and Trap Stations  
Update Firmware and Configuration Files  
Ping  
Yes  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay and DNS Relay  
Factory Reset  
Read Only  
No  
Reboot Switch  
No  
Advanced Setup  
Read Only  
User Account Management  
Add/Update/Delete User Accounts  
View User Accounts  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
After establishing a User Account with Admin-level privileges, highlight Save Changes and press  
Enter. The switch will save any changes to its non-volatile RAM. You can now log in as that user  
and continue configuring the switch.  
Saving Changes  
The ZT 8101 has two levels of memory; normal RAM and non-volatile or NV-RAM.  
Configuration changes are made effective when you click the Apply button. When you do this, the  
settings are immediately applied to the switching software in RAM and immediately take effect.  
Some settings, though, require you to restart the switch before they will take effect. Restarting the  
switch erases all settings in RAM and reloads the stored settings from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is  
necessary to save all setting changes to NV-RAM before rebooting the switch.  
To retain any configuration changes permanently  
1. In the left panel, click Save Changes.  
2. Click Save Configuration.  
A message appears verifying that your new settings have been saved to NV-RAM.  
Once the switch configuration settings have been saved to NV-RAM, they become the default  
settings for the switch. These settings will be used every time the switch is rebooted. You can use  
the Factory Reset option to return the switch to its factory configured settings.  
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Using the Web Console  
Restart  
1. To restart the switch, in the left panel click Reboot.  
2. Click Yes to save the current switch configuration to non-volatile RAM (flash RAM), or No if  
you want to restart the switch using the last-saved (previous) configuration.  
3. Click Restart.  
Factory Reset  
The Factory Reset option is used to restart the switch using only the configuration that was  
supplied by the factory. A factory reset returns all configuration options to their default values and  
restores the switch's configuration to the factory settings.  
All user-entered configuration information is lost.  
To reset the switch to factory default values  
1. In the left panel, click Factory Reset.  
2. Click Yes if you want the switch to retain its current IP address, or No to reset the switch's IP  
address to the factory default of 10.90.90.90.  
3. Click Reboot.  
Basic Settings  
This section describes how to perform common monitoring and configuration tasks on the switch.  
Condition  
Task  
Configure the options in the Network Management  
Setup screens.  
Using SNMP for network management  
Use the Switch Utilities to save configurations for use  
on multiple switches.  
Installing more than one switch  
Use the Ping Test utility from the Switch Utilities  
menu.  
Testing communication with other devices  
Need to set the port settings for the serial port to  
values other than the default values  
Configure the options with the Serial Port Settings  
screen.  
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Using the Web Console  
Switch Information  
The Switch Information screen displays descriptive information about the switch.  
In the left panel, click Switch Information. This screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Device Type  
Description  
Specifies the product name: ZT 8101 Fast-Ethernet Switch.  
Specifies the unique MAC address assigned to the switch. This address is not  
configurable.  
MAC Address  
Boot PROM Version  
Firmware Version  
Specifies the version of the switch’s boot code.  
Specifies the version of the firmware installed on the switch. You can update this  
using a switch utility.  
Hardware Version  
Device S/N  
Specifies the hardware version of the switch.  
Specifies the serial number of the switch.  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple switches,  
you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the area or location where the switch resides.  
Specifies the contact person for the switch.  
Spanning Tree  
GVRP  
Indicates whether STP is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Group VLAN Registration Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping is enabled  
or disabled.  
IGMP Snooping  
RIP  
Indicates whether the Routing Information Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode is enabled or  
disabled.  
PIM-DM  
Indicates whether the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is enabled or  
disabled.  
DVMRP  
Basic Switch Setup  
Use the Basic Switch Setup screen to set the boot-up option for obtaining an IP address or to  
manually assign an IP address for the switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Basic Switch Setup.  
This screen displays the current settings and allows you to configure the fields in the New  
Switch IP Settings form.  
2. To configure the IP address, configure these fields.  
Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the drop-down menu to select Manual, DHCP, or  
BOOTP. (For more information about these options, see the  
descriptions below.)  
Get IP From  
Manual  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch.  
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Parameter  
Default  
255.0.0.0  
Description  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that the switch resides in.  
This VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in these fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Click Apply.  
Get IP From Description  
The switch uses the Get IP From setting to determine where to get its IP address. You must use the  
Manual option if you want to configure multiple IP interfaces. The manual option is also more  
convenient if you are going to manage the switch with Telnet Console or Web Console. Both of  
these consoles require you to know the IP address, and although BOOTP/DHCP usually assign the  
same IP address when a device reboots, there is no guarantee.  
• BOOTP—The switch sends out a BOOTP broadcast request when it is powered up. The  
BOOTP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by  
a central BOOTP server. If this option is set, the switch looks for a BOOTP server to provide it  
with this information.  
• DHCP—The switch sends out a DHCP broadcast request when it is powered up. The DHCP  
protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a DHCP  
server. If this option is set, the switch looks for a DHCP server to provide it with this  
information.  
• Manual—The switch uses the entered IP address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway. These  
entries should be of the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a number (represented in  
decimal form) between 0—255. The fields that require entries under this option are as follows:  
— IP Address—This address should be a unique address on the network assigned to the  
switch by the network administrator.  
— Subnet Mask—This is a bitmask that determines the extent of the subnet that the switch  
is on. The value should be 255.0.0.0 for a Class A network, 255.255.0.0 for a Class B  
network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network, but custom subnet masks are allowed.  
— Default Gateway—This IP address determines where packets with a destination address  
outside the current subnet are sent. This is usually the address of a router or a host acting  
as an IP gateway. If your network is not part of an intranet, or you do not want the switch  
to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field unchanged.  
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Using the Web Console  
Serial Port Settings  
The Serial Port Settings screen allows the configuration of the switch's serial port, which is on the  
front panel. Terminals must match these settings to connect to the switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Serial Port Settings.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Sets the serial bit rate that will be used for communication the next time the  
switch is restarted. This setting applies only when the serial port is being  
used for out-of-band management. Available speeds are 9600, 19,200,  
38,400, and 115,200 bits per second. The default setting is 9600.  
Baud Rate  
Sets the time the interface can be idle before the switch automatically logs  
out the user. The options are Never, 2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes.  
Auto-Logout  
Values for data bits (the number of bits used to represent one character of data) and stop bits  
(the number of bits used to mark the end of a unit of transmission) are displayed but are not  
configurable.  
Note: Auto logout is not configurable for the Telnet and Web Console. The switch automatically logs the  
user out of these interfaces when the session has been idle for 15 minutes.  
3. Click Apply.  
Port Configurations  
You can enable or disable a specific port and set its speed and duplex state.  
1. In the left panel, click Port Configurations.  
2. Use the drop-down menu to select the port you want to configure.  
The Port Type and Connection fields will display the port’s current information.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
State  
Enables or disables the currently selected ports.  
Specifies the speed and full- or half-duplex state of the ports. For 100 Mpbs  
ports, the choices are Auto, 10/Half, 10/Full, 100/Half, or 100/Full. For  
gigabit ports, the choices are Auto,1000/Full, or 100/Full.  
Speed/Duplex  
Flow Control  
Specifies the flow control mode for the port.  
Enables or disables dynamic learning of MAC addresses. You can disable  
MAC learning to increase the security of a specific port. Such ports only  
receive broadcast traffic and packets that have a destination MAC address  
that matches the port’s MAC address.  
Learn  
Configure Ports from to  
Allows you to apply the configuration to multiple ports.  
4. Click Apply.  
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Using the Web Console  
Network Management  
You use the Network Management screens to display and modify parameters for the Simple  
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent which  
monitors the status of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer  
attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this  
information. Access rights to the on-board agent are controlled by community strings. To  
communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid community string for  
authentication.  
To configure SNMP community strings  
You can configure up to four community strings for SNMP authentication.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click SNMP Community Setup.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting access to the switch's SNMP agent. This is similar to a password in  
that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive or request  
SNMP information from the switch.  
Community String  
Specifies the level of access for an authorized user. The level can be  
Read-Only or Read-Write.  
Rights  
Status  
Specifies whether the current string is Enabled or Disabled. This is used to  
temporarily limit access to the switch's SNMP agent.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure trap recipients  
The trap recipient screen allows you to specify which management stations will receive  
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to three trap recipients  
may be entered.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click SNMP Trap Recipients.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the management station that will receive traps  
generated by the switch.  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting to receive traps from the switch's SNMP agent. This is similar to a  
password in that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive  
or request SNMP information from the switch.  
SNMP Community String  
Status  
Enables or disables the selected community string. This is used to  
temporarily limit a station from receiving traps generated by the switch.  
4. Click Apply.  
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Using the Web Console  
To configure management station IP addresses  
You can specify the IP addresses of up to three management stations that will be allowed access to  
the management agent of the switch. If you enter IP addresses in this form, only the management  
stations with those IP addresses are allowed to access the management agent of the switch. All  
other IP addresses will be blocked.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click Management Station IP Addresses.  
3. Configure the following fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP addresses of the management stations that you want to  
access the switch’s management agent.  
Port  
Specifies the ZT8108 switch port used for access.  
4. Click Apply.  
Switch Utilities  
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) services enable these maintenance tasks:  
• Upgrading the switch’s firmware by downloading a new firmware file from a TFTP server to  
the switch.  
• Downloading a configuration file from a TFTP server to the switch  
• Saving the switch’s settings to a TFTP server.  
• Saving the switch's history log to a TFTP server.  
The TFTP server must be running TFTP server software to perform the file transfer. TFTP server  
software is a part of many network management software packages, or can be obtained as a  
separate program.  
The switch utilities also allow you ping stations and configure DNS relay and BOOTP/DHCP  
relay. The following sections describe how to perform these tasks.  
To update firmware  
The switch can hold only one image of the firmware.  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Download Firmware from TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path \ Filename field, enter the full path with filename of the new firmware file on the  
TFTP server, based from the root of the server.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the information so that  
the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path \ filename.  
6. To start the download, click Download.  
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When the download is completed, the switch automatically reboots and executes the new runtime  
firmware.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem. See “Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem” on page 21.  
To download a configuration file  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Download Configuration from TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the full path with filename of the configuration file on the  
TFTP server.  
5. To start the download, click Download.  
When the download is completed, the switch saves the configuration in NV-RAM and  
automatically reboots.  
To upload a configuration file  
You can save the switch's current settings to a TFTP Server. This saved file can then be used to  
reconfigure the switch or to configure another switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Upload Settings to TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the location on the TFTP server to save the configuration.  
Include the full path and the filename in this field.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the information so that  
the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path \ filename.  
6. To start the upload, click Upload.  
To upload a history log file  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Upload History Log to TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the location on the TFTP server to save the history log.  
Include the full path and the filename in this field.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the information so that  
the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the path \ filename.  
6. To start the upload, click Upload.  
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Using the Web Console  
To test connectivity with ping  
1. In the left panel, select Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click Ping Test.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Target IP Address  
Number of Repetitions  
Default timeout  
Specifies the IP address of the network device to ping.  
Specifies the number of test packets to send. Three is the usual number.  
Specifies the number of seconds to wait between sending the packets.  
4. To start the test, click Start.  
A window appears to display the results of the test. If you selected a large number of  
repetitions, you can select to stop and then resume the test.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent  
BOOTP/DHCP relay agent enables end stations to use a BOOTP or DHCP server to obtain TCP/IP  
configuration information or boot files to be loaded into memory, even if the servers are not on the  
local IP interface. These conditions determine whether you need to enable BOOTP/DHCP relay:  
• If the BOOTP or DCHP server and end station are on the same IP interface, no relay agent is  
necessary.  
• If the servers and the end stations are on different IP interfaces, a relay agent is necessary for  
the switch to forward the messages.  
The relay agent forwards these packets between IP interfaces, and therefore must know the IP  
addresses of the BOOTP and DHCP servers and their respective subnet names (or IP interface  
names).  
When the switch receives packets destined for a BOOTP or DHCP server, it forwards them to  
specific servers as defined in the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from  
the BOOTP or DHCP servers to the appropriate subnets.  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent, you must configure both the BOOT/DHCP Relay form  
and the Static Setup form.  
To configure the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent  
You must configure the relay agent so it can determine whether or not to forward a given BOOTP/  
DCHP packet.  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click BOOTP/DHCP Relay.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Status  
Enables or disables the BOOTP/DHCP relay function.  
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Field  
Description  
Sets the maximum number of hops (routers) that the BOOTP  
messages can be relayed through. If a packet's hop count is  
more than the hop count limit, the packet is dropped. The  
range is between 1—16 hops. The default value is 4.  
BOOTP Hops Count Limit  
Sets the minimum time (in seconds) that the switch will wait  
before forwarding a BOOTREQUEST packet. If the value in  
the seconds field of the packet is less than the relay time  
threshold, the packet will be dropped. The range is between  
0—9999 seconds. The default value is 0 seconds.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Time Threshold  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure the static BOOTP relay setup  
You must configure the BOOTP/DCHP relay agent so that it knows the servers’ IP addresses and  
subnet names (IP interface names).  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface Configurations.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the subnet name (IP interface name) of the network that the  
BOOTP or DHCP server is located on.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the BOOTP or DHCP server. Multiple servers  
may be entered for a given subnet name (IP interface name).  
BOOTP/DHCP Server  
4. Click Apply.  
The server is added to the BOOTP/DHCP Relay Setup list.  
5. To add another server, repeat steps 2 and 3. Each IP interface can be configured for four  
servers.  
6. To remove a server, select the server and click Delete.  
DNS Relay  
DNS relay enables the switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy and to forward DNS requests to the  
DNS server only when required. Whether you enable DNS relay depends upon whether you want  
to  
• Save a DNS server or the linking WAN extraneous or repetitive traffic.  
• Try to shorten the response time for a DNS request on a slow or long WAN.  
• Change or control the IP response for a series of DNS requests.  
• Control which servers are used for DNS.  
When the switch receives packets destined for a DNS server and the requests are not statically  
defined in the switch or previously cached, the switch forwards them to the servers as defined in  
the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from the DNS servers back to the  
appropriate subnets.  
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To configure DNS Relay  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click DNS Relay.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
DNS Relay State  
Enables or disables DNS relay on the switch.  
Name Server [1}  
Specifies the IP address of the primary DNS server.  
Specifies the IP address of a secondary DNS server.  
Enables or disables the DNS cache on the switch.  
Name Server [2]  
DNS Relay Cache Status  
Enables or disables the DNS Static Table Lookup function on the  
switch.  
DNS Static Table Lookup Status  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure the static DNS table  
The DNS table specifies where the DNS servers are located in terms of IP addresses and subnet  
names (IP interface names).  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click DNS Relay - Static Table Configurations.  
3. Click New and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the DNS server.  
Domain Name  
IP Address  
Status  
Specifies the IP address of the DNS relay server.  
Enables or disables the entry for static look up.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To remove an entry, highlight it in the DNS Static Table and click Delete.  
Network Monitoring  
This section explains how to monitor the following aspects of the switch:  
• “Port Statistics” (packets, errors, and utilization)  
• “Address Tables” (MAC, IP, Routing, and ARP)  
• “Status” (switch history, router port table, IP multicast forwarding table, and other such tables)  
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Port Statistics  
To view port utilization  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Utilization.  
3. To change the refresh interval, select a value from the drop-down menu.  
4. To clear the gathered statistics, click Clear.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Column  
Description  
Port  
Identifies the port.  
Tx/sec  
Rx/sec  
Displays the number of packets transmitted per second  
Displays the number of packets received per second  
Displays the calculated the percentage of the total bandwidth being used by the  
device attached to the port.  
%Utilization  
To view port error statistics  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Error Packets.  
3. In the Port field, select the port to view.  
4. In the Interval field, select the interval for updating the statistics.  
5. To clear the statistics and gather new information, click Clear.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Field  
Description  
Rx Frames—Received packets  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Undersize  
Oversize  
Small. The total number of frames received that were shorter than 64 octets  
long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Long. The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518  
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Small with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
shorter than 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS  
octets) and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Fragment  
Long with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
longer than 1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),  
and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Jabber  
Total dropped. The total number of events in which packets were dropped  
due to a lack of resources.  
Drop Pkts  
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Field  
Description  
Tx—Transmitted packets  
ExDefer  
Delayed. The number of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a  
particular interface was delayed because the medium was busy.  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Late Collisions. The number of times that a collision is detected after the  
allowable detection period.  
Late Coll.  
Ex. Coll.  
Single Coll.  
Coll.  
Excessive Collisions. The number of frames for which transmission failed  
due to excessive collisions.  
Single Collision Frames. The number of successfully transmitted frames for  
which transmission is inhibited by more than one collision.  
Total Collisions. An estimate of the total number of collisions on this network  
segment.  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Packet Analysis.  
3. In the Port field, select the port to view.  
4. In the Interval field, select the interval for updating the statistics.  
5. To clear the statistics and gather new, click Clear.  
The tables contain the following information.  
Field  
Description  
The size in octets (bytes) of frames transmitted  
through the switch.  
Frame Size  
Frame Type  
Frame Counts  
The type of frame being transmitted  
The total number of frames transmitted through the  
switch of the corresponding size indicated.  
The number of frames per second transmitted  
through the switch of the corresponding size  
indicated.  
Frames/sec  
Packet Type  
Total  
Either received (Rx) or transmitted (Tx) packets.  
The total number of bytes or frames transmitted or  
received.  
The total number of bytes or frames received or  
transmitted per sec.  
Total/sec  
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Address Tables  
To view the MAC address table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click MAC Address Table.  
3. Select how you want to view the MAC addresses:  
— Search Table By VLAN—Allows you to enter a VLAN name and find all known MAC  
addresses on that VLAN.  
— Search Table By MAC Address—Allows you to enter a specific MAC address or  
00-00-00-00-00-00 to list all known MAC addresses.  
— Search Table By Port—Allows you to enter a port number and find all MAC addresses  
known by that port.  
4. Click Find.  
The following information is displayed about each MAC address.  
Field  
Description  
VID  
The VLAN ID of the VLAN the port is a member of.  
The name of the VLAN corresponding to the MAC address.  
The MAC address of a device.  
VLAN Name  
MAC Address  
Port  
The port corresponding to the MAC address.  
How the switch discovered the MAC address. The possible entries are Dynamic,  
Self, and Static. Self is used to identify the switch.  
Learned  
To view the IP address table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click IP Address Table.  
3. In the Start IP Address field, enter the IP address that you want the table to display first. The  
default value is 0.0.0.0 which displays all IP addresses in numerical order.  
4. Click Find to populate the table.  
The following information is displayed about each IP address.  
Field  
Description  
Interface  
The name of the IP Interface corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address corresponding to the IP interface name.  
The port the IP address is associated with.  
IP Address  
Port#  
How the switch discovered the IP interface. The possible entries are Dynamic and  
Static.  
Learned  
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To view the routing table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click Routing Table.  
3. In the entry boxes, enter the following information  
Field  
Description  
Destination Address  
Mask  
IP address of a learned or statically entered destination.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the above destination IP address.  
The default or next hop gateway to reach the destination.  
Gateway  
To find all known routes, enter 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
4. Click Find.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
The IP address corresponding to the subnet mask and gateway.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address.  
The gateway used to reach the IP address.  
Netmask  
Gateway  
Interface Name  
Hops  
The IP interface name the destination resides on.  
The number of hops (routers) between the switch and the destination.  
The routing protocol in use by the link to the destination.  
Protocol  
To view the ARP table  
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table allows the switch to relate often used IP addresses to  
MAC addresses quickly, and without having to make ARP requests.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click ARP Table.  
3. In the entry boxes, enter the following information.  
Field  
Description  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP interface name to start the display of the ARP table.  
Specifies an IP address to start the display of the ARP table. To find all  
entries associated with an IP interface, enter 0.0.0.0 for the IP address.  
IP Address  
4. Click Find.  
The following ARP information is displayed.  
Field  
Description  
Interface Name  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
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Field  
IP Address  
Description  
The IP address that corresponds to the MAC address.  
The MAC address that corresponds to the IP address.  
MAC Address  
Type  
The method that was used to enter the MAC address and IP address pair  
into the ARP table. The possible entries are Static, Dynamic, and Local.  
Status  
To view GVRP Status  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click GVRP Status.  
The screen contains this information.  
Field  
Description  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ID  
Status  
The ID assigned to the currently displayed VLAN.  
The status of the VLAN, whether it is a permanent  
definition or whether the ports dynamically joined the  
VLAN.  
The time the VLAN was created or last modified,  
relative to when the switch was last booted.  
Creation time since switch power up  
Current Egress Ports  
The ports in the VLAN which are egress ports.  
The ports in the VLAN which are untagged.  
Current Untagged Ports  
The number of VLANs that have been defined for the  
switch.  
Number of IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
If more than one IEEE 802.1Q VLAN has been defined for the switch, click Next to view the status  
of the other VLANs.  
To view router ports  
Router ports can be either static or dynamic. Static ports are ports that you manually configure to  
route UDP multicast packets. Dynamic ports are added by the switch when the switch detects UDP  
multicast packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports on a port.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click Router Ports.  
3. In the VLAN field, enter the name of the VLAN to search for router ports.  
4. Click Find.  
The Router Port table contains the VLAN name, and under the port groupings (1 to 8, 9 to 16,  
17 to 24, and 25 to 26), a port is assigned an “S” if the port is a static router port, a “D” if the  
port has been dynamically assigned to be a router port, or a “-” if the port is not a router port.  
To view IGMP snooping status  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
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2. In the top panel under Status, click IGMP Snooping Status.  
3. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to retrieve IGMP snooping  
information.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Field  
Description  
Multicast Group  
MAC Address  
Port Map  
The IP address of a multicast group learned by IGMP snooping.  
The corresponding MAC address learned by IGMP snooping.  
The ports that have forwarded multicast packets from the above source.  
The number of IGMP reports for the listed source.  
Reports  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table  
You can browse the IP multicast forwarding table for static and dynamic (learned) entries. You can  
also search the table using a combination of a multicast group IP address, a multicast source IP  
address, and a subnet mask.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click IP Multicast Forwarding Table.  
3. Enter a multicast group address, a source IP address, and a source subnet mask address. To  
find all multicast groups known to the switch, use 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Column  
Description  
The IP address of a multicast group.  
Multicast Group  
Source IP Address.  
Source Mask  
The IP address of a multicast source.  
The subnet mask of a multicast source.  
The IP address of the next hop router between the multicast group and the  
source.  
Upstream Neighbor  
Expire Time  
Protocol  
The number of seconds the packets from the multicast source can live.  
The multicast routing protocol used by the current source.  
To view the IGMP group table  
You can search the IGMP table using a combination of an IP interface name and a multicast group  
IP address.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click IGMP Group Table  
3. In the Interface Name field, enter the name of an IP interface.  
4. In the Multicast Group field, enter the IP address of a multicast group. To find all groups for  
the specified IP interface, use 0.0.0.0 for the address.  
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5. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Column  
Description  
Interface Name  
Multicast Group  
Last Reporter IP  
Querier IP  
The IP interface associated with the multicast group.  
The IP address of the multicast group associated with the IP interface.  
The IP address of the member which responded with the last report.  
The IP address of the member elected to be the querier for the group.  
The time when the next report is due.  
Expire  
To view the DVMRP routing table  
You can search the DVMRP routing table with an IP address and subnet mask combination.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click DVMRP Routing Table.  
3. Enter an IP address and a subnet mask.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information:  
Column  
Description  
Source Address  
Source Mask  
The source IP address used to retrieve this information.  
The source subnet mask used to retrieve this information.  
The IP address of the next hop router for the source address.  
Next Hop Router  
The number of hops (routers) between the multicast group member and the  
switch.  
Hop  
The method the switch used to discover the source address, either Static or  
Dynamic.  
Learned  
Interface Name  
Expire  
The IP interface name of the source address.  
The number of seconds before the entry expires. Expired entries display  
H-D (hold down) for 120 seconds before they are removed.  
To view the switch’s history log  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click Switch History.  
The Switch History screen contains this information  
Field  
Description  
A counter incremented whenever an entry to the switch's history log is  
made. The table displays the last entry (highest sequence number) first.  
Sequence  
The time the history log entry was made. The time is specified in days,  
hours, and minutes since the switch was last restarted.  
Time  
Log Text  
Text describing the event that triggered the history log entry.  
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Advanced Setup  
Most of the following options can be configured independently of the other options. However, you  
must configure a VLAN before you can configure an IP interface for it.  
Spanning Tree Protocol  
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents loops in a network by allowing only one active path  
between any two network devices at a time. (For more information about using this protocol, refer  
to “Spanning Tree Protocol” in chapter 3.)  
STP operates on two levels. On the switch level, the settings are globally implemented. On the port  
level, the settings are implemented on a user-defined group basis. STP must be enabled on the  
switch for it to be enabled on a particular port.  
To configure STP switch settings  
1. In the left panel, click Spanning Tree.  
2. In the top panel, click STP Switch Settings.  
3. In the Status field, select to Enabled or Disabled.  
4. Configure the following fields. The factory default settings should cover the majority of  
installations, and most installations should keep these default settings.  
Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the switch will wait  
for a configuration message from the root bridge. At the end  
of this time, the switch will start sending out its own  
configuration messages for permission to become the root  
bridge.  
The device with the lowest bridge identifier becomes the root  
bridge (see the Priority field).  
Max Age  
20  
Max Age must be set within the following range:  
•
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time  
+1)]  
•
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward  
Delay -1)]  
Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between two  
configuration messages. The root bridge sends these  
messages at this interval to inform all other devices that it is  
the root bridge. This time will be used if and when your switch  
becomes the root bridge.  
Hello Time  
2
It can be set from 1—10 seconds.  
The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max Age;  
otherwise, a configuration error occurs.  
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Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the root device will  
wait before changing states (for example, from listening to  
blocking or from blocking to forwarding). This delay is  
required because every device must receive information  
about topology changes before it starts to forward packets. In  
addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting  
information that would make it return to a blocking state;  
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.  
Forward Delay  
15  
•
•
Maximum value is 30  
Minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Age / 2) +1]  
Priority is used in selecting the root bridge, root port, and  
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes  
the STP root bridge. The lower the numeric value, the higher  
the priority. If all devices have the same priority, the device  
with the lowest MAC address will become the root bridge.  
Priority  
32768  
Range: 0—65535.  
5. Click Apply.  
The following information is displayed about STP.  
Field  
Description  
Designated Root Bridge  
Root Priority  
The IP address of the current root bridge for the STP group.  
The current value of the bridge priority for the group.  
The currently-assigned cost for the route from the designated STP-group  
port to the root bridge.  
Cost to Root  
Root Port  
The port number of the root port.  
The time (in seconds) since the last change in the root bridge or designated  
STP-group port.  
Last Topology Change  
Topology Change Count  
The number of topology changes since the switch was last restarted.  
To define the port members of an STP group  
The switch allows you to configure Spanning Tree Groups that consist of a group of ports that will  
be handled as though they were a single spanning tree device. An STP group uses the switch-level  
parameters entered above, with the addition of port priority and port cost.  
An STP group spanning tree works in the same way as the switch-level spanning tree, but the root  
bridge concept is replaced with a root port concept. A root port is a port of the group that is elected  
(on the basis of port priority and port cost) to be the connection to the network for the group.  
Redundant links will be blocked, just as redundant links are blocked on the switch level.  
An STP port group should correspond to a VLAN group of ports.  
1. In the left panel, click Spanning Tree.  
2. In the top panel, click STP Port Settings.  
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3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port cost. It can be set between 1—65535. The lower the cost,  
the greater the probability the port will be chosen as the designated port  
(chosen to forward packets). The default value for the 10/100 ports is 19,  
and for the 100/1000 ports it is 4.  
Cost  
Specifies the port priority. It can be set between 0—255. The default is 128.  
The lower the priority, the greater the probability the port will be chosen as  
the root port. If two ports have the same priority, the port with the lowest port  
number is selected. For example, STP chooses port 1 over port 5 if they  
both have the same priority.  
Priority  
State  
Enables or disables STP on the specified port or range of ports.  
4. Click Apply.  
The Status field displays whether the port is Disabled or Forwarding. The STP Name field  
displays the assigned STP group name for the port.  
Forwarding  
Forwarding reduces traffic congestion on the network because packets are transmitted only to the  
destination port rather than to all ports. The switch maintains a number of static forwarding tables  
which you can manually configure for MAC, IP, and ARP forwarding.  
This section explains how to configure  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC forwarding (unicast MAC address, multicast MAC address, and storm control)  
• IP forwarding (static and default routes, static ARP)  
To configure MAC address aging  
A very long MAC address aging time can result in out-of-date dynamic entries that may cause  
incorrect packet filtering and forwarding decisions. A very short aging time may cause entries to be  
aged out too soon, which results in a high percentage of received packets whose source addresses  
cannot be found in the address table. In this case, the switch must broadcast the packet to all ports,  
negating many of the benefits of having a switch.  
1. In the left panel, select Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, select MAC Address Aging Time.  
3. In the MAC Address Aging Time field, specify the length of time a learned MAC address can  
remain in the forwarding table without being accessed (that is, how long a learned MAC  
Address is allowed to remain idle). The aging time can be set to any value between 300—  
1,000,000 seconds. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
1. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Unicast MAC Address Settings.  
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2. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
MAC Address  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the unicast MAC address in the packets.  
Specifies the VLAN to which the MAC address belongs.  
Specifies whether to forward the packets (Static) or to drop the packets  
(BlackHole).  
Type  
Port  
Specifies which port to use for forwarding the packets. This option is not  
available if BlackHole is specified as the type.  
3. Click Apply.  
4. To remove an entry for the Entries list, select the entry and click Delete.  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding  
The multicast MAC address settings configure the switch to forward multicast packets from a  
specific MAC address to a specified VLAN. The port settings determine which ports can join the  
VLAN to forward the multicast packets.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Multicast MAC Address Settings.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the MAC address of the source of the multicast packets.  
Specifies which VLAN to forward the multicast packets to.  
Specifies how the port can join the multicast group.  
VLAN Name  
•
Engress—Specifies that the port is a static member of the multicast  
group.  
State  
•
•
Forbidden—Restricts the port from joining the multicast group.  
None—Specifies that the port has no restrictions and that it can join the  
multicast group dynamically.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure storm control  
The storm control settings allow you to specify thresholds for broadcast or multicast traffic that  
will activate storm control. When the threshold is exceeded, the switch drops the broadcast or  
multicast traffic. When the traffic level drops below the threshold, the switch resumes forwarding  
the traffic again.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Broadcast/Multicast Storm Control.  
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3. Configure these following fields for each port group.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies, in thousands, the number of broadcast or multicast packets per  
second a port can receive before triggering a storm control response.  
Upper Threshold (Kpps)  
Broadcast Storm Mode  
Multicast Storm Mode  
Enables or disables storm control for broadcast packets.  
Enables or disables storm control for multicast packets.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure advanced traffic control  
Advance traffic control sets the threshold for the amount of traffic a port can handle before  
triggering flow control. You must enable flow control on the ports before you can set a flow control  
threshold. (To enable flow control, see Port Configurations.)  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Advance Traffic Control.  
3. Select the port you want to configure and click Edit.  
4. In the Flow Control Threshold field, enter a value from 2—57344.  
5. If you want this setting to apply to more than the selected port, select a group of ports in the  
Configure Port from field.  
6. Click Apply.  
The table displays this information about the ports:  
Field  
Description  
Port  
The port number.  
Flow Control Threshold  
Drop Packet  
The current value of the flow control threshold.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently dropping packets.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently implementing flow  
control.  
Flow Control Status  
Port Connection  
A status filed that indicates the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control  
mode.  
To configure static IP routes  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under IP Forwarding, click Static/Default Routes.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address to be statically entered into the IP forwarding table.  
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Field  
Subnet Mask  
Description  
Specifies the corresponding subnet mask for the IP address.  
Specifies the address of the next hop gateway for the IP address. This is  
usually a router with a connection to a WAN or the Internet.  
Gateway IP  
Metric  
Specifies the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) metric. This is the number  
of hops between the IP address and the gateway. This is a number between  
1—15.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete a route, select the entry in the static/default route table and click Delete.  
To configure static ARP  
The ARP table maps an IP address to a device’s MAC address.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under IP Forwarding, click Static ARP.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the IP interface of the IP address that you are adding to the static  
ARP table.  
Interface Name  
IP Address field  
MAC Address  
Specifies the IP address of the end node or station.  
Specifies the MAC address corresponding to the IP address.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete a route, select the entry in the static ARP table and click Delete.  
IP Address Filtering  
You can manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses. For  
information about specifying MAC addresses to drop, see the Forwarding | Unicast MAC  
Address Setting screen.  
To specify an IP address for filtering  
1. In the left panel, click IP Address Filtering.  
2. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the packets you want dropped.  
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Field  
Description  
Specifies the condition for filtering the packets:  
•
•
•
Destination—Packets with the above IP address as their destination  
will be dropped.  
Source/Destination  
Source—Packets with the above IP address as their source will be  
dropped.  
Either—All packets with the above IP address will be dropped.  
3. Click Apply.  
The entry is added to the table.  
4. To remove an entry, select the entry in the table and click Remove.  
Priority Settings  
The ZT 8101 switch allows you to assign specific levels of priority to traffic traversing the switch.  
Setting priority allows you to protect bandwidth for important nodes on your network. Frames that  
match the user defined criteria are given a priority tag. The switch supports four hardware priority  
levels per egress port, so the eight levels (0-7) of priority are mapped to four hardware queues (0-3)  
as listed in the table below.  
Priority in Frames  
Priority Queue of ASIC  
0-1  
2-3  
4-5  
6-7  
0
1
2
3
After an Ethernet frame has been prioritized, the switch forwards the Ethernet frame using the strict  
priority-based scheduling algorithm. With this algorithm, any frames residing in a higher priority  
queue are always transmitted first. Only when these queues are empty are frames in lower priority  
queues transmitted. If priority is not assigned to a frame the default value is 0.  
Note: If flow control is enabled, a small of amount of low priority traffic may be forwarded before high  
priority traffic.  
MAC Address Priority  
You can specify a MAC address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either  
a higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
To set up a MAC address priority  
1. In the left panel, click Priority Settings.  
2. In the top panel, click MAC Address Priority.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
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Field  
Description  
MAC Address  
VLAN Name  
User Priority  
MAC Address Specifies the MAC address to set a priority for.  
Specifies the name of VLAN on which this MAC address resides.  
Specifies the priority for this MAC address. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the  
highest priority.  
Source / Destination  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options  
are  
• Destination—Packets with the above MAC address as their destination will be  
given the selected priority.  
• Source—Packets with the above MAC address as their source will be given the  
selected priority.  
• Either—All packets with the above MAC address will be given the selected prior-  
ity.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To remove an entry, select the entry in the table and click Delete.  
IP Priority  
You can specify an IP address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either a  
higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
1. In the left panel, click Priority Settings.  
2. In the top panel, click IP Priority.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
IP Address Specifies the IP address to set a priority for.  
Specifies the priority for this IP address. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the  
highest priority.  
User Priority  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options are:  
• Destination—Packets with the above MAC address as their destination will be  
given the selected priority.  
Source/Destination  
• Source—Packets with the above MAC address as their source will be given the  
selected priority.  
• Either—All packets with the above MAC address will be given the selected  
priority.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To remove an entry, select the entry in the table and click Delete.  
Priority based on Port  
You can specify a port so that packets received on this port are given special handling, either a  
higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
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1. In the left panel, click Priority Settings.  
2. In the top panel, click Priority Based on Port.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies which port to configure (1-26).  
Port  
Specifies the priority for this port. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest  
priority.  
Default Priority  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
User Priority Regeneration  
You can enable User Priority Regeneration to set the 802.1p priority bit to a user defined level for  
all egress frames.  
1. In the left panel, click Priority Settings.  
2. In the top panel, click User Priority Regeneration.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Priority 0  
Description  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 0. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 1. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Priority 1  
Priority 2  
Priority 3  
Priority 4  
Priority 5  
Priority 6  
Priority 7  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 2. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 3. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 4. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 5. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 6. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
Specifies the regenerated priority for all egress frames which currently have a  
level of 7. The levels are 0 —7, with 7 being the highest priority.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
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Mirroring Configurations  
Incoming or outgoing traffic from any source port can be mirrored for realtime analysis. A logic  
analyzer or a RMON probe can then be attached to study the traffic crossing the source port in a  
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, remember the following conditions:  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
• For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
To configure a port for mirroring  
1. In the left panel, click Mirroring Configurations.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port where information will be duplicated and sent for capture  
and network analysis. This is the port where a network analyzer would be  
attached to capture packets duplicated from the source (mirrored) port.  
Target Port  
Specifies which port to mirror and which packets to mirror. This port is the  
source of the packets. Use one of the following values:  
•
•
•
•
Rx—Mirror incoming packet.  
Tx—Mirror outgoing packets.  
Mirrored Port  
Both—Mirror both incoming and outgoing packets.  
None—Do not mirror.  
If the port is grayed out, the port cannot be selected for mirroring.  
3. Click Apply.  
4. To remove an entry, select the port and click None.  
VLAN Configurations  
The switch allows the assignment of an IP interface to each VLAN. A VLAN must be configured  
before setting up its IP interface. You can create either a port-based or an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. By  
default, all ports belong to an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN called “default.” Although this VLAN cannot  
be deleted, all member ports can be assigned to other VLANs.  
To configure GVRP globally  
The global GVRP flag determines whether GVRP (Group VLAN Registration Protocol) is enabled  
on the switch so that the switch can share VLAN information with other switches, and VLANs can  
span multiple switches. When this flag is disabled, VLANs are confined to the physical  
connections of the switch. By default, this flag is disabled.  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Switch GVRP.  
3. Use the drop-down menu to select Enabled or Disabled.  
4. Click Apply.  
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To configure a port-based VLAN  
Ports must be removed from another VLAN before they are available for assigning as static  
members of a port-based VLAN.  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Port-Based VLANs.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, a VLAN name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies which ports are static members of the VLAN. Click a port’s check  
box to add a port to the VLAN.  
Port Member  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To modify a VLAN, select it from the list and click Edit.  
To configure an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click 802.1Q VLANs.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
VLAN ID (VID)  
Specifies an identifier for the VLAN. Enter a number from 2—4094.  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, the name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the port’s membership status. Select the appropriate state by  
selecting a radial button for each port. Options which aren’t available are  
grayed out.  
•
Untagged—Designates the port as an untagged member of the VLAN.  
When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header  
remains unchanged. When a tagged packet exits the port, the tag is  
stripped and the packet is changed to an untagged packet. If the port is  
attached to a device that is not IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant  
(VLAN-tag unaware), then the port should be set to untagged.  
•
Tagged—Designates the port as a tagged member of the VLAN. When  
an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header is  
changed to include the 32-bit tag associated with the PVID (Port VLAN  
Identifier). When a tagged packet with a different VID exits the port, the  
packet header is unchanged. If the port is attached to a device that is  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant, (VLAN-tag aware), then the port can be  
set to tagged.  
Membership  
•
•
Forbidden—Designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN  
and prevents packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering the  
port.  
None—Designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN.  
4. Click Apply.  
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To configure member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click IEEE 802.1Q Port Settings.  
3. For each port, enable or disable the following:  
Field  
Description  
Specifies whether the port can dynamically become a member of a VLAN.  
This protocol allows the port to share VLAN information with other ports so  
that a VLAN can span multiple switches.  
GVRP  
Specifies whether a port checks the VID of incoming packets against its VID  
or PVID. If the two are equal, the port will receive the packet. It the two are  
unequal, the port will drop the packet. This is used to limit traffic to a single  
VLAN.  
Ingress Checking  
4. Click Apply.  
GMRP  
GMRP (Group Multicast Registration Protocol) allows ports to dynamically join multicast groups.  
It provides a mechanism that allows bridges and end-stations to dynamically register (and  
subsequently, de-register) group membership information with the MAC bridge attached to the  
same LAN segment. By default, this flag is disabled.  
To configure GMRP globally:  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Switch GMRP.  
3. Use the drop-down menu to select Enabled or Disabled.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure port GMRP settings  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Port GMRP Settings.  
3. Select and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
Port  
Specifies which port to configure (1-26).  
GMRP State  
Specifies the state (off or on) of GMRP for this port.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
To configure VLANs supporting GMRP  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Configure VLANs Supporting GMRP.  
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3. Select and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
VID  
Specifies which VLAN ID to configure (1-4904).  
Specifies the state (yes or no) of GMRP for this  
VLAN.  
Support GMRP  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To change an entry, repeat steps 3-4.  
Link Aggregation  
Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped together so that they can act as a single port.  
This is done to either increase the bandwidth of a network connection or to increase fault tolerance.  
Link Aggregation is most commonly used to link a bandwidth-intensive network device or devices  
—such as a server or server farm—to the backbone of a network.  
You can configure up to six aggregation groups, each using from two to eight ports between any  
two ZT 8101 switches or other devices that support 802.1ad Link Aggregation.  
To configure a link aggregation group:  
1. In the left panel, click Link Aggregation Settings.  
2. Select a group to configure and click Edit.  
3. Configure these fields for the group:  
Field  
Description  
Group ID  
Specifies one of the six possible link aggregation groups configurable on the switch.  
Specifies the first port in the group. This port is called the master port.  
Starting Port  
Specifies the number of ports (2-8), in sequential order from the master port that will be  
included in the link aggregation group.  
Group Width  
• TRUNK—Specifies a static link aggregation group. Static link aggregation defines a fixed  
link aggregation path.  
• LACP—Specifies a dynamic link aggregation group. Dynamic link aggregation uses Link  
Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) to automatically detects the presence of other link  
aggregation devices in the network and lets them exchange data to configure and maintain  
link aggregation groups.  
Status  
• DISABLE—Disables the link aggregation group.  
4. Click Apply.  
In addition to the configuration information, the table displays which port has been assigned to be  
the anchor port. The anchor port is responsible for the flooding of multicast frames and for sending  
control packets.  
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Column  
Description  
Specifies which member port is the master port. The master port is always  
the lowest numbered port. All member ports are configured to use its settings  
and become members of its VLAN.  
Master  
Anchor  
Note: This value will not be displayed on an LACP trunk until it is negotiated  
with the aggregation partner.  
Specifies which member port is the anchor port. The anchor port is  
responsible for the flooding of multicast frames and for sending control  
packets.  
Note: This value will not be displayed on an LACP trunk until it is negotiated  
with the aggregation partner.  
To configure link aggregation load sharing  
1. In the left panel, click Link Aggregation Settings.  
2. In the top panel, click Load Sharing Algorithm.  
3. Select a load sharing algorithm from the following:  
Field  
Src Address  
Description  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Source Address (SA)  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Destination Address (DA)  
Dst Address  
Load sharing based on Layer 2 MAC Source and Destination Address (XOR  
of SA and DA)  
Src & DST Address  
Src IP  
Dst IP  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Source Address (SIP)  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Destination Address (DIP)  
Load sharing based on Layer 3 IP Source and Destination Address (XOR of  
SIP and DIP)  
SRC & DST IP  
4. Click Apply  
Layer 3 - IP Networking  
This section describes how to configure  
• IP interfaces  
• RIP  
• Multicast routing protocols  
Setting Up IP Interfaces  
Each IP interface on the switch corresponds to a VLAN. A VLAN, which does not have a  
corresponding IP interface defined for it, will function as a Layer 2-only VLAN.  
The switch allows ranges of IP addresses (OSI Layer 3) to be assigned to VLANs (OSI Layer 2).  
Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up the corresponding IP interface.  
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To set up IP interfaces on the switch  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click IP Interface Settings.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface. The interface name for the “default”  
VLAN is System.  
Interface Name  
IP Address  
Specifies the IP address of the IP interface.  
Specifies the subnet mask for the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the VLAN that is assigned to this IP interface. This VLAN must  
already exist. The IP interface gets its port membership from the VLAN.  
VLAN Name  
Active  
Enables or disables the IP interface.  
Port Member  
Specifies the ports which are to be members of this IP interface.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete an IP interface, highlight the interface and click Delete.  
If you modify an existing IP interface and apply the changes, the RIP and IP multicast interface  
configurations are reset to default values.  
RIP Configuration  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses the hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. RIP is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means that  
it performs routing within a single autonomous system.  
To globally enable or disable RIP  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click RIP Status.  
3. In the RIP field, select either Disabled or Enabled.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure RIP interface settings  
An IP Interface must be defined before you can configure its RIP settings.  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click RIP Interface Settings.  
3. Select the interface you want to configure and click Edit.  
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4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to transmit RIP  
packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V1 Compatible, and  
V2 Only. Disabled prevents the transmission of RIP packets.  
Tx Mode  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to interpret received  
RIP packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V2 Only, and V1  
and V2. Disabled prevents the reception of RIP packets.  
Rx Mode  
Enables or disables authentication between routers. When authentication is  
enabled, a password is used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network. Authentication is only supported when RIP is in V1  
Compatible or V2 Only mode.  
Authentication.  
Specifies the password to be used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network.  
Password  
5. Click Apply.  
Multicast Global Configurations  
The Multicast Global Configurations screen is only for globally enabling or disabling the multicast  
routing protocols on the switch. Each VLAN or IP Interface uses these global values unless you  
configured it to use specialized settings. The protocol must be enabled globally before you can  
enable it on a specific VLAN or IP interface. (RIP is globally set up with the RIP Configuration  
option.)  
To configure globally the multicast protocols  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click Multicast Global  
Configurations.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables, globally, Internet Group Management Protocol  
(IGMP) snooping. This protocol allows the switch to forward  
multicast traffic intelligently on the switch.  
Switch IGMP Snooping  
Enables or disables, globally, the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing  
Protocol (DVMRP).  
DVMRP  
DVMRP Include Report From  
Unknown Neighbors  
Enables or disables receiving DVMRP reports from unknown  
neighbors.  
Enables or disables, globally, the Protocol Independent Multicasting  
- Dense Mode (PIM-DM) multicasting protocol.  
PIM-DM  
4. Click Apply. Each protocol has a corresponding configuration form.  
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IGMP Configurations  
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows the switch to forward multicast traffic  
intelligently on the switch. The switch “snoops” the IRMP query and report messages and forwards  
traffic only to the ports that request the multicast traffic. This prevents the switch from  
broadcasting the traffic to all ports and possibly affecting network performance.  
IGMP requires a network device that learns about the presence of multicast groups on its subnets  
and keeps track of group membership. Multicasting is not connection oriented, so data is delivered  
to the requesting hosts on a best-effort level of service.  
The switch has two configuration screens for IGMP:  
• The IGMP snooping screen allows you to configure the switch for snooping and querying.  
• The IGMP interface screen allows you to configure the switch to keep track of IGMP groups.  
To configure IGMP snooping  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click IGMP Snooping  
Configurations.  
3. Select a VLAN and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies whether this VLAN should respond to IGMP queries. Three  
options are available:  
•
•
•
No—Prevents this VLAN from becoming a querier.  
Querier State  
V1—Enables the sending of IGMP query packets when needed.  
V2—Enables the sending of IGMP query and leave packets according  
to the IGMP V2 specification.  
Specifies the time that can elapse between general IGMP queries. Enter a  
value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Robustness Variable  
Max Response  
State  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 2—255.  
The default is 2.  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for IGMP member reports.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Enables or disables learning about IGMP groups. If enabled, the switch  
limits multicast forwarding to active member ports.  
5. Click Apply.  
The following conditions affect the fields on the IGMP snooping screen:  
• The switch IGMP snooping flag must be enabled for these settings to have any effect.  
• If the IGMP settings have been enabled for the IP interface associated with the VLAN you  
select, the only field available on the IGMP snooping screen is the State field.  
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To configure IGMP for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click IGMP Interface Configurations.  
3. Select an interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the version number of IGMP to be used with the IP interface.  
Select 1 or 2.  
Version  
Specifies the time (in seconds) between the transmission of IGMP query  
packets. Enter a value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for reports from members.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Max Response Time  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 1—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
State  
Enables or disables IGMP on this IP interface.  
5. Click Apply.  
DVMRP Interface Configurations  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all nodes of a network. Because the delivery trees  
are “pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low-bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click DVMRP Interface Configurations.  
3. Select the interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the maximum interval the switch will wait to hear from a neighbor.  
Neighbor Timeout Interval If this interval expires, the switch assumes that this neighbor is down. Enter  
a value from 1—65535. The default is 35.  
Specifies the interval between probes. A probe is a query to other routers to  
Probe Interval  
determine if a multicast group is present on a given router subnetwork.  
Enter a value from 1—65535 seconds. The default is 10.  
Specifies cost for this path. The higher the assigned cost, the less likely it is  
that multicast packets will be routed over this interface (provided that other  
path options exist). Enter a value between 1—31. The default is 1.  
Metric  
State  
Enables or disables DVMRP for this interface.  
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5. Click Apply.  
PIM-DM Setup  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead.  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click PIM-DIM Interface Configurations.  
3. Select the interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the interval between sending Hello packets to other routers on the  
network. The Hello messages are used by the router to determine whether it  
is the root router on the delivery tree or not. If the router does not receive a  
Hello message within the Hello Interval, it will begin transmitting Hello  
messages to advertise its availability to become the root router. The range is  
between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 30 seconds.  
Hello Interval  
Specifies the interval for performing these tasks:  
•
•
Removing prune information from a branch of a multicast delivery tree.  
Flooding multicast messages to all branches of that delivery tree.  
Join/Prune Interval  
State  
These two actions are equivalent. The range is between 1— 65535  
seconds. The default is 60 seconds.  
Disables or enables PIM-DM for this IP interface. The default is Disabled.  
5. Click Apply.  
Static Router Port Settings  
A static router port allows UDP multicast and IGMP packets to be forwarded to a designated port  
regardless of VLAN configuration.  
A router port functions within Layer 2 of the OSI model. A static router port is a port that has a  
router attached to it. Generally, this router would have a connection to a WAN or to the Internet.  
Establishing a router port will allow multicast packets coming from the router to be propagated  
through the network. It also allows multicast messages coming from the network to be propagated  
to the router.  
The purpose of a router port is to enable UDP multicast packets and IGMP multicast group  
membership messages to reach multiple ports of a multi-port router. Routers do not implement  
IGMP snooping or transmit/forward IGMP report packets. Thus, forwarding all IP UDP multicast  
packets to a static router port on the ZT 8101 switch guarantees that all ports of a multi-port router,  
which are attached to the switch, can reach all multicast group members through the attached  
router's other ports.  
A router port interacts with multicast packets in these ways:  
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• All IGMP report packets will be forwarded to the router port.  
• IGMP queries (from the router port) will be flooded to all ports.  
• All UDP multicast packets will be forwarded to the router port. Because routers do not send  
IGMP reports or implement IGMP snooping, a multi-port router connected to the router port  
of the Layer 3 switch would not be able to receive UDP data streams from its ports unless the  
UDP multicast packets were all forwarded to the router port.  
A router port will be dynamically configured when IGMP query packets, RIPv2 multicast,  
DVMRP multicast, PIM-DM multicast packets are detected flowing into a port.  
To configure a static router port  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click Static Router Port Settings.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that you want to configure a static router  
port for.  
Specifies the ports that you want to set up as static router ports. To select a  
port, click the port.  
Port Members  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete an entry from the table, select the entry and click Delete.  
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Agency Approvals  
A
CE Certification  
The ZT 8101 meets the intent of Directive 89/336/EEC for Electromagnetic Compatibility & Low-  
Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC for Product Safety. The ZT 8101 has been designed for NEBS/ETSI  
compliance.  
Safety  
Safety for Information Technology Equipment  
UL/cUL 60950  
(UL File # E179737)  
EN/IEC 60950  
Safety for Information Technology Equipment  
CB Certificate and Report  
CB Report Scheme  
Emissions Test Regulations  
FCC Part 15, Subpart B  
EN 55022  
CISPR 22  
Bellcore GR-1089  
EN 50081-1 Emissions  
GR-1089-CORE  
EN 55022  
Sections 2 and 3  
Class A Radiated  
EN 55022  
Power Line Conducted Emissions  
Power Line Harmonic Emissions  
Power Line Fluctuation and Flicker  
EN 61000-3-2  
EN 61000-3-3  
EN 55024 Immunity  
GR-1089-CORE  
EN 61000 4-2  
EN 61000 4-3  
EN 61000 4-4  
EN 61000 4-5  
EN 61000 4-6  
EN 61000 4-11  
GR-1089-CORE Sections 2 and 3  
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)  
Radiated Susceptibility  
Electrical Fast Transient Burst  
Power Line Surge  
Frequency Magnetic Fields  
Voltage Dips, Variations, & Short Interruptions  
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Agency Approvals  
Regulatory Information  
FCC—Federal Communications Commission (USA)  
This product has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device  
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection  
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.  
This product generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used  
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio  
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful  
interference, in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.  
Note: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two  
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any  
interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.  
Caution: If you make any modification to the equipment not expressly approved by Intel, you could void  
your authority to operate the equipment.  
Industry Canada (Canada)  
Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites bruits radioélectriques applicables aux appareils  
numériques de Classe A prescrites dans la norme sur le matériel brouilleur: "Appareils  
Numériques", NMB-003 édictée par le Ministre Canadien des Communications.  
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital  
apparatus set out in the interference-causing equipment standard entitled: "Digital Apparatus,"  
ICES-003 of the Canadian Department of Communications.  
Product Safety Information  
Safety Precautions  
Review the following precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to this product, or products to  
which it is connected. To avoid potential hazards, use the product only as specified.  
Read all safety information provided in the component product user manuals and understand the  
precautions associated with safety symbols, written warnings, and cautions before accessing parts  
or locations within the unit.  
Caution: To Avoid Electric Overload. To avoid electrical hazards (heat shock and/or fire  
hazard), do not make connections to terminals outside the range specified for that terminal.  
See the product user manual for correct connections.  
Caution: To Avoid the Risk of Electric Shock. When supplying power to the system, always  
make connections to a grounded main. Always use a power cable with a grounded plug (third  
grounding pin). Do not operate in wet, damp, or condensing conditions.  
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Agency Approvals  
Caution: System Airflow Requirements. Platform components such as single board  
computers, Ethernet switches, etc., are designed to operate with external air flow.  
Components can be destroyed if they are operated without external air flow. External air flow is  
normally provided by chassis fans when components are installed in compatible chassis.  
Filler panels must be installed over unused chassis slots so that airflow requirements are met.  
Refer to the product data sheet for airflow requirements if you are installing components in  
custom chassis.  
Warning: Microprocessor Heatsinks May Become Hot During Normal Operation. To avoid  
burns, do not allow anything to touch processor heatsinks.  
Caution: Do Not Operate Without Covers. To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, do not operate  
this product with any removed enclosure covers or panels.  
Caution: Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere. To avoid injury, fire hazard, or  
explosion, do not operate this product in an explosive atmosphere.  
Caution: If Your System Has Multiple Power Supply Sources. Disconnect all external power  
connections before servicing.  
Warning: Power Supplies Must Be Replaced by Qualified Service Personnel Only.  
Caution: Lithium batteries are not field-replacable units. There is a danger of explosion if a  
battery is incorrectly replaced or handled. Do not disassemble or recharge the battery. Do not  
dispose of the battery in fire. When the battery is replaced, the same type or an equivalent type  
recommended by the manufacturer must be used. Used batteries must be disposed of according  
to the manufacturer's instructions. Return the unit to Intel for battery service.  
Safety Information  
AC and/or DC Power Safety Warning (AC and/or DC Powered Units)  
The AC and/or DC Power cord is your unit's main AC and/or DC disconnecting device, and  
must be easily accessible at all times. Auxiliary AC and/or DC On/Off switches and/or circuit  
breaker switches are for power control functions only (NOT THE MAIN DISCONNECT).  
For your safety, use only a power cord with a grounded plug. The enclosure is also provided with a  
separate Earth ground connection/stud. The Earth ground connection should be installed prior to the  
application of power or peripheral connections and should never be disconnected while power or  
peripheral connections exist.  
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To reduce the possibility of electric shock from a telephone or Ethernet system, plug your enclosure  
into the power source before making these connects. Disconnect these connections before  
unplugging your enclosure from the power source.  
Warning: Verify Power Cord and Outlet Compatibility. Check to ensure you are using the  
appropriate power cords for your power outlet configurations. Visit the following Web site for  
additional information: http://kropla.com/electric2.htm.  
Rack Mount Enclosure Safety  
Your enclosure may be intended for stationary rack mounting. Mount in a rack designed to meet the  
physical strength requirements of NEBS GR-63-CORE and NEBS GR 487. Your system may have  
multiple power sources. Disconnect all power sources and external connections/cables prior to  
installing or removing your system from a rack frame.  
Prior to mounting, Intel recommends that you remove all hot-swappable equipment for optimum  
weight reduction. Be sure to mount your system in a way that ensures even loading of the rack.  
Uneven mechanical loading of weight can result in a hazardous condition. Secure all mounting bolts  
when installing the enclosure to the frame/rack.  
Caution: Avoid Electric Overload. To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, only connect your  
system to an input voltage source as specified in the product user manual.  
Warranty Information  
Intel® NetStructure™ Compute Boards & Platform Products  
Limited Warranty  
Intel warrants to the original owner that the product delivered in this package will be free from  
defects in material and workmanship for two (2) year(s) following the latter of: (i) the date of  
purchase only if you register by returning the registration card as indicated thereon with proof of  
purchase; or (ii) the date of manufacture; or (iii) the registration date if by electronic means  
provided such registration occurs within 30 days from purchase. This warranty does not cover the  
product if it is damaged in the process of being installed. Intel recommends that you have the  
company from whom you purchased this product install the product.  
THE ABOVE WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTY, WHETHER  
EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY  
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ANY  
WARRANTY OF INFRINGEMENT OF ANY OTHER PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  
RIGHTS, OR ANY WARRANTY ARISING OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR  
SAMPLE.  
This warranty does not cover replacement of products damaged by abuse, accident, misuse,  
neglect, alteration, repair, disaster, improper installation or improper testing. If the product is found  
to be otherwise defective, Intel, at its option, will replace or repair the product at no charge except  
as set forth below, provided that you deliver the product along with a return material authorization  
(RMA) number (see below) either to the company from whom you purchased it or to Intel. If you  
ship the product, you must assume the risk of damage or loss in transit. You must use the original  
container (or the equivalent) and pay the shipping charge. Intel may replace or repair the product  
with either a new or reconditioned product, and the returned product becomes Intel's property. Intel  
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Agency Approvals  
warrants the repaired or replaced product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a  
period of the greater of: (i) ninety (90) days from the return shipping date; or (ii) the period of time  
remaining on the original two (2) year warranty.  
This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have other rights which vary from state  
to state. All parts or components contained in this product are covered by Intel's limited warranty  
for this product. The product may contain fully tested, recycled parts, warranted as if new.  
Returning a Defective Product (RMA)  
Before returning any product, contact an Intel Customer Support Group to obtain either a Direct  
Return Authorization (DRA) or Return Material Authorization (RMA). Return Material  
Authorizations are only available for products purchased within 30 days.  
Return contact information by geography:  
For the Americas  
Return Material Authorization (RMA) credit requests e-mail address: [email protected]  
Direct Return Authorization (DRA) repair requests e-mail address: [email protected]  
DRA on-line form: http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/draform.htm  
Intel Business Link (IBL): www.intel.com/ibl  
Telephone No.: 1-800-INTEL4U or 480-554-4904  
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 0700-1700 MST Winter / PST Summer  
For EMEA  
Return Material Authorization (RMA) e-mail address - [email protected]  
Direct Return Authorization (DRA) for repair requests e-mail address: [email protected]  
Intel Business Link (IBL): www.intel.com/ibl  
Telephone No.: 00 44 1793 403063  
Fax No.: 00 44 1793 403109  
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 0900-1700 UK time  
For APAC  
RMA/DRA requests email address: [email protected]  
Telephone No.: 604-859-3111 or 604-859-3325  
Fax No.: 604-859-3324  
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 0800-1700 Malaysia time  
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Agency Approvals  
For IJKK  
Return Material Authorization (RMA) requests e-mail address: [email protected]  
Telephone No.: 81-298-47-0993 or 81-298-47-5417  
Fax No.: 81-298-47-4264  
Direct Return Authorization (DRA) for repair requests, contact the JPSS Repair center.  
E-mail address: [email protected]  
Telephone No.: 81-298-47-8920  
Fax No.: 81-298-47-5468  
Office Hours: Monday - Friday 0830-1730 Japan time  
If the Customer Support Group verifies that the product is defective, they will have the Direct  
Return Authorization/Return Material Authorization Department issue you a DRA/RMA number  
to place on the outer package of the product. Intel cannot accept any product without a DRA/RMA  
number on the package. Limitation of Liability and Remedies  
INTEL SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT OR SPECULATIVE DAMAGES  
(INCLUDING , WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL  
AND SPECIAL DAMAGES) ARISING FROM THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS  
PRODUCT, WHETHER ARISING OUT OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, TORT, OR UNDER  
ANY WARRANTY, OR FOR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY OTHER PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL  
PROPERTY RIGHTS, IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER INTEL HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF  
THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS  
OF USE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTIONS, AND LOSS OF PROFITS. NOTWITHSTANDING  
THE FOREGOING, INTEL'S TOTAL LIABILITY FOR ALL CLAIMS UNDER THIS  
AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE PRICE PAID FOR THE PRODUCT. THESE  
LIMITATIONS ON POTENTIAL LIABILITIES WERE AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN  
SETTING THE PRODUCT PRICE. INTEL NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES  
ANYONE TO ASSUME FOR IT ANY OTHER LIABILITIES.  
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the  
above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you.  
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Serial Cable  
B
The serial port on the front panel of the ZT 8101 switch requires a serial cable to connect the switch  
to a terminal or a PC running terminal emulation software. This RJ-45 to DB-9 conversion cable is  
a standard Ethernet cable with the serial signal assignments listed below.  
B.1  
Pin Assignments  
RJ-45 Pin  
Signal  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTS  
DTR  
TxD  
GND  
GND  
RxD  
DSR  
8
CTS  
DB-9 Pin  
Signal  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GND Shield  
RxD  
TxD  
DTR  
GND  
DSR  
RTS  
CTS  
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Serial Cable  
B.2  
Building the Cable  
The serial cable allows you to manage the switch from the serial port on the front panel. To build  
this cable, use a RJ-45 connector for the switch, a DB-9 connector for the terminal, and the  
following diagram as a guide for the wiring.  
Figure 5. Serial Cable Diagram  
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