User’s Manual
Version 2ꢀ3 June 2002
wwwꢀbehringerꢀcom
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DENOISER SNR2000
FOREWORD
Dear Customer,
Welcome to the team of DENOISER users and thank you very much for expressing your confidence in
BEHRINGER products by purchasing the SNR2000ꢀ
It is one of my most pleasant tasks to write this letter to you, because it is the culmination of many months of
hard work delivered by our engineering team to reach a very ambitious goal: making an outstanding device
that will become a standard tool used by studios and PꢀAꢀ companiesꢀ The task to design the DENOISER
certainly meant a great deal of responsibility, which we assumed by focusing on you, the discerning user and
musicianꢀ It also meant a lot of work and night shifts to accomplish this goalꢀ But it was fun, tooꢀ Developing a
product usually brings a lot of people together, and what a great feeling it is when everybody who participated
in such a project can be proud of what we’ve achievedꢀ
It is our philosophy to share our joy with you, because you are the most important member of the BEHRINGER
familyꢀ With your highly competent suggestions for new products you’ve greatly contributed to shaping our
company and making it successfulꢀ In return, we guarantee you uncompromising quality (manufactured
under ISO9000 certified management system) as well as excellent technical and audio properties at an
extremely affordable priceꢀ All of this will enable you to fully unfold your creativity without being hampered by
budget constraintsꢀ
We are often asked how we are able to produce such high-grade devices at such unbelievably low pricesꢀ The
answer is quite simple: it’s you, our customers! Many satisfied customers mean large sales volumes enabling
us to get better conditions of purchase for components, etcꢀ Isn’t it only fair to pass this benefit back to you?
Because we know that your success is our success too!
I would like to thank all people whose help on “Project DENOISER” has made it all possibleꢀ Everybody has
made very personal contributions, starting from the designers of the unit via the many staff members in our
company to you, the user of BEHRINGER productsꢀ
My friends, it’s been worth the trouble!
Thank you very much,
Uli Behringer
3
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DENOISER SNR2000
DENOISER®
Professional and all-purpose “single-ended” noise reduction system
s TAC (Transient Attack Control) dynamic filters respond accurately to signals with fast attacks
s Auto-filter circuitry for automatic sliding filters
s IRC (Interactive Ratio Control) downward expander for inaudible noise reduction during signal pauses
s Accurate “gain reduction” and “cut-off frequency” meters
s Dual mono or true stereo couple function
s Servo-balanced inputs and outputs on XLR and 1/4" TRS connectors
s Relay-controlled hard bypass with auto-bypass function during power failure (failsafe relay)
s Cut-in delay to avoid switch-on “thumps”
s Ultra low-noise audio operational amplifiers offer outstanding sound performance
s High-quality detented potentiometers and Illuminated switches
s High-performance output transformer BEHRINGER OT-1 retrofitable
s Manufactured under ISO9000 certified management system
4
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DENOISER SNR2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1ꢀ INTRODUCTIONꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ6
1ꢀ1 The design concept ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 6
1ꢀ2 Before you begin ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 7
1ꢀ3 Control elements ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 7
1ꢀ3ꢀ1 Front panel ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 8
1ꢀ3ꢀ2 Rear panel ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 8
2ꢀ OPERATION ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ9
2ꢀ1 Operation of the filter sectionꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 9
2ꢀ1ꢀ1 The masking effect ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 9
2ꢀ1ꢀ2 The dynamic low-pass filter ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 9
2ꢀ2 The TAC filter of the DENOISERꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 10
2ꢀ2ꢀ1 SENSITIVITY control ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ11
2ꢀ2ꢀ2 CUT OFF controlꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ11
2ꢀ2ꢀ3 RELEASE control ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 11
2ꢀ2ꢀ4 AUTO switchꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 12
2ꢀ2ꢀ5 FREQUENCY meter ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 12
2ꢀ3 Operation of the expander section ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 12
2ꢀ4 The IRC expander of the DENOISER ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 13
2ꢀ4ꢀ1 THRESHOLD control ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 14
2ꢀ4ꢀ2 RELEASE control ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 14
2ꢀ4ꢀ3 RATIO control ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 14
2ꢀ4ꢀ4 GAIN REDUCTION meter ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 14
2ꢀ5 The COUPLE function ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 15
3ꢀ APPLICATIONS ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ15
3ꢀ1 Initial settings of the DENOISER ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 15
3ꢀ2 Studio applications ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 16
3ꢀ2ꢀ1 Noise reduction during playback ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 16
3ꢀ2ꢀ2 Noise reduction during recording ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 16
3ꢀ2ꢀ3 Reducing noise on subgroups, monitor and effects buses ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 17
3ꢀ2ꢀ4 Noise reduction for effects devices ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 18
3ꢀ2ꢀ5 Noise reduction during tape duplication ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 18
3ꢀ2ꢀ6 Noise reduction for instrumentsꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 18
3ꢀ2ꢀ7 Reducing noise in PꢀAꢀ systems ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 19
3ꢀ2ꢀ8 Noise reduction in Hi-Fi and video applicationsꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 19
4ꢀ TECHNICAL BACKGROUND ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ20
4ꢀ1 What are audio dynamics? ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 20
4ꢀ2 Compressors/limiters ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 21
4ꢀ3 Expanders/noise gates ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 21
4ꢀ4 Downward expansion ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 22
4ꢀ5 Noise as physical phenomenonꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 22
4ꢀ6 Companders ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 22
4ꢀ7 The “single-ended” principle ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 23
5ꢀ INSTALLATION ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ23
5ꢀ1 Rack mountingꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 23
5ꢀ2 Audio connections ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ 23
6ꢀ SPECIFICATIONS ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ24
7ꢀ WARRANTY ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ26
5
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DENOISER SNR2000
1ꢀ INTRODUCTION
Thank you very much for expressing your confidence in BEHRINGER products by purchasing the BEHRINGER
DENOISER SNR2000ꢀ
Electrical noise is still one of the most unpleasant problems in the field of electro-acousticsꢀ The basic noise
produced by a single unit is not considered to be annoyingꢀ The combination of several instruments, effects
devices and tape machines, however, results in a drastic increase in noise levelꢀ This requires the use of a
noise reduction systemꢀ
Conventional noise reduction systems
Conventional noise reduction systems often suffer from several perceivable drawbacks: either the noise
reduction process deteriorates the signal by cutting the high-frequency portions, or the dynamic filter reacts
too slowly, which makes percussive signals lose its “bite”ꢀ Last but not least, there are systems which
function as simple noise gates and produce unnatural “on/off” effectsꢀ
The interactive technology of the DENOISER
With the DENOISER we offer one of the most efficient noise reduction systems using single-ended technologyꢀ
BEHRINGER’s unique filter circuitry in conjunction with the new built-in BEHRINGER audio detectors
represents a technical breakthrough in the field of noise reduction systemsꢀ Effective noise reduction with
minimal signal interference is the resultꢀ
The noise reduction capabilities of the BEHRINGER DENOISER are based on bandwidth limiting by means
of a dynamic low-pass filter and broadband noise reduction during music pauses by a “downward” expanderꢀ
The need for both a professional and all-purpose noise reduction system was the basis for the development of
the BEHRINGER DENOISERꢀ Many years of experience in the field of noise reduction technology enabled us
to design a system particularly suited to the highest demandsꢀ
The TAC (Transient Attack Control) circuitry, a new BEHRINGER development, opens the filter even when
processing percussive material, without eꢀgꢀ cutting a drum’s “kick”ꢀ
A newly developed IRC (Interactive Ratio Control) expander has been integrated into the DENOISERꢀ The
ratio of which is automatically adjusted, dependent on the program materialꢀ The result is an expander which
can be adjusted without deteriorating your audioꢀ Furthermore, the expander is more tolerant of those signals
which appear slightly above the background noiseꢀ
DENOISER—the professional noise reduction system
The BEHRINGER DENOISER proves to be an excellent tool for the professional sound engineerꢀ Furthermore,
the extensive control features provide specific and successful processing of all sortes of program materialꢀ
The unit can be used in broadcasting and TV, professional studios, CD mastering studios and for PꢀAꢀ and
intercom systems etcꢀ It is useful for cleaning up studio tracks, tape duplications, motion picture sound
tracks, during mixdown, and moreꢀ
Be it noise reduction for instruments (guitars, keyboards, etcꢀ) or for effects devices (flangers, distortion units,
phasers, chorus units, digital delays, compressors, equalizers, pedal board devices, analog delays, psycho-
acoustic effects units, pitch shifters, etcꢀ) the BEHRINGER DENOISER is the no-compromise answer when
the situation demands a no-compromise solutionꢀ
+
This manual first describes the terminology used, so that you can fully understand the SNR2000
and its functions4 Please read the manual carefully and keep it for future reference4
1ꢀ1 The design concept
The philosophy behind BEHRINGER products guarantees a no-compromise circuit design and employs the
best choice of componentsꢀ The operational amplifiers which are used in the DENOISER are exceptionalꢀ They
boast extreme linearity and very low distortion characteristicsꢀ To complement this design the choice of
components includes high tolerance resistors and capacitors, detented potentiometers and several other
stringently selected elementsꢀ
6
1ꢀ INTRODUCTION
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DENOISER SNR2000
1ꢀ2 Before you begin
Your DENOISER was carefully packed in the factory and the packaging is designed to protect the unit from
rough handlingꢀ Nevertheless, we recommend that you carefully examine the packaging and its contents for
any signs of physical damage, which may have occurred during transitꢀ
+
If the unit is damaged, please do not return it to BEHRINGER, but notify your dealer and the
shipping company immediately, otherwise claims for damage or replacement may not be granted4
Shipping claims must be made by the consignee4
The BEHRINGER DENOISER fits into one standard 19" rack unit (1 3/4")ꢀ Please allow at least an additional
4" depth for the connectors on the back panelꢀ
Be sure that there is enough space around the unit for cooling and please do not place the DENOISER on high
temperature devices such as power amplifiers etcꢀ to avoid overheatingꢀ
+
Before you connect your DENOISER to the mains, please make sure that your local voltage
matches the voltage required by the unit:
The fuse holder on the female mains connector has 3 triangular markings, with two of these triangles
opposing each otherꢀ The DENOISER is set to the operating voltage printed next to these markers and can be
set to another voltage by turning the fuse holder by 180°ꢀ CAUTION: This instruction does not apply to
export models exclusively designed, e4g4 for 115-V operation!
The mains connection of the DENOISER is made by using the enclosed mains cable and a standard IEC
receptacleꢀ It meets all of the international safety certification requirementsꢀ
+
Please make sure that all units have a proper ground connection4 For your own safety, never
remove or disable the ground conductor of the unit or of the AC power cable4
As standard, the BEHRINGER DENOISER features electronically servo-balanced inputs and outputsꢀ
The circuit design features automatic hum rejection for balanced signals, permitting trouble-free operation
even at highest operating levelsꢀ Externally induced power-line hum, etcꢀ is thus suppressed effectivelyꢀ The
automatic servo function recognizes the presence of unbalanced connectors and adjusts the nominal level
internally to avoid level differences between the input and output signals (6 dB correction)ꢀ
You will find additional information in chapter 5 “INSTALLATION”ꢀ
1ꢀ3 Control elements
Figꢀ 1ꢀ1: Front panel of the DENOISER
The BEHRINGER DENOISER features two identical channelsꢀ Each channel is equipped with four push button
switches, six rotary controls and 16 LEDsꢀ The COUPLE switch is for stereo trackingꢀ
1ꢀ INTRODUCTION
7
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DENOISER SNR2000
14341 Front panel
Figꢀ 1ꢀ2: Front panel control elements
1
The IN/OUT switch activates the relay and, consequently, the corresponding channelꢀ The unit is
bypassed when the switch is not depressedꢀ
2
By depressing the COUPLE switch you will tie channel 1 and 2 together for stereo trackingꢀ
+
If using the COUPLE switch, it is recommended that all controls be set identically on both
channels to ensure proper tracking4
3
4
The EXPANDER IN/OUT switch activates the expander sectionꢀ
Use the THRESHOLD control to set the threshold at which low level downward expansion startsꢀ Once
the signal falls below this threshold, the amount of expansion increases as the signal level decreasesꢀ
5
6
The RELEASE control allows to adjust the desired release time of the expander sectionꢀ
Use the RATIO control to adjust the ratio of the downward expansionꢀ Low ratios, from 1ꢀ2:1 to about
3:1 produce a more or less slight downward expansionꢀ When, however, the ratio is set to 6:1, the
DENOISER functions as noise gateꢀ
7
8
9
This eight-segment GAIN REDUCTION meter indicates the amount of expansionꢀ
The FILTER IN/OUT switch activates the filter sectionꢀ
The SENSITIVITY control allows you to set the operating level of the dynamic filter relative to the level
of the input signalꢀ
10
11
The RELEASE control allows to adjust the desired release time of the filterꢀ
The CUT OFF control allows to adjust the filter -3 dB pointꢀ Thus, the filter can be adapted perfectly to
various noise conditionsꢀ
12
13
By depressing the AUTO switch, the RELEASE and CUT OFF controls are deactivatedꢀ Thus, release
time and corner frequency of the filter are automatically derived from the input signalꢀ
This eight-segment FREQUENCY meter indicates the bandwidth of the filterꢀ
14342 Rear panel
Figꢀ 1ꢀ3: Rear panel connectors
14
SERIAL NUMBERꢀ Please take the time to complete and return the warranty card within 14 days of the
date of purchase, otherwise you will lose the right to the extended warrantyꢀ Or just use our online-
registration (wwwꢀbehringerꢀcom)ꢀ
8
1ꢀ INTRODUCTION
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DENOISER SNR2000
15
FUSE HOLDER / VOLTAGE SELECTORꢀ Please make sure that your local voltage matches the voltage
indicated on the unit, before you attempt to connect and operate the DENOISERꢀ Blown fuses may only
be replaced by fuses of the same type and ratingꢀ Some models allow for inserting the fuse holder in two
different positions, in order to switch over from 230 V to 115 V operation, and vice versaꢀ Please note that
for 115 V operation outside Europe, you need to use a fuse of a higher rating (see chapter 6
“SPECIFICATIONS”)ꢀ
16
17
18
Use the enclosed power cord to connect the unit to the mainsꢀ
These are the balanced 1/4" TRS and XLR AUDIO INPUTS of your DENOISERꢀ
These are the balanced AUDIO OUTPUTS of the DENOISER, available as 1/4" TRS and XLR connectorsꢀ
2ꢀ OPERATION
The need for an all-purpose and professional noise reduction system was the basis of the development of our
DENOISERꢀ
The system design has to meet the following criteria:
1ꢀ All-purpose application: the noise reduction design is aimed to operate with both all types of instruments
as well as with all composite signal sourcesꢀ
2ꢀ Most effective noise reduction while influencing the signal to the least possible extentꢀ The signal’s original
sound as well as its attack response remains unaffectedꢀ
3ꢀ No side effects such as pumping, noise tails, etcꢀ known from conventional circuitriesꢀ
4ꢀ Simple operation through comprehensive automation of control processesꢀ
To obtain maximum performance, it is necessary to understand what is achieved by each of the separate
filter and expander sections and how they perform togetherꢀ Once you understand how these circuits
work, it will be easier to set up the controls correctly to suit any applicationꢀ
The noise reduction effect of the expander section is active only when signal levels are lowꢀ The filter section,
on the other hand, is active at all times over the complete dynamic rangeꢀ Since the filter section is always
active, let us look at what is happening in that circuit first:
2ꢀ1 Operation of the filter section
24141 The masking effect
The function of the BEHRINGER DENOISER is based on the “masking” effect: noise will be masked and
thus becomes inaudible, as soon as considerably louder sound signals are addedꢀ
One of the basic components of BEHRINGER circuitry is a dynamically controlled low-pass filter which allows
low frequencies to pass but filters the high-frequency information, depending on the music materialꢀ In
contrast to conventional noise filters with fixed cut off frequencies, the DENOISER shifts the cut off frequency
between 800 Hz and 20 kHz, depending on the program materialꢀ This is the range where noise is considered
most annoyingꢀ The cut off frequency of the filter depends on both the input level and the frequency range of
the audio signalꢀ
24142 The dynamic low-pass filter
The filter section features a dynamic low-pass filter which operates as follows: With no audio signal present,
the dynamic filter will close down to a user selectable cut off pointꢀ This cut off point is adjustable between
800 Hz and 6 kHzꢀ If the cut off was set for 1 kHz, the bandwidth of the filter would be from 20 Hz to 1 kHzꢀ If
an input signal had a bandwidth from 20 Hz to 2 kHz, the filter would open far enough to pass up to the 2 kHz
frequency and its harmonics, while reducing any noise present from approximately 2 kHz to 20 kHzꢀ If a broad-
band signal with frequency components up to 20 kHz appears at the input, the dynamic filter would open all the
way to 20 kHzꢀ
2ꢀ OPERATION
9
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 2ꢀ1: Operation of the dynamic filter
With a low-frequency input signal present, the dynamic filter will reduce any mid or high-band noise as well as
any disturbing noise tailsꢀ If the input signal is dominated by high-frequency components, however, the
dynamic filter will open to its full extent to let the signal pass, maintaining high-frequency informationꢀ
2ꢀ2 The TAC filter of the DENOISER
Our main goal was to create a filter which cuts off high frequencies during pauses but lets the signal pass
without modification as soon as a usable signal is presentꢀ However, its realization poses many problemsꢀ
Apart from “intelligent program recognition”, the filter has to meet the following criteria:
1ꢀ The control times of the dynamic filter must be fast enough so that high frequencies will not be cut offꢀ Thus,
the sound of signals with a high slope, such as percussive instruments, will not be modifiedꢀ
2ꢀ However, if the control times are too fast, “flutter” may occur, iꢀeꢀ intermodulation distortion could be producedꢀ
The new BEHRINGER TAC (Transient Attack Control) filter circuit gurantees extremely fast control times
without producing audible intermodulation distortionꢀ In contrast to conventional units based on so-called RMS
rectifiers, the TAC circuitry uses a peak detectorꢀ While the RMS rectifier calculates the average or mean
value of the signal, iꢀeꢀ, requires a so-called “integration time”, the peak detector exactly traces the input
signal responseꢀ Thus, the TAC circuit is capable of reacting much faster to abrupt level changes produced by
percussive signalsꢀ The delay which the integration time causes in RMS rectifiers is eliminated in a peak
detector, iꢀe, the “kick” of the instrument remains almost unalteredꢀ
10
2ꢀ OPERATION
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 2ꢀ2: Comparing the BEHRINGER TAC filter circuitry and the conventional RMS characteristic curve
24241 SENSITIVITY control
This control determines the sensitivity of the filterꢀ If the input level exceeds the value adjusted with the
SENSITIVITY control, the dynamic filter begins to openꢀ If the adjusted value is, for example, -30 dBu, high-
frequency signals with a level above -30 dBu cause the filter to openꢀ
+
The SENSITIVITY setting depends on the type of noise and the application on hand4 If the
control is set to a value which is above the noise floor level of the input signal, there is the risk
of muting the signal’s high-frequency portions4 It is therefore necessary to set the SENSITIVITY
control very carefully4
24242 CUT OFF control
The CUT OFF control sets the lower cut off frequency of the dynamic filterꢀ Under most conditions, this
control should be set at 800 Hz, allowing for the maximum possible amount of noise reductionꢀ The cut off
frequency should be increased if you want to affect noise in the upper portion of a signal only or if too
drastic noise reduction leads to unwanted side effectsꢀ
For example, if you wish to only eliminate noise in the upper frequency range, say from 2 to 20 kHz, set
the CUT OFF control at 2 kHzꢀ Frequencies below 2 kHz will not be affectedꢀ
24243 RELEASE control
We recommend fast release settings on individual instruments or vocalsꢀ This is because there is no real
ambience to the signalꢀ Release times about 0ꢀ06 to 0ꢀ2 seconds would be perfectꢀ
However, with mastered signals or composite music, slower release times should be usedꢀ Release times
slightly greater than 0ꢀ2 seconds are generally idealꢀ Avoid using very long release rates in this application to
reduce the risk of audible noise tail effectsꢀ
Using longer release rates (around one second) allows the DENOISER to “denoise” effects returnsꢀ Audible
and unnatural cutting-off of the reverb will thus be avoidedꢀ
2ꢀ OPERATION
11
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DENOISER SNR2000
24244 AUTO switch
The AUTO switch allows to automatically control release time and cut off frequency of the TAC filterꢀ Thus, by
depressing the AUTO switch, the RELEASE and CUT OFF controls are deactivatedꢀ Release time and cut off
frequency of the filter are now automatically derived from the input signalꢀ
Generally, good results will be achieved with the AUTO functionꢀ However, with complex sound sources
eꢀgꢀ classical music featuring a great amount of disturbing noise fine tuning should be done with the
RELEASE and CUT OFF controlsꢀ
24245 FREQUENCY meter
A precise 8-digit LED meter indicates the current operating point of the filterꢀ The LEDs keep you informed
regarding lower cut off frequency, release time and frequency range of the audio signalꢀ If no LED lights up, the
cut off frequency is set to 800 Hzꢀ If, on the other hand, all LEDs light up, the bandwidth is above 20 kHz
and the filter has no influence on the usable signalꢀ
It proves quite useful to set the SENSITIVITY control in that way that the noise floor causes the first LEDs
to light upꢀ
+
Please note that this meter is merely supposed to help you adjust the controls4 It is re-
commended to perform A/B comparisons with the FILTER IN/OUT switch to find out which
setting suits your demands!
+
Please also note that after power-up the unit needs a few minutes to warm up4 While the unit
calibrates automatically, the LEDs might indicate values that deviate from the values stated
by the controls and scales on the front panel!
2ꢀ3 Operation of the expander section
The noise reduction system of the DENOISER is based on two signal processing techniques, which can be
used separately but may also be combined with each other: in addition to the dynamically controlled low-pass
filter mentioned above, the DENOISER features a so-called downward expander which uses a second noise
reduction process to eliminate remaining interference noiseꢀ
A downward expander automatically reduces the overall level for all signals below an adjustable threshold and
therefore extends the dynamic range of the program materialꢀ
Changing the variable release time and the expansion ratio enables the expander to operate as a noise gateꢀ
Expanders generally function with a flat ratio curve, so that the signal continually fadesꢀ Noise gates however,
can be seen as a special type of expanderꢀ They normally work with a more exaggerated ratio and radically
attenuate the signal if it falls below the thresholdꢀ
+
The following explanations also apply to the gate function, because the gate is a special form of
the expander4
12
2ꢀ OPERATION
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 2ꢀ3: The function of an expander
2ꢀ4 The IRC expander of the DENOISER
The response characteristics of conventional expanders tend to cut the signal abruptly and the result is
generally unacceptable, since the effect is clearly audibleꢀ “Inaudible” expansion, however, requires a gentle
“Soft Knee” characteristic due to a continuous transition of the straight lines at the thresholdꢀ
A newly developed IRC (Interactive Ratio Control) expander has been integrated into the DENOISERꢀ The ratio
curve characteristic automatically adapts itself, dependent on the program materialꢀ
With low ratios and a slight expansion, the transition is “gentle”, whereas higher ratios and increasing
expansion will result in “harder” transitions within the curveꢀ
The IRC expander is therefore equipped with a soft, interactive non-linear ratio curve which is best suited to
the human hearingꢀ Critical signals around the threshold level are processed with low expansion ratio
settings, whereas low signals will be subjected to an increasingly higher ratio which will result in greater
attenuationꢀ
Figꢀ 2ꢀ4: IRC curve characteristic of the expander
The result is an expander which can be adjusted without the risk of alienating the overall soundꢀ Furthermore,
the expander is more tolerant towards those usable signals which appear slightly above the noise floorꢀ
2ꢀ OPERATION
13
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DENOISER SNR2000
24441 THRESHOLD control
The THRESHOLD control of the expander defines the operating levelꢀ It stretches across a very wide range and
therefore applies to all working levelsꢀ Input levels above the adjusted threshold point do not experience any
changeꢀ However, if the level falls below the threshold the dynamic process is activeꢀ
For example, if the THRESHOLD control was set at 0 dBu and the input signal drops below 0 dBu, downward
expansion will beginꢀ In typical applications the setting of the threshold control should be between 5 and 20 dB
above the quiescent noise floor of the input signalꢀ For example, if the quiescent noise floor was
-40 dBu, a setting between -35 to -20 dBu will produce the desired expansionꢀ
+
With the RATIO control set to maximum and the THRESHOLD control set at +10 dBu, an input
signal level would have to exceed approximately +5 dBu to produce an output signal4
24442 RELEASE control
The RELEASE control determines the time the downward expander requires to decrease the level of the
output signalꢀ The RELEASE control is variable from 0ꢀ2 to 4 seconds and refers to a 20 dB gain changeꢀ The
ultimate setting of the RELEASE control depends on your demands: When the expander sections are
supposed to function as gates, settings between 0ꢀ2 and 0ꢀ5 seconds are recommendedꢀ
For individual instruments or vocals use a setting between 0ꢀ2 and 0ꢀ5 secondsꢀ For composite music a
setting between 0ꢀ6 and 2 seconds is recommendedꢀ If you want to use the expander section to reduce subtle
background noise from effects devices, a very slow release time (2 to 6 seconds) would be perfectꢀ
24443 RATIO control
The ratio between input and output level for all signals that fall below the threshold is called expansion
ratioꢀ It is adjustable via the RATIO controlꢀ This control adjusts an important parameter: It determines whether
the section functions as expander or gateꢀ
A ratio of 1:1 indicates that the output signal will correspond to the input signal, iꢀeꢀ the level does not changeꢀ
A ratio of 1:2 indicates that for every 1 dB decrease in input level below the threshold, there will be resultant
corresponding decrease in the output level of 2 dBꢀ A ratio of 1:6 indicates, that for a 1 dB decrease in input
level below the threshold, there will be a corresponding decrease in the output level of 6 dB etcꢀ
Low ratios from 1:1 to about 1:3 produce precisely controlled downward expansionꢀ At more pronounced
settings up to 1:6 the DENOISER functions as gateꢀ
The scale of the ratio is calibrated in dB on the front panelꢀ It indicates the decrease in output level, resulting
from a 1 dB decrease in input levelꢀ
The DENOISER works as an IRC expanderꢀ The interactive control function defines the soft onset of the
expander, according to the characteristics of human hearing during the fade out processꢀ This allows for a
natural and thus inaudible elimination of interference noiseꢀ This means that, as the input level drops slightly
below the threshold point, the expander ratio will start at 1ꢀ1:1 and increase to an ultimate ratio selected with
the RATIO controlꢀ The correct setting of the ratio control depends on your demands: In order to achieve a
flat expansion curve, we recommend settings of 1:1 to 1:3ꢀ This provides soft and limited expansion for
difficult and noisy audio applicationsꢀ Higher settings up to 1:6 are recommended for gating applications
which allow for noise reduction of more than 70 dBꢀ
24444 GAIN REDUCTION meter
The eight GAIN REDUCTION LEDs on the front panel of the BEHRINGER DENOISER function as follows:
If the input level falls below the threshold, the expander starts working with the current level reduction factor
being indicated by the GAIN REDUCTION LEDsꢀ
Let us consider, for example, a specific signal that falls by 2 dB below the threshold: with a ratio setting of
1:6, the output signal is attenuated by 12 dB; in comparison to the input signal the output signal has been
reduced by 12 dB, which is indicated by the 10 dB LEDꢀ
Although the VCA of the BEHRINGER DENOISER provides a control range of 80 dB, it is not very useful to
display the entire range, since such drastic control processes are performed very rarely in practiceꢀ The
displayed range of the GAIN REDUCTION indicators is 40 dBꢀ
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2ꢀ OPERATION
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DENOISER SNR2000
2ꢀ5 The COUPLE function
The couple switch links channel 1 and channel 2ꢀ This includes each channel’s expander detection and filter
detection circuitsꢀ Although this allows the two channels to track each other for stereo applications, it should
be pointed out that this is not a master/slave setup, but rather a link and for true stereo tracking it is
necessary to set both channel’s controls identicallyꢀ
In master/slave operation one channel exclusively governs both channels, whereby in couple mode both
channels are combined resulting in a common control voltageꢀ
+
When using the COUPLE switch, a high-level, high-frequency signal present in one channel
will cause the expander and filter of both channels to open at the same point4 Accordingly,
both channel’s expanders and filters are supposed to close at the same point4 Therefore, it is
recommended that both channels are set identically4 (The most critical controls are the
expander THRESHOLD and the filter SENSITIVITY controls4) If the two channels are not set
identically, a predominant setting in one channel will affect the other channel4
The only two controls that operate separately when the COUPLE switch is on are the expander RELEASE
and the expander RATIO controlsꢀ It is recommended to set these controls identically on both channelsꢀ
However, if one channel reveals more noise than the other, the expander RELEASE/RATIO controls of the
respective channel can be used to let the expander close quicker for effective noise reduction while still
tracking in stereoꢀ
+
If using the COUPLE switch, it is recommended that all controls are set identically to ensure
proper tracking4
3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
In this section several typical applications of the DENOISER are discussedꢀ The following basic settings can
solve most dynamic problemsꢀ They are the ideal starting pointꢀ
Please take the time to study the application examples carefully, in order to be able to make full use of the
DENOISER's capabilities in futureꢀ
The main applications of the DENOISER can be divided into three categories:
1ꢀ The DENOISER is used to eliminate interferences from acoustic instruments such as guitars etcꢀ as
well as keyboards, samplers or other line level instrument signalsꢀ
2ꢀ The DENOISER is used to eliminate interferences in effects devices, tape machines, mixers or other
studio equipmentꢀ
3ꢀ The DENOISER can be used for removing noise from records and any tape recordingsꢀ
3ꢀ1 Initial settings of the DENOISER
The subsequent settings of the front panel controls will be based on the respective input level and noise floorꢀ
Due to the fact that it would be impossible to demonstrate every application you can think of, we recommend
to carefully read this manual and the function of its controls, as the unit has a certain complexity due to the
extensive setting variationsꢀ Once familiar with the functions of the individual controls, you will be able to
purposefully and creatively operate the unitꢀ
The following chart shows a typical setup and can be used as a guide for a variety of applications:
Example:
Type of music
Reference level
Noise floor
composite (e.g. mixdown)
-10 dBu
-60 dBu
Tabꢀ 3ꢀ1: Example for a standard application
3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
We recommend the following control settings:
Controls
Settings
IN/OUT switch
EXPANDER switch
IN
IN
THRESHOLD control -50 dBu
RELEASE control 2 seconds
RATIO control
FILTER switch
3:1
IN
SENSITIVITY switch -30 dBu
AUTO switch IN
Tabꢀ 3ꢀ2: Initial settings of the DENOISER
3ꢀ2 Studio applications
34241 Noise reduction during playback
For this standard application, the DENOISER is inserted after the master or multitrack machine, iꢀeꢀ between
tape machine and mixer (or amplifier)ꢀ A cassette recorder or similar machine may also be the signal sourceꢀ
Figꢀ 3ꢀ1: Noise reduction during playback
1ꢀ Set up your equipment as usual, while bypassing your DENOISERꢀ
2ꢀ Turn on the BEHRINGER DENOISER and adjust the controls as desired (if necessary, read chapter 1ꢀ3
“Control elements” once again)ꢀ
3ꢀ Check your settings by making A/B comparisons using each channel’s IN/OUT switchꢀ
34242 Noise reduction during recording
The noise reduction effect may be increased by using the DENOISER not only during playback but also when
recordingꢀ For this purpose, insert the unit directly after the master output of the mixer into the recording path
of the master or multitrack machineꢀ Set up the unit as described in the previous section “Noise reduction
during playback”ꢀ
In particularly difficult cases, we recommend using the DENOISER both during recording and playbackꢀ
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3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 3ꢀ2: Noise reduction during recording
If the mixer features a “line level insert” (either pre or post equalizer), the DENOISER should be inserted hereꢀ
Figꢀ 3ꢀ3: Noise reduction using the “line insert”
34243 Reducing noise on subgroups, monitor and effects buses
For this application there are several options:
1ꢀ If your mixer features subgroup inserts, you can reduce noise in subgroups separatelyꢀ
2ꢀ You can also connect monitor or effects buses (aux sends) to the BEHRINGER DENOISER and route the
signal back to a channel inputꢀ For this purpose, the respective signals have to be taken “pre fader”, while
the respective channels must be mutedꢀ We recommend to use the DENOISER as the last component in
the chain of effects devicesꢀ The overall signal will then be processed by the DENOISER and sent
back to the mixer’s master section via the “effect returns”ꢀ
3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 3ꢀ4: Noise reduction in the effects bus
34244 Noise reduction for effects devices
Effects devices such as flangers, phasers, distortion or chorus units, delay and reverb devices,
compressors, equalizers, exciters, etcꢀ can considerably increase the overall noise levelꢀ The DENOISER
will also be useful hereꢀ Simply insert the unit after the effects device that causes noise problemsꢀ If there are
several devices, insert the DENOISER as the last unit in the signal chainꢀ
34245 Noise reduction during tape duplication
The noise produced by magnetic tapes can be significantly reduced with the DENOISERꢀ Tape/cassette
copies will provide low noise and higher dynamicsꢀ
Particularly old and noisy tapes can be new lease of live with the DENOISERꢀ If adjusted properly, it will
produce copies that sound better than the originalꢀ
Simply insert the BEHRINGER DENOISER between the line outputs of the master machine and the inputs of
the recorderꢀ
Machines with tape return monitor function allow you to check the quality of the copy while duplicating the
tapeꢀ
Figꢀ 3ꢀ5: Reducing noise during tape duplication
34246 Noise reduction for instruments
Digital instruments (synthesizers, samplers, etcꢀ) often produce quantization noise, which can be very
annoyingꢀ The DENOISER can be inserted directly after the instrument and will remove typical noise tails
etcꢀ
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3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 3ꢀ6: Noise reduction on keyboards
+
Please note that low level signal sources such as guitars must be pre-amplified beforehand, as
the BEHRINGER DENOISER only processes line level signals (-10 dBV to +10 dBu)4
34247 Reducing noise in P4A4 systems
The noise produced by PꢀAꢀ systems is particularly annoyingꢀ Hum induced in the microphone cables
combined with high gain settings results in a drastic increase of noiseꢀ
The DENOISER can solve these problems, tooꢀ Insert the unit into the individual microphone channels (line
inserts) or into the master, monitor or effects busesꢀ
Figꢀ 3ꢀ7: Reducing noise in a PꢀAꢀ system
34248 Noise reduction in Hi-Fi and video applications
The DENOISER can also be used in Hi-Fi and video applicationsꢀ The unit is simply placed between the
signal source (cassette player, tuner, VCR, etcꢀ) and the power ampꢀ We recommend using the so-called
“tape monitor” connections that most preamplifiers offerꢀ Thus, the DENOISER can be inserted into any
signal sourceꢀ
3ꢀ APPLICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 3ꢀ8: Noise reduction in Hi-Fi systems
The BEHRINGER DENOISER can be used for:
s disc and tape recordings
s video and audio cassette playback purposes
s TV reception
s radio reception
4ꢀ TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
4ꢀ1 What are audio dynamics?
A remarkable feature of the human ear is that it can detect the widest range of amplitude changes—from
the slightest whisper to the deafening roar of a jet-planeꢀ If one tried to record or reproduce this wide
sound spectrum with the help of amplifiers, cassette recorders, records or even digital recorders (CD, DAT,
etcꢀ), one would immediately be restricted by the physical limitations of electronic and acoustic sound
reproduction technologyꢀ
Figꢀ 4ꢀ1: The dynamic range of various devices
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4ꢀ TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
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DENOISER SNR2000
The usable dynamic range of electro-acoustic equipment is limited to both the low end and the high endꢀ The
thermal noise of the electrons in the components results in an audible basic noise floor and thus represents the
bottom limit of the transmission rangeꢀ The upper limit is determined by the levels of the internal operating
voltages; if they are exceeded, audible signal distortion is the resultꢀ Although, in theory, the usable dynamic
range is spreading from low to high end, it is considerably smaller in practice, since a certain reserve must be
maintained to avoid distortion of the audio signal if sudden level peaks occurꢀ
Technically speaking, we refer to this reserve as “headroom”—usually about 10 to 20 dBꢀ A reduction of the
operating level would allow for greater headroom, iꢀeꢀ the risk of signal distortion due to level peaks would be
reducedꢀ However, at the same time, the basic noise floor of the program material would be increased
considerablyꢀ
Figꢀ 4ꢀ2: The interactive relationship between operating level and headroom
It is therefore useful to keep the operating level as high as possible without risking signal distortion in order to
achieve optimum transmission qualityꢀ
4ꢀ2 Compressors/limiters
By measuring the dynamic range of instruments in live recording situations, you will experience that extreme
amplitudes occur which often lead to overload on the various devices in the signal chainꢀ Especially in
broadcasting and record cutting techniques, these signal peaks can lead to heavy distortionꢀ To avoid this kind
of distortion or, for example, to avoid loudspeaker damage, compressors or limiters are usedꢀ The basic
function used in these devices is dependent on automatic gain control as mentioned in the previous section,
which reduces the amplitude of loud passages and therefore restricts the original dynamicsꢀ
4ꢀ3 Expanders/noise gates
Audio, in general, is only as good as the source from which it was derivedꢀ The dynamic range of signals will
often be restricted by noiseꢀ Synthesizers, effects devices, guitar pickups, amplifiers, etcꢀ generally produce
a high noise level, hum or other ambient background hiss, which can disturb the quality of the program
materialꢀ
Normally, these noises are inaudible if the level of the usable signal lies significantly above the level of the
noiseꢀ This perception by the ear is based on the “masking” effect: noise will be masked and thus becomes
inaudible as soon as considerably louder sound signals in the same frequency band are addedꢀ However, the
further the level of the usable signal decreases, the more the noise floor becomes a disturbing factorꢀ
4ꢀ TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
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DENOISER SNR2000
The noise gate is the simplest form of an expander: in contrast to the expander, which continuously attenuates
a signal below the threshold, the noise gate cuts off the signal abruptlyꢀ In most applications this method is not
very useful, since the on/off transition is too drasticꢀ The onset of a simple gate function appears very obvious
and unnaturalꢀ To achieve inaudible processing of the program material, it is necessary to control the signal’s
envelope parametersꢀ
4ꢀ4 Downward expansion
Expanders or noise gates are the ultimate problem solvers: these devices attenuate signals when their
amplitudes drop, thereby fading out background noiseꢀ Thus, expanders extend the dynamic range of a
signal and are therefore the opposite of a compressorꢀ
In practice, it has shown that an expansion over the entire dynamic range is not desiredꢀ With an expansion
ratio of 5:1 and a processed dynamic range of 30 dB, an output dynamic range of 150 dB will be the result,
exceeding all subsequent signal processors as well as the human hearingꢀ
Therefore, expansion is restricted to signals whose levels fall below a certain thresholdꢀ Signals above this
threshold pass without being alteredꢀ Due to the continuous attenuation of the signals below this threshold,
this kind of expansion is termed “downward” expansionꢀ
4ꢀ5 Noise as physical phenomenon
All electrical components produce a certain level of inherent noiseꢀ Current flowing through a conductor leads
to uncontrolled, accidental movements of electronsꢀ For statistical reasons, this produces frequencies within
the whole audio spectrumꢀ If these currents are amplified, the result will be perceived as noiseꢀ Since all
frequencies are equally affected, we term this white noiseꢀ
It is fairly obvious that electronics cannot function without componentsꢀ Even if special low-noise components
are used, a certain degree of basic noise cannot be avoidedꢀ
This effect is similar when playing a tapeꢀ The undirectional magnetic particles passing the audio head can
also cause uncontrolled currents and voltagesꢀ The resulting sound of the various frequencies is perceived
as noiseꢀ Even the best possible tape biasing can “only” provide signal-to-noise ratios of about 70 dB, which
is not acceptable today since the demands of listeners have increasedꢀ
4ꢀ6 Companders
Consequently, the industry has developed systems which artificially expand the restricted dynamic range
of the audio tapeꢀ These are so-called COMPANDER systems (COMpressor/exPANDER) which are based
on the following principle:
During recording, the amplitude of low-level signals (which lie below the tape’s inherent noise level) is
increased, iꢀeꢀ the signal becomes louderꢀ The dynamics of loud passages, however, which would saturate
the tape, is reducedꢀ Due to this signal compression, a higher recording level can be achievedꢀ
During playback, this process is reversed to restore the original dynamic rangeꢀ By expanding the signal
as well as the dynamic range, the inherent noise level of the tape is reducedꢀ In order to precisely reverse
the whole process, it is necessary to add a code pattern to the program materialꢀ
Despite this encoding process, unwanted side effects such as noise tails, pumping etcꢀ frequently occurꢀ
Compander systems can cause drastic fluctuations, especially when overloadedꢀ This basic handicap is
the reason why such systems find only a limited application in audio engineering:
1ꢀ Compander systems are not compatible with each otherꢀ A cassette recorded with system A CANNOT be
replayed with noise reduction system Bꢀ
2ꢀ The application of compander systems is restricted to tape machines and transmission lines, for these
systems only reduce the noise produced by the tape machine, iꢀeꢀ the storage medium itself, but NOT
the noise already existing in the program materialꢀ
Since conventional compander systems CANNOT considerably reduce the noise of the signal source, the
result will always be unsatisfactoryꢀ
22
4ꢀ TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
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DENOISER SNR2000
4ꢀ7 The “single-ended” principle
In contrast to conventional noise reduction systems using compressors and expanders, the DENOISER is
purely a “single-ended” systemꢀ “Single-ended” means that the noise reduction system is not based on a
process combining both record and playback (encoding and decoding), but is simply inserted into the
signal chain after the signal that is going to benefit from noise reductionꢀ The noise reduction capabilities
of the BEHRINGER DENOISER are based on bandwidth limiting by means of a dynamic low-pass filter and
broadband noise reduction during music pauses by a “downward” expanderꢀ
Thus, the DENOISER can be used for any program source, since it processes during playbackꢀ Due to this
outstanding feature, virtually any noise can be removed!
5ꢀ INSTALLATION
5ꢀ1 Rack mounting
The BEHRINGER DENOISER fits into one standard 19" rack unit (1 3/4")ꢀ Please allow at least an additional
4" depth for the connectors on the back panelꢀ
Be sure that there is enough space around the unit for cooling and please do not place the DENOISER on
high temperature devices such as power amplifiers etcꢀ to avoid overheatingꢀ
5ꢀ2 Audio connections
As a standard, the BEHRINGER DENOISER is installed with electronically servo-balanced inputs and outputsꢀ
The circuit design features automatic hum rejection for balanced signals, permitting trouble-free operation
even at highest operating levelsꢀ Externally induced power-line hum, etcꢀ is thus suppressed effectivelyꢀ The
automatic servo function recognizes the presence of unbalanced connectors and adjusts the nominal level
internally to avoid level differences between the input and output signals (6 dB correction)ꢀ
+
Please ensure that only qualified persons install and operate the DENOISER4 During installation
and operation the user must have sufficient electrical contact to earth4 Electrostatic charges
might affect the operation of the DENOISER!
5ꢀ INSTALLATION
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DENOISER SNR2000
Figꢀ 5ꢀ1: Different plug types
6ꢀ SPECIFICATIONS
Analog inputs
Connectors
XLR and 1/4" TRS
Type
Impedance
RF filtered, servo balanced input
80 kOhms balanced
Nominal operating level
Maxꢀ input level
-10 dBV to +4 dBu (switchable)
+20 dBu balanced and unbalanced
Analog outputs
Connectors
Type
XLR and 1/4" TRS
Electronically servo-balanced output stage (optional transformer-balanced)
40 Ohms balanced or unbalanced
Impedance
Maxꢀ output level
+26 dBm balanced, +20 dBm unbalanced
24
6ꢀ SPECIFICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
System specifications
Bandwidth
Noise
5 Hz to 100 kHz, +0/-3 dB
> 104 dBu, fully off
THD
Crosstalk
0ꢀ02% typꢀ @ +4 dBu, 1 kHz, Gain 1
< -85 dBu
Expander section
Threshold
Release
Ratio
variable (-40 to +20 dBu)
variable (0ꢀ05 to 6 seconds)
variable (1:1 to 1:6)
Filter section
Sensitivity
Release
Cut-off
variable (-50 to +10 dBu)
variable (0ꢀ06 to 1ꢀ2 seconds)
variable (800 Hz to 6 kHz)
Function switches
Channel IN/OUT
Expander IN/OUT
Filter IN/OUT
Auto
Relay controlled hard-bypass
Activates the expander section
Activates the filter section
Activates the automatic filter circuitry
Link feature for stereo tracking
Couple
Indicators
8 LED gain reduction
8 LED filter bandwidth
1/2/4/6/10/15/20/30 dB
1/1ꢀ5/2ꢀ2/3ꢀ3/5/7ꢀ5/12/20 kHz
LED indicator for each function switch
Power supply
Mains voltages
USA/Canada
120 V ~, 60 Hz
UꢀKꢀ/Australia
Europe
240 V ~, 50 Hz
230 V ~, 50 Hz
General export model
100 - 120 V ~, 200 - 240 V ~, 50 - 60 Hz
Fuse
100 - 120 V ~: T 320 mA H
200 - 240 V ~: T 160 mA H
9 Watts
Power consumption
Mains connection
Standard IEC receptacle
Physical
Dimensions (H x W x D)
Net weight
1 3/4" (44ꢀ5 mm) x 19" (482ꢀ6 mm) x 8 1/2" (217 mm)
approxꢀ 3 kg
Shipping weight
approxꢀ 4ꢀ2 kg
BEHRINGER is constantly striving to maintain the highest professional standardsꢀ As a result of these efforts, modifications may be
made from time to time to existing products without prior noticeꢀ Specifications and appearance may differ from those listed or
illustratedꢀ
6ꢀ SPECIFICATIONS
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DENOISER SNR2000
7ꢀ WARRANTY
§ 1 WARRANTY CARD/ONLINE REGISTRATION
To be protected by the extended warranty, the buyer must
complete and return the enclosed warranty card within 14 days
of the date of purchase to BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik
GmbH, in accordance with the conditions stipulated in § 3ꢀ Failure
to return the card in due time (date as per postmark) will void any
extended warranty claimsꢀ Based on the conditions herein, the
buyer may also choose to use the online registration option via
the Internet (wwwꢀbehringerꢀcom or wwwꢀbehringerꢀde)ꢀ
3ꢀ Free inspections and maintenance/repair work are expressly
excluded from this warranty, in particular, if caused by improper
handling of the product by the userꢀ This also applies to defects
caused by normal wear and tear, in particular, of faders,
potentiometers, keys/buttons and similar partsꢀ
4ꢀ Damages/defects caused by the following conditions are not
covered by this warranty:
s improper handling, neglect or failure to operate the unit in
compliance with the instructions given in BEHRINGER user
or service manualsꢀ
§ 2 WARRANTY
1ꢀ BEHRINGER (BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH
including all BEHRINGER subsidiaries listed on the enclosed page,
except BEHRINGER Japan) warrants the mechanical and
electronic components of this product to be free of defects in
material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year* from the
original date of purchase, in accordance with the warranty
regulations described belowꢀ If the product shows any defects
within the specified warranty period that are not excluded from
this warranty as described under § 3 and 4, BEHRINGER shall, at
its discretion, either replace or repair the product using suitable
new or reconditioned partsꢀ In the case that other parts are used
which constitute an improvement, BEHRINGER may, at its
discretion, charge the customer for the additional cost of these
partsꢀ
s connection or operation of the unit in any way that does not
comply with the technical or safety regulations applicable in
the country where the product is usedꢀ
s damages/defects caused by force majeure or any other
condition that is beyond the control of BEHRINGERꢀ
5ꢀ Any repair or opening of the unit carried out by unauthorized
personnel (user included) will void the warrantyꢀ
6ꢀ If an inspection of the product by BEHRINGER shows that the
defect in question is not covered by the warranty, the inspection
costs are payable by the customerꢀ
7ꢀ Products which do not meet the terms of this warranty will be
repaired exclusively at the buyer’s expenseꢀ BEHRINGER will
inform the buyer of any such circumstanceꢀ If the buyer fails to
submit a written repair order within 6 weeks after notification,
BEHRINGER will return the unit CꢀOꢀDꢀ with a separate invoice
for freight and packingꢀ Such costs will also be invoiced
separately when the buyer has sent in a written repair orderꢀ
2ꢀ If the warranty claim proves to be justified, the product will be
returned to the user freight prepaidꢀ
3ꢀ Warranty claims other than those indicated above are expressly
excludedꢀ
§ 3 RETURN AUTHORIZATION NUMBER
1ꢀ To obtain warranty service, the buyer (or his authorized dealer)
must call BEHRINGER (see enclosed list) during normal business
hours BEFORE returning the productꢀ All inquiries must be
accompanied by a description of the problemꢀ BEHRINGER will
then issue a return authorization numberꢀ
§ 5 WARRANTY TRANSFERABILITY
This warranty is extended exclusively to the original buyer
(customer of retail dealer) and is not transferable to anyone
who may subsequently purchase this productꢀ No other person
(retail dealer, etcꢀ) shall be entitled to give any warranty promise
on behalf of BEHRINGERꢀ
2ꢀ Subsequently, the product must be returned in its original
shipping carton, together with the return authorization number to
the address indicated by BEHRINGERꢀ
§ 6 CLAIM FOR DAMAGES
Failure of BEHRINGER to provide proper warranty service shall
not entitle the buyer to claim (consequential) damagesꢀ In no
event shall the liability of BEHRINGER exceed the invoiced value
of the productꢀ
3ꢀ Shipments without freight prepaid will not be acceptedꢀ
§ 4 WARRANTY REGULATIONS
1ꢀ Warranty services will be furnished only if the product is
accompanied by a copy of the original retail dealer’s invoiceꢀ
Any product deemed eligible for repair or replacement by
BEHRINGER under the terms of this warranty will be repaired or
replaced within 30 days of receipt of the product at BEHRINGERꢀ
§ 7 OTHER WARRANTY RIGHTS AND NATIONAL LAW
1ꢀ This warranty does not exclude or limit the buyer’s statutory
rights provided by national law, in particular, any such rights
against the seller that arise from a legally effective purchase
contractꢀ
2ꢀ If the product needs to be modified or adapted in order to
comply with applicable technical or safety standards on a national
or local level, in any country which is not the country for which
the product was originally developed and manufactured, this
modification/adaptation shall not be considered a defect in
materials or workmanshipꢀ The warranty does not cover any
such modification/adaptation, irrespective of whether it was
carried out properly or notꢀ Under the terms of this warranty,
BEHRINGER shall not be held responsible for any cost resulting
from such a modification/adaptationꢀ
2ꢀ The warranty regulations mentioned herein are applicable
unless they constitute an infringement of national warranty lawꢀ
* Customers in the European Union please contact BEHRINGER
Germany Support for further detailsꢀ
The information contained in this manual is subject to change without noticeꢀ No part of this manual may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording of any kind, for any
purpose, without the express written permission of BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbHꢀ
BEHRINGER and DENOISER are registered trademarksꢀALLRIGHTS RESERVEDꢀ
© 2002 BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbHꢀ
BEHRINGER Spezielle Studiotechnik GmbH, Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Strꢀ 36-38, 47877 Willich-Münchheide II, Germany
Telꢀ +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-0, Fax +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-30
7ꢀ WARRANTY
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