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Cyclades-PR2000
Installation Manual
Access Router
Cyclades Corporation
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Cyclades-PR2000
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ........................................................................................................ 7
Installation Assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 8
Text Conventions................................................................................................................................................ 8
Icons................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information ..................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX .................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 3 USING CYROS MENUS ............................................................................................................... 14
Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal ................................................................ 14
Special Keys ................................................................................................................................................. 16
The CyROS Management Utility ...................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS........................................... 19
Example 1 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem................................................................ 19
Example 2 A LAN-to-LAN Example Using Frame Relay ................................................................................ 27
Example 3 Link Backup................................................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE ................................................................ 41
The IP Network Protocol .................................................................................................................................. 41
IP Bridge ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Other Parameters............................................................................................................................................. 44
CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN AND ASYNC INTERFACES ...................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 7 NETWORK PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 48
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The IP Protocol................................................................................................................................................. 49
The Transparent Bridge Protocol ..................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 8 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION) ........................................................................... 52
PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol) ................................................................................................................... 52
CHAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
PPPCHAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
HDLC................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Frame Relay..................................................................................................................................................... 55
X.25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 60
X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)........................................................................................... 63
CHAPTER 9 ROUTING PROTOCOLS .............................................................................................................. 64
Routing Strategies............................................................................................................................................ 64
Static Routing ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Dynamic Routing .......................................................................................................................................... 64
Static Routes .................................................................................................................................................... 65
RIP Configuration ............................................................................................................................................. 68
OSPF................................................................................................................................................................ 69
OSPF Configuration on the Interface ........................................................................................................... 70
OSPF Global Configurations ........................................................................................................................ 72
BGP-4 Configuration ........................................................................................................................................ 76
CHAPTER 10 CYROS, THE OPERATING SYSTEM......................................................................................... 87
Creation of the host table ................................................................................................................................. 87
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Creation of user accounts and passwords....................................................................................................... 87
IP Accounting ................................................................................................................................................... 89
CHAPTER 11 NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION) .......................................................................... 90
Types of Address Translation ....................................................................................................................... 92
CHAPTER 12 RULES AND FILTERS ................................................................................................................ 96
Configuration of IP Filters................................................................................................................................. 96
Traffic Rule Lists............................................................................................................................................. 105
CHAPTER 13 IPX (INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE) .......................................................................111
Enabling IPX................................................................................................................................................... 112
Configuring the Ethernet Interface ................................................................................................................. 112
Configuring Other Interfaces .......................................................................................................................... 112
PPP..............................................................................................................................................................112
Frame Relay ................................................................................................................................................113
X.25 .............................................................................................................................................................113
Routing ........................................................................................................................................................... 113
The SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) Table ......................................................................................... 114
CHAPTER 14 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONFIGURATION ................................................................. 115
APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................................... 120
What to Do if the Login Screen Does Not Appear When Using a Console. .................................................. 120
What to Do if the Router Does Not Work or Stops Working. ......................................................................... 121
Testing the Ethernet Interface ........................................................................................................................ 122
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Testing the WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................................ 123
APPENDIX B HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................... 126
General Specifications ................................................................................................................................... 126
External Interfaces ......................................................................................................................................... 127
The WAN Interfaces ................................................................................................................................... 127
The LAN Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 127
The Asynchronous Interface ...................................................................................................................... 128
The Console Interface ................................................................................................................................ 128
Cables ............................................................................................................................................................ 129
The Straight-Through Cable....................................................................................................................... 129
DB-25 - M.34 Adaptor................................................................................................................................. 130
The ASY/Modem Cable.............................................................................................................................. 131
The Cross Cable......................................................................................................................................... 131
DB-25 Loopback Connector ....................................................................................................................... 133
APPENDIX C CONFIGURATION WITHOUT A CONSOLE ............................................................................. 134
Requirements ................................................................................................................................................. 134
Procedure....................................................................................................................................................... 134
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................ 135
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Cyclades-PR2000
CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
Three Cyclades manuals are related to the PR2000.
1 The Quick Installation Manual -- provided with the router,
2 The Installation Manual -- available electronically on the Cyclades web site,
3 The CyROS Reference Guide -- also available electronically on the Cyclades web site.
CyROS stands for the Cyclades Routing Operating System. It is the operating system for all Cyclades Power
Routers (PR1000, PR2000, PR3000, and PR4000). The CyROS Reference Guide contains complete information
about the features and configuration of all products in the PR line.
CyROS is constantly evolving, and the menus in this manual might be slightly different from the menus in the
router. The latest version of all three manuals (and the latest version of CyROS) can be downloaded from Cyclades’
web site. All manuals indicate on the second page the manual version and the corresponding version of CyROS.
This manual should be read in the order written, with exceptions given in the text.
Chapter 2 - What is in the Box - explains how the router should be connected.
Chapter 3 -Using Menus - describes CyROS menu navigation.
Chapter 4 -Step-by-Step Instructions for Common Applications - guide to configuration with detailed examples.
Chapters 5 to 9- Basic router configuration information for applications that do not fit any of the examples in
chapter 4.
Chapter 10 - CyROS - shows how to set router specific parameters and create lists of hosts and users.
Chapter 11 - Network Address Translation - describes CyROS’ NAT implementation.
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Cyclades-PR2000
Chapter 12 - Filters and Rules - demonstrates how to protect your router from undesired traffic.
Chapter 13 - IPX - presents the hidden menus available only in routers with IPX activated.
Chapter 14 - Virtual Private Network - describes CyROS’ VPN implementation.
Appendix A - Troubleshooting - provides solutions and tests for typical problems.
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications.
Appendix C - Configuration Without a Console.
Installation Assumptions
This Installation Manual assumes that the reader understands networking basics and is familiar with the terms and
concepts used in Local Area and Wide Area Networking.
Text Conventions
Common text conventions are used. A summary is presented below:
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Convention
Description
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>L A combination of menu items, with the last being either a menu item, a
parameter, or a command. In this example, L lists the interface configuration.
<INTERFACE>
A variable menu item that depends on hardware options or a choice of
hardware or software options.
IP Address
Screen Text
A parameter or menu item referenced in text, without path prepended.
Screen Text
<ESC>, <Enter>
Simbols representing special keyboard keys.
Icons
Icons are used to draw attention to important text.
Icon
Meaning
Why
What is Wrong?
When an error is common, text with this icon will mention the symptoms and
how to resolve the problem.
Where Can I Find
CyROS contains many features, and sometimes related material must be
More Information? broken up into digestible pieces. Text with this icon will indicate the relevant
section.
Caution!
Not following instructions can result in damage to the hardware. Text with
this icon will warn when damage is possible.
Reminder.
Certain instructions must be followed in order. Text with this icon will explain
the proper steps.
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Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information
All Cyclades products include limited free technical support, software upgrades and manual updates.
These updates and the latest product information are available at:
http://www.cyclades.com
ftp://ftp.cyclades.com/pub/cyclades
Before contacting us for technical support on a configuration problem, please collect the information
listed below.
• The Cyclades product name and model.
• Applicable hardware and software options and versions.
• Information about the environment (network, carrier, etc).
• The product configuration. Print out a copy of the listing obtained by selecting INFO=>SHOW
CONFIGURATION=>ALL.
• A detailed description of the problem.
• The exact error or log messages printed by the router or by any other system.
• The Installation Guide for your product.
• Contact information in case we need to contact you at a later time.
In the United States and Canada, contact technical support by phone or e-mail:
Phone: (510) 770-9727 (9:00AM to 5:00PM PST)
Fax: (510) 770-0355
E-mail: [email protected]
Outside North America, please contact us through e-mail or contact your local Cyclades distributor or representative.
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Cyclades-PR2000
The mailing address and general phone numbers for Cyclades Corporation are:
Cyclades Corporation
Phone: + 01 (510) 770-9727
Fax: + 01 (510) 770-0355
41829 Albrae Street
Fremont, CA 94538
USA
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Cyclades-PR2000
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX
The Cyclades-PR2000 is accompanied by the following accessories:
Back Panel of PR2000
WAN 1
WAN 2
Cyclades - PR2000
DB-25
Male
Console Cable
Labeled “Conf”
Power Cable
To COM Port
of Computer
Cable
Labeled
“Paralelo”
Cable
Labeled
“Paralelo”
DB-25
DB-25
Male
To Wall Outlet
DB-9
V.35
Adaptor
RS-232 Modem
with DB-25
Interface
V.35 DSU/CSU
with M.34
Interface
Gender Changer
Cyclades-PR2000
Quick Installation Manual
CD-Rom Containing
Documentation
Mounting Kit
FIGURE 2.1 CYCLADES-PR2000 AND CABLES
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Cyclades-PR2000
•
•
•
•
Quick Installation Manual
Installation Manual & Reference Guide (on CD)
Two straight-through cables
•
•
•
•
Console Cable
Mounting Kit
Power Source & Cable
Gender Changer
Two V.35 Adapters
Figure 2.1 shows which cables are used for each type of modem and how everything should be connected.
The pinout diagrams of these cables are provided in Appendix B of the Installation Manual. The RJ-45 to DB-
25 adapter cable, which must be purchased separately, is shown in Figure 2.2.
Back Panel of PR2000
g
Plug
f
lu
Of
r
e
Power
w
o
Asynch.
Console
Ethernet
On
WAN 1
WAN 2
Cyclades - PR2000
RJ-45 Male
RJ-45 TO DB-25
Adapter
DB-25 Male
RS-232 Modem
with DB-25
Interface
FIGURE 2.2 HOW TO CONNECT THE RJ-45 TO DB-25 ADAPTER CABLE
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Chapter 3 Using CyROS Menus
This chapter explains CyROS menu navigation and special keys. There are four ways to interact with CyROS:
• Traditional menu interface using a console or Telnet session,
• CyROS Management Utility based on interactive HTML pages,
• SNMP (explained in the CyROS Reference Manual).
Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal
The first step is to connect a computer or terminal to the router using the console cable. If using a computer,
HyperTerminal can be used in the Windows operating system or Kermit in the Unix operating system. The
terminal parameters should be set as follows:
• Serial Speed: 9600 bps
• Data Length: 8 bits
• Parity: None
• Stop Bits: 1 stop bit
• Flow Control: Hardware flow control or none
[PR2000] login : super
[PR2000] Password : ****
Cyclades Router (Router Name) – Main Menu
1 – Config
4 – Debug
2 – Applications 3 – Logout
5 – Info 6 – Admin
Select Option ==>
FIGURE 3.1 LOGIN PROMPT AND MAIN MENU
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Once the console connection is correctly established, a Cyclades banner and login prompt should appear on
the terminal screen. If nothing appears, see the first section of the troubleshooting appendix for help. The
second step is to log in. The preset super-user user ID is “super” and the corresponding preset password is
“surt”. The password should be changed as soon as possible, as described in chapter 10 of the installation
manual and at the end of every example in chapter 4. The login prompts and main menu are shown in Figure
3.1.
All menus have the following elements:
• Title – In the example in Figure 3.1: “Main Menu”.
• Prompt – The text: “Select Option ==>”.
• Options –The menu options, which are selected by number.
• Router Name – The default is the name of the product. Each router can be renamed by the super user for
easier identification.
Menus can also be navigated using a short-cut method. This method must be activated first by choosing a
shortcut character (“+” in the example that follows) in the CONFIG =>SYSTEM =>ROUTER DESCRIPTION
menu. Typing 4+1+1 at the main-menu prompt, for example, is equivalent to choosing option 4 in the main
menu (Debug), then choosing option 1 in the debug menu (Trace), then choosing option 1 in the trace menu
(Driver Trace). In addition to menus, some screens have questions with letter choices. In the line below,
several elements may be identified:
lmi-type((A)NSI, (G)roup of four, (N)one )[ANSI]:
• Parameter description – The name of the parameter to be configured, in this case “lmi-type”.
• Options – Legal choices. The letter in parentheses is the letter that selects the corresponding option.
• Current value – The option in square brackets is the current value.
Pressing <Enter> without typing a new value leaves the item unchanged.
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Special Keys
<Enter> or <Ctrl+M>
<ESC> or <Ctrl+I>
These keys are used to end the input of a value.
These keys are used to cancel a selection or return to the previous menu. In
some isolated cases, this key jumps to the next menu in a series of menus at the
same level.
<Backspace> or <Ctrl+H
L
These keys have the expected effect of erasing previously typed characters.
When available, this option displays the current configuration. For example, in
the Ethernet Interface Menu, “L” displays the Ethernet configuration.
This key combination displays the same information as the L option, above, but
works like a toggle switch to allow display of one page of information at a time or
display the entire configuration without page breaks.
>
<Ctrl+L
>
<Ctrl+C
This key combination disables any traces activated in the Debug Menu.
>
On leaving a menu where a change in configuration was made, CyROS will ask whether or not the change is to
be saved:
(D)iscard, save to (F)lash, or save to (R)un configuration:
Selecting Discard will undo all changes made since the last time the question was asked. Saving to Flash
memory makes all changes permanent. The changes are immediately effective and are saved to the
configuration vector in flash memory. In this case, the configuration is maintained even after a router reboot.
Saving only to the Run configuration makes all changes effective immediately, but nothing is saved
permanently until explicitly saved to flash (which can be done with the option ADMIN =>WRITE
CONFIGURATION=>TO FLASH).
The menus and parameter lists are represented in this manual by tables. The first column contains the menu
item or the parameter, and the second column contains its description.
This menu interface is also available via Telnet if one of the interfaces has been connected and configured.
The menu interface is the same as that described earlier in this section. Using Telnet instead of a console for
the initial Ethernet configuration is discussed in Appendix C of the Installation Manual.
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The CyROS Management Utility
After one of the interfaces has been connected and configured, there is another way to interact with CyROS.
Type the IP address in the location field in an HTML browser of a PC connected locally or remotely through the
configured interface. A super-user ID and password will be requested (these are the same ID and password
used with the line-terminal interface). A clickable image of the router back panel will apear, as shown in Figure
3.2.
Cyros Management Utility
Firmware version: Cyclades-PR2000: CyROS V_2.0.0
f
Plug
Of
Asynch.
Console
Ethernet
Power
On
WAN 1
WAN 2
Cyclades - PR2000
Configuration Menu Interface (Text Mode)
End HTTP session
FIGURE 3.2 CYROS MANAGEMENT UTILITY HOME PAGE
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The link Configuration Menu Interface will present an HTML version of the CyROS Main Menu, described
previously. Clicking on an interface will show its current status and some additional information. Clicking on
End HTTP Session will terminate the connection.
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CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS
This chapter provides detailed examples that can be used as models for similar applications. Turn to the
example that is closest to your application, read the explanations, and fill in the blank spaces with parameters
appropriate to your system. At the end of the section, you should have listed all the parameters needed to
configure the router. At that point, read chapter 3 if you have not already, and configure your router with help
from later chapters of the Installation Manual, when needed.
Example 1 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem
This section will guide you through a complete router installation for the connection of a LAN to an Internet
access provider via PPP. The configuration of NAT (Network Address Translation) will also be shown. Figure
4.1 shows the example system used in this section. Spaces have been provided next to the parameters
needed for the configuration where you can fill in the parameters for your system. Do this now before
continuing.
RS-232 Modem
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Network IP:
192.168.0.0
PC
Speed: 38.4k
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Host
Network Mask:
255.255.255.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
PR2000
ETH0
192.168.0.30
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Host
SWAN
192.168.0.11
192.168.0.10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
192.168.0.1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
FIGURE 4.1 CONNECTION TO ACCESS PROVIDER USING A SWAN INTERFACE AND A MODEM
Please read the entire example and follow the instructions before turning the router on. The router is
programmed to log the super user off after 10 minutes of inactivity. All data not explicitly saved to memory
is then lost. Collecting the data
configuring the router will likely cause delays and frustration.
while
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STEP ONE
The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Ethernet interface (ETH0). The
parameters in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.2. Fill in the blanks for your application in
the right-most column. These parameters will be entered into the router later, after all parameters have been
chosen. Each parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Manual.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX
and Transparent Bridge are not used in
this example).
Interface Numbered
/Unnumbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP
Address
Numbered
192.168.0.1
255.255.255.0
0.0.0.0 for none.
IP MTU
Use the preset value, 1500. This
determines whether or not a given IP
datagram is fragmented.
NAT
Local
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List
Inactive
None, filters are not included in this
example.
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Proxy ARP
IP Bridge
None, filters are not included in this
example.
Inactive
Inactive
FIGURE 4.2 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP TWO
No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The other interface to be configured is the
SWAN. The SWAN physical media parameters are shown in Figure 4.3. Fill in the values for your application.
The SWAN configuration is described in more detail in chapter 6 of the Installation Manual.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL
Menu
Parameter
Mode
Speed
Example
Asynchronous
38.4k
Your Application
FIGURE 4.3 SWAN PHYSICAL MENU PARAMETERS
STEP THREE
The network protocol parameters, shown in Figure 4.4, are similar to those for the Ethernet interface. Fill in the
parameters for your network in the right-most column.
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CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Active or Inactive
Example
Your Application
Active enables IP communication (IPX and
Transparent Bridge are not used in this
example).
Interface Unnumbered/
Numbered
Numbered
Primary IP Address
0.0.0.0 (This number will be assigned by the
Access Provider dynamically.)
255.0.0.0
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
IP MTU
0.0.0.0 for none
Use the preset value, 1500. This determines
whether or not a given IP datagram is
fragmented.
NAT
because the IP address of
Global Assigned
the SWAN interface will be assigned
dynamically.
Enable Dynamic Local IP Yes, because the IP address of the SWAN
Address interface will be assigned dynamically.
Remote IP Address Type Any
Remote IP Address
ICMP Port
0.0.0.0
Inactive
Incoming Rule List Name None, filters are not included in this example.
Outgoing Rule List Name None, filters are not included in this example.
Routing of Broadcast
Messages
Inactive
FIGURE 4.4 SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP FOUR
The Encapsulation parameters for PPP are less straight-forward. Many of them are based on decisions that
cannot be shown in a diagram. Fortunately, the choices made here will mostly effect the performance of the
link, rather than whether it works or not. Fill in the parameters appropriate for your system, consulting chapter
8 of the Installation Manual for more information if necessary.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>ENCAPSULATION=>PPP
Menu
Parameter
MLPPP
Example
No
Your Application
PPP Inactivity
Timeout
None so that the connection is never
broken.
Enable Van Jacobson No
IP Header
Compression
Disable LCP Echo
Requests
No
Edit ACCM
No Value. This will depend on the
modem used.
Time Interval to Send Use the preset value, one.
Config Requests
Enable Predictor
Compression
No
Connection Type
Dial-Out
FIGURE 4.5 PPP ENCAPSULATION MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP FIVE
A static route must be added to tell the router that all traffic not intended for the local LAN should be sent to the
Access Provider. Chapter 9 of the Installation Manual explains static routes and other routing methods
available in CyROS. Fill in the spaces in Figure 4.6 with the values for your application.
CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Destination IP Address
Gateway or Interface
Type in the word "DEFAULT".
, because the IP addresses
Interface
are not known at configuration time.
Interface
Slot 1 (SWAN) in the example.
Is This a Backup Route?
OSPF Advertises This
Static Route
No
No
FIGURE 4.6 STATIC ROUTE MENU PARAMETERS
STEP SIX
NAT must now be activated. There are two varieties of NAT: Normal and Expanded. This example uses the
Normal NAT Mode. The other mode is explained in the chapter on NAT in the Installation Manual.
Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GENERAL
Parameter
Nat Status
Nat Mode
Disable Port Translation
Example
Enabled
Normal
No
Your Application
FIGURE 4.7 NAT GENERAL PARAMETERS
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STEP SEVEN
NAT parameters will now be determined for routing outside of the local LAN. Network Address Translation
maps the local IP addresses, registered in the local address range menu below, to the one global IP address
assigned by the access provider. Local IP addresses not indicated in this menu will be discarded.
Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>LOCAL ADDRESS =>ADD RANGE
Parameter
Example
Your Application
First IP Address
Last IP Address
192.168.0.10
192.168.0.30
FIGURE 4.8 NAT LOCAL ADDRESS RANGE MENU PARAMETERS
The factory preset values for all other NAT parameters are appropriate for this example.
STEP EIGHT
Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented
(read chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according
to the values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when
requested — configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of
the configuration to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN
=>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH.
STEP NINE
The Ethernet interface can be tested as described in the troubleshooting appendix. The SWAN interface can
be tested in a similar manner. At this point, you should create a backup of the configuration file (in binary) and
print out a listing of the configuration.
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Instructions for creating a backup of the configuration file.
Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the
computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account
information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION
=>FTP SERVER option.
Instructions for listing the configuration.
The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURATION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of
the router. This can be saved in a text file and/or printed on a printer.
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Example 2 A LAN-to-LAN Example Using Frame Relay
This section will guide you through a complete router installation for the connection of two LANs via Frame
Relay. Figure 4.9 shows the example system used in this section. Spaces have been provided next to the
parameters needed for the configuration where you can fill in the parameters for your system. Do this now
before continuing.
Network IP: 100.130.130.0
Central Office's
LAN
Network IP: 15.0.0.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mask :255.255.255.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mask: 255.255.255.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Remote Site’s
LAN
PR2000
ETH0
PR2000
200.240.230.2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
SWAN
100.130.130.1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ 128 Kbps
Connection
16
Public
200.240.230.1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Frame Relay
Network
V.35 DSU/CSU
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Network IP: 200.240.230.0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mask :255.255.255.240 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
FIGURE 4.9 CENTRAL OFFICE AND REMOTE SITE CONNECTED USING SWAN INTERFACES
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STEP ONE
The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Ethernet interface (ETH0). The
parameters in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.10. Fill in the blanks for your application in
the right-most column. These parameters will be entered into the router later, after all parameters have been
chosen. Each parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Manual.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX and
Transparent Bridge are not used in this
example).
Interface Unnumbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Numbered
100.130.130.1
255.255.255.0
Secondary IP Address
IP MTU
0.0.0.0 for none.
Use the preset value, 1500. This determines
whether or not a given IP datagram is
fragmented.
NAT
Global, because NAT is not being used in this
example.
ICMP Port
Inactive
Incoming Rule List
None, filters are not included in this example.
Outgoing Rule List Name None, filters are not included in this example.
Proxy ARP
IP Bridge
Inactive
Inactive
FIGURE 4.10 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP TWO
No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The other interface to be configured is the
SWAN in slot 1. The SWAN physical media parameters are shown in Figure 4.11. Fill in the values for your
application. The SWAN configuration is described in more detail in chapter 6 of the Installation Manual.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL
Menu
Parameter
Mode
Example
Synchronous.
Your Application
Clock Source
When the interface is connected to a
DSU/CSU, the Clock Source is External.
V.35 in the example because the DSU/CSU
is V.35. The type of cable is detected by the
router, so if the correct cable is connected to
the DSU/CSU the router will choose this
value as the default.
Media for SWAN Cable
FIGURE 4.11 SWAN PHYSICAL MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP THREE
The network protocol parameters, shown in Figure 4.12, are similar to those for the Ethernet interface. Fill in
the parameters for your network in the right-most column.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX and
Transparent Bridge are not used in this
example).
Interface Unnumbered/
Numbered
Numbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
200.240.230.2
255.255.255.240 is the mask in the
example.
Secondary IP Address
IP MTU
0.0.0.0 for none.
Use the preset value, 1500. This
determines whether or not a given IP
datagram is fragmented.
Global, because NAT is not being used in
this example.
NAT
ICMP Port
Inactive
Incoming Rule List
None, filters are not included in this
example.
Outgoing Rule List Name None, filters are not included in this
example.
Routing of Broadcast
Messages
Inactive
FIGURE 4.12 SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP FOUR
The Encapsulation parameters for Frame Relay are less straight-forward. Many of them are based on
decisions that cannot be shown in a diagram. Fortunately, the choices made here will mostly effect the
performance of the link, rather than whether it works or not. Fill in the parameters appropriate for your system,
consulting chapter 8 of the Installation Manual for more information if necessary.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>ENCAPSULATION=>FRAME RELAY
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
SNAP IP
Inactive for the example. The router on the
sending end must be using the same header
type (NLPID or SNAP) as the router on the
receiving end.
LMI
ANSI for the example. This must also be
the same as the router on the receiving end.
Ten seconds, the interval between the LMI
Status Enquiry messages.
T391
N391
N392
N393
CIR
Six.
Three.
Four. This value must be larger than N392.
90 percent. 100 minus this number is the
percentage of total bandwidth that may be
discarded if the network is congested.
Inactive. Traffic control will not be covered
in this example
Bandwidth Reservation
FIGURE 4.13 FRAME RELAY ENCAPSULATION MENU PARAMETERS
At the end of the parameter list shown above, the DLCI menu appears. Choosing Add DLCI will lead to the
parameters shown in Figure 4.14. The <ESC> key used at any time during the Frame Relay encapsulation
parameter list will also bring up the DLCI menu. A DLCI entry must be created for every remote Frame Relay
network to be contacted. In the example, only one is shown.
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CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>ENCAPSULATION=>FRAME RELAY=><ESC>=>ADD DLCI
Menu
Parameter
DLCI Number
Example
Your Application
Sixteen. This number is supplied by the
Public Frame Relay network provider.
Frame Relay Address Map
which maps one IP address to this
Static,
DLCI.
IP Address
200.240.230.1
Enable Predictor
Compression
Yes, if Cyclades routers are used on both
ends of the link and Predictor Compression
is enabled on both routers. This feature is
effective only for links running at speeds
under 2 Mbps.
Number of Bits for
Compression
Sixteen when both routers are of the PR
line. Ten must be used if the other router is
a PathRouter.
FIGURE 4.14 DLC CONFIGURATION MENU PARAMETERS
STEP FIVE
Now that the central office’s LAN has been defined, a route must be added to tell the router that the remote
site’s LAN is at the other end of the line. Creating a static route is the simplest way to do this. Chapter 9 of the
Installation Manual explains static routes and other routing methods available in CyROS. Fill in the spaces in
Figure 4.15 with the values for your application.
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CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Destination IP Address
Subnet Mask
Gateway or Interface
Gateway IP Address
Metric
15.0.0.0
255.255.255.0
gateway
200.240.230.1
One -- number of routers between router
being configured and the destination IP
address.
Is This a Backup Route?
OSPF Advertises This
Static Route
No
No
FIGURE 4.15 STATIC ROUTE MENU PARAMETERS
STEP SIX
Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented
(read chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according
to the values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when
requested — configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of
the configuration to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN
=>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Be sure to change the superuser password using the menu
option CONFIG =>SECURITY => USERS =>MODIFY. The user ID, super, can remain the same, but the
password must be changed to avoid unauthorized access.
STEP SEVEN
The Ethernet interface can be tested as described in the troubleshooting appendix. The SWAN interface can
be tested in a similar manner. At this point, you should create a backup of the configuration file (in binary) and
print out a listing of the configuration.
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Instructions for creating a backup of the configuration file.
Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the
computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account
information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION
=>FTP SERVER option.
Instructions for listing the configuration.
The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURATION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of
the router. This can be saved in a text file and/or printed on a printer.
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Example 3 Link Backup
This example shows the configuration of a backup link, with a swan connection to a public Frame Relay
Network providing the primary link and a SWAN with a PPP connection providing the secondary link. Figure
4.16 shows the networks used in this example. It is assumed that the routers are already connected to LANs
and that the SWAN interfaces have already been configured and are working. The use of a SWAN to connect
to a Frame Relay network is described in example 2 and a connection using PPP is shown in example 1.
Please read the entire example and follow the instructions before turning the router on. The router is
programmed to log the super user off after 10 minutes of inactivity. All data not explicitly saved to
memory is then lost. Collecting the data while configuring the router will likely cause delays and
frustration.
Network Address:
200.206.206.40
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Modem or
DSU/CSU
PR2000
SWAN 1
Frame Relay
Network
SWAN 2
IP Address:
100.200.200.1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
PR2000
Modem or
DSU/CSU
IP Address:
100.200.200.2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Primary Link
Bandwidth: 64 kbps _ _ _ _ _
Modem or
DSU/CSU
PPP
Modem or
DSU/CSU
Secondary (Backup) Link
Bandwidth: 64 kbps _ _ _ _ _
FIGURE 4.16 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (BACKUP) LINKS BETWEEN TWO LANS
Spaces have been provided next to the parameters needed for the configuration for you to fill in the parameters
for your system. Do this now before continuing.
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STEP ONE
The bandwidth used by CyROS for multilink circuit calculations is that given in the traffic control menu, rather
than the actual physical bandwidth available. If this bandwidth value is not set, the preset value (zero) will be
used and the multilink circuit will not function. The bandwidth for both links (SWAN 1 and SWAN 2 in the
example) should also have been set when the interface was configured. If not, the multilink circuit will not work.
Since the bandwidth was probably not set when the link was configured, you should make sure the value is the
desired one.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN 1=>TRAFFIC CONTROL=>GENERAL
Menu
Parameter
Bandwidth (bps)
IP Traffic Control List
Example
64000
None
Your Application
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN 2=>TRAFFIC CONTROL=>GENERAL
Menu
Parameter
Bandwidth (bps)
IP Traffic Control List
Example
64000
None
Your Application
FIGURE 4.17 TRAFFIC CONTROL PARAMETERS
STEP TWO
Now, the primary link (Slot 1) and the secondary link (Slot 3) must be registered as a multilink circuit. First, a
multilink circuit is created and assigned an identifier. This is done in the CONFIG =>MULTILINK menu. Then,
the two links are added to the multilink circuit. The parameters used in the example for the two interfaces in
this multilink circuit are shown in Figures 4.18 and 4.19.
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CONFIG=>MULTILINK=>MULTILINK CIRCUIT NUMBER=>ADD/MODIFY INTERFACE
Menu
Parameter
Slot N
Example
SWAN 1
Main
Your Application
Type of Interface
Time to Activate
Backup After This
Link Goes Down
Time to Deactivate
Backup After This
Link Returns
5
20
FIGURE 4.18 ADDITION OF THE PRIMARY (MAIN) LINK
CONFIG=>MULTILINK=>MULTILINK CIRCUIT NUMBER=>ADD/MODIFY INTERFACE
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Slot N
SWAN 2
Type of Interface
Time to Activate
Backup After This
Link Goes Down
Time to Deactivate
Backup After This
Link Goes Up
Cost
Backup
Zero, since this link IS the backup. (A
backup can itself have a backup, but
this is not done in this example.)
, since this link
the backup.
IS
Zero
One. Indicates the relative priority of
this backup link, which is unnecessary
since this example has only one.
FIGURE 4.19 ADDITION OF THE SECONDARY (BACKUP) LINK
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STEP THREE
Up to this point, the configuration can be used either for link back up or for load back up. This example shows
link back up, but parameters applicable to load back up will be mentioned when they appear. Complete
information on the multilink circuit concept is provided in chapter 4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
CONFIG=>MULTILINK=>MULTILINK CIRCUIT NUMBER=>CIRCUIT ATTRIBUTES
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Criterion for Traffic
Distribution
For load
This parameter has no effect for link backup.
backup,
distribution is performed randomly, and the
Optimal
packet is forwarded to the interface with the lesser load.
Address Based distribution is used when the receiver cannot
reorder packets, and all packets to a certain IP address must
be sent through the same interface. This distribution method is
not recommended unless absolutely necessary.
Bandwidth Upper
Limit
Zero for link backup. For load backup, this defines when load
backup should activate the backup link. It is measured as a
percentage of the bandwidth defined in step four.
Time to Activate
Time until
This parameter does not appear for link backup.
Backup if Above Limit backup is activated after main link bandwidth exceeds limit
defined in last parameter.
For load
This parameter has no effect for link backup.
Bandwidth Lower
Limit
backup, this defines when load backup should deactivate the
backup link. It is measured as a percentage of the bandwidth
defined in step four.
Time to Deactivate
Time until
This parameter does not appear for link backup.
Backup if Below Limit backup is deactivated after main link bandwidth exceeds limit
defined in last parameter.
FIGURE 4.20 MULTILINK CIRCUIT ATTRIBUTES
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STEP FOUR
Now, a static backup route must be created for the secondary link. It is assumed that a route of some sort
(static, RIP, etc.) already exists for the primary link. The static route parameters for the example secondary link
are shown in Figure 4.21. Fill in the parameters for your system.
CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Destination IP Address
Subnet Mask
200.206.206.0
255.255.255.0
Gateway or Interface
Gateway IP Address
Metric
Gateway
100.200.200.2
1
Is This a Backup Route?
OSPF Advertises This
Static Route
Yes
No, OSPF not used in this example.
If using OSPF, see chapter 12 of the
Installation Manual for guidance.
FIGURE 4.21 STATIC BACKUP ROUTE PARAMETERS
STEP FIVE
Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented
(read chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according
to the values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when
requested — configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of
the configuration to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN
=>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Be sure to change the superuser password using the menu
option CONFIG =>SECURITY => USERS =>MODIFY. The user ID, super, can remain the same, but the
password must be changed to avoid unauthorized access.
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STEP SIX
The multilink circuit can be tested by temporarily deactivating the interface on the primary link. This is done in
the ADMIN=> START/STOP INTERFACE menu by selecting the SWAN interface. If there is traffic, the backup
link should then take over, and the menu item INFO =>SHOW ROUTING TABLE will show that the backup link
is working. (To create traffic, try pinging a host in the destination network.) At this point, you should create a
backup of the configuration file (in binary) and print out a listing of the configuration.
Instructions for creating a backup of the configuration file:
Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the
computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account
information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION
=>FTP SERVER option.
Instructions for listing the configuration:
The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURATION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of
the router. This can be saved in a text file and/or printed on a printer.
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CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE
The PR2000 has one Ethernet 10Base-T interface, provided in a standard RJ-45 modular jack, which should be
connected to an Ethernet hub or switch. Use a standard 10Base-T straight-through cable (not included). When
the Ethernet link is correctly connected, the link LED will be lit. The menus for the Ethernet Interface are independent
of the speed of the link.
If your network uses 10Base2 (thin coaxial cable) or 10Base5 (thick coaxial cable), you will need a transceiver to
convert between the different Ethernet media. A crossover cable is required for direct connection to a computer
(an RJ-45 Ethernet pinout is provided in appendix B). Note: While Cyclades Power Routers work with most
standard RJ-45 cable/connectors, shielded Ethernet cables should be used to avoid interference with other
equipment .
The parameters in the encapsulation menu are preset at the factory and it is usually not necessary to change
them. The first step in the Ethernet configuration is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values to
the relevant parameters. Either IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional) must be activated. In this chapter, IP
Bridges are also described. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for the Ethernet interface.
The IP Network Protocol
Some parameters are explained in detail in later chapters. At this point, the preset values provided by the
operating system can be accepted and the interface will work at a basic level.
Network Protocol Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP
Parameter
Description
Active or Inactive
Activates this interface.
Interface
Unnumbered interfaces are used for point-to-point connections.
Unnumbered
Assign IP From
Interface
Applies to Unnumbered interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router interface
to this one.
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
This table is continued.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Address assigned to this interface.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.
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Network Protocol Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Secondary IP
Address
Description
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP
address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are
repeated until no value is entered.
Subnet Mask
IP MTU
Applies to
interfaces. Subnet mask of
.
Secondary IP Address
Numbered
Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This determines
whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.
NAT
Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use
otherwise. See
Global
chapter 11 or the examples in chapter 2 for details on how to configure NAT.
causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it receives
ICMP Port
Active
UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of message is
used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might not be identified
in the traceroute output. However, there are security and performance reasons to
leave this option
.
Inactive
Incoming Rule List
Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Incoming IP Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of IP
Accounting
Accounting in chapter 10. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the parameter
CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE=>ALLOW
ACCOUNT PROCESS also be Yes.
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Outgoing IP Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of Detailed
Accounting
Incoming IP Accounting.
Routing of Broadcast Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the LAN
Messages
to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting this
parameter to Inactive, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other
interfaces.
Proxy ARP
Causes the router to answer ARP requests with its own MAC address for IP addresses
reachable on another interface.
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IP Bridge
An IP Bridge is used to divide a network without subnetting. Whenever a subnetwork is created, two IP numbers
are lost — one describing the network and the other reserved for broadcast. This does not occur with an IP
Bridge.
200.240.240.9
200.240.240.3
200.240.240.2
200.240.240.1
ETH0
PR2000
Link 1
PR3000
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ETH0
200.240.240.8
200.240.240.4
FIGURE 5.1 IP BRIDGE EXAMPLE
In Figure 5.1, an example of the use of an IP Bridge is given. From the available IP addresses, the range
200.240.240.4 to 200.240.240.8 is bridged to another physical location. The following parameters apply only for
IP Bridge.
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Network Protocol Menu (Continued) -- (IP Bridge)
Parameter
Description
IP Bridge
Activates the IP Bridge functionality.
The following parameters apply only if IP Bridge is Active.
Initial IP Address to
be Bridged
Indicates the start of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical
location. This and the next three parameters are repeated in case the bridge is to be
broken up into various sections. Up to 8 sections can be defined. In the example, this
value is 200.240.240.4.
Ending IP Address to Indicates the end of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical
be Bridged
location. In the example, this value is 200.240.240.8.
Broadcast Over the
Link
Allows propagation of broadcast IP packets over this bridge.
Bridge Over Link
Indicates which link forms the other half of the bridge. In the example, link 1 is used.
Other Parameters
Transparent Bridge is covered in chapter 7 and IPX is covered in chapter 13. The parameters defined in the
Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters 9 and 12, respectively. It is
probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then return to the routing protocol and
traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have been defined.
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CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN AND ASYNC INTERFACES
This chapter describes how to configure a SWAN interface. The physical link should be set up as shown in
chapter 2, according to the type of modem or device at the other end of the connection and the type of SWAN
port. The async interface, provided on an RJ-45 connector, is the same as the SWAN interface except that the
synchronous option does not appear in the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>SWAN =>PHYSICAL menu and the
only encapsulation option is PPP.
STEP ONE
The first step in the SWAN interface configuration is to define its physical characteristics. These parameters
are presented in the Physical Menu Table.
Physical Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL
Parameter
Description
Mode
Asynchronous or Synchronous. This parameter is determined by the mode of the
device at the other end of the connection.
Clock Source
Receive Clock
Applies for
. Whether this interface provides clock for the device at
Synchronous Mode
the other end of the cable or vice-versa. When the interface is connected to a modem,
the Clock Source is always External.
Applies for
. When this interface provides clock, it can either
Internal Clock Source
compare incoming messages with the clock it is generating (Internal) or with the clock
it receives from the sender along with the message (External). External is
recommended.
Speed
Applies for Internal Clock Source. Determines at which speed the data will be sent
across the line.
Media for SWAN
Cable
Type of cable -- RS-232, V.35 or X.21. Usually the type is cable is detected by the
router.
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STEP TWO
The second step is to choose a data-link protocol in the Encapsulation Menu. There are many encapsulation
options on this interface.
For synchronous communication:
• Frame Relay: the Frame Relay Protocol is based on frame switching and constructs a permanent virtual
circuit (PVC) between two or more points.
• X.25: The X.25 Protocol is generally used to connect to a public network. The router can act either as a
DTE or a DCE.
• HDLC: A proprietary alternative to PPP.
For synchronous or asynchronous communication:
• PPP: The PPP (Point-to-Point) protocol is used for leased and dial-up lines. Multilink PPP is also
provided.
Information on how to determine the values of the parameters for each data-link protocol is provided in chapter
8.
STEP THREE
The third step is to set the Network Protocol parameters. Information for this step is provided in chapter 7.
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STEP FOUR
If PPP Encapsulation is being used, a type of authentication should be chosen. This is done in the
authentication menu.
Authentication Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>AUTHENTICATION
Parameter
Description
Authentication Type
Local uses the list of users defined in CONFIG=> SECURITY=>USERS=>ADD.
uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.
Server
is when this interface is considered to be the user and the
end of the
other
Remote
connection performs the authentication
Username
Password
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device
expects to receive.
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device
expects to receive.
Authentication Server Applies when
is . Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs
Authentication Type Server
server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be
configured in CONFIG=> SECURITY. See section 4.3 of the CyROS Reference
Guide.
Authentication
Protocol
Applies when Authentication Type is Local or Server. Either PAP or CHAP or both can
be used for authentication.
STEP FIVE
The parameters defined in the Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters
9 and 12, respectively. It is probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then
return to the routing protocol and traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have
been defined.
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CHAPTER 7 NETWORK PROTOCOLS
The second step in most interface configurations is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values
to the relevant parameters. At least one of IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional, and discussed in chapter
13) must be activated. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for each interface. The
Ethernet network protocol menu includes IP bridging and is explained in chapter 5. The SWAN Network
Protocol Menu is given in figure 7.1. Note that this menu varies slightly for each interface. Specific information
on the options for each interface is provided in the CyROS Reference Guide in the chapter for the interface.
Config
Interface
SWAN
Network Protocol
IP
Active
Interface Unnumbered/Numbered
Assign IP from Interface
Primary IP address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
Subnet Mask
IP MTU
NAT
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List Name
Detailed Incoming IP Accounting
Outgoing Rule List Name
Detailed Outgoing IP Accounting
Routing of Broadcast Messages
Transparent
Bridge
Status
Port Priority
Incoming Rule List Name
Outgoing Rule List Name
FIGURE 7.1 NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU TREE FOR THE SWAN INTERFACE
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The IP Protocol
If the preset values provided by the operating system are accepted, the interface will work at a basic level. The
most common options are explained in the following table.
Network Protocol (IP) Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Parameter
Description
Active or Inactive
Interface Unnumbered
Activates this interface.
Unnumbered interfaces can be used for point-to-point connections.
Assign IP From Interface Applies to Unnumbered interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router
interface to this one.
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Address assigned to this interface.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP
address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are
repeated until no value is entered.
Subnet Mask
Applies to
interfaces. Subnet mask of
.
Secondary IP Address
Numbered
Enable Dynamic Local IP The terminal connected through PAD assigns an IP address to the router for
Address purposes of their connection.
Remote IP Address Type The computer connected through PAD or PPP sends its IP address in the
negotiation package.
: The IP address sent must match the number set in the next parameter.
Fixed
: The IP address sent must be an address in the network set in the next
Same Net
parameter.
Any: The IP address can be any number that does not conflict with any local IP
address.
: Any IP address is accepted. This is not recommended.
None
If
Remote IP Address.
not
. Used in conjunction with the previous
None
Remote IP Address Type
parameter.
this table is continued
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Network Protocol (IP) Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
IP MTU
Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This
determines whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.
Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use Global otherwise.
See chapter 13 or the examples in chapter 4 for details on how to configure NAT.
Active causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it
receives UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of
message is used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might
not be identified in the traceroute output. However, there are security and
performance reasons to leave this option Inactive.
NAT
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List
Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Incoming IP
Accounting
Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of IP
Accounting later in this chapter. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the
parameter CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE
=>ALLOW ACCOUNT PROCESS also be Yes.
Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Outgoing IP
Accounting
Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of
.
Detailed Incoming IP Accounting
Routing of Broadcast
Messages
Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the
LAN to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting
this parameter to
interfaces.
, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other
Inactive
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The Transparent Bridge Protocol
The Transparent Bridge Protocol can be used in conjunction with either IP or IPX. A detailed explanation of its
use appears in section 4.6 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
Transparent Bridge Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>TRANSPARENT
BRIDGE
Parameter
Status
Description
Activates the Transparent Bridge on this interface.
Port Priority
For the Spanning Tree Algorithm, a priority is given to each link in the router and to
each router in the network. See CONFIG=>TRANSPARENT BRIDGE
=>SPANNING TREE in the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.
Incoming Rule List Name Transparent Bridge rule list name for incoming packets. Note: Rule lists for
Transparent Bridge and IP are created separately. See section 4.7 in the CyROS
Reference Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.
Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list name for outgoing packets. See section 4.7 in the CyROS Reference
Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.
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CHAPTER 8 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION)
Each encapsulation option is presented in a separate section in this chapter. Not all data-link protocols are
available for all interfaces.
PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol)
PPP is the only encapsulation option than can be either synchronous or asynchronous. It is important to choose
between them in CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>PHYSICAL before entering the Encapsulation menu.
The menu options depend on this choice. (Note: not all interfaces support both the synchronous and asynchronous
modes. In this case, there is no physical menu.)
The configuration of the PPP data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the
table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.
PPP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP
Parameter
Description
MLPPP
Enables Multilink PPP on this interface. MLPPP is described in the CyROS
Reference Guide for each interface that supports it.
Applies for MLPPP = Yes. Type of line used on this link.
Leased, Dial-in, etc.
Identification for This Bundle Applies for MLPPP = Yes and Dial-out or Leased. An integer value.
Total Number of lines for
This Bundle
Applies for MLPPP = Yes. Maximum number of links allowed in the bundle.
PPP Inactivity Timeout
Applies to asynchronous connections only. The connection is closed when data
does not pass through the line for this period of time.
Enable Van Jacobson IP
Header Compression
Allows the link to receive compressed packets. This type of compression is
useful for low-speed links and/or small packets. It is not recommended for fast
links, as it requires CPU time.
Transmit Compressed
Packets
Applies when
is . This
Enable Van Jacobson IP Header Compression Yes
parameter causes the link to send compressed packets.
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PPP Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Disable LCP Echo
Requests
LCP (Link Control Protocol) messages are normally exchanged to monitor the status of
the link. Disabling these messages reduces traffic, but the link then has no way of
knowing if the other end is still connected.
Time Interval to Send Config Request messages are used to negotiate the parameters at the start of a PPP
Config Requests
connection. For a slow line, this time should be increased to allow the reply to return
to the sender. If not, the sender will assume it was lost and send another.
Applies to asynchronous connections only. Permits control character mapping
negotiation on asynchronous links. This is useful when you need to send a control
character as data (e.g. XON/XOFF, Crtl A, etc.) over an asynchronous link and do not
want it interpreted by the modem or other device in the middle. The map is built up
with the following commands.
Edit ACCM
– Resets the ACCM table toggle;
Clear
Toggle XON/XOFF – Add XON/XOFF control characters to the ACCM table;
Toggle Char – Add other control characters to the ACCM table, using their ASCII
value.
Typing the option once (for example, X), includes it in the table. Typing it again
excludes it from the table. More details are given in the CyROS Reference Guide.
Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be
enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection
because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data
compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links running
at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data
offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression.
Enable Predictor
Compression
Number of Bits for
Compression
Applies when Predictor Compression Enabled. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be used
if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility.
Connection Type
Applies to asynchronous connections only. NT-Serial Cable is a direct connection to a
Windows NT computer. This is necessary because NT requires a negotiation before
the beginning of the PPP negotiation. Direct is used for other connections using
cables or leased lines.
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CHAR
The configuration of the CHAR data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the
table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.
CHAR Encapsulation Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR
Parameter
Description
Device Type
Determines whether a Terminal, Printer, or Socket device will be connected to this
port.
TCP Keep Alive Timer
Terminal Type
Switch Session
Character Code
Escape Session
Character Code
Username
The delay between Keep Alive messages sent by TCP.
For a
,
is generally used. For a
,
is generally used.
terminal ANSI
printer dumblp
Applies for Terminal Device. Control character used to switch sessions. 1 is Ctrl-A,
2 is Ctrl-B, etc. The value 254 disables this option.
Applies for Terminal Device. Control character used while in a telnet session, to
return to the router menu without closing the session.
Applies for a Terminal Device. Must be entered into the local user table first. See
chapter 16. If this parameter is left blank, the user will have to enter a username
Wait for or Start a
Connection
Applies for
.
is used when the remote application will start the
Socket Device Wait
communication. When Start is used, a connection is attempted as soon as the line
is considered operational.
Destination Hostname
Applies for Socket Device. The remote hostname to which the socket will be
connected, if the previous parameter was start. This name must have been defined
in the host table. See chapter 16.
Filter Null Char after CR Applies for Socket Device. Interprets a CR NULL sequence, received on a TCP
Char connection, as CR (only).
Idle Timeout in Minutes Applies for
. The connection is broken if no traffic passes in this time.
Socket Device
DTR ON Only if Socket Applies for Socket Device. If False, the Data Terminal Ready line is switched on
Connection Established when the router is booted.
Device Attached to This Applies for Socket Device. Yes if the device attached to the socket will echo the
Port Will Send ECHO
chacters sent to it.
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PPPCHAR
The configuration of the PPPCHAR protocol is contained in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPPCHAR. The parameters for PPPCHAR are a combination of those for PPP and
CHAR. See the tables describing the PPP and CHAR options for guidance in configuring this protocol.
HDLC
This data-link protocol is a proprietary alternative to PPP. It has only one parameter, the HDLC Keepalive Interval.
This is the time interval between transmission of Keepalive messages. The receiver of these messages must
send keepalive messages with the same frequency or will be considered inoperative.
Frame Relay
FR supports multiple connections over a single link. Each data link connection (DLC) has a unique DLCI (data
link connection identifier). This allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single channel.
These are called Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs). The DLCI has only local significance and each end of the
logical connection assigns its own DLCI from the available local numbers.
Traffic Control based on Data Link Connection
Traffic Control as described in chapter 12 can also be performed on a Frame Relay interface for each permanent
virtual connection. The parameters in the Add DLCI menu are used in the same manner as those described in
chapter 12. More details are available in the CyROS Reference Guide.
STEP ONE
The first step is to set the general Frame Relay parameters, those applying to all DLCs. This is done in the Frame
Relay Menu. The parameters are shown in the table below. Most of these depend on the standards used by the
Frame Relay Network Provider.
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The Local Management Interface (LMI) Protocol provides services not available in simple Frame Relay. It is used
for controlling the connection between the user and the network. It monitors this link, maintains the list of DLCs,
and sends status messages about the PVCs. A separate virtual circuit is created to pass this information (DLCI
0).
Frame Relay Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY
Parameter
Description
SNAP IP
Indicates that the Sub-Network Access Protocol should be used. The router on the sending
end must be using the same header type (NLPID or SNAP) as the router on the receiving end.
See the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.
LMI
Selects the Local Management Interface specification to be used.
,
ANSI Group of Four
(defined by the vendors that first implemented Frame Relay), Q933a (defined by ITU-T), and
None (used for a dedicated FR connection without a network).
T391
N391
Interval between the LMI Status Enquiry messages.
Full Status Polling Counter. Full Status Enquiry messages are sent every N391-th LMI Status
Enquiry message.
N392
Error Threshold. The network counts how many events occur within a given period and
considers an interface inactive when the number of events exceeds a threshold. N393 is the
number of events to be considered and N392 the number of errors within this period. If N392
of the last N393 events are errors, the interface is deemed inactive. A successful event is the
receipt of a valid Status Enquiry message
N393
CIR
Monitored Events Count. See the description of N392. This value must be larger than N392.
Committed Information Rate, in percentage of total bandwidth (bandwidth defined in
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN =>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>BANDWIDTH).
Traffic above this rate may be discarded if the network is congested.
Bandwidth
Enables traffic control per DLCI. Traffic control options appear in the Add DLCI Menu.
Reservation
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STEP TWO
After configuring the general parameters, each DLC must be defined. An example will be used to demonstrate the
procedure.
A public Frame Relay network connecting offices in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife is shown in Figure
11.1. Each router will have a routing table pairing destination network with router interface and gateway. A Frame
Relay Address Map is also created (either statically or dynamically) to associate each DLCI with the destination
router IP.
For the router in Salvador, the Frame Relay address map will look like this:
DLCI
11
21
IP
200.1.1.1
200.1.1.4
200.1.1.3
81
Data link connections are defined in the Add DLCI menu, which appears at the end of the Frame Relay parameter
list. It can be reached by passing through all parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter
list.
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São Paulo
Network: 192.168.200.0
Rio de Janeiro
Network: 192.168.201.0
Router
Router
200.1.1.1
200.1.1.4
21
81
11
200.1.1.2
200.1.1.3
Router
Router
Salvador
Network: 192.168.203.0
Recife
Network: 192.168.202.0
FIGURE 8.1 PERMANENT VIRTUAL CIRCUITS BETWEEN OFFICES
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Add DLCI Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPS =>FRAME RELAY =><ESC> =>ADD DLCI
Parameter
Description
DLCI Number
Used to identify the DLC. This number is supplied by the Public Frame Relay network
provider. The DLCIs are stored in a table which can be seen with the command.
L
Frame Relay Address Determines the method used for mapping the remote IP address to the Permanent
Map
Virtual Circuit. Static maps one IP address to this DLCI. Inverse ARP maps the IP
address dynamically, in a manner similar to the ARP table.
IP Address
Applies when Frame Relay Address Map is Static. Provides the IP address to be used
for static address mapping.
Enable Predictor
Compression
Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be
enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection
because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data
compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links running
at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data
offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression.
Number of Bits for
Compression
Applies when
Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be
Predictor Compression Enabled.
used if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility.
DLCI Priority Level
This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD
RULE=>FLOW PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic control in chapter 16.
Reserved Bandwidth This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD
RULE=>RESERVED BANDWIDTH. Defines what percentage of the total bandwidth
on an interface will be set aside for this DLC. See the section on traffic control in
chapter 16.
Bandwidth Priority
Level
This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD
RULE=>BANDWIDTH PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic control in chapter
16.
To edit the DLCI table, use the list command (CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION
=>FRAME RELAY=>L) to discover the number CyROS has assigned to each table entry. It will not be the
same as the DLCI.
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Modem or
DSU/CSU
Router / DTE
Router / DTE
Switch / DCE
Switch / DCE
X.25
FIGURE 8.2 PUBLIC X.25 NETWORK EXAMPLE
X.25
A Cyclades Router can act either as a DTE (Data-terminal Equipment) connected to a public X.25 network or as
a DTE or DCE (Data circuit-terminating Equipment) as part of a private X.25 network. The first case is discussed
in this chapter. The second case is described in the CyROS Reference Guide. Both Permanent Virtual Circuits
(PVCs) and Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) can be defined. A PVC requires that two DTEs be permanently
connected.
STEP ONE
First, the general X.25 protocol parameters are set in the X.25 Menu. A detailed description of the X.25 parameters
and their values for the example is provided in the table below.
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X.25 Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25
Parameter
Description
X.121 (Local DTE) Address Address assigned to this interface (provided by the public X.25 Network
Provider). Can be up to 15 digits.
Switch Mode Active
Causes the Router to act as a switch.
Applies when Switch Mode is Active.
Incoming Calls Received
Over the Other X.25 Links
With Unknown Destination
DTE Can be Forwarded
Through This Link
Suppress Calling Address
This parameter must be chosen according to the
Public X.25 Network:
guidelines given by the Public X.25 Network provider. When activated, the
sender's Local DTE address is not included in the Call Request Message.
Time until connection is automatically terminated by the router if there is no
traffic.
Inactivity Timeout
Configure as DTE or DCE As mentioned above, the router can act either as the recipient of information
), or as the passer-on of information ( ). Both
(
DTE
routers are DTEs.
DCE Public X.25 Network:
Number of Virtual Circuits
Indicates the maximum number of virtual circuits (total of PVCs and SVCs)
allowed on this interface. The maximum is 64.
Number of Permanent
Virtual Circuits
Indicates the number of permanent virtual circuits that will be connected through
this interface. This maximum is also 64.
Layer 3 Window Size
The layer 3 (packet) level window represents the number of sequentially
numbered packets that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be
received. This number may be negotiated if the Window Size Facility is utilized
(see last parameter in this table).
Layer 2 Window Size
this table continued
The layer 2 (frame) level window represents the number of sequentially
numbered frames that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be
received. The frame numbers are independent of the packet numbers.
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X.25 Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Packet Size
The packet size to be sent across the interface. This number may be negotiated
if the Packet Size Facility is utilized (see last parameter in this table).
Number of times an information frame can be resent, without response, before
the link is considered down.
Number of Retries N2
TL
Time the frame level waits for an acknowledgement for a given frame before re-
sending it.
T2
Time that can elapse, after receiving a frame, until the router must send an
acknowledgement.
T21
T23
Call Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE sends a
Clear message.
Clear Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE retransmits
the Clear message.
Negotiable Facilities
Send Facility
Initiates facility negotiation during virtual circuit creation.
Determines which facilities are negotiated during virtual circuit creation:
Packet
is part of the
is part of the flow control parameters negotiation,
size
throughput class negotiation, and
Throughput
(Level 3 Window Size, above) is
N3 Window
part of the flow control parameters negotiation.
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STEP TWO
The next step is to create a static routing table associating each remote X.121 address with an IP address or a
TCP Socket location. This is done in the Add DTE menu, which appears at the end of the X.25 parameter list. It
can be reached by passing through all X.25 parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter
list.
X.25 Add DTE Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25=><ESC>=>Add DTE
Parameter
Description
Type of Logical Address IP Address or TCP Socket. Users that intend to use the TCP Socket option should
see the CyROS Reference Guide.
IP Address
X.121(DTE) Address
VC Number
Applies for IP Address Type. IP Address of remote DTE device.
Address of remote DTE device.
Number assigned to this circuit, if it is a PVC. For SVCs, the value should be zero.
Enable Predictor
Compression
Applies for
. Enables data compression using the Predictor
IP Address Type
algorithm. This feature should be enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used
on both ends of the connection because there is no established standard for data
compression interoperability. Data compression is very CPU-intensive, making this
feature effective only for links running at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds,
the time necessary to compress data offsets the gains in throughput achieved by
data compression.
Number of Bits for
Compression
Applies when
. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be
Predictor Compression Enabled
used if the router on the other end is a Cyclades PathRouter, for compatibility.
X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)
PAD acts as a protocol converter, allowing a user to access the packet-switched network via a serial terminal.
This asynchronous connection is then converted into synchronous communication with the router and the network
beyond (using the telnet application available in the router). Please see the CyROS Reference Guide for information
about this Encapsulation option.
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CHAPTER 9 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing Strategies
Routing can be done either statically or dynamically.
Static Routing
Static routing is recommended when the network contains a small number of routers and other equipment. When
a system is simple and without redundant links, static routing is the simplest option. Even with some redundant
links, a multilink circuit can be created for semi-dynamic routing behavior. Multilink circuits are described in
section 4.4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is recommended when the network contains a large number or routers with redundant links
between them. RIP and OSPF are currently available in the Power Router line. RIP is simpler to configure and
is appropriate for systems that are stable (links do not go down often). OSPF is more complicated to configure,
requires much more CPU, and is not necessarily available in all equipment in a network. A mixture of RIP, OSPF,
and static routes is often used.
BGP-4 is a dynamic routing protocol used to route packets on the Internet. It is used in addition to the protocols
RIP and OSPF or static routing.
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Static Routes
Routers used in very small or simple networks may use static routes as the primary routing method. When RIP or
OSPF are used, some static routes may still be needed. Configuration of static routes will be explained using two
examples.
Network 2
142.10.0.0
Mask: 255.255.0.0
142.10.0.3
D
142.10.0.2
142.10.0.4
192.168.100.0
Mask: 255.255.255.0
C
192.168.100.1
Router 2
Router 1
142.10.0.1
F
10.0.0.3
192.168.100.3
192.168.100.2
E
Network 3
10.0.0.0
Mask: 255.0.0.0
B
10.0.0.2
Network 1
10.0.0.1
A
FIGURE 9.1 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 1
In the first example, three networks are connected by 2 routers. The routing table for router 1 will automatically
include servers A,B,C, and D, as they are direct links. A static route must be created for access to Network 3.
This type of route, a Gateway route, tells the router that any message not intended for hosts A, B, C or D should
be sent to Router 2. Details are given in the parameter table that follows.
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Router 2
Unnumbered
Interfaces
192.168.100.1
Slot 3
ETH0
Connection
Point-to-Point
Slot 1
F
Router 1
10.0.0.3
ETH0
Network 3
E
B
Network 1
A
FIGURE 9.2 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 2
Figure 9.2 shows another static routing example to explain the Gateway or Interface parameter. Between the two
routers is a point-to-point connection. Another network could be created, but is not necessary. Both routers can
be assigned unnumbered interfaces, because everything that leaves one router is sent to the other.
To define static routes, enter the menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE. A description of the
parameters in this menu, with the configuration for Router 1 in the examples above, is given in the table that
follows.
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Add Static Route Menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE
Parameter
Destination IP
Address
Description
Address that route will lead to. To configure a default route, type "default" for this
parameter, otherwise enter 0.0.0.0 in both this and the next parameter.
-- for the static route between Router 1 and Network 3, the IP
Both Examples
address is 192.168.100.0.
-- To access all hosts in Network 3, its mask, 255.255.255.0, is used.
Subnet Mask
Both Examples
Gateway or Interface
-- the route is to a gateway.
-- the route is to an interface since unnumbered interfaces are being
Example 1
Example 2
used.
Gateway IP Address
Interface
Applies only when previous parameter is
. It must be an address visible to
Gateway
, it is 142.10.0.4.
the router. In
Example 1
Applies only when previous parameter is Interface. Select the port (Ethernet or slot
N) that will be unnumbered. In , it is Slot 1.
Example 2
Relative cost of this link. Generally measured in number of routers between two IP
addresses. -- 1.
Metric
Both Examples
Is This a Backup
Route?
Indicates that this route is used as a backup in a multilink circuit. See section 4.4 for
more information about multilink circuits.
OSPF Advertises
This Static Route
Static routes defined in the router can be advertised by OSPF. Both this parameter
and the parameter CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>GLOBAL=>ADVERTISE STATIC
ROUTES must be set to Yes for the route to be advertised.
External Metric
Applies when OSPF Advertises This Static Route is set to Yes. Defines the metric
that will be advertised by OSPF.
External Metric-Type
Applies when OSPF Advertises This Static Route is set to Yes. For Type 1, the total
metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous system)
and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the total
metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
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RIP Configuration
CyROS supports three basic types of RIP:
1 RIP1 [RFC 1058]
2 RIP2 with broadcast (compatible with RIP1) [RFC 1723]
3 RIP2 with multicast [RFC 1723]
The primary difference between RIP1 and RIP2 is that only RIP2 advertises subnet masks and next hops. If the
network contains equipment that understands only RIP1 packets, then RIP1 or RIP2 with broadcast should be
used. See RFC 1723, item 3.3 for more details. If only RIP2 is used, RIP2 with multicast is recommended.
Unlike static routes RIP is configured on each interface rather than in a global menu. The menu is the same for all
interfaces and its parameters are presented in the table below.
RIP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>RIP
Parameter
Description
Send RIP
Listen RIP
RIP2 Authentication
Causes the router to transmit RIP messages.
Causes the router to accept RIP messages.
Applies if RIP2 was chosen in the first two options. Activates RIP message
authentication with a password.
RIP2 Authentication
Password
Applies if
transmitted RIP messages.
is . Password used for both received and
RIP2 Authentication Active
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OSPF
The OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol is significantly more complicated than RIP. The determination
of which protocol is better suited to a given network is beyond the scope of this manual. An example network
using OSPF is given in Figure 9.3.
AREA 1
Router 2
AREA 0
(Backbone)
Router 0
To Another
Autonomous System
Router 1
Link 1
Router 5
Router 3
Router 6
Router 4
AREA 2
AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
Area Border
Routers:
R3, R6, R8
Virtual
Link
Router 7
AREA 3
AS Boundary
Router: R5
Router 8
Router 9
FIGURE 9.3 OSPF EXAMPLE
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First, some definitions:
• An Autonomous System (AS) is a portion of the network that will use a single routing strategy. It is made up
of a backbone area and optionally of non-backbone areas.
• OSPF Areas are sub-systems that have identical routing databases. An area generally has no knowledge of
the routing databases of other areas.
• The Backbone connects areas and contains any routers not contained in another area.
• An Area Border Router connects areas and contains a separate database for each area it is contained in.
• An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) connects Autonomous Systems. The other Autonomous
System does not necessarily need to use OSPF.
STEP ONE
If using OSPF for the first time, sketch the network and determine which routers will make up the backbone and
each area. Determine if each router is an area border router or an autonomous system boundary router.
OSPF Configuration on the Interface
STEP TWO
Contrary to most other protocols in CyROS, OSPF must first be configured on each interface, then configured in
the CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF menu. Enter into each interface and set the parameters listed in the table.
OSPF Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF
Parameter
OSPF on This
Interface
Description
Activates OSPF. Enable Inactive is used to temporarily disable the OSPF protocol
without erasing the parameters set below. This is useful when OSPF is first configured,
as the general parameters must be set afterwards in CONFIG=>IP =>OSPF and OSPF
cannot function without them.
Parameters that apply only when OSPF on This Interface is Disabled.
Advertise This Non- Causes the router to include this interface in its advertisements through other interfaces
OSPF Interface
(as an external route).
This table is continued.
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OSPF Menu (continued)
External Metric
Defines the metric that will be advertised by OSPF.
External Metric Type For Type 1, the total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the
autonomous system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For
, the total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Type 2
Parameters that apply only when
is .
or
OSPF on This Interface Enable Enable Inactive
Area ID
Identifies the area to which the interface belongs. Areas are created here, then later
defined in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF =>AREA. Has the format of an IP address, but is not
linked to any IP address in the system. Small OSPF networks will typically have only
one area (the backbone area represented by 0.0.0.0).
Router Priority
Priority used by OSPF in multicast networks to elect the designated router. A priority of
1 will make this router the most likely to be chosen. A priority of 2 will make it second
most likely. Set it to 0 (zero) if this router should never be the designated router.
Estimated transit time in seconds to route a packet through this interface. Use the
preset value (1) or increase the number for slow links
Transit Delay in
Seconds
Retransmit Interval * Time in seconds between link-state advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies
belonging to this interface.
Hello Interval *
Dead Interval *
Poll Interval *
Time in seconds between the hello packets on this interface.
Inactivity time (seconds) before a neighbor router is considered down.
Time in seconds between the hello packets sent to an inactive, non-broadcast, multi-
access neighbor.
Password *
Metric
String of up to 8 characters used to authenticate OSPF packages. The use of this
password is enabled in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>AREA=>AUTHENTICATION TYPE
Defines the cost for normal service. For consistent routing, this parameter should be
determined in the same manner for all routers in the OSPF Area. Normally, metric cost
is defined as an inverse function of interface throughput (e.g. 1 for 100Mbps, 10 for
10Mbps, 65 for T1, 1785 for 56kbps, etc).
Advertise Secondary Causes the router to advertise additional addresses assigned to this interface. These
IP Address are configured in CONFIG => INTERFACE =><LINK> =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP.
* Inside a given area, these 4 parameters should be the same for all routers.
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OSPF Global Configurations
STEP THREE
After completing the OSPF interface configuration for all interfaces (even those that will not use OSPF), navigate
to the OSPF Menu, CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF. Enter into the OSPF Global Commands menu and set the parameters
as indicated in the table below.
OSPF Global Commands Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>GLOBAL
Parameter
OSPF Protocol
Router ID
Description
Enables OSPF on all interfaces.
Assigns a unique ID to the router for use by the OSPF protocol. It must be one of the
router's IP addresses.
AS Boundary Router An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can convert external routes into
OSPF routes. Which external routes is determined through the following parameters.
In the figure, only Router 5 is an ASBR.
The following parameters apply only to
.
Autonomous System Boundary Routers
Originate Default
Gateway
Router will advertise itself as the Default Gateway (DG).
Advertisement
Default Gateway
External Metric
Default Gateway
Applies when Originate Default Gateway Advertisement is set to Yes. Defines the
metric that will be advertised by OSPF.
Applies when Originate Default Gateway Advertisement is set to Yes. For Type 1, the
External Metric-Type total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous
system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the
total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Advertise RIP Routes Routes learned through the RIP protocol will be converted to OSPF as external routes.
RIP External Metric
Applies when Advertise RIP routes is set to Yes. Defines the metric that will be
advertised by OSPF.
This table is continued.
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OSPF Global Commands (Continued)
Parameter
Description
RIP External Metric- Applies when Advertise RIP routes is set to Yes. For Type 1, the total metric of this
Type
route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous system) and the
external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the total metric of
this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Advertise Non-OSPF A router can have both OSPF and non-OSPF interfaces. This option causes the router
interfaces
to advertise when these non-OSPF interfaces are up or down. When OSPF is
disabled on an interface, the parameter CONFIG=>INTERFACE =>
<LINK>
=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF =>ADVERTISE THIS NON-OSPF INTERFACE
must also be set to Yes for the interface to be advertised.
Advertise Static
Routes
Static routes defined in the router will be converted to OSPF. Note that static routes
can be configured individually as advertised or not in the parameter
CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE=>OSPF ADVERTISES THIS
STATIC ROUTE. Both parameters must be
for the route to be advertised.
Yes
STEP FOUR
The next step is to define the areas created in step two. This is done in the OSPF Area Menu.
Area Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>AREA
Parameter
Description
Area ID
Has the format of an IP address, but is not linked to any IP address in the system. Use
the CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>L option to see which areas have been defined, and use
the area ID here.
Authentication Type
Simple password authentication can be used in OSPF. The authentication type should
be the same for all routers in an OSPF Area. If used, the password for each interface
is set in CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><INTERFACE>=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF
=>PASSWORD.
This table is continued.
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Area Menu (continued)
Area Range N Status An Area Border Router (ABR) advertises link states for all networks within the area.
The number of such advertisements can potentially be reduced by condensing
different IP networks into a single range.
Area Range N Net
Address
Applies when Area Range N Status is Active.
Sets the network IP address for the range.
Area Range N Mask Applies when Area Range N Status is Active.
Sets the network IP mask for the range.
STEP FIVE
The CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>NEIGHBORS menu is required if the router uses OSPF over non-broadcast multi-
access interfaces such as X.25 and Frame Relay. If this is the case, set the parameters described in the following
table.
Neighbors Menu CONFIG=>IP =>OSPF =>NEIGHBORS
Parameter
Description
Interface
Link for which neighbors will be defined. In the OSPF example, consider link 1 of
Router 3.
Neighbor's IP
The router ID of the neighboring router. For Router 3, link 1, use the router ID of router
1.
Neighbor's Status
includes link in OSPF database.
Enable
Enable Inactive leaves link in OSPF database, but router at end of link (Router 1 in this
case) no longer passes OSPF information.
Disable deactivates neighbor link and erases Neighbor’s IP.
Neighbor's Priority
Priority used by OSPF in multicast networks to elect the designated router. A priority of
1 will make this router the most likely to be chosen. A priority of 2 will make it second
most likely. Set it to 0 (zero) if this router should never be the designated router. An
example can be seen in Area 1 in the figure -- Router 1 should never be the
Designated Router because it does not have a direct link to Router 2. Either Router 0
or Router 3 should be chosen.
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STEP SIX
It is not always possible to connect all areas directly to the backbone. When an area is connected to the backbone
only through another area, two virtual links must be created. One from the backbone to the unattached area and
one from the unattached area to the backbone. If this occurs in the network containing the router, enter the Virtual
Links Menu to configure this link. In the table listing the parameters, the link between Area 3 (router 8) and the
backbone is used as an example.
Virtual Links Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>VIRTUAL LINKS
Parameter
Description
Transit Area ID
ID of the OSPF Area sandwiched between this router and the backbone. In the figure,
area 2 is the area used to link Router 8 with the Backbone. This ID has the form of an
IP address.
Neighbor's ID
Virtual Link Status
Router ID of router at end of virtual link. In the example, this will be Router 6.
Activates the virtual link.
Parameters available only when Virtual Link Status is Active.
Transit Delay in
Seconds
Estimated transit time in seconds to route a packet from Router 8 to Router 6. Use the
preset value (1) or increase the number for slow links.
Retransmit Interval in Time in seconds between link-state advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies
Seconds*
belonging to this interface.
Hello Interval in
Seconds*
Time in seconds between the hello packets on this interface.
Dead interval in
Seconds*
Inactivity time (seconds) before a neighbor router is considered down.
Password*
String of up to 8 characters used to authenticate OSPF packages. The use of this
password is enabled in CONFIG
=>IP=>OSPF=>AREA=>AUTHENTICATION TYPE.
* Inside a given area, these 4 parameters should be the same for all routers. In the example virtual link, they
should be the same as those used for the backbone.
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BGP-4 Configuration
The BGP-4 routing protocol is used for routing on the Internet, performed between Autonomous Systems (ASs).
An autonomous system is defined as:
· A set of routers and networks under the same administration.
· An interconnected network, where no router is reachable solely through a path exterior to the AS
Each AS is identified by a 16-bit AS number. This number is supplied by the service provider.
Steps
1. Complete the Global Parameters
2. Register the neighbors of the autonomous system, the routers with which this router exchanges information.
At this point, the BGP-4 protocol is up and running. All remaining steps are fine tuning to improve performance
and reduce the size of the routing table.
If some routes that might be received are undesired, they can be filtered as they enter (or leave) so that they are
not placed in the routing table (or are not propagated to other autonomous systems).
This requires the following three steps:
3. Create an Access List
4. Add rules to the Access List
5. Return to the Neighbor configuration and match each list to the neighbor it should be applied to.
In some cases, a route should be accepted, but with changes determined by policies defined by the system
administrator. In this case, a route map should be created indicating which of the path attributes of the incoming
(or outgoing) message should be changed. This route map can be associated with a filter so that only specific
rules will be altered. The steps are the following:
6. Create a route map/sequence pair
7. Edit the neighbor definition to link it to the new route map
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The last option is to aggregate the addresses contained in the local autonomous system in order to present an
aggregated route to the outside world. This is done in the last step.
8. Aggregate the addresses contained in the AS.
The steps defined above will now be clarified.
STEP ONE
The global parameters apply to the router’s AS. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Address notation is used
instead of the normal IP Address and Subnet mask notation. Both are shown in Figure 9.4.
AS 100
200.50.51.0
255.255.255.0
200.50.51.0 / 24
AS 747
PR3000
PR3000
100.100.100.1
200.200.200.1
..................................
..................................
100.100.100.2
Tele Popeye
200.50.50.0
255.255.255.0
200.50.50.0 / 24
AS 310
PR3000
200.200.200.2
..................................
Tele Brutus
FIGURE 9.4 EXAMPLE SYSTEM WITH PR2000 IN AS 100 BEING CONFIGURED
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>GLOBAL
Parameter
Description
BGP4 Protocol
Local AS Number
Router Identifier
Cluster Identifier
Default Local
Preference
Activates the protocol.
This number is assigned by the service provider.
Usually the same as the Router ID, one of the interface IP addresses
Only used when this router is used as a router reflector.
Value of the attribute "local pref" used by IBGP.
Accept Connections
From All Peers
Advertise Direct
Routes
Allows BGP connections from neighbors that have not been specified in the Neighbors
Menu.
Allows the removal of the interface routes from the list of routes to be advertised. In
the example these would be 100.100.100.1, 200.200.200.1 and the LAN interface IP
address.
Advertise Static
Routes
Allows the removal of static routes from the list of routes to be advertised.
Advertise RIP Routes Allows the removal of routes learned via RIP from the list of routes to be advertised.
Advertise OSPF
Routes
Allows the removal of routes learned via OSPF from the list of routes to be advertised.
The BGP network menu allows registration of the IP Addresses contained in the AS. This will mark these routes
as IGP instead of EGP or incomplete in the path origin attribute.
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>BGP NETWORK=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Network Address
Network IP address of network to be added.
Network Mask (bitlen) Mask in CIDR format.
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STEP TWO
The neighbor menu identifies the routers inside and outside the AS that will communicate with the router via BGP-
4. Each update message exchanged between routers contains path attributes. How these path attributes are
manipulated by the router when routes are received or sent to each neighbor is determined here.
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>NEIGHBOR=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Name
A string to facilitate identification of the Neighbor. In the example above, the names
Popeye and Brutus could be used.
IP Address
The IP address at the other end of the connection. For AS 747, the value is
100.100.100.2.
Description
Another string to identify the Neighbor.
AS Number
The AS number assigned to the neighbor.
Source IP Address
When this number is set, the protocol accepts TCP/BGP connections only when the
destination IP is this value. For Popeye, the value would be 100.100.100.1.
Causes the router to not initiate BGP connections with this neighbor.
Passive
Transparent-AS
causes the router to NOT include its own AS number in the "AS Path" path
Yes
attribute for update messages sent to this neighbor.
causes the router to NOT alter the "NextHop" path attribute for update messages
Transparent-NextHop
NextHop Self
Yes
sent to this neighbor.
Yes causes the router to change the NextHop path attribute for update messages sent
to this neighbor. The value is replaced by the Source IP Address set above.
Route Reflector Client Indicates that this router is a route reflector and the neighbor is a route reflector client.
Weight
Indicates the relative importance of the routes received from this neighbor. Routes
with greater weights are chosen over routes with lesser weights.
When set, indicates the maximum number of routes that the router will accept in a
single update message from this router.
When a message is not received from this neighbor for the holdtime, the neighbor is
considered inactive.
Maximum-Prefix
Holdtime
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>NEIGHBOR=>ADD (continued)
Keepalive
Connection Retry
Time
Interval between keepalive messages sent to this neighbor.
When a connection with this neighbor is broken, the router try to reconnect with
frequency 1 divided by the Connection Retry Time.
Start Time
Time delay before router tries to connect
Incoming Distribution Applies a distribution access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Access List Name
Outgoing Distribute
Access List Name
Incoming Filter
Access List Name
Outgoing Filter
Applies a distribution access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Applies a filter access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Applies a filter access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Access List Name
Incoming Community Applies a filter access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Access List Name
Outgoing Community Applies a filter access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Access List Name
Incoming Route Map Applies a route map to update messages received from this neighbor.
Number
Outgoing Route Map Applies a route map to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Number
Neighbor Alias
Address
Additional address used by the other router.
STEP THREE
Figure 9.5 shows an example of a route that could be filtered out. The preferred route from 5 to 1 is through 4, with
6 serving as a reliable backup. Any route received from neighbor 2 which includes 5 will probably be a duplicate
of the equivalent route received from 4. In order to reduce the size of the routing table, all routes received from 2
than contain 5 can be filtered out of incoming update messages.
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d
R
o
e
r
u
t
i
s
e
d
n
e
U
2
3
PR3000
1
4
..
..
..
..
P
r
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
e
..
..
..
..
f
e
o
R
u
t
e
r
r
e
d
5
100.10.0.0/16
6
B
a
c
k
e
t
u
u
p
R
o
FIGURE 9.5 MULTIPLE ROUTES CONTAINING AS 5
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ACCESS LIST=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Access List Name
Access List Type
Name assigned to list, to indicate which interface and direction it applies to.
The AS Path type allows filtering by AS number; the Dist BGP type allows filtering by
IP address and the Community BGP type allows filtering by community. In the figure,
the filtering can be done based either on AS 5 or the address 100.10.0.0/16
Enables the rule.
Rule Status
Default Scope
If the default of the list is permit, the default of each rule must be deny and the
corresponding rule must define which routes must be discarded. If the default of the
list is deny, the default of each rule must be permit and the corresponding rule must
define which routes will be accepted (with all others being discarded).
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STEP FOUR
An access list needs at least one rule. The example in Figure 9.6 shows three access lists, each one with several
rules. Each neighbor can be assigned up to 6 access lists, as seen in step 2.
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
BGP-4
Message From
Tele Popeye
Route Map
Access list
popeye_comm
type Community
Access list
popeye_dist
type Distribution
Access list
popeye_path
type AS Path
FIGURE 9.6 UPDATE MESSAGE ARRIVING FROM TELE POPEYE PASSING THROUGH 3 FILTERS AND A
ROUTE MAP
An update message arriving from the neighbor called Popeye in step 2 will pass through the filters assigned to it
in the Neighbor Menu. The figure shows the case where the scope of the list is permit and that of the rules is deny.
Each rule causes routes to be discarded until finally the shortened message arrives at the route map (if one has
been configured for this neighbor).
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ACCESS LIST=>CONFIGURE RULES=><ACCESS LIST NAME>=>ADD
Parameter
Rule Status
Scope
Description
Enables the rule.
See explanation of this parameter in step 3.
Rule AS Position
Applies only for Access List Type equal to AS Path. Limits the search on AS number to
a particular position in the route. For the example in Figure 12.5, Any would be the
correct choice because AS 5 will appear in the middle or the beginning of the route.
Rule AS Number
Applies only for
equal to AS Path. Applies the rule to routes
Access List Type
containing this AS number, with the restriction given in the preceding parameter.
Applies only for equal to Dist BGP. filters rules that match the
Rule Distr. Search
Type
Rule Distr. Address
Access List Type
Exact
IP Address/Mask pair exactly. Refine matches more specific routes.
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Dist BGP. Applies the rule to routes with
this IP number and the mask defined in the next parameter.
Rule Distr. Mask
Bitlen
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Dist BGP. The shortened mask that is used
with the IP address defined in the previous parameter.
Community
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Community BGP. Applies this rule to the
community number entered or to well-known communities defined in RFC 1997, BGP
Communities.
STEP FIVE
Each access list can be applied to more than one interface. The access list parameters in the Neighbor Menu for
the appropriate neighbor should be set now, since the access lists did not exist during step two.
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STEP SIX
A route map can either apply to all routes not discarded by the access lists, as shown in Figure 9.6, or to routes
filtered by a particular access list, as shown in Figure 9.7.
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
BGP-4
Message From
Tele Popeye
Access list
popeye_comm
type Community
Access list
popeye_dist
type Distribution
Access list
popeye_path
type AS Path
Route Map
FIGURE 9.7 ROUTE MAP ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACCESS LIST
In figure 9.7, the access list popeye_path is associated with sequence 2 of Route Map 1. Instead of the access list
causing the disposal of the routes that match its rules, it causes the application of the route map.
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ROUTE MAP=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Route Map Number
Sequence Number
Match List Name
Weight
Identifies the route map
Identifies the sequence within the route map. The numbers need not be consecutive.
Associates an access list with this sequence, as shown in the figure above.
Alters the weight used to determine the best path. This value replaces the importance
assigned to the route by the weight parameter in the neighbor configuration.
Origin, Set Nexthop, These parameters modify the path attributes with the same name in the update
Set Metric, Set Local message.
Preference, Set
Atomic Aggregate,
Set Aggregate AS
number, Set AS Path,
AS Path Prepend,
AS Path AS-SET
STEP SEVEN
The neighbor definition should now be changed again to include the new route map. This is done in the Neighbor
Menu described in step 2.
STEP EIGHT
This last step permits aggregation of networks inside the AS to simplify routing tables. In the example in Figure
9.4, the two networks can be aggregated to form one network with the IP address/Mask of 200.50.50.0/23.
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>AGGREGATE ADDRESSES=>ADD
Parameter
Number
Description
An ID for reference.
Address
Mask (bitlen)
AS Set
The aggregated address. In the example, 200.50.50.0.
The mask for the aggregated address. In the example, 23.
causes the route to be tagged with the AS Set path attribute. Otherwise, the AS
Yes
Sequence path attribute is assigned.
Summary Only
Yes removes all more specific routes, leaving only the aggregated form. No maintains
both the individual and aggregated routes.
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CHAPTER 10 CYROS, THE OPERATING SYSTEM
This chapter explains various operating system features that are not covered in other chapters:
• creation of the host table
• creation of user accounts and passwords
• IP Accounting
Creation of the host table
CyROS allows identification of hosts by name. In the menu CONFIG =>SYSTEM=>HOSTS, each host is
assigned a number (1 to 32), and a host name (a maximum of 8 characters). The IP address to be associated
with this host name and the port to be used for telnet is then requested. This host name can be used in
aplications like ping and telnet, and in some other configuration menus.
Another way to identify hosts by name is to configure access to a DNS Server. This is done in the menu
CONFIG =>IP =>DNS CLIENT. The domain name where the router is located and two DNS Server IP
addresses are the only parameters.
Creation of user accounts and passwords
Four users are preset:
1 super with the password surt,
2 usr with no password,
3 auto with no password, and
4 pppauto with no password
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Other users can be created and the user “usr” can be assigned a password. The password of the super user
should be changed as soon as possible. The menu CONFIG=>SECURITY=>USERS allows addition, deletion,
and modification of the list of users. The parameters are:
• User Name,
• Password,
• User Type: Super, Usr, Auto, or PPPAuto,
• User Status: Disabled or Enabled,
• Hosts 1 through 4 (the host names entered here must already exist in the host table).
• Automatic login name for hosts 1 through 4 (only for user of type auto)
Then the main menu items for this user are determined:
• Telnet,
• Ping,
• Traceroute,
• PPP,
• SLIP.
Lastly, any restrictions as to how the user may log in are defined:
• Console,
• Terminal,
• PPP Terminal,
• Telnet,
• PAD Terminal.
The super user has access to all menus. The usr user is shown a menu, upon sucessful login, with the items
chosen in the user’s profile. The pppauto user is connected directly to the user via PPP. No menu appears.
The auto user is connected via telnet directly to the host specified as host 1 in the user profile. If an automatic
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login name is indicated when the auto user is configured, the user is logged in to the remote host directly
(though a password may be necessary, depending on the remote host configuration).
IP Accounting
IP Accounting is used to count the total number of packets allowed (or not) to pass through an interface.
Statistics are given for packets that meet the criterions defined in a rule. (Traffic Rules are not supported). To
see all packets, a special rule list permitting everything can be defined. Rules are described in chapter 12.
Two versions of the IP account table are available for viewing. The result of INFO =>SHOW ACCOUNT TABLE
=>SUMMARY is shown below for four filter rules.
IP Accounting Table
Interface Direction Filter List Rule Bytes Packets
Ethernet
Ethernet
slot 3
Outgoing
Incoming
Outgoing
Incoming
generic
generic
swan3out
swan3in
0
0
17
15
24876 3072
49254 3358
21362 3223
32563 3131
slot 3
Detailed information can be accessed via SNMP.
To use IP Accounting, two parameters must be set. When a rule is created, the parameter CONFIG =>RULES
LIST =>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES =>ADD RULE =>ALLOW ACCOUNT PROCESS must be Yes. Additionally,
when applying a rule to an interface, the parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK
PROTOCOL =>IP =>DETAILED INCOMING /OUTGOING IP ACCOUNTING must also be Enabled.
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CHAPTER 11 NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION)
NAT exists to convert local IP addresses into Internet “global” IP addresses. Internet IP addresses are
assigned by Internet providers. Due to the explosion of the internet, these numbers are scarce. Certain ranges
of IP addresses are reserved for internal use only — they may not have a direct connection to the Internet (for
reference, they are 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.16.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 -
192.168.255.255). These are used as local IP addresses. Figure 11.1 shows an example of the utility of NAT:
Networks
192.168.0.0 &
200.200.200.0
Global Address Range
- Network: 200.240.230.224
- Mask: 255.255.255.240
ftp
Server
192.168.0.30
Host
Host
PC
200.240.230.2
200.200.200.11
200.200.200.10
WWW
Server
192.168.0.31
PR2000 With
Expanded NAT
192.168.0.5
Router Ethernet Port
Primary IP Address: 192.168.0.1
Secondary IP Address: 200.200.200.1
FIGURE 11.1 NAT EXAMPLE
In this example, the company has:
• 14 global IP addresses available for NAT, 200.240.230.225 to 200.240.230.238,
• Two networks connected to the router via the Ethernet Interface, one of which will be translated,
• Two servers that are accessed via the same global IP address, assigned statically.
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There are two types of NAT available in CyROS -- Normal NAT and Expanded NAT. This chapter describes
Expanded NAT. A description of Normal NAT appears in Chapter 4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
What is the difference between Expanded and Normal Mode NAT? The Normal Mode is a previous
implementation of NAT used in the Power Router line. It has been maintained for backward
compatibility. Expanded NAT provides static translation not only from one IP address to another, but
from one IP address/port pair to another IP address/port pair.
As a preview, after configuring the router as shown in the example, CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>L will
display:
NAT Enabled
NAT mode Expanded
Port map translation Enabled
UDP Timeout (min) 5
DNS Timeout (min) 1
TCP Timeout (min) 1440
TCP flags Timeout (min) 1
NAT Global Addresses
#
1
address range
200.240.230.225 to 200.240.230.238
NAT Local Addresses
#
1
address range
192.168.0.0
255.255.255.0
translated
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NAT Static Translation Table
# Global address / port
local address / Port
Protocol
TPC
1 200.240.230.225 /
2 200.240.230.225 /
3 200.240.230.225 /
20
21
80
192.168.0.30
192.168.0.30
192.168.0.31
/
/
/
20
21
80
TPC
TPC
Types of Address Translation
In dynamic address translation, a pool of global IP addresses is loosely related to a pool of local IP
addresses. Mapping of one onto the other is done dynamically whenever a computer on the local network
requests a connection to the external network. When the connection is broken, the global IP address is
returned to the pool. Hosts connected via dynamic address translation must initiate all connections with the
external network.
In static address translation, one global IP address (or global IP address / port pair) is permanently associ-
ated with one local IP address (or global IP address / port pair). In the example, the web server is connected to
one of the global IP addresses for services on port 80, reducing the IP address pool to 13. Static address
translation is used when the connection with the external network is to be initiated from either side — external
or internal.
Translation may be done in two ways:
1 Address translation only – each global address is assigned to a single local address when necessary. In
the example, there are only 13 global addresses available and more than 13 hosts . With this type of
translation, only 13 servers can connect to the Internet at any given time.
2 Port and address translation — the UDP/TCP port and local IP address are translated as a pair. With this
type of translation, only ONE global address is needed. All hosts can be mapped to the same global IP
address. This can be used in our example to allow all hosts in the 192.168.0.0 network access to the
Internet at the same time.
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An overview of the NAT menu is shown in the table below.
NAT Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT
Menu Option
Description
General
Parameters for enabling NAT and choosing the NAT Mode. Also includes port
translation option.
Global Address
Local Address
Static Translation
Timeout
The first and last IP addresses in the range. In the example, these numbers are
200.240.230.225 and 200.240.230.238.
The local network IP address and network mask, and whether or not the network should
be translated. In the example, these numbers are 192.168.0.0 and 255.255.255.0.
Defines a static translation between a global IP address/port pair and a local IP
address/port pair. In the example, three such pairs are defined.
Definition of inactivity timeouts for UDP, DNS, and TCP dynamic NAT translations.
STEP ONE
The first step in the configuration of NAT is to enable NAT and choose the NAT Mode (Normal or Extended).
Only the extended mode is discussed in this chapter. The normal mode is a previous version of NAT
maintained for backwards compatability. See chapter 4 of the CyROS Reference Guide for information about
the Normal Mode.
NAT Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GENERAL
Menu Option
NAT Status
NAT Mode
Description
Enables NAT.
Provides a choice between the previous NAT version (the Normal Mode) and the new
Extended NAT version.
Disable Port
Translation
Disables/enables NAT with port translation. If this parameter is changed while the router
is in use, all the active translations are destroyed, and their entries are removed from the
translation table.
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STEP TWO
The parameters in the Timeout Menu are explained in more detail below. The preset values should be
appropriate for most applications.
Timeout and Options Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>TIMEOUT AND OPTIONS
Parameter
Description
UDP Timeout
Inactivity time required before a UDP translation is removed from the translation table.
An entry is created in the translation table the first time a UDP packet passes through the
interface. Five minutes is a reasonable time.
DNS Timeout
TCP Timeout
Inactivity time required before a DNS translation is removed from the translation table.
Inactivity time required before a TCP translation is removed from the translation table.
This time should be relatively long, because under normal conditions TCP connections
are formally disconnected with FIN (No more data from sender) or RST (Reset
Connection) flags.
TCP Flags Timeout Inactivity time required, after the receipt of a FIN, RST, or SYN (Synchronize sequence
numbers) flag, before a TCP translation is removed from the translation table. This time
can be relatively short, because after the TCP connection has been closed, there is no
further need for its address translation.
STEP THREE
The next step is to define the global address range to which the local addresses will be translated. This is done
in the menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GLOBAL ADDRESSES =>ADD RANGE. The First IP Address
in the example in Figure 11.1 is 200.240.230.225, while the Last IP Address is 200.240.230.238.
The local address ranges must also be entered into the router in the menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT
=>LOCAL ADDRESSES =>ADD RANGE. Here, the Network IP Address (192.168.0.0 in the example) and
Network Mask (255.255.255.0 in the example) are entered. Since this range is to be translated, the parameter
Should This Range be Translated should be set to Yes. In the example, the network 200.200.200.0 is not to be
translated. This can be configured by adding a new range and setting the translation parameter to No, or by
simply not adding the range.
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STEP FOUR
If static translations are to be performed, as described in the example, the parameters in the Static Translation
Menu must be set. A brief explanation of each parameter is given in the table.
Static Translation Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>STATIC TRANSLATION => ADD ENTRY
Parameter
Description
Global IP Address One of the addresses assigned by the Internet access provider and included in one of
the NAT global address ranges.
Protocol
TCP, UDP, ICMP, or any protocol.
Global Port
The port to be translated on the WAN side. When a request comes in on port 80 for IP
200.240.230.225 in the example, it is sent to the server with IP 192.168.0.31, port 80
The IP address of the server (on the LAN, in the example) which is translated to an
Internet IP address.
The port to be translated on the LAN side. When a request comes in on port 80 for IP
200.240.230.225 in the example, it is sent to the server with IP 192.168.0.31, port 80.
Local IP Address
Local Port
STEP FIVE
After the NAT menu parameters have been set, the NAT property in the Network Protocol Menu of each
interface must be configured. In the example, the IP Address of the Ethernet interface is not assigned
dynamically. The parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP=>NAT -
DYNAMIC ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT should be set to Inactive. The IP address of the interface connecting the
router to the Internet is also assigned by the super user in the example, rather than dynamically. The
parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>SWAN =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP=>NAT - DYNAMIC ADDRESS
ASSIGNMENT would also be set to Inactive.
After NAT has been configured and is running, the menu option INFO =>SHOW STATISTICS =>NAT will show
Network Address Translation Statistics.
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CHAPTER 12 RULES AND FILTERS
There are four basic types of rules:
1 IP filter rules,
2 Radius rules (actually a combination of previously defined IP filter rules),
3 traffic control rules, and
4 transparent bridge rules (similar to IP filter rules, but for applications that use a transparent bridge).
IP filter rules and traffic control rules will be covered in detail in this chapter. See section 4.7 of the CyROS
Reference Guide for more information about all four types of rules.
As an introduction, the Rules List Menu Tree is presented in Figure 12.1. First, a rule list is created and
named. Second, rules are added to the list and defined.
Configuration of IP Filters
IP Filter rules are a very important part of a network’s firewall. They permit packets into or out of the network
depending on the source and destination IP addresses, the source and destination ports, the protocol used,
and the ACK bit for TCP packets. The Syslog can be used to monitor the packets that meet the rules applied in
this menu.
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Config
Rules List
IP
Add Rule List
Rule List Name
Rule Status
Rule List Type
Default Scope
Edit Rule List
Same as Add
Rule List
Incoming Rule List Name
Outgoing Rule List Name
Linked Rule List Name N
Configure Rules
Rule List Name
Add Rule
Insert as Rule Number
Rule Status
Scope
Rule Priority Level
Reserved Bandwidth
Bandwidth Priority Level
Protocol
Source IP Operator
IP Address Start Mask
IP Address Start
IP Address End
Destination IP Operator
IP Address Start Mask
IP Address Start
IP Address End
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
Source Port End
Destination Port Operator
Destination Port Start
Destination Port End
Allow TCP connections
Allow Account Process
Delete Rule
Edit Rule
Rule to delete
Same Parameters as Add Rule
Clear Rule List
FIGURE 12.1 THE RULES LIST MENU TREE
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Exterior Router
ETH0
Perimeter Network
192.168.0.0
Slot 1
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2
172.16.0.0
Router
Slot 1
Interior Router
192.168.0.3
ETH0
Bastion
Host
10.0.0.0
Extension to Network
FIGURE 12.2 FIREWALL EXAMPLE
Figure 12.2 will be used to show how both an exterior router and an interior router would be configured using
the filters available in CyROS.
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Exterior Router
The exterior router is the network’s first defense against attacks. For this reason, it is reasonable to prohibit all
packets except for those explicitly allowed. This is done by choosing the Default Scope to be Deny. Thus, ALL
desired traffic must be expressly allowed by the rules in the rule list.
W
o
r
l
d
o
f
P
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
P
a
c
k
e
t
Let
e-mail in
s
Let
e-mail out
DENY
Let Telnet
Connections Out
FIGURE 12.3 DENY AS DEFAULT SCOPE
In Figure 12.3, a conceptual equivalent of the interface is shown. All packets except those which fall into the
holes in the ball will be denied entry in to or out of the network.
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Steps necessary to activate filtering on the exterior router in the example:
1 There are two interfaces with two directions each. Filtering on link 1 requires the creation of two rule lists,
called exterior_inand exterior_out. Create them using the menu CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP
=>ADD RULE LIST and the following parameters:
Rule List Type = Filter
Default Scope = Deny
Linked Rule List Name = None
2 Create the rules for each rule list in the order in which they should be evaluated. The order is important
and mis-ordering the rules can cause unexpected results. This is done in the menu CONFIG =>RULES
LIST =>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES. The parameters for rules 0 and 1 in the example are shown in Figure
12.4.
3 Link the rule lists to the respective interface parameters in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE
=><INTERFACE> =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>INCOMING/ OUTGOING RULE LIST NAME. exterior_in
should be set as the incoming rule list name and exterior_out should be set as the outgoing rule list name.
Exterior_in, rule 0, allows a remote computer to connect to the bastion host using the TCP protocol on
its SMTP port. Exterior_out, rule 0, allows the Bastion Server to RESPOND to the connection started
by the remote computer. To send e-mail out, two more rules would be needed. If all the router needs to do is
receive e-mail, the configuration is done. If not, other “holes” must be created in the deny ball.
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The configuration for “Let e-mail in” is shown in the following figure (obtained by selecting CONFIG =>RULES
LIST =>IP =>L in the menus):
Rules Lists
Rule List Name Rule
Default List
Linked
Rule
Status
Scope
Type
List
exterior_in
exterior_out
Enabled Deny
Enabled Deny
Filter
Filter
Filter_list Name exterior_in
Rule 0
Status
Enabled
Scope
Protocol
Permit
TCP
Source IP Operator
None
Destination IP Operator Equal
Destination IP start
Destination IP Mask
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
Destination Port
Operator
192.168.0.3
255.255.255.255
Greater than
1023
Equal
Destination Port Start SMTP
TCP connections allowed Y
Account Process allowed N
FIGURE 12.4 OUTPUT FOR EXTERIOR ROUTER EXAMPLE
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Filter_list Name exterior_out
Rule 0
Status
Enabled
Scope
Protocol
Permit
TCP
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Equal
192.168.0.3
255.255.255.255
Destination IP Operator None
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
Destination Port
Operator
Equal
SMTP
Greater than
Destination Port Start 1023
TCP connections allowed N
Account Process allowed N
FIGURE 12.4 OUTPUT FOR EXTERIOR ROUTER EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)
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Interior Router
If an interior router exists in the network, the administrator may decide to use a Default Scope of Permit. In this
case, all undesired traffic must be excluded by a rule in the rule list. In Figure 12.5, a conceptual equivalent of
the interface is shown.
All packets except those which fall into the holes in the ball will be allowed entry in to or out of the network.
W
o
r
l
d
o
f
P
o
s
si
b
l
e
P
a
Stop
Forged Packets
c
k
e
t
s
PERMIT
Don’t Allow
Access to News
PERMIT
Stop Telnets
From the Outside
(Except Bastion Host)
PERMIT
FIGURE 12.5 PERMIT DEFAULT SCOPE
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The configuration for “Stop forged packets” is shown in the following listing:
Rules Lists
Rule List Name Rule
Default
Scope
List
Type
Linked
Rule
Status
List
slot1_in
Enabled
Permit
Filter
Filter_list Name slot1_in
Rule 0
Status
Enabled
Scope
Deny
Protocol
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Equal
10.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
Destination IP Operator None
Source Port Operator None
Destination Port Operator None
TCP connections allowed
Account Process allowed
Y
N
FIGURE 12.6 OUTPUT FOR INTERIOR ROUTER EXAMPLE
Slot1_in, rule 0, prohibits any incoming packets with source IP addresses of the internal network. Since
the addresses used for internal networks cannot be routed on the Internet, they cannot be valid unless there is
a leak of traffic through another router to the perimeter network.
Imagine that, as shown in the figure, the network is expanded and another range of IP addresses is used (not a
sub-network). Rule 0in the list Slot1_inwill not protect this network. Either another rule can be added to
this list, or the new router can filter packets into its area (or both).
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Traffic Rule Lists
There are three kinds of traffic rules that can be configured in CyROS. The first two determine a division of
bandwidth for traffic flowing out of the router:
1 Traffic Shaping (the division of bandwidth is strictly adhered to),
2 Bandwidth Reservation (the division with the larger priority can steal bandwidth from the others),
An example showing the first two types is given in figure 12.6.
Network of
Client A
50% or more
of total bandwidth
INTERNET
Link 3
Link 0
11.11.11.1
Link 2
33.33.33.1
25% or less
of total bandwidth
Link 1
22.22.22.1
25% or less
of total bandwidth
Client C
Client B
FIGURE 12.7 TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 1
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The third determines which services have priority flowing through the router:
3 Service Prioritization.
An Internet provider has three clients connected to the same router. Client A is larger and without traffic control
would overwhelm the router to the exclusion of Clients B and C. The administrator decides to divide the flow
out of the router (to the Internet) into three portions: 50% guaranteed for Client A, and the rest divided equally
between Clients B and C. Since he does not want to limit Client A needlessly, the bandwidth Client A uses can
be increased on demand if the total bandwidth is not being used up by the other two clients. This is Bandwidth
Reservation.
The two clients with 25% bandwidth each are given lesser, but equal priorities. They can not share bandwidth
or steal it from Client A. However, each has the right to 25% of the total bandwidth on link 3 if it is needed.
This is Traffic Shaping.
Note that this rule list is applied to link 3, and not separately on links 0-2.
Steps for this configuration.
1 Create a Traffic Rule list traffic_1. This is done in the CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP => ADD RULE LIST
menu with the Rule List Type set to Traffic.
2 Create rules for each of the three source IP addresses. This is done in the CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP
=>ADD RULE menu. The parameters for each rule are shown in Figure 12.7. Of the traffic parameters,
only the Reserved Bandwidth and Bandwidth Priority parameters are important in this example. Flow
Priority is not used.
3 Enter into the configuration for link 3 and change the parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>IP TRAFFIC CONTROL LIST = traffic_1.
Note that the bandwidth used for the percentage calculation is that set in CONFIG =>INTERFACE
=><INTERFACE> =>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>BANDWIDTH, and not the actual bandwidth
available in the link.
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Rules Lists
Rule List Name Rule
Default List
Linked
Rule
Status Scope
Type
List
traffic_1
Enabled
Traffic
Filter_list Name traffic_1
Rule 0
Status
Enabled
Flow priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
0
50%
1
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP
Operator
Equal
11.11.11.0
255.255.255.0
None
Source Port Operator None
Destination Port
Operator
None
FIGURE 12.8 OUTPUT SHOWING PARAMETERS FOR TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 1
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Rule 1
Status
Enabled
Flow Priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
0
25%
2
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP
Operator
Equal
22.22.22.0
255.255.255.0
None
Source Port Operator None
Destination Port
Operator
None
Rule 2
Status
Enabled
Flow Priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
0
25%
2
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP
Operator
Equal
33.33.33.0
255.255.255.0
None
Source Port Operator None
Destination Port
Operator
None
FIGURE 12.8 OUTPUT SHOWING PARAMETERS FOR TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)
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An example showing the third type of traffic control is given in Figure 12.8. The network administrator wants to
prioritize the access to his web server. He also wants to prioritize e-mail sent by his SMTP server, but the
priority should be lower. All other traffic should have the lowest priority. For web server access, the important
flow direction is not the user requests, but rather the data requested. The traffic control rule must be placed on
link 2. In the case of e-mail, the important flow is the data leaving the e-mail server, and not the
acknowledgements back. This is also governed by link 2. (Note: flow control could be placed on the data
request packets and the SMTP acknowledgements by associating rules to link 1.)
E-mail Server
Port: Any
Web Server
PR2000
Link 2
Port: 80
Link 1
INTERNET
Port: 25 (SMTP)
Port: Any
E-mail Server
Web Client
FIGURE 12.9 TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 2
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The configured rules will appear as shown in the following listing.
Rules Lists
Rule List Rule
Default List
Linked
Name
Status Scope
Type
Rule
List
web_access Enabled
Filter_list Name web_access
Rule 0
Traffic
Rule 1
Status
Enabled
1
0%
0
TCP
None
None
Status
Enabled
2
0%
Flow priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
Source IP Operator
Destination IP
Operator
Flow Priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
Source IP Operator
Destination IP
Operator
0
TCP
None
None
Source Port Operator Equal
Source Port Operator None
Source Port Start
80
Destination Port
Operator
Equal
Destination Port
Operator
None
Destination Port
Start
SMTP
FIGURE 12.10 OUTPUT SHOWING PARAMETERS FOR TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 2
Note that for this type of traffic control, of the traffic-specific parameters only Flow Priority is used. The
Reserved Bandwidth and Bandwidth Priority parameters are not important. A system needing all three is
conceivable, but much too complicated to show in this manual.
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CHAPTER 13 IPX (INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE)
IPX is an alternative to IP, proprietary to Novell. When IPX is activated, many new menus appear to allow
configuration of this type of network. IP and IPX can both be active in the router simultaneously, and an
interface can have both IP and IPX traffic passing through it. IPX is not discussed in the other chapters of this
manual to avoid confusion for those who are using IP.
Server Named “Colombo”
Novell Network Management Station
Mac Address: 00: 60: 2E: 00: 11: 11
Internal Network Number: 00000003
IPX Network
Number: 00A0B000
PR2000
Static Route
ETH0
Internal Network
Number: 00000001
Slot 1
IPXWAN Network
Number: 00B0C000
PR3000
Windows Network with
Network Number: 00010001
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
Internal Network
Number: 00000002
Mac Address: 00: 60: 2E: 00: 11: 00
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
FIGURE 13.1 IPX NETWORK EXAMPLE
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Enabling IPX
The first step is to activate the IPX feature in the router. This is accomplished using the menu option ADMIN
=>ENABLE FEATURES => IPX. The IPX protocol must also be activated in the menu CONFIG =>IPX =>
GENERAL. In this menu, the Internal Network Number (the unique number assigned to the router) and the
Maximum Number of Hops must be defined. The maximum number of hops defines how many routers can be
on the path from this router to the destination of any packet sent through this interface.
Configuring the Ethernet Interface
The example in Figure 13.1 will be used to explain the remaining parameters that must be configured. The
Ethernet interface for the PR2000 is examined first. In the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE => ETHERNET =>
ENCAPSULATION, the Ethernet interface must be activated. The MAC address should be correct, as it is
preset at the factory. For IPX, the Encapsulation parameter should be set according to the value used by the
servers on the network..
In the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE => ETHERNET => NETWORK PROTOCOL => IPX, the protocol should
be activated and the LAN Network Number (00A0B000 in the example) set. All other parameters are explained
in chapter 5.
Configuring Other Interfaces
This stage depends on which board is occupying slot 1 and which encapsulation will be used. Each
encapsulation option will be discussed separately. Read the chapter describing the configuration for the
appropriate interface, consulting this section for details on IPX-specific parameters.
PPP
The parameters for the PPP data-link protocol are discussed in chapter 8. Only the parameters particular to
the IPX protocol will be described here. The are located in the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. The first parameter is the IPXWAN Network Number, shown in Figure 13.1 as
00B0C000. IPX Compression can be enabled, and if so the Number of Compression Slots determined. If
enabled, it must be used on both sides of the link (both routers in Figure 13.1) in order for the link to work.
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The parameter Send SAP Update can be set to Demand, Periodic, or None. This parameter affects both SAP
and RIP. Periodic causes the router to send these messages every minute, while choosing Demand will cause
the router to send messages only when a message request is received.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay parameters are explained in chapter 8. The IPX-protocol-specific parameters are the same as
those described in the preceding section, but are located in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE
=><INTERFACE> =>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY => <ESC> => ADD DLCI.
X.25
X.25 is explained in chapter 8. The IPX-protocol-specific parameters are the same as those described in the
PPP section, but are located in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE> =>ENCAPSULATION
=>X25 => <ESC> => ADD DTE.
Routing
Routing can be done statically, by configuring static routes, or dynamically using RIP. RIP is described in
chapter 9. To create a static route, as shown in Figure 13.1, navigate to the menu CONFIG => STATIC
ROUTES => IPX =>ADD ROUTE. The parameters for the system shown in the example are the following:
Add IPX Static Route Menu CONFIG => STATIC ROUTES => IPX =>ADD ROUTE
Parameter
Value for the Example
Destination Network 00010001
Number
Interface
Slot 1
Next Hop Node
Number of Hops
Number of Ticks
00602e001100
1 (one router is between the router being configured and the network to be reached)
1 (related to the time necessary to reach the network)
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The routing table is displayed by the menu option INFO => SHOW ROUTING TABLE => IPX. For the example,
and using only the static route created above, the routing table appears as in Figure 13.2.
Destination Interface/ Subinterface/ hops ticks Type
Remote address
00000001
00A0B000
00010001
00B0C000
0
0
1
1
1
1
PrimaryNet
Connected
Static
Ethernet
Slot1 Node 00602E001100 1
Slot1
0
Connected
FIGURE 13.2 ROUTING TABLE FOR THE EXAMPLE
The SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) Table
In Novell networks, a given server can provide various services. In order for the router to identify these
servers, their locations and services are entered into a SAP table in the router. This is done using the menu
CONFIG =>IPX => SAP TABLE. The parameters for each entry are shown in the table.
SAP Table Menu CONFIG =>IPX => SAP TABLE
Parameter
Description
Service Type
Service this server offers. ? provides a list of valid codes. For the server Columbo, in
the example, this code is 0166.
In the example, the name is Columbo.
00000003
Server Name
Service Network
Number
Server Node
Server Socket
Number
00602e001111
? provides a list of valid codes.
Number of Hops
Number of routers between this router and the server. 0 in the example.
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CHAPTER 14 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONFIGURATION
The Virtual Private Network utility can be used on any link using IP routing. It is used to provide greater
security between two or more networks connected through a public communications network. The basic
concepts are presented in Figure 14.1. An IP datagram is sent by a device on the LAN. The message arrives
at the router. The router has two tables. One with all the IP addresses contained in the Local Security Network
and another with all the IP addresses in the Remote Security Networks. If the source IP address is contained
in the Local Security Network list and the destination IP address is contained in the Remote Security Network
list, the message is encrypted and encapsulated. The only destination address is that for the remote gateway
(defined in the Remote Security Network list). Upon arrival at the remote gateway, the packet is unwrapped
and sent to its destination.
Message
Message
PC
PC
Local
Gateway
Remote
Gateway
IP Datagram
sent by user
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Header
PR4000
Header
PR3000
Message
Message
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options and Data
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options and Data
Public
Network
As sent by
local Gateway
As received by
remote Gateway
Header with destination:
remote security gateway
IP Address
Header with destination:
remote security gateway
IP Address
Conversion
performed by Router
with Cyclades’ VPN
Encrypted IP Datagram
Encrypted IP Datagram
FIGURE 14.1 CONVERSION PERFORMED BY CYCLADES’ VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK UTILITY
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An example showing a local security network and two remote security networks is shown in Figure 14.2. The
PR2000 in the local security network will be configured step by step. (Which network is considered local and
which network is considered remote depends on the router being configured.)
STEP ONE
The Virtual Private Network Utility must be Enabled in the ADMIN =>ENABLE FEATURES =>VPN menu before
it can be used. Navigate to this menu and enter the password supplied by Cyclades to activate VPN.
STEP TWO
Link 1 of the PR3000 (RSG3) should be fully configured and operational before beginning the VPN
configuration. Each router has an IP address (with optional secondary IP addresses) for each numbered
interface. In addition, each router has a Router IP Address which is one of the interface IP addresses. This
router IP address is used whenever a single IP address is needed to identify the router. It is critical that each
router being used as a remote security gateway have this parameter defined. It is NOT defined automatically.
Navigate to CONFIG =>IP =>ROUTER IP and confirm that this parameter has been defined and is set to the
value desired. An address that can be routed on the internet is generally used.
The Router IP Addresses for the other Remote Security Gateways (RSG1 and RSG2 in
Important!!
the example) must also be known before beginning the configuration of RSG3.
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REMOTE SECURITY NETWORK 1
Router
IP:10..255.255.0
Link 1
IP: 50.50.50.1
RSG1
PR4000
LOCAL SECURITY NETWORK
IP: 10.0.0.0
Router IP Address:
9.9.9.1
RSG3 - Remote
Security Gateway
IP Network
Router
Link 1
IP: 70.70.70.1
Link 2
IP: 190.190.190.1
REMOTE SECURITY NETWORK 2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
ETH0
Link 1
IP: 20.20.20.1
IP:172.16.0.0
PR3000
Router IP Address:
190.190.190.1
RSG2
PR2000
IP:192.168.0.0
Router IP Address:
20.20.20.1
FIGURE 14.2 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK EXAMPLE
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STEP THREE
Use the menu item INFO =>SHOW ROUTING TABLE to confirm that the other Remote Security Gateways
(RSGs), and all the networks included in the Remote Security Networks, are reachable. In the example, this
would require that all of the following appear in RSG3’s routing table:
• RSG1 router IP address: 9.9.9.1
• Network connected to RSG1 that will be included in Remote Security Network 1: 10.255.255.0
• RSG2 router IP address: 20.20.20.1
• Network connected to RSG2 that will be included in Remote Security Network 2: 192.168.0.0
These IP addresses should appear as a destination or be contained in one of the destination networks listed in
the routing table. If an address is not in the routing table, add it following the instructions given in chapter 9 for
static routes.
STEP FOUR
The next step is to define the devices contained in the Local Security Network. Navigate to the menu CONFIG
=>SECURITY =>VPN =>LOCAL IP NETWORKS =>ADD NETWORK. Enter the Network IP address and mask
for all devices to be included in the local network for VPN purposes. In the example, the networks 10.0.0.0 and
172.16.0.0 must be added.
Traffic from other networks attached to the router will still be routed. The only difference is that the
messages will be forwarded without processing and encryption by the VPN software.
STEP FIVE
The Gateways (represented by RSG1 and RSG2 in the example) must be defined. The Router IP address for
each gateway is requested, along with a secret. This secret is not global, but rather applies to each pair of
RSGs. If RSG3 defines the secret for RSG1 as rumpelstiltskin, then RSG1’s secret for RSG3 must also be
rumpelstiltskin. It is critical that the Router IP Address (as described in step two) be used, and not the IP
address of the link connected to the IP network (unless the two IP addresses happen to be the same).
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STEP SIX
Now, the Remote Security Networks must be defined. This is done in the CONFIG =>SECURITY =>VPN
=>REMOTE IP NETWORKS =>ADD NETWORK menu. The IP address and network mask must be defined for
all remote devices to be included in the remote network for VPN communication. The Remote Security
Gateway IP address (set in step five) must also be given for each network. In the example, the RSG IP
address for the network 10.255.255.0 is 9.9.9.1, and the RSG IP address for the network 192.168.0.0 is
20.20.20.1.
STEP SEVEN
The last step is to activate VPN and configure the VPN options. Be aware that after activating VPN on the local
network, data sent to the remote network will not be forwarded until VPN is configured and activated on that
network too. The VPN Options Menu parameters should be set using the guidelines given below. The options
should be defined identically for all Remote Security Gateways in a VPN.
VPN Options Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>VPN =>OPTIONS
Parameter
Description
Cyclades VPN Status Activates the Virtual Private Network. Warning: until VPN is activated on both ends of
a given tunnel, all traffic will halt.
Tunnel Keepalive
Timeout
Tunnel Keepalive
Retries
Keepalive messages are sent across each tunnel with this frequency, to make sure
that the router on the other end of the connection is operating.
If a keepalive message reply is not received, the router sends the request again this
number of times.
Tunnel Inactivity
Timeout
If no messages are passed for this time period (keepalive messages not included), the
tunnel will be disconnected.
Time Interval for VPN This is the time between retries (for either tunnel creation or keepalive requests that
Retries are not acknowledged).
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APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING
What to Do if the Login Screen Does Not Appear When Using a Console.
1 Check the configuration of the terminal. The correct values are given in chapter 2.
2 Check to see if the router booted correctly. Before the login screen appears, boot messages should
appear on the screen. If the system halts while booting, the last message on the screen should give an
indication of what went wrong.
3 While the router is booting, the LEDs labeled CPU, Tx, Rx and GP indicate the stage of the boot process,
as shown in Figure A.1. When the router has started up properly, the CPU LED blinks consistently one
second on, one second off.
Test CPU
1
2
3
Boot Code step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
On
On
On
On
Off Off On Boot Code CRC check
Off On Off Configuration vector load
Off On On DRAM test
On Off Off Flash memory - Configuration validation
On Off On Flash memory - Code validation
On On Off Interface cards detection
On On On Ethernet port detection
Off Off Off Real Time Clock test
Off Off On Boot code selection
Off On Off Load of the operating code
Off On On Control is being passed to the operating code
10
11
FIGURE A.1 ILLUMINATION OF LEDS WHILE ROUTER IS BOOTING.
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What to Do if the Router Does Not Work or Stops Working.
1 Check that the cables are connected correctly and firmly (see chapter 2, What is in the Box, for correct
cable connection information).
2 Confirm that the Link LED is lit, indicating proper Ethernet cable termination. If it is not lit, check both ends
of the Ethernet cable and the hub connection.
3 Confirm that the CPU LED is blinking consistently one second on, one second off. If this is not the case,
see figure A.2 for an interpretation of the blink pattern.
Event
CPU LED Morse code
S (short, short, short...)
L (long, long, long, ...)
Normal Operation
Flash Memory Error – Code
Flash Memory Error – Configuration S, L
Ethernet Error
S, S, L
No Interface Card Detected
Network Boot Error
Real-Time Clock Error
S, S, S, L
S, S, S, S, L
S, S, S, S, S, L
FIGURE A.2 CPU LED CODE INTERPRETATION
4 Make sure any external modem, DSU/CSU, or interface equipment is properly connected and that the
interface configuration is correct. Many cables, for example, have a DB-25 connector, but are not
interchangeable. Which cable is used for which type of modem is given in chapter 2.
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Testing the Ethernet Interface
After configuring the Ethernet interface, return to the main menu using the <ESC> key as many times as is
necessary. Save the configuration to flash memory (the operating system will ask how to save the
configuration on the way back to the main menu). The simplest way to test the link is by using the ping
application. From the main menu, choose APPLICATIONS =>PING. Enter the IP number of a host on the
network for the HOST parameter and accept the preset values for the rest of the parameters. The output on
the screen should appear as shown below.
Host [host00] : 200.246.93.37
packet size (number from 32 to 1600) [32] :
count (0 if forever or 1 to 30000) [5] :
interval in ms (20 to 60000) [1000] :
PING 200.246.93.37 (200.246.93.37): 32 data bytes
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=1 ttl=127 time=1.96 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=2 ttl=127 time=1.02 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=3 ttl=127 time=0.99 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=4 ttl=127 time=0.99 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=5 ttl=127 time=0.98 ms
--- 200.246.93.37 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.98/1.19/1.96 ms
Pinging the router from a host on the network should give similar results. If the test fails, confirm that the link
LED is lit and that the IP Address and Subnet Mask parameters in the Network Protocol menu are correct for
the network to which the router is attached. The command CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>L will
display the current values of the interface parameters.
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Testing the WAN Interfaces
The WAN interface can be tested using ping as described in the previous section. If the ping is not successful,
check the routing table to see if a route to the destination exists (INFO =>SHOW ROUTING TABLE). The
menu items INFO =>SHOW STATISTICS =>SWAN and INFO =>SHOW STATUS =>SWAN may also provide
useful information.
If the router does not seem to be working properly, and none of the above advice has located the problem, the
hardware interfaces should be tested. This will determine if the problem is hardware, software, or configuration
related.
This test will be between the two SWAN interfaces.
1 Connect the cable labeled “cross” between the two interfaces to be tested.
2 Choose DEBUG =>HARDWARE TESTS =>NEW RUN-IN from the menu. Test options for each interface
are shown. Choose Yes for the two SWAN RSV interfaces and No for all other tests. Let the test run for a
while. Pressing “G” will show the General Statistics Table (Figure A.3).
INTERFACE
STATUS
BYTES
PACKETS
REMOTE
Slt Prt Board H Lp E%% S Sent Recv Sent Recv Slt Prt Name
1 1 SWAN M 0 0.00 D 1512 1466 4
2 1 SWAN S 0 0.00 D 1833 1510 5
4
4
2 1 LOCAL
1 1 LOCAL
FIGURE A.3 GENERAL STATISTICS TABLE.
• The first three columns show which interfaces are being tested.
• The H column shows which board is master and which is slave.
• The LP column indicates how many test loops have been completed.
• The E%% column shows how many errors per 1000 packets have occurred.
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• The S column reveals the stage of the test at the time the table was created — D = data transfer, S =
synchronization.
• The next 4 columns indicate bytes and packets sent and received.
• The last three columns indicate the port with which the interface is communicating.
The test should be run until at least one test loop (LP = 1) has completed. More loops can be run if
errors appear, to determine if the errors repeat or are just an artifact of the test procedure. If there
is a hardware defect, the value in the E%% column will be large.
Below the General Statistics Table, the time in test and total errors are indicated. If an error occurs, typing “E”
will show an Error Table with information about the error. Typing “S” will show a Status Table, indicating the
profile being tested at the time “S” was pressed. This does not supply information that can be interpreted by a
user.
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LEDs
The LEDs on the PR1000’s case display the following information:
• Power - Lit when the PR1000 is turned on.
• 10BT - Lit when the Ethernet link is being used for a fast Ethernet connection.
• Col - Indicates collisions on the LAN.
• Link - Lit when the Ethernet link is correctly terminated.
• TX - Indicates transmission of data to the LAN.
• RX - Indicates data received from the LAN.
• CPU - A steady one second on, one second off blinking pattern indicates that the CPU is working correctly.
Other blinking patterns are described in Figure A.2.
• 1 - Indicates transmission of data through the SWAN 1 Port
• 2 - Indicates transmission of data through the Asynchronous Port
• 3 - Indicates transmission of data through the SWAN 2 Port
Cyclades - PR2000
Power
10BT Col. Link TX
RX
CPU
1
2
3
Ethernet
System
FIGURE A.4 FRONT PANEL
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APPENDIX B HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
General Specifications
The Cyclades-PR2000 power requirements and environmental restrictions are listed in Figure B.1.
Power Requirements (external DC adapter)
Input voltage range
Input frequency range
Environmental Conditions
Operating temperature
Relative humidity
90-264 VAC, 13W
47/63 Hz, single phase
32º to 112º F (Oº to 44º Celsius)
5% to 95%, non-condensing
Altitude
Operating
10,000 feet max. (3000 m)
Physical Specifications
External dimensions
Safety
8.5"w x 8"D x 1.6"H
FCC Class A, CE class A
FIGURE B.1 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
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External Interfaces
The WAN Interfaces
The WAN interfaces are provided on a DB-25 female connector. The pinout diagram is not shown here, as it
depends on which protocol (RS-232, V.25 or X.21) is configured. Please see the pinout diagrams for the
cables used for each protocol to determine the signals on the interface.
FIGURE B.2 SERIAL WAN INTERFACE - DB-25 FEMALE
The LAN Interface
ETHERNET PORT
Pin
1
2
3
4
Ethernet Signal
TPTX+
TPTX-
TPRX+
N.C.
1
8
5
N.C.
6
TPRX-
N.C.
N.C.
7
8
FIGURE B.3 10/100 BASE-T ETHERNET INTERFACE - RJ-45 FEMALE
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Cyclades-PR2000
The Asynchronous Interface
ASYNCHRONOUS PORT
Signal
RTS
DTR
Pin
1
1
8
2
3
TxD
4
Ground
CTS
RxD
5
6
7
DCD
DSR
8
FIGURE B.4 ASYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE - RJ-45 FEMALE
The Console Interface
CONSOLE PORT
Pin
1
2
RS-232 Signal
RTS
DTR
1
8
3
TX
4
5
6
Ground
CTS
RX
7
8
DCD
DSR
FIGURE B.5 CONSOLE INTERFACE - RJ-45 FEMALE
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Cables
The Straight-Through Cable
Straight-Through Cable
DB-25 Male
Cyclades Router
DB-25 Male
DCE / DTE
Signal Pin
Pin Signal
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
TxClk_DTE 15
RxClk 17
DTR 20
15 TxClk_DTE
17 RxClk
20 DTR
RI 22
TxClk_DCE 24
22 RI
24 TxClk_DCE
FIGURE B.6 STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE - DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
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DB-25 - M.34 Adaptor
Female
Retention
Screw
DB-25 Female
Signal Pin
M.34 Male
Pin Signal
PGnd
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
1
4
5
6
7
8
A
C
D
E
B
F
PGnd
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
DCD
Male
Retention
Screw
TxD/V.35 (B) 11
TxD/V.35 (A) 12
RxD/V.35 (B) 13
S
P
T
TxD (B)
TxD (A)
RxD (B)
RxD (A)
Female
Retention
Screw
RxD/V.35 (A) 14
R
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (B) 16
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (A) 18
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (B) 19
DTR 20
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (A) 21
RxClk V.35 (A) 23
RxClk V.35 (B) 25
AA TxClk_DTE (B)
Y
W
H
U
V
TxClk_DTE (A)
TxClk_DCE (B)
DTR
TxClk_DCE (A)
RxClk (A)
RxClk (B)
X
FIGURE B.7 DB-25 - M.34 ADAPTOR - DB-25 FEMALE TO M.34 MALE
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The ASY/Modem Cable
ASY/MODEM
PR2000
RJ-45 / 8 pins
Modem
(DB-25)
DB-25 Male
ASY/Modem
Cable
Signal Pin
Pin Signal
TxD
RxD
DTR
CTS
RTS
DCD
DSR
Gnd
3
6
2
5
1
7
8
4
2
3
20
5
4
8
TxD
RxD
DTR
CTS
RTS
DCD
DSR
Gnd
RJ-45
6
7
FIGURE B.8 ASY/MODEM CABLE - RJ-45 TO DB-25 MALE
The Cross Cable
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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Cyclades-PR2000
Cross Cable
DB-25 Male
Signal Pin
DB-25 Male
Pin Signal
PGnd
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
2
4
5
7
8
PGnd
RxD
TxD
RTS
CTS
Gnd
DCD
7
8
Gnd
DCD
20
6
20 DTR
DSR
DTR
DSR
6
11
13
12
14
15
17
24
16
25
19
18
23
21
13 RxD V.35 + (B)
11 TxD V.35 + (B)
14 RxD V.35 - (A)
12 TxD V.35 - (A)
24 TxD V.35 - (A)
17 RxClk
RxD V.35 + (B)
TxD V.35 + (B)
TxD V.35 - (A)
RxD V.35 - (A)
TxClk_DTE (A)
RxClk
15 TxClk DCE
TxClk_DCE
TxClk_DTE V.35 + (B)
RxClk V.35 + (B)
TxClk DCE V.35 - (B)
TxClk_DTE V.35 - (A)
RxClk V.35 - (A)
TxClk DCE V.35 - (A)
19 TxClk_DCE V.35 + (B)
25 RxClk V.35 + (B)
16 TxClk DTE V.35 - (B)
21 TxClk_DCE V.35 - (A)
13 RxClk V.35 - (A)
18 TxClk DTE V.35 - (A)
FIGURE B.9 CROSS CABLE - DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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Cyclades-PR2000
DB-25 Loopback Connector
DB-25 Male
2
3
4
5
8
20
11
13
12
14
15
17
24
16
19
25
18
21
23
FIGURE B.10 LOOPBACK CONNECTOR - DB-25 MALE
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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133
Cyclades-PR2000
APPENDIX C CONFIGURATION WITHOUT A CONSOLE
When a terminal or PC is not available for use as a console, the router has a special feature that allows
configuration of the Ethernet interface from any PC on the LAN. The router “adopts” the destination IP address
of the first non-UDP packet received from the LAN and accepts the connection. (After configuration of the
Ethernet interface, with or without a console, the remaining configuration can be done via telnet.)
It is recommended that a console be used for the initial configuration of the router, due to the
hardware and software diagnostic messages given on the console screen. If a console is not
available, follow the instructions in this appendix to configure the Ethernet interface.
Requirements
The router must be set to the factory default. If the router is being moved from one location to another, the
configuration should be reset using the menu option ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION =>FACTORY
DEFAULTS before the router is moved.
Procedure
1 Edit the ARP table of the PC in the LAN and associate the MAC address of the router (affixed to the
underside of the router) to the IP address for the interface. In Unix and Microsoft Windows systems, the
command to manipulate the ARP table is something similar to arp -s <IP address> <MAC address>. In
Unix, type “man arp” for help. In Microsoft Windows, type “arp /?”for information about this
command.
2 Telnet to the IP address specified above. The router will receive the packet because of the modified ARP
table and use the IP address for its Ethernet interface.
3 The new IP address is saved only in run memory. The configuration must be explicitly saved to flash using
the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Do this now.
4 The Ethernet and other interfaces can now be configured using the telnet session established.
If the connection fails or if the link goes down before the IP address is saved to flash, a console must be used.
Appendix C - Configuration Without a Console
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Cyclades-PR2000
Index
B
Hot Keys
O
esc - moving between menus
16
L - list current configuration 16
Backup Link
configuration 35
Bandwidth Reservation 105
Boot Messages 120
Open Shortest Path First, see OSPF
OSPF 69
areas 70
autonomous system 70
virtual links 75
I
C
IP Bridges 43
IP Filter Rules 96
P
Cables
parallel 13
Problem Resolution 120
L
Router MD/V.35 13
with a DB-25 connector 121
Connection to an Internet Access
Provider 19
Cyclades
ftp site 10
Lan-to-Lan 27
LEDs
CPU LED 120, 121
definitions 124
illumination while booting 120
link LED 121
R
Reserved IP Addresses 90
RIP
interface configuration 68
Routing Protocol
RIP, see RIP
telephones 10
CyROS menus 14
Load Backup 38
Rules Lists 96
Run Configuration 16
M
E
Memory, flash 16
Menu Navigation 14
Multilink Circuits 36
S
Ethernet
testing the interface 122
Saving Changes
to flash 16
F
to flash at a later time 16
to run configuration 16
Service Prioritization 106
SNMP
and IP accounting 89
Static Routes 24
SWAN Interface 45
N
Flash Memory 16
Frame Relay 27
DLCI 31
NAT 19, 90
Navigation 14
Network Address Translation,
see NAT
H
Hardware Tests 123
testing 123
Index
135
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Cyclades Australia
Phone: +61 7 3279 4320
Fax: +61 7 3279 4393
www.au.cyclades.com
Cyclades South America
Phone: 55-11-5033-3333
Fax: 55-11-5033-3388
www.cyclades.com.br
Cyclades Corporation
41829 Albrae Street
Fremont, CA 94538 - USA
Phone: (510) 770-9727
Fax: (510) 770-0355
www.cyclades.com
Cyclades Italy
Phone: +39 329 0990451
Cyclades Philippines
Phone: (632) 813-0353
Fax: (632) 655-2610
www.ph.cyclades.com
Cyclades UK
Cyclades Germany
Phone: +49 (0)81 22 90 99-90
Fax: +49 (0)81 22 90 999-33
www.cyclades.de
Phone: +44 1724 277179
Fax: +44 1724 279981
www.uk.cyclades.com
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