Analog Devices Automobile SSM2166 User Manual

Microphone Preamplifier with  
a
Variable Compression and Noise Gating  
SSM2166*  
FEATURES  
20 dB; this gain is in addition to the variable gain in other com-  
Complete Microphone Conditioner in a 14-Lead Package  
Single +5 V Operation  
Adjustable Noise Gate Threshold  
Compression Ratio Set by External Resistor  
Automatic Limiting Feature—Prevents ADC Overload  
Adjustable Release Time  
Low Noise and Distortion  
Power-Down Feature  
20 kHz Bandwidth (؎1 dB)  
pression settings. The input buffer can also be configured for front-  
end gains of 0 dB to 20 dB. A downward expander (noise gate)  
prevents amplification of noise or hum. This results in opti-  
mized signal levels prior to digitization, thereby eliminating the  
need for additional gain or attenuation in the digital domain  
that could add noise or impair accuracy of speech recognition  
algorithms. The compression ratio and time constants are set  
externally. A high degree of flexibility is provided by the VCA  
Gain, Rotation Point, and Noise Gate adjustment pins.  
Low Cost  
The SSM2166 is an ideal companion product for audio codecs  
used in computer systems, such as the AD1845 and AD1847.  
The device is available in 14-lead SOIC and P-DIP packages,  
and guaranteed for operation over the extended industrial tempera-  
ture range of –40°C to +85°C. For similar features/performance  
in an 8-lead package, please refer to the SSM2165.  
APPLICATIONS  
Microphone Preamplifier/Processor  
Computer Sound Cards  
Public Address/Paging Systems  
Communication Headsets  
Telephone Conferencing  
Guitar Sustain Effects Generator  
Computerized Voice Recognition  
Surveillance Systems  
10  
RATIO = 10:1  
0
–10  
–20  
RATIO = 2:1  
Karaoke and DJ Mixers  
GENERAL DESCRIPTION  
The SSM2166 integrates a complete and flexible solution for  
conditioning microphone inputs in computer audio systems. It  
is also excellent for improving vocal clarity in communications  
and public address systems. A low noise voltage controlled  
amplifier (VCA) provides a gain that is dynamically adjusted by  
a control loop to maintain a set compression characteristic. The  
compression ratio is set by a single resistor and can be varied  
from 1:1 to over 15:1 relative to a user defined “rotation  
point;” signals above the rotation point are limited to prevent  
overload and eliminate “popping.” In the 1:1 compression set-  
ting the SSM2166 can be programmed with a fixed gain of up to  
RATIO = 1:1  
–30  
–40  
–50  
–60  
–70  
–60  
–50  
–40  
–30  
–20  
–10  
0
INPUT – dBu  
Figure 1. SSM2166 Compression and Gating Characteris-  
tics with 10 dB of Fixed Gain (The Gain Adjust Pin Can Be  
Used to Vary This Fixed Gain Amount)  
10F  
10F*  
R1 = 10k⍀  
+
+
V+  
5
3
4
14  
2.3k⍀  
VCA  
VCA  
BUF  
IN  
R
OUT  
2
V+  
1k⍀  
6
7
VCA GAIN  
ADJ  
BUFFER  
13  
V
1kVCA  
AUDIO  
+IN  
OUT  
500k⍀  
9
0.1F  
NOISE GATE  
SET  
LEVEL  
DETECTOR  
CONTROL  
17k⍀  
11  
R2 = 10k⍀  
SSM2166  
ROTATION  
POINT SET  
+
10  
25k⍀  
1F  
1
12  
8
COMPRESSION  
RATIO  
SET  
+
AVG  
CAP  
22F  
POWER  
DOWN  
*OPTIONAL  
GND  
*Patents pending.  
Figure 2. Functional Block Diagram and Typical Speech Application  
REV. A  
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and  
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its  
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties  
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or  
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.  
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.  
Tel: 781/329-4700  
Fax: 781/326-8703  
© Analog Devices, Inc., 1999  
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SSM2166  
PIN DESCRIPTION  
Pin #  
Mnemonic  
Function  
1
2
GND  
GAIN ADJUST  
Ground  
VCA Gain Adjust Pin. A resistor from this pin to ground sets the fixed gain of the VCA. To  
check the setting of this pin the compression pin (Pin 10) should be grounded for no com-  
pression. The gain can be varied from 0 dB to 20 dB. For 20 dB leave the pin open. For  
0 dB of fixed gain, a typical resistor value is approximately 1 k. For 10 dB of fixed gain, the  
resistor value is approximately 2 k–3 k. For resistor values < 1 k, the VCA can attenu-  
ate or mute. Refer to Figure 6.  
3
4
VCAIN  
VCAR  
VCA Input Pin. A typical connection is a 10 µF capacitor from the buffer output pin (Pin 5)  
to this pin.  
Inverting Input to the VCA. This input can be used as a nonground reference for the audio  
input signal (see application notes).  
5
6
BUF OUT  
–IN  
Input Buffer Amplifier Output Pin. Must not be loaded by capacitance to ground.  
Inverting Input to the Buffer. A 10 kfeedback resistor R1 from the buffer output Pin 5 to  
this input pin, and a resistor R2, from this pin through a 1 µF to ground gives gains of 6 dB  
to 20 dB for R2 = 10 kto 1.1 k.  
7
8
AUDIO +IN  
AVG CAP  
Input Audio Signal. The input signal should be ac-coupled (0.1 µF typical) into this pin.  
Detector Averaging Capacitor. A capacitor, 2.2 µF–22 µF, to ground from this pin is the  
averaging capacitor for the detector circuit.  
9
NOISE GATE SET  
Noise Gate Threshold Set Point. A resistor to V+ sets the level below which input signals are  
downward-expanded. For a 0.7 mV threshold, the resistor value is approximately 380 k.  
Increasing the resistor value reduces the threshold. See Figure 4.  
10  
11  
COMP RATIO SET  
ROTATION SET  
Compression Ratio Set Pin. A resistor to ground from this pin sets the compression ratio as  
shown in Figure 1. Figure 5 gives resistor values for various rotation points.  
Rotation Point Set Pin. This is set by a resistor to the positive supply. This resistor together  
with the gain adjust pin determines the onset of limiting. A typical value for this resistor is  
17K for a 100 mV “rotation point.” Increasing the resistor value reduces the level at which  
limiting occurs. Refer to Figure 9.  
12  
POWER DOWN  
Power-Down Pin. Connect to ground for normal operation. Connect to positive supply for  
power-down mode.  
13  
14  
OUTPUT  
V+  
Output Signal.  
Positive Supply, +5 V Nominal.  
PIN CONFIGURATION  
14  
13  
12  
11  
GND  
1
V+  
GAIN ADJUST 2  
OUTPUT  
3
4
5
6
POWER DOWN  
ROTATION SET  
VCA  
IN  
SSM2166  
TOP VIEW  
(Not to Scale)  
VCA  
R
10 COMP RATIO SET  
BUF OUT  
–IN  
NOISE GATE SET  
AVG CAP  
9
8
AUDIO +IN  
7
REV. A  
–3–  
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SSM2166  
20  
18  
16  
14  
12  
10  
8
0
–10  
–20  
–30  
–40  
–50  
–60  
–70  
COMP RATIO = 15:1  
COMP RATIO = 10:1  
COMP RATIO = 5:1  
COMP RATIO = 2:1  
T
= +25°C  
A
V+ = 5V  
R
= 100k⍀  
L
T
= +25°C  
A
V
= 100mV rms @ 1kHz  
IN  
V+ = 5V  
NOISE GATE SETTING 550V rms  
ROTATION POINT (PIN 11) 1V rms  
COMPRESSION RATIO = 1:1  
6
V
= 300mV rms @ 1kHz  
IN  
R
= 100k  
L
4
NOISE GATE SETTING 550µV rms  
ROTATION POINT 300mV rms  
GAIN ADJUST (PIN 2) = 1.25k⍀  
COMP RATIO = 1:1  
2
0
–80  
–80  
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30  
–70  
–60  
–50  
–40  
–30  
–20  
–10  
0
GAIN ADJUST RESISTOR – k⍀  
INPUT – dBu  
Figure 6. VCA Gain vs. RGAIN (Pin 2 to GND)  
Figure 3. Output vs. Input Characteristics  
5
100  
T
= +25°C  
A
T
= +25°C  
A
V+ = 5V  
COMPRESSION RATIO = 1:1  
NOISE GATE SETTING 550V rms  
ROTATION POINT 1V rms  
GAIN ADJUST (PIN 2) = 1.25k⍀  
V+ = 5V  
R
= 100k⍀  
L
COMPRESSION RATIO = 2:1  
ROTATION POINT 1V rms  
GAIN ADJUST (PIN 2) = 1.25k⍀  
10  
1
V
FREQUENCY = 1kHz  
IN  
R
= 10k⍀  
L
1
R
= 100k⍀  
L
0.1  
0.05  
0.1  
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650  
– k⍀  
0.01  
0.1  
INPUT VOLTAGE – V rms  
1
R
GATE  
Figure 7. THD+N (%) vs. Input (V rms)  
Figure 4. Noise Gate vs. RGATE (Pin 9 to V+)  
5
1
T
= +25°C  
A
V+ = 5V  
= 77.5mV rms @ 1kHz  
V
IN  
COMPRESSION RATIO = 1:1  
NOISE GATE SETTING 550V rms  
ROTATION POINT 1V rms  
COMPRESSION  
RATIO  
GAIN ADJUST (PIN 2) = 1.2k⍀  
MEASUREMENT FILTER BW : 22Hz TO 30kHz  
ROTATION POINT  
100mV rms  
1:1  
0
2:1  
5:1  
96  
10:1  
215  
15:1  
395  
12.5  
96  
96  
300mV rms  
1V rms  
0
0
12.5  
12.5  
215  
215  
395  
395  
0.1  
R
– k, TYPICAL  
COMP  
0.05  
20  
100  
1k  
10k  
30k  
FREQUENCY – Hz  
Figure 8. THD+N (%) vs. Frequency (Hz)  
Figure 5. Compression Ratio vs. RCOMP (Pin 10 to GND)  
–4–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
1.0  
–10  
–20  
–30  
–40  
R
R
R
R
= 0  
= 1.24k⍀  
= 500k⍀  
T
= +25°C  
COMP  
A
GAIN  
V+ = 5V  
= 100k⍀  
GATE  
R
L
= 1.74k⍀  
ROT  
COMPRESSION RATIO = 1:1  
NOISE GATE SETTING 550V rms  
GAIN ADJUST (PIN 2) = 1.25k⍀  
V+ = 5±1V p-p  
0.1  
–50  
–60  
–70  
–80  
V+ = 5±0.5V p-p  
0.01  
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90  
20  
100  
1k  
FREQUENCY – Hz  
10k  
30k  
R
RESISTOR – k⍀  
ROT PT  
Figure 10c. PSRR vs. Frequency  
Figure 9. Rotation Point vs. RROT PT (Pin 11 to V+)  
20mV  
5V  
1s  
100  
90  
100  
90  
T
= +25 C  
A
C
= 2.2F  
AVG  
10  
SYSTEM GAIN = 0dB  
= 10k⍀  
10  
T
= +25 C  
A
0%  
0%  
R
COMPRESSION RATIO = 15:1  
NOISE BW = 20kHz  
L
COMP RATIO = 1:1  
10s  
Figure 11. Small Signal Transient Response  
Figure 10a. Wideband Output Noise  
70  
60  
50  
40  
30  
20  
10  
0
G = 60dB  
G = 40dB  
200mV  
100  
90  
G = 20dB  
T
= +25 C  
A
C
= 2.2F  
AVG  
10  
SYSTEM GAIN = 0dB  
= 10k⍀  
ROTATION POINT = 1.13V rms  
NOISE GATE SETTING = 336V rms  
0%  
R
L
R
= 40k⍀  
= 400V rms  
COMP  
COMP RATIO = 1:1  
10s  
V
–10  
–20  
IN  
1k  
10k  
100k  
FREQUENCY – Hz  
1M  
Figure 10b. GBW Curves vs. VCA Gain  
Figure 12. Large Signal Transient Response  
REV. A  
–5–  
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SSM2166  
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION  
LIMITING  
REGION  
LIMITING  
THRESHOLD  
(ROTATION POINT)  
The SSM2166 is a complete microphone signal conditioning  
system on a single integrated circuit. Designed primarily for  
voiceband applications, this integrated circuit provides amplifi-  
cation, rms detection, limiting, variable compression, and down-  
ward expansion. An integral voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA)  
provides up to 60 dB of gain in the signal path with approxi-  
mately 30 kHz bandwidth. Additional gain is provided by an  
input buffer op amp circuit that can be set anywhere from 0 dB  
to 20 dB, for a total signal path gain of up to 80 dB. The device  
operates on a single +5 V supply, accepts input signals up to  
1 V rms, and produces output signal levels > 1 V rms (3 V p-p)  
into loads > 5 k. The internal rms detector has a time con-  
stant set by an external capacitor.  
COMPRESSION  
REGION  
DOWNWARD  
EXPANSION  
THRESHOLD  
(NOISE GATE)  
VCA GAIN  
1
r
DOWNWARD  
EXPANSION  
REGION  
1
1
V
V
RP  
DE  
INPUT – dB  
The SSM2166 contains an input buffer and automatic gain con-  
trol (AGC) circuit for audio- and voiceband signals. Circuit  
operation is optimized by providing a user-adjustable time con-  
stant and compression ratio. A downward expansion (noise gat-  
ing) feature eliminates circuit noise in the absence of an input  
signal. The SSM2166 allows the user to set the downward ex-  
pansion threshold, the limiting threshold (rotation point), input  
buffer fixed gain, and the internal VCA’s nominal gain at the ro-  
tation point. The SSM2166 also features a power-down mode  
and muting capability.  
Figure 13. General Input/Output Characteristics of the  
SSM2166  
The SSM2166 Signal Path  
Figure 14 illustrates the block diagram of the SSM2166. The  
audio input signal is processed by the input buffer and then  
by the VCA. The input buffer presents an input impedance  
of approximately 180 kto the source. A dc voltage of approxi-  
mately 1.5 V is present at AUDIO +IN (Pin 7 of the SSM2166),  
requiring the use of a blocking capacitor (C1) for ground-  
referenced sources. A 0.1 µF capacitor is a good choice for most  
audio applications. The input buffer is a unity-gain stable ampli-  
fier that can drive the low impedance input of the VCA.  
Theory of Operation  
Figure 13 illustrates a typical transfer characteristic for the  
SSM2166 where the output level in dB is plotted as a func-  
tion of the input level in dB. The dotted line indicates the  
transfer characteristic for a unity-gain amplifier. For input  
signals in the range of VDE (Downward Expansion) to VRP  
(Rotation Point) an “r” dB change in the input level causes a  
1 dB change in the output level. Here, “r” is defined as the  
“compression ratio.” The compression ratio may be varied  
from 1:1 (no compression) to over 15:1 via a single resistor,  
RCOMP. Input signals above VRP are compressed with a fixed  
compression ratio of approximately 15:1. This region of opera-  
tion is the “limiting region.” Varying the compression ratio has  
no effect on the limiting region. The breakpoint between the  
compression region and the limiting region is referred to as the  
“limiting threshold” or the “rotation point,” and is user-specified  
in the SSM2166. The term “rotation point” derives from the  
observation that the straight line in the compression region  
“rotates” about this point on the input/output characteristic as  
the compression ratio is changed.  
The VCA is a low distortion, variable-gain amplifier whose gain  
is set by the side-chain control circuitry. The input to the VCA  
is a virtual ground in series with approximately 1 k. An exter-  
nal blocking capacitor (C6) must be used between the buffer’s  
output and the VCA input. The 1 kimpedance between am-  
plifiers determines the value of this capacitor which is typically  
between 4.7 µF and 10 µF. An aluminum electrolytic capacitor  
is an economical choice. The VCA amplifies the input signal  
current flowing through C6 and converts this current to a volt-  
age at the SSM2166’s output pin (Pin 13). The net gain from  
input to output can be as high as 60 dB (without additional  
buffer gain), depending on the gain set by the control circuitry.  
The gain of the VCA at the rotation point is set by the value of a  
resistor connected between Pin 2 and GND, RGAIN. The rela-  
tionship between the VCA gain and RGAIN is shown in Figure 6.  
The AGC range of the SSM2166 can be as high as 60 dB. The  
VCAIN pin (Pin 3) on the SSM2166 is the noninverting input  
terminal to the VCA. The inverting input of the VCA is also  
available on the SSM2166’s Pin 4 (VCAR) and exhibits an input  
impedance of 1 k, as well. As a result, this pin can be used for  
differential inputs or for the elimination of grounding problems  
by connecting a capacitor whose value equals that used in series  
with the VCAIN pin, to ground. See Figure 22, SSM2166  
Evaluation Board for more details.  
The gain of the system with an input signal level of VRP is fixed  
by RGAIN regardless of the compression ratio, and is the “nomi-  
nal gain” of the system. The nominal gain of the system may be  
increased by the user via the onboard VCA by up to 20 dB. Ad-  
ditionally, the input buffer of the SSM2166 can be configured  
to provide fixed gains of 0 dB to 20 dB with R1 and R2.  
Input signals below VDE are downward expanded; that is, a –1 dB  
change in the input signal level causes approximately a –3 dB  
change in the output level. As a result, the gain of the system is  
small for very small input signal levels, even though it may be  
quite large for small input signals above of VDE. The downward  
expansion threshold, VDE, is set externally by the user via RGATE  
at Pin 9 (NOISE GATE). Finally, the SSM2166 provides an  
active HIGH, CMOS-compatible digital input whereby a  
power-down feature will reduce device supply current to less  
than 100 µA.  
The output impedance of the SSM2166 is typically less that  
75 , and the external load on Pin 13 should be >5 k. The  
nominal output dc voltage of the device is approximately 2.2 V.  
Use a blocking capacitor for grounded loads.  
The bandwidth of the SSM2166 is quite wide at all gain set-  
tings. The upper 3 dB point is approximately 30 kHz at gains as  
high as 60 dB (using the input buffer for additional gain, circuit  
–6–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
C6  
10F  
C7*  
10F  
V+  
14  
5
3
4
BUF  
VCA  
VCA  
OUT  
IN  
R1 = 10k⍀  
R
1k⍀  
1k⍀  
INPUT  
BUFFER  
OUTPUT  
13  
2
V
VCA  
OUT  
7
AUDIO  
+IN  
GAIN  
ADJUST  
V+  
0.1F  
R
GAIN  
SSM2166  
R2 = 10k⍀  
+
1F  
R
GATE  
NOISE  
GATE  
RMS  
LEVEL  
DETECTOR  
9
CONTROL  
CIRCUITRY  
ROTATION  
POINT  
R
ROT PT  
ADJUST  
11  
12  
POWER  
DOWN  
POWER  
DOWN  
AVG  
CAP  
COMPRESSION  
RATIO SET  
GND  
1
8
10  
C
AVG  
*OPTIONAL  
R
COMP  
2.2F  
GND  
Figure 14. Functional Block Diagram and Typical Application  
small signal. The attack time, the time it takes for the gain to be  
reduced when a small signal is followed by a large signal, is con-  
trolled partly by the AVG CAP value, but is mainly controlled  
by internal circuitry that speeds up the attack for large level  
changes. This limits overload time to under 1 ms in most cases.  
bandwidth is unaffected). The GBW plots are shown in Figure  
10b. The lower 3 dB cutoff frequency of the SSM2166 is set by  
the input impedance of the VCA (1 k) and C6. While the  
noise of the input buffer is fixed, the input referred noise of the  
VCA is a function of gain. The VCA input noise is designed to  
be a minimum when the gain is at a maximum, thereby optimiz-  
ing the usable dynamic range of the part. A photograph of the  
SSM2166’s wideband peak-to-peak output noise is illustrated in  
Figure 10b.  
The performance of the rms level detector is illustrated in Fig-  
ure 15 for a CAVG of 2.2 µF (Figure 15a) and 22 µF (Figure  
15b). In each of these photographs, the input signal to the  
SSM2166 (not shown) is a series of tone bursts in 6 successive  
10 dB steps. The tone bursts range from –66 dBV (0.5 mV rms)  
to –6 dBV (0.5 V rms). As illustrated in the photographs, the  
attack time of the rms level detector is dependent only on CAVG  
but the release times are linear ramps whose decay times are  
dependent on both CAVG and the input signal step size. The  
rate of release is approximately 240 dB/s for a CAVG of 2.2 µF,  
and 12 dB/s for a CAVG of 22 µF.  
The Level Detector  
The SSM2166 incorporates a full-wave rectifier and a patent-  
pending, true rms level detector circuit whose averaging time  
constant is set by an external capacitor connected to the AVG  
CAP pin (Pin 8). For optimal low frequency operation of the  
level detector down to 10 Hz, the value of the capacitor should  
be 2.2 µF. Some experimentation with larger values for the  
AVG CAP may be necessary to reduce the effects of excessive  
low frequency ambient background noise. The value of the aver-  
aging capacitor affects sound quality: too small a value for this  
capacitor may cause a “pumping effect” for some signals, while  
too large a value can result in slow response times to signal dy-  
namics. Electrolytic capacitors are recommended here for low-  
est cost and should be in the range of 2 µF to 47 µF. Capacitor  
values from 18 µF to 22 µF have been found to be more appro-  
priate in voiceband applications, where capacitors on the low  
end of the range seem more appropriate for music program  
material.  
,
100mV  
100  
6dBV  
90  
66dBV  
10  
85dBV  
0%  
100ms  
The rms detector filter time constant is approximately given by  
10•CAVG milliseconds where CAVG is in µF. This time constant  
controls both the steady-state averaging in the rms detector as  
well as the release time for compression; that is, the time it takes  
for the system gain to react when a large input is followed by a  
Figure 15a. RMS Level Detector Performance with  
CAVG = 2.2 µF  
REV. A  
–7–  
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SSM2166  
the rotation point may be varied from approximately 20 mV rms  
to 1 V rms. From the figure, the rotation point is inversely propor-  
tional to RROT PT. For example, a 1 kresistor would typically  
set the rotation point at 1 V rms, whereas a 55 kresistor would  
typically set the rotation point at approximately 30 mV rms.  
1S  
100mV  
100  
90  
6dBV  
Since limiting occurs for signals larger than the rotation point  
(VIN > VRP), the rotation point effectively sets the maximum  
output signal level. It is recommended that the rotation point  
be set at the upper extreme of the range of typical input signals  
so that the compression region will cover the entire desired in-  
put signal range. Occasional larger signal transients will then be  
attenuated by the action of the limiter.  
66dBV  
85dBV  
10  
0%  
Figure 15b. RMS Level Detector Performance with  
CAVG = 22 µF  
Control Circuitry  
The output of the rms level detector is a signal proportional to  
the log of the true rms value of the buffer output with an added  
dc offset. The control circuitry subtracts a dc voltage from this  
signal, scales it, and sends the result to the VCA to control the  
gain. The VCA’s gain control is logarithmic—a linear change in  
control signal causes a dB change in gain. It is this control law  
that allows linear processing of the log rms signal to provide the  
flat compression characteristic on the input/output characteristic  
shown in Figure 13.  
r:1  
VCA GAIN  
1
Compression Ratio. Changing the scaling of the control sig-  
nal fed to the VCA causes a change in the circuit’s compression  
ratio, “r.” This effect is shown in Figure 16. The compression  
ratio can be set by connecting a resistor between the COMP  
RATIO pin (Pin 10) and GND. Lowering RCOMP gives smaller  
compression ratios as indicated in Figure 5, with values of about  
17 kor less resulting in a compression ratio of 1:1. AGC per-  
formance is achieved with compression ratios between 2:1 and  
15:1, and is dependent on the application. A 100 kpotentiom-  
eter may be used to allow this parameter to be adjusted. On the  
evaluation board (Figure 22), an optional resistor can be used to  
set the compression equal to 1:1 when the wiper of the potenti-  
ometer is at its full CCW position.  
1
V
V
V
V
RP3  
DE  
RP1  
RP2  
INPUT – dB  
Figure 17. Effect of Varying the Rotation Point  
VCA Gain Setting and Muting. The maximum gain of the  
SSM2166 is set by the GAIN ADJUST pin (Pin 2) via RGAIN  
This resistor, with a range between 1 kand 20 k, will cause  
the nominal VCA gain to vary from 0 dB to approximately  
20 dB, respectively. To set the VCA gain to its maximum can  
also be achieved by leaving the GAIN ADJUST pin in an  
OPEN condition (no connect). Figure 18 illustrates the effect  
on the transfer characteristic by varying this parameter. For low  
level signal sources, the VCA should be set to maximum gain  
using a 20 kresistor.  
.
15:1  
5:1  
VCA GAIN  
2:1  
1:1  
r:1  
VCA GAIN  
1
1
V
V
RP  
DE  
1
INPUT – dB  
1
Figure 16. Effect of Varying the Compression Ratio  
V
V
RP  
DE  
INPUT – dB  
Rotation Point. An internal dc reference voltage in the control  
circuitry, used to set the rotation point, is user-specified, as il-  
lustrated in Figure 9. The effect on rotation point is shown in  
Figure 17. By varying a resistor, RROT PT, connected between the  
positive supply and the ROTATION POINT SET pin (Pin 11),  
Figure 18. Effect of Varying the VCA Gain Setting  
–8–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
The gain of the VCA can be reduced below 0 dB by making  
RGAIN smaller than 1 k. Switching Pin 2 through 330 or less  
to ground will mute the output. Either a switch connected to  
ground or a transistor may be used, as shown in Figure 19. To  
avoid audible “clicks” when using this MUTE feature, a capaci-  
tor (C5 in figure) can be connected from pin 2 to GND. The  
value of the capacitor is arbitrary and should be determined em-  
pirically, but a 0.01 µF capacitor is a good starting value.  
Power-Down Feature  
The supply current of the SSM2166 can reduced to under  
100 µA by applying an active HIGH, 5 V CMOS compatible  
input to the SSM2166’s POWER DOWN pin (Pin 12). In this  
state, the input and output circuitry of the SSM2166 will assume a  
high impedance state; as such, the potentials at the input pin  
and the output pin will be determined by the external circuitry  
connected to the SSM2166. The SSM2166 takes approximately  
200 ms to settle from a POWER-DOWN to POWER-ON com-  
mand. For POWER-ON to POWER-DOWN, the SSM2166  
requires more time, typically less than 1 s. Cycling the power  
supply to the SSM2166 can result in quicker settling times: the  
off-to-on settling time of the SSM2166 is less than 200 ms,  
while the on-to-off settling time is less than 1 ms. In either  
implementation, transients may appear at the output of the de-  
vice. In order to avoid these output transients, MUTE control  
of the VCA’s gain as previously mentioned should be used.  
SSM2166  
GAIN  
ADJUST  
2
330⍀  
R
C5  
GAIN  
MUTE  
(CLOSED SWITCH)  
PC Board Layout Considerations  
Since the SSM2166 is capable of wide bandwidth operation and  
can be configured for as much as 80 dB of gain, special care  
must be exercised in the layout of the PC board which contains  
the IC and its associated components. The following applica-  
tions hints should be considered and/or followed:  
NOTE: ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT DETAILS  
OMITTED FOR CLARITY.  
Figure 19. Details of SSM2166 Mute Option  
Downward Expansion Threshold. The downward expan-  
sion, or noise gate, threshold is determined via a second refer-  
ence voltage internal to the control circuitry. This second  
reference can be varied in the SSM2166 using a resistor, RGATE  
connected between the positive supply and the NOISE GATE  
SET pin (Pin 9) of the SSM2166. The effect of varying this  
threshold is shown in Figure 20. The downward expansion  
threshold may be set between 300 µV rms and 20 mV rms by  
varying the resistance value between Pin 9 and the supply volt-  
age. Like the ROTATION PT ADJUST, the downward expan-  
sion threshold is inversely proportional to the value of this  
resistance: setting this resistance to 1 Msets the threshold at  
approximately 250 µV rms, whereas a 10 kresistance sets the  
threshold at approximately 20 mV rms. This relationship is  
illustrated in Figure 4. A potentiometer network is provided on  
the evaluation board for this adjustment. In general, the down-  
ward expansion threshold should be set at the lower extreme of  
the desired range of the input signals, so that signals below this  
level will be attenuated.  
(1) In some high system gain applications, the shielding of in-  
put wires to minimize possible feedback from the output of the  
SSM2166 back to the input circuit may be necessary.  
,
(2) A single-point (“star”) ground implementation is recom-  
mended in addition to maintaining short lead lengths and PC  
board runs. The evaluation board layout shown in Figure 23 for  
the SSM2166 demonstrates the single-point grounding scheme.  
In applications where an analog ground and a digital ground are  
available, the SSM2166 and its surrounding circuitry should be  
connected to the system’s analog ground. As a result of these  
recommendations, wire-wrap board connections and grounding  
implementations are to be explicitly avoided.  
(3) The internal buffer of the SSM2166 was designed to drive  
only the input of the internal VCA and its own feedback net-  
work. Stray capacitive loading to ground from the BUFOUT pin  
in excess of 5 pF to 10 pF can cause excessive phase shift and  
can lead to circuit instability.  
(4) When using high impedance sources (5 k), system gains  
in excess of 60 dB are not recommended. This configuration is  
rarely appropriate, as virtually all high impedance inputs provide  
larger amplitude signals that do not require as much amplifica-  
tion. When using high impedance sources, however, it can be  
advantageous to shunt the source with a capacitor to ground at  
the input pin of the IC (Pin 7) to lower the source impedance at  
high frequencies, as shown in Figure 21. A capacitor with a value  
of 1000 pF is a good starting value and sets a low pass corner at  
31 kHz for 5 ksources. In those applications where the source  
ground is not as “clean” as would be desirable, a capacitor (illus-  
trated as C7 on the evaluation board) from the VCAR input to  
the source ground might prove beneficial. This capacitor is  
used in addition to the grounded capacitor (illustrated as C2 on  
the evaluation board) used in the feedback around the buffer,  
assuming that the buffer is configured for gain.  
r:1  
VCA GAIN  
1
1
V
V
DE2  
V
DE3  
RP  
INPUT – dB  
V
DE1  
Figure 20. Effect of Varying the Downward Expansion  
(Noise Gate) Threshold  
REV. A  
–9–  
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SSM2166  
The value of the C7 should be the same as C6, the capacitor  
value used between BUFOUT and VCAIN. This connection makes  
the source ground noise appear as a common-mode signal to the  
VCA, allowing the common-mode noise to be rejected by the  
VCA’s differential input circuitry. C7 can also be useful in  
reducing ground loop problems and in reducing noise coupling  
from the power supply by balancing the impedances connected  
to the inputs of the internal VCA.  
C1  
0.1F  
7
AUDIO IN  
(R > 5k)  
+IN  
S
C
X
SSM2166  
1000pF  
NOTE: ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT DETAILS  
OMITTED FOR CLARITY.  
SSM2166 Evaluation Board  
A schematic diagram of the SSM2166 evaluation board, avail-  
able upon request from Analog Devices, is illustrated in Figure  
22. As a design aid, the layouts for the topside silkscreen,  
topside and backside metallization layers are shown in Figures  
23a, b, and c. Although not shown to scale, the finished dimen-  
sion of the evaluation board is 3.5 inches by 3.5 inches, and  
comes complete with pin sockets and a sample of the SSM2166.  
Figure 21. Circuit Configuration for Use with High  
Impedance Signal Sources  
+V  
C3  
0.1F  
NOISE  
GATE  
ROTATION  
PT ADJ  
R3  
C6  
10F  
R12  
100k⍀  
R1  
10k⍀  
R4  
1k⍀  
R8  
R7  
1M⍀  
1k⍀  
50k⍀  
+
J3  
CW  
CW  
5
3
11  
14  
V+  
9
12  
VCA  
NOISE  
GATE  
ADJ  
BUF  
ROT PT.  
ADJ  
POWER  
DN  
IN  
OUT  
6
1
SSM2166  
–INPUT  
GND  
GAIN  
ADJUST  
COMP  
RATIO  
AVG  
CAP  
R2  
10k⍀  
VCA  
4
+INPUT  
7
OUTPUT  
R
2
10  
8
13  
5
C1  
C5  
0.01F  
+
0.1F  
+
C4  
MIC  
PWR  
C7  
10F  
R9  
1k⍀  
R11  
330⍀  
4
C2  
1F  
22F  
INPUT  
JACK  
1/8"  
COMP  
RATIO  
OP113  
R6  
100k⍀  
1
R10  
20k⍀  
GAIN  
ADJ  
PHONE  
CW  
3
MUTE  
SWITCH  
6
2
CW  
7
OUTPUT  
JACK  
RCA  
PHONO  
Figure 22. Evaluation Board  
–10–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
Figure 23a. Evaluation Board Topside Silkscreen  
(Not to Scale)  
Figure 23c. Evaluation Board Backside Metallization  
(Not to Scale)  
Signal sources are connected to the SSM2166 through a 1/8"  
phone jack where a 0.1 µF capacitor couples the input signal to  
the SSM2166’s +IN pin (Pin 7). As shown in Figure 22 and in  
microphone applications, the phone jack shield can be optionally  
connected to the board’s ground plane (Jumper J1 inserted into  
board socket pins labeled “1” and “2”) or to the SSM2166’s  
VCAR input at Pin 4 (Jumper J1 inserted into board socket pins  
labeled “1” and “3”). If the signal source is a waveform or  
function generator, the phone jack shield is to be connected  
to ground.  
For ease in making adjustments for all of the SSM2166’s con-  
figuration parameters, single-turn potentiometers are used  
throughout. Optional Jumper J2 connects the COMP RATIO  
pin to ground and sets the SSM2166 for no compression (that  
is, compression ratio = 1:1). Optional Jumper J3 connects the  
SSM2166’s POWER DOWN input to ground for normal opera-  
tion. Jumper J3 can be replaced by an open-drain logic buffer  
for a digitally-controlled shutdown function. An output signal  
MUTE function can be implemented on the SSM2166 by con-  
necting the GAIN ADJUST pin (Pin 2) through a 330 resis-  
tance to ground. This is provided on the evaluation board via  
R11 and S1. A capacitor C5, connected between Pin 2 and  
ground and provided on the evaluation board, can be used to  
avoid audible “clicks” when using the MUTE function.  
Figure 23b. Evaluation Board Topside Metallization  
(Not to Scale)  
To configure the SSM2166’s input buffer for gain, provisions for  
R1, R2, and C2 have been included. To configure the input  
buffer for unity-gain operation, R1 and R2 are removed, and a  
direct connection is made between the –IN pin (Pin 6) and the  
BUFOUT pin (Pin 5) of the SSM2166.  
The output stage of the SSM2166 is capable of driving > 1 V  
rms (3 V p-p) into > 5 kloads, and is externally available  
through an RCA phono jack provided on the board. If the out-  
put of the SSM2166 is required to drive a lower load resistance  
REV. A  
–11–  
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SSM2166  
or an audio cable, then the onboard OP113 can be used. To  
use the OP113 buffer, insert Jumper J4 into board socket pins  
labeled “4” and “5” and insert Jumper J5 into board socket pins  
labeled “6” and “7.” If the output buffer is not required, re-  
move Jumper J5 and insert Jumper J4 into board socket pins “5”  
and “7.” There are no blocking capacitors either on the input  
nor at the output of the buffer. As a result, the output dc level  
of the buffer will match the output dc level of the SSM2166,  
which is approximately 2.3 V. A dc blocking capacitor may be  
inserted on Pins 6 and 7. An evaluation board and setup proce-  
dure is available from your Analog Devices representative.  
Evaluation Board  
If you build your own breadboard, keep the leads to Pins 3, 4,  
and 5 short. A convenient evaluation board is available from  
your sales representative. The R and C designations refer to the  
demonstration board schematic of Figure 22 and parts list,  
Figure 28.  
Test Equipment Setup  
The recommended equipment and configuration is shown in  
Figure 26. A low noise audio generator with a smooth output  
adjustment range of 50 µV to 50 mV is a suitable signal source.  
A 40 dB pad would be useful to reduce the level of most genera-  
tors by 100× to simulate the microphone levels. The input volt-  
meter could be connected before the pad, and need only go  
down to 10 mV. The output voltmeter should go up to 2 volts.  
The oscilloscope is used to verify that the output is sinusoidal,  
that no clipping is occurring in the buffer, and to set the limiting  
and noise gating “knees.”  
Setup Procedure with Evaluation Board  
To illustrate how easy it is to program the SSM2166, we will  
take a practical example. The SSM2166 will be used interface  
an electret-type microphone to a post-amplifier. You can use  
the evaluation board or the circuit configuration shown in Figure  
22. The signal from the microphone was measured under actual  
conditions to vary from 1 mV to 15 mV. The post-amplifier  
requires no more than 500 mV at its input. The required gain  
from the SSM2166 is, therefore:  
SSM2166  
SIGNAL  
GENERATOR  
EVALUATION  
BOARD  
OSCILLOSCOPE  
GTOT = 20 × log (500/15) = 30 dB  
We will set the input buffer gain to 20 dB and adjust the VCA  
gain to 10 dB. The limiting or “rotation” point will be set at  
500 mV output. From prior experience, we will start with a 2:1  
compression ratio, and a noise gate threshold that operates be-  
low 100 µV. These objectives are summarized in Figure 24, and  
we will fine-tune them later on. The transfer characteristic we  
will implement is illustrated in Figure 25.  
AC  
AC  
VOLTMETER  
VOLTMETER  
Figure 26. Test Equipment Setup  
STEP 1. Configure the Buffer  
The SSM2166 has an input buffer that may be used when the  
overall gain required exceeds 20 dB, the maximum user-  
selectable gain of the VCA. In our example, the desired output  
is 500 mV for an input around 15 mV, requiring a total gain of  
30 dB. We will set the buffer gain at 20 dB, and adjust VCA  
for 10 dB. In the socket pins provided on the evaluation board,  
Insert R1 = 100 k, and R2 = 11 k. You have set the buffer  
gain to 20 dB (×10).  
INPUT RANGE  
OUTPUT RANGE  
LIMITING LEVEL  
COMPRESSION  
BUFFER GAIN  
VCA GAIN  
1-15 mV  
TO 500 mV  
500 mV  
2:1  
20 dB  
10 dB  
NOISE GATE  
100 V  
Figure 24. Objective Specifications  
STEP 2. Initialize Potentiometers  
With power off, preset the potentiometers per the table of Fig-  
ure 27 below.  
Note: the SSM2166 processes the output of the buffer, which in  
our example is 20 dB or ten times the input level. Use the oscil-  
loscope to verify that you are not driving the buffer into clipping  
with excessive input signals. In your application, you should  
take the minimum gain in the buffer consistent with the average  
source level as well as the crest factor (ratio of peak to rms).  
INITIAL  
INITIAL  
FUNCTION  
POT RANGE POSITION RESISTANCE  
EFFECT OF CHANGE  
GAIN ADJUST R10 0–20 k⍀  
(VCA)  
CCW  
ZERO  
0 dB; CW TO INCREASE  
VCA GAIN  
1 V; CW TO REDUCE  
ROTATION POINT  
ROTATION  
POINT  
R3 0–50 k⍀  
CCW  
CCW  
CW  
ZERO  
ZERO  
1 M⍀  
1:1; CW TO INCREASE  
COMPRESSION  
COMPRESSION R6  
RATIO  
0–100  
k⍀  
ROTATION POINT  
300 V; CCW TO  
INCREASE THRESHOLD  
NOISE GATE  
R7 0–1 M⍀  
500  
COMPRESSION  
REGION  
LIMITING REGION  
1
Figure 27. Initial Potentiometer Settings  
STEP 3. Test Setup  
With power on, adjust the generator for an input level of 15 mV,  
1 kHz. The output meter should indicate approximately 100 mV.  
If not, check your setup.  
2
40  
GATE THRESHOLD  
STEP 4. Adjusting the VCA Gain  
Set the input level to 15 mV. Adjust R10—GAIN ADJ CW for  
an output level of 500 mV. You have now set the VCA gain to  
10 dB.  
0.1  
1.0  
10  
INPUT – mV  
15  
Figure 25. Transfer Characteristic  
–12–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
STEP 9. Record Values  
STEP 5. Adjusting the Rotation Point  
With the power removed from the test fixture, measure and  
record the values of all potentiometers, including any fixed resis-  
tance in series with them. If you have changed the averaging  
capacitor, C4, note its value too.  
Set the input level to 15 mV, and observe the output on the os-  
cilloscope. Adjust R3—ROTATION PT ADJ CW until the  
output level just begins to drop, then reverse so that the output is  
500 mV. You have now set the limiting to 500 mV.  
STEP 6. Adjusting the Compression Ratio  
SUMMARY  
Set the input signal for an output of 500 mV but not in limiting.  
Note the value (around 15 mV). Next, reduce the input to 1/10  
the value noted, (around 1.5 mV), for a change of –20 dB. Next,  
adjust R6—COMP RATIO CW until the output is 160 mV, for  
an output change of –10 dB. You have now set the compression,  
which is the ratio of output change to input change, in dB, to 2:1.  
We have implemented the transfer condition of Figure 2. For  
inputs below the 100 µV noise gate threshold, circuit and back-  
ground noise will be minimized. Above it, the output will in-  
crease at a rate of 1 dB for each 2 dB input increase, until the  
500 mV rotation point is reached at an input of approximately  
15 mV. For higher inputs that would drive the output beyond  
500 mV, limiting will occur, and there will be little further in-  
crease. The SSM2166 processes the output of the buffer, which  
in our example is 20 dB or ten times the input level. Use the os-  
cilloscope to ensure that you are not driving the buffer into clip-  
ping with the highest expected input peaks. Always take the  
minimum gain in the buffer consistent with the average source  
level and crest factor (ratio of peak to rms). The wide program  
range of the SSM2166 makes it useful in many applications  
other than microphone signal conditioning.  
STEP 7. Setting the Noise Gate  
With the input set at 100 µV, observe the output on the oscillo-  
scope, and adjust R7—ROT PT SET CCW until the output  
drops rapidly. “Rock” the control back and forth to find the  
“knee.” You have set the noise gate to 100 µV. The range of  
the noise gate is from 0.3 mV to over 0.5 mV relative to the out-  
put of the buffer. To fit this range to your application, you may  
have to attenuate the input or apportion the buffer gain and VCA  
gain differently.  
STEP 8. Listening  
Other Versions  
At this time, you may want to connect an electret microphone to  
the SSM2166, and listen to the results. Be sure to include the  
proper power for the microphone’s internal FET (usually +2 V  
to +5 V dc through a 2.2 kresistor). Experiment with the  
settings to hear how the results change. Varying the averaging  
capacitor, C4, changes the attack and decay times, which are  
best determined empirically. Compression ratio will keep the  
output steady over a range of microphone to speaker distance,  
and the noise gate will keep the background sounds subdued.  
The SSM2165 is an 8-lead version of this microphone preamp  
with unity buffer gain and preset noise gate threshold. Custom-  
ized parts are available for large volume users. For further in-  
formation, contact your sales representative.  
REV. A  
–13–  
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SSM2166  
SSM2166 Demo Board Parts List  
R1  
R2  
R3  
R4  
R5  
R6  
R7  
R8  
R9  
R10  
R11  
R12  
C1  
C2  
C3  
C4  
C5  
C6  
C7  
IC1  
IC2  
S1  
J1  
10k*  
10k  
50k Pot  
1k  
0
100k Pot  
1M Pot  
1k  
1k  
20k Pot  
330  
100k  
0.1*  
Feedback  
Input  
Rotation Point, Adj.  
Rotation Point, Fixed  
Comp Ratio, Fixed  
Comp Ratio, Adj.  
Noise Gate, Adj.  
Noise Gate, Fixed  
Gain Adj., Fixed  
Gain Adj.  
Mute  
Power Down Pull-Up  
Input DC Block  
Buffer Low f g = 1  
+V Bypass  
Avg. Cap  
Mute Click Suppress  
Coupling  
VCA Noise/DC Balance  
Mic Preamp  
Op Amp, Output Buffer  
Mute  
MIC Input  
Output Jack  
1
0.1 µF  
2.2–22  
0.01  
10  
10  
SSM2166P  
OP113FP  
SPST  
1/8" Mini Phone Plug  
RCA Female  
J2  
*Note: R values in k, C values in µF.  
Figure 28. Evaluation Board Parts List  
–14–  
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REV. A  
SSM2166  
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS  
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).  
14-Lead Plastic DIP  
(N-14)  
14-Lead Narrow-Body SOIC  
(SO-14)  
0.795 (20.19)  
0.725 (18.42)  
0.3444 (8.75)  
0.3367 (8.55)  
14  
1
8
7
0.280 (7.11)  
0.240 (6.10)  
14  
1
8
0.1574 (4.00)  
0.2440 (6.20)  
0.2284 (5.80)  
0.325 (8.25)  
7
0.1497 (3.80)  
0.195 (4.95)  
0.115 (2.93)  
0.300 (7.62)  
0.060 (1.52)  
0.015 (0.38)  
PIN 1  
0.0688 (1.75)  
0.0532 (1.35)  
0.210 (5.33)  
MAX  
PIN 1  
0.0196 (0.50)  
0.0099 (0.25)  
x 45°  
0.0098 (0.25)  
0.0040 (0.10)  
0.130  
(3.30)  
MIN  
0.160 (4.06)  
0.115 (2.93)  
0.015 (0.381)  
0.008 (0.204)  
SEATING  
PLANE  
0.100  
(2.54)  
BSC  
0.022 (0.558)  
0.014 (0.356)  
0.070 (1.77)  
0.045 (1.15)  
8°  
0°  
0.0500  
(1.27)  
BSC  
0.0192 (0.49)  
0.0138 (0.35)  
SEATING  
PLANE  
0.0500 (1.27)  
0.0160 (0.41)  
0.0099 (0.25)  
0.0075 (0.19)  
REV. A  
–15–  
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