P-660H-Tx v2 Series
ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway
Support Notes
Version3.40
Feb. 2007
P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
ADSL FAQ.................................................................................................16
General...................................................................................................19
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Support Tool.............................................................................................77
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
FAQ
ZyNOS FAQ
1. What is ZyNOS?
ZyNOS is ZyXEL's proprietary Network Operating System. It is the platform on
all Prestige routers that delivers network services and applications. It is
designed in a modular fashion so it is easy for developers to add new features.
New ZyNOS software upgrades can be easily downloaded from our FTP sites
as they become available.
2. What’s Multilingual Embedded Web Configurator?
Multilinggual Embedded Web Configurator means that it can display with 3
kinds of languanges: English, French, and German. By factory default it
displays with English, and you can change it in Web GUI.
3. How do I access the P-660H-Tx v2 Command Line Interface (CLI)?
The Command Line Interface is for the Administrator use only, and it could be
accessed via telnet session.
Note: It is protected by super password, ‘1234’ by factory default.
4. How do I update the firmware and configuration file?
You can do this if you access the P-660H-Tx v2 as Administrator. You can
upload the firmware and configuration file to Prestige from Web Condigurator,
or using FTP or TFTP client software. You CAN NOT upload the firmware and
configuration file via Telnet because the Telnet connection will be dropped
during uploading the firmware. Please do not power off the router right after the
FTP or TFTP uploading is finished, the router will upload the firmware to its
flash at this moment.
Note: There may be firmware that could not be upgraded from Web
Configurator. In this case, ZyXEL will prepare special Upload Software
for you. Please read the firmware release note carefully when you want to
upload a new fireware.
5. How do I upgrade/backup the ZyNOS firmware by using TFTP client
program via LAN?
The P-660H-Tx v2 allows you to transfer the firmware to P-660H-Tx v2 using
TFTP program via LAN. The procedure for uploading ZyNOS via TFTP is as
follows.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
a. Use the TELNET client program in your PC to login to your P-660H-Tx
v2.
b. Enter CI command 'sys stdio 0' to disable Stdio idle timeout
c. To upgrade firmware, use TFTP client program to put firmware in file
'ras' in the Prestige. After data transfer is finished, the P-660H-Tx v2
will program the upgraded firmware into FLASH ROM and reboot itself.
d. To backup your firmware, use the TFTP client program to get file 'ras'
from the Prestige.
6. How do I restore P-660H-Tx v2 configurations by using TFTP client
program via LAN?
a. Use the TELNET client program in your PC to login to your P-660H-Tx
v2.
b. Enter CI command 'sys stdio 0' disable Stdio idle timeout
c. To backup the P-660H-Tx v2 configurations, use TFTP client program
to get file 'rom-0' from the P-660H-Tx v2.
d. To restore the P-660H-Tx v2 configurations, use the TFTP client
program to put your configuration in file rom-0 in the P-660H-Tx v2.
7. What should I do if I forget the system password?
In case you forget the system password, you can erase the current
configuration and restore factory defaults this way:
Use the RESET button on the rear panel of P-660H-Tx v2 to reset the router.
After the router is reset, the LAN IP address will be reset to '192.168.1.1', the
common user password will be reset to 'user', the Administrator password will
be reset to ‘1234’.
8. How to use the Reset button?
a. Turn your P-660H-Tx v2 on. Make sure the Power LED is on (not
blinking)
b. Press the RESET button for longer than one second and shorter than
five seconds and release it. If the Power LED begins to blink, the
P-660H-Tx v2’s wireless auto security function-OTIST has been
enabled.
c. Press the RESET button for six seconds and then release it. If the
Power LED begins to blink, the default configuration has been restored
and the P-660H-Tx v2 restarts.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
9. What is SUA? When should I use SUA?
SUA (Single User Account) is a unique feature supported by Prestige router
which allows multiple people to access Internet concurrently for the cost of a
single user account.
When Prestige acting as SUA receives a packet from a local client destined for
the outside Internet, it replaces the source address in the IP packet header
with its own address and the source port in the TCP or UDP header with
another value chosen out of a local pool. It then recomputes the appropriate
header checksums and forwards the packet to the Internet as if it is originated
from Prestige using the IP address assigned by ISP. When reply packets from
the external Internet are received by Prestige, the original IP source address
and TCP/UDP source port numbers are written into the destination fields of the
packet (since it is now moving in the opposite direction), the checksums are
recomputed, and the packet is delivered to its true destination. This is because
SUA keeps a table of the IP addresses and port numbers of the local systems
currently using it.
10. What is the difference between SUA and Full Feature NAT?
When you edit a remote node in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network
-> Remote Node -> Edit, there will be three options for you:
• None
• SUA Only
• Full Feature
SUA (Single User Account) in previous ZyNOS versions is a NAT set with 2
rules: Many-to-One and Server. With SUA, 'visible' servers had to be mapped
to different ports, since the servers share only one global IP.
The P-660H-Tx v2 now has Full Feature NAT which supports five types of
IP/Port mapping: One to One, Many to One, Many to Many Overload, Many to
Many No Overload and Server. You can make special application when you
select Full Feature NAT. For example: With multiple global IP addresses,
multiple severs using the same port (e.g., FTP servers using port 21/20) are
allowed on the LAN for outside access.
The P-660H-Tx v2 supports NAT sets on a remote node basis. They are
reusable, but only one set is allowed for each remote node. The P-660H-Tx v2
supports 8 sets since there are 8 remote nodes.
By fatory default, the NAT is select as SUA in Web Configurator, Advanced
Setup, Network -> NAT -> General -> NAT Setup.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
11. Is it possible to access a server running behind SUA from the outside
Internet? How can I do it?
Yes, it is possible because P-660H-Tx v2 delivers the packet to the local
server by looking up to a SUA server table. Therefore, to make a local server
accessible to the outside users, the port number and the inside IP address of
the server must be configured. (You can configure it in Web Configurator,
Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT -> Port Forwarding).
12. When do I need select Full Feature NAT?
•
Make multiple local servers on the LAN accessible from outside with
multiple global IP addresses
With SUA, 'visible' servers had to be mapped to different ports, since the
servers share only one global IP. But when you select Full Feature, you can
make multiple local servers (mapping the same port or not) on the LAN
accessible from outside with multiple global IP addresses.
•
Support Non-NAT Friendly Applications
Some servers providing Internet applications such as some MIRC servers do
not allow users to login using the same IP address. Thus, users on the same
network can not login to the same server simultaneously. In this case it is
better to use Many-to-Many No Overload or One-to-One NAT mapping types,
thus each user login to the server using a unique global IP address.
13. What IP/Port mapping does Multi-NAT support?
Multi-NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping: One to One, Many to One,
Many to Many Overload, Many to Many No Overload and Server. The details
of the mapping between ILA and IGA are described as below. Here we define
the local IP addresses as the Internal Local Addresses (ILA) and the global IP
addresses as the Inside Global Address (IGA),
• One to One: In One-to-One mode, the P-660H-Tx v2 maps one ILA to
one IGA.
• Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the P-660H-Tx v2 maps multiple
ILA to one IGA. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address
translation), ZyXEL's Single User Account feature that previous ZyNOS
routers supported (the SUA is optional in today's Prestige routers).
• Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the
P-660H-Tx v2 maps the multiple ILA to shared IGA.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
• Many One-to-One: In Many One-to-One mode, the P-660H-Tx v2
maps each ILA to unique IGA.
• Server: In Server mode, the P-660H-Tx v2 maps multiple inside servers
to one global IP address. This allows us to specify multiple servers of
different types behind the NAT for outside access. Note：if you want to
map each server to one unique IGA please use the One-to-One mode.
The following table summarizes the five types.
NAT Type
IP Mapping
One-to-One
ILA1<--->IGA1
ILA1<--->IGA1
ILA2<--->IGA1
...
Many-to-One
(SUA/PAT)
ILA1<--->IGA1
ILA2<--->IGA2
ILA3<--->IGA1
ILA4<--->IGA2
...
Many-to-Many
Overload
ILA1<--->IGA1
ILA2<--->IGA2
ILA3<--->IGA3
ILA4<--->IGA4
...
Many
One-to-One
Server 1 IP<--->IGA1
Server 2 IP<--->IGA1
Server
14. How many network users can the SUA/NAT support?
The Prestige does not limit the number of the users but the number of the
sessions. The P-660H-Tx v2 supports 2048 sessions that you can use the 'ip
nat session' command in CLI to see. You can also use ‘ip nat hashTable
wanif0’ to view the current active NAT sessions.
15. What are Device filters and Protocol filters?
In ZyNOS, the filters have been separated into two groups. One group is
called 'device filter group', and the other is called 'protocol filter
group'. Generic filters belong to the 'device filter group', TCP/IP and IPX filters
belong to the 'protocol filter group'. You can configure the filter rule in CLI.
Note: In ZyNOS, you can not mix different filter groups in the same filter set.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
16. How can I protect against IP spoofing attacks?
The P-660H-Tx v2's filter sets provide a means to protect against IP spoofing
attacks. The basic scheme is as follows:
For the input data filter:
• Deny packets from the outside that claim to be from the inside
• Allow everything that is not spoofing us
Filter rule setup:
• Filter type =TCP/IP Filter Rule
• Active =Yes
• Source IP Addr =a.b.c.d
• Source IP Mask =w.x.y.z
• Action Matched =Drop
• Action Not Matched =Forward
Where a.b.c.d is an IP address on your local network and w.x.y.z is your
netmask:
For the output data filters:
• Deny bounce back packet
• Allow packets that originate from us
Filter rule setup:
• Filter Type =TCP/IP Filter Rule
• Active =Yes
• Destination IP Addr =a.b.c.d
• Destination IP Mask =w.x.y.z
• Action Matched =Drop
• Action No Matched =Forward
Where a.b.c.d is an IP address on your local network and w.x.y.z is your
netmask.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Product FAQ
1. How can I manage P-660H-Tx v2?
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Multilingual Embedded Web GUI for Local and Remote management
CLI (Command-line interface)
Telnet support (Administrator Password Protected ) for remote
configuration change and status monitoring
ƒ
FTP/ TFTP sever, firmware upgrade and configuration backup and
restore are supported(Administrator Password Protected)
2. What is the default password for Web Configurator?
There are two different accounts for P-660H-Tx v2 Web Configurator:
Common User Account and Administrator Account.
By factory default the password for the two accounts are:
• Common User Account: user
• Administrator Account: 1234.
You can change the password after you logging in the Web Configurator.
Please record your new password whenever you change it. The system
will lock you out if you have forgotten your password.
3. What’s the difference between ‘Common User Account’ and
‘Administrator Account’?
For Common User Account, it can only access the status monitor of
P-660H-Tx v2 and check the current system status.
For Administrator Account, besides accessing the status monitor of P-660H-Tx
v2, it can also access Winzard setup/ Advanced setup of P-660H-Tx v2:
Moreover, only with Administrator Password, you could manage the
P-660H-Tx v2 via FTP/TFTP or Telnet.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
4. How do I know the P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP address assigned by the
ISP?
You can view "My WAN IP <from ISP> : x.x.x.x" shown in Web Configurator
‘Status->Device Information ->WAN Information’ to check this IP address.
5. What is the micro filter or splitter used for?
Generally, the voice band uses the lower frequency ranging from 0 to 4KHz,
while ADSL data transmission uses the higher frequency. The micro filter acts
as a low-pass filter for your telephone set to ensure that ADSL transmissions
do not interfere with your voice transmissions. For the details about how to
connect the micro filter please refer to the user's manual.
6. The P-660H-Tx v2 supports Bridge and Router mode, what's the
difference between them?
When the ISP limits some specific computers to access Internet, which means
only the traffic to/from these computers will be forwarded and the other will be
filtered. In this case, we use bridge mode which works as an ADSL modem to
connect to the ISP. The ISP will generally give one Internet account and limit
only one computer to access the Internet.
For most Internet users having multiple computers want to share an Internet
account for Internet access, they have to add another Internet sharing device,
like a router. In this case, we use the router mode which works as a general
Router plus an ADSL Modem.
7. How do I know I am using PPPoE?
PPPoE requires a user account to login to the provider's server. If you need to
configure a user name and password on your computer to connect to the ISP
you are probably using PPPoE. If you are simply connected to the Internet
when you turn on your computer, you probably are not. You can also check
your ISP or the information sheet given by the ISP. Please choose PPPoE as
the encapsulation type in the P-660H-Tx v2 if the ISP uses PPPoE.
8. Why does my provider use PPPoE?
PPPoE emulates a familiar Dial-Up connection. It allows your ISP to provide
services using their existing network configuration over the broadband
connections. Besides, PPPoE supports a broad range of existing applications
and service including authentication, accounting, secure access and
configuration management.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
9. What is DDNS?
The Dynamic DNS service allows you to alias a dynamic IP address to a static
hostname, allowing your computer to be more easily accessed from various
locations on the Internet. To use the service, you must first apply an account
Without DDNS, we always tell the users to use the WAN IP of the P-660H-Tx
v2 to reach our internal server. It is inconvenient for the users if this IP is
dynamic. With DDNS supported by the P-660H-Tx v2, you apply a DNS name
server. The outside users can always access the web server using the
When the ISP assigns the P-660H-Tx v2 a new IP, the P-660H-Tx v2 updates
this IP to DDNS server so that the server can update its IP-to-DNS entry. Once
the IP-to-DNS table in the DDNS server is updated, the DNS name for your
10. When do I need DDNS service?
When you want your internal server to be accessed by using DNS name rather
than using the dynamic IP address we can use the DDNS service. The DDNS
server allows to alias a dynamic IP address to a static hostname. Whenever
the ISP assigns you a new IP, the P-660H-Tx v2 sends this IP to the DDNS
server for its updates.
11. What is DDNS wildcard? Does the P-660H-Tx v2 support DDNS
wildcard?
Some DDNS servers support the wildcard feature which allows the hostname,
*.yourhost.dyndns.org, to be aliased to the same IP address as
yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful when there are multiple servers
inside and you want users to be able to use things such as
supports. When using wildcard, you simply enter yourhost.dyndns.org in the
Host field in Menu 1.1 Configure Dynamic DNS.
12. Can the P-660H-Tx v2's SUA handle IPSec packets sent by the IPSec
gateway?
Yes, the P-660H-Tx v2's SUA can handle IPSec ESP Tunneling mode. We
know when packets go through SUA, SUA will change the source IP address
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
and source port for the host. To pass IPSec packets, SUA must understand
the ESP packet with protocol number 50, replace the source IP address of the
IPSec gateway to the router's WAN IP address. However, SUA should not
change the source port of the UDP packets which are used for key
managements. Because the remote gateway checks this source port during
connections, the port thus is not allowed to be changed.
13. How do I setup my P-660H-Tx v2 for routing IPSec packets over SUA?
For outgoing IPSec tunnels, no extra setting is required.
For forwarding the inbound IPSec ESP tunnel, A 'Default' server set is required.
You could configure it in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT
-> Port Forwarding -> Default Server Setup:
It is because SUA makes your LAN appear as a single machine to the outside
world. LAN users are invisible to outside users. So, to make an internal server
for outside access, we must specify the service port and the LAN IP of this
server in Web configurator. Thus SUA is able to forward the incoming packets
to the requested service behind SUA and the outside users access the server
using the P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP address. So, we have to configure the
internal IPsec client as a default server (unspecified service port) when it acts
a server gateway.
14. What is Traffic Shaping?
Traffic Shaping allocates the bandwidth to WAN dynamically and aims at
boosting the efficiency of the bandwidth. If there are serveral VCs in the
P-660H-Tx v2 but only one VC activated at one time, the P-660H-Tx v2
allocates all the Bandwidth to the VC and the VC gets full bandwidth. If another
VCs are activated later, the bandwidth is yield to other VCs after ward.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
15. Why do we perform traffic shaping in the P-660H-Tx v2?
The P-660H-Tx v2 must manage traffic fairly and provide bandwidth allocation
for different sorts of applications, such as voice, video, and data. All
applications have their own natural bit rate. Large data transactions have a
fluctuating natural bit rate. The P-660H-Tx v2 is able to support variable traffic
among different virtual connections. Certain traffic may be discarded if the
virtual connection experiences congestion. Traffic shaping defines a set of
actions taken by the P-660H-Tx v2 to avoid congestion; traffic shaping takes
measures to adapt to unpredictable fluctuations in traffic flows and other
problems among virtual connections.
16. What do the parameters (PCR, SCR, MBS) mean?
Traffic shaping parameters (PCR, SCR, MBS) can be set in Web Configurator,
Advanced Setup, Network -> Remote Node -> Edit -> ATM Setup:
Peak Cell Rate(PCR): The maximum bandwidth allocated to this connection.
The VC connection throughput is limited by PCR.
Sustainable Cell Rate(SCR): The least guaranteed bandwidth of a VC.
When there are multi-VCs on the same line, the VC throughput is guaranteed
by SCR.
Maximum Burst Size(MBS): The amount of cells transmitted through this
VC at the Peak Cell Rate before yielding to other VCs. Total bandwidth of the
line is dedicated to single VC if there is only one VC on the line. However, as
the other VC asking the bandwidth, the MBS defines the maximum number of
cells transmitted via this VC with Peak Cell rate before yielding to other VCs.
The P-660H-Tx v2 holds the parameters for shaping the traffic among its
virtual channels. If you do not need traffic shaping, please set SCR = 0, MBS =
0 and PCR as the maximum value according to the line rate (for example, 2.3
Mbps line rate will result PCR as 5424 cell/sec.)
17. What do the ATM QoS Types (CBR, UBR, VBR-nRT, VBR-RT) mean?
Constant bit rate(CBR): An ATM bandwidth-allocation service that requires
the user to determine a fixed bandwidth requirement at the time the connection
is set up so that the data can be sent in a steady stream. CBR service is often
used when transmitting fixed-rate uncompressed video.
Unspecified bit rate(UBR): An ATM bandwidth-allocation service that does
not guarantee any throughput levels and uses only available bandwidth. UBR
is often used when transmitting data that can tolerate delays, such as e-mail.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Variable bit rate(VBR): An ATM bandwidth-allocation service that allows
users to specify a throughput capacity (i.e., a peak rate) and a sustained rate
but data is not sent evenly. You can select VBR for bursty traffic and
bandwidth sharing with other applications. It contains two subclasses:
Variable bit rate nonreal time (VBR-nRT):
Variable bit rate real time (VBR-RT):
18. What is content filter?
Internet Content filter allows you to create and enforce Internet access policies
tailored to your needs. Content filter gives you the ability to block web sites that
contain key words (that you specify) in the URL. You can set a schedule for
when the P-660H-Tx v2 performs content filtering. You can also specify trusted
IP Addresses on LAN for which the P-660H-Tx v2 will not perform content
filtering. You can configure the details about it in Web Configurator, Advanced
setup, Security -> Content Filter.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
ADSL FAQ
1. How does ADSL compare to Cable modems?
ADSL provides a dedicated service over a single telephone line; cable
modems offer a dedicated service over a shared media. While cable modems
have greater downstream bandwidth capabilities (up to 30 Mbps), that
bandwidth is shared among all users on a line, and will therefore vary, perhaps
dramatically, as more users in a neighborhood get online at the same time.
Cable modem upstream traffic will in many cases be slower than ADSL, either
because the particular cable modem is inherently slower, or because of rate
reductions caused by contention for upstream bandwidth slots. The big
difference between ADSL and cable modems, however, is the number of lines
available to each. There are no more than 12 million homes passed today that
can support two-way cable modem transmissions, and while the figure also
grows steadily, it will not catch up with telephone lines for many years.
Additionally, many of the older cable networks are not capable of offering a
return channel; consequently, such networks will need significant upgrading
before they can offer high bandwidth services.
2. What is the expected throughput?
In our test, we can get about 1.6Mbps data rate on 15Kft using the 26AWG
loop. The shorter the loop, the better the throughput is.
3. What is the microfilter used for?
Generally, the voice band uses the lower frequency ranging from 0 to 4KHz,
while ADSL data transmission uses the higher frequency. The micro filter acts
as a low-pass filter for your telephone set to ensure that ADSL transmissions
do not interfere with your voice transmissions. For the details about how to
connect the micro filter please refer to the user's manual.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
4. How do I know the ADSL line is up?
You can see the DSL LED Green on the P-660H-Tx v2's front panel is on when
the ADSL physical layer is up.
5. How does the P-660H-Tx v2 work on a noisy ADSL?
Depending on the line quality, the P-660H-Tx v2 uses "Fall Back" and "Fall
Forward" to automatically adjust the date rate.
6. Does the VC-based multiplexing perform better than the LLC-based
multiplexing?
Though the LLC-based multiplexing can carry multiple protocols over a single
VC, it requires extra header information to identify the protocol being carried
on the virtual circuit (VC). The VC-based multiplexing needs a separate VC for
carrying each protocol but it does not need the extra headers. Therefore, the
VC-based multiplexing is more efficient.
7. How do I know the details of my ADSL line statistics?
• You can use the following CI commands to check the ADSL line
statistics.
CI> wan adsl perfdata
CI> wan adsl status
CI> wan adsl linedata far
CI> wan adsl linedata near
• You can also do it in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup,
Maintenance -> Diagnostic -> DSL Line -> DSL Status:
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
8. What are the signaling pins of the ADSL connector?
The signaling pins on the P-660H-Tx v2's ADSL connector are pin 3 and pin 4.
The middle two pins for a RJ11 cable.
9. What is triple play?
More and more Telco/ISPs are providing three kinds of services (VoIP, Video
and Internet) over one existing ADSL connection.
• The different services (such as video, VoIP and Internet access) require
different Qulity of Service.
• The high priority is Voice (VoIP) data.
• The Medium priority is Video (IPTV) data.
• The low priority is internet access such as ftp etc …
Triple Play is a port-based policy to forward packets from different LAN port to
different PVCs, thus you can configure each PVC separately to assign different
QoS to different application.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Firewall FAQ
General
1. What is a network firewall?
A firewall is a system or group of systems that enforces an access-control
policy between two networks. It may also be defined as a mechanism used to
protect a trusted network from an untrusted network. The firewall can be
thought of two mechanisms: One to block the traffic, and the other to permit
traffic.
2. What makes P-660H-Tx v2 secure?
The P-660H-Tx v2 is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart Denial
of Service (DoS) attacks such as Ping of Death, SYN Flood, LAND attack, IP
Spoofing, etc. It also uses stateful packet inspection to determine if an inbound
connection is allowed through the firewall to the private LAN. The P-660H-Tx
v2 supports Network Address Translation (NAT), which translates the private
local addresses to one or multiple public addresses. This adds a level of
security since the clients on the private LAN are invisible to the Internet.
3. What are the basic types of firewalls?
Conceptually, there are three types of firewalls:
1. Packet Filtering Firewall
2. Application-level Firewall
3. Stateful Inspection Firewall
Packet Filtering Firewalls generally make their decisions based on the header
information in individual packets. These headers information include the
source, destination addresses and ports of the packets.
Application-level Firewalls generally are hosts running proxy servers, which
permit no traffic directly between networks, and which perform logging and
auditing of traffic passing through them. A proxy server is an application
gateway or circuit-level gateway that runs on top of general operating system
such as UNIX or Windows NT. It hides valuable data by requiring users to
communicate with secure systems by mean of a proxy. A key drawback of this
device is performance.
Stateful Inspection Firewalls restrict access by screening data packets against
defined access rules. They make access control decisions based on IP
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
address and protocol. They also 'inspect' the session data to assure the
integrity of the connection and to adapt to dynamic protocols. The flexible
nature of Stateful Inspection firewalls generally provides the best speed and
transparency, however, they may lack the granular application level access
control or caching that some proxies support.
4. What kind of firewall is the P-660H-Tx v2?
1. The P-660H-Tx v2's firewall inspects packets contents and IP headers.
It is applicable to all protocols, which understands data in the packet is
intended for other layers, from network layer up to the application layer.
2. The P-660H-Tx v2's firewall performs stateful inspection. It takes into
account the state of connections it handles so that, for example, a
legitimate incoming packet can be matched with the outbound request
for that packet and allowed in. Conversely, an incoming packet
masquerading as a response to a nonexistent outbound request can be
blocked.
3. The P-660H-Tx v2's firewall uses session filtering, i.e., smart rules, that
enhance the filtering process and control the network session rather
than control individual packets in a session.
4. The P-660H-Tx v2's firewall is fast. It uses a hashing function to search
the matched session cache instead of going through every individual
rule for a packet.
5. The P-660H-Tx v2's firewall provides email service to notify you for
routine reports and when alerts occur.
5. Why do you need a firewall when your router has packet filtering and
NAT built-in?
With the spectacular growth of the Internet and online access, companies that
do business on the Internet face greater security threats. Although packet filter
and NAT restrict access to particular computers and networks, however, for
the other companies this security may be insufficient, because packets filters
typically cannot maintain session state. Thus, for greater security, a firewall is
considered.
6. What is Denials of Service (DoS) attack?
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is aimed at devices and networks with a
connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable
a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources.
There are four types of DoS attacks:
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
1. Those that exploits bugs in a TCP/IP implementation such as Ping of
Death and Teardrop.
2. Those that exploits weaknesses in the TCP/IP specification such as
SYN Flood and LAND Attacks.
3. Brute-force attacks that flood a network with useless data such as
Smurf attack.
4. IP Spoofing
7. What is Ping of Death attack?
Ping of Death uses a 'PING' utility to create an IP packet that exceeds the
maximum 65535 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. The oversize
packet is then sent to an unsuspecting system. Systems may crash, hang, or
reboot.
8. What is Teardrop attack?
Teardrop attack exploits weakness in the reassemble of the IP packet
fragments. As data is transmitted through a network, IP packets are often
broken up into smaller chunks. Each fragment looks like the original packet
except that it contains an offset field. The Teardrop program creates a series of
IP fragments with overlapping offset fields. When these fragments are
reassembled at the destination, some systems will crash, hang, or reboot.
9. What is SYN Flood attack?
SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each
packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response, While the
targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all
outstanding SYN-ACK responses on what is known as a backlog queue.
SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when
an internal timer (which is set a relatively long intervals) terminates the TCP
three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all
incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.
10. What is LAND attack?
In a LAN attack, hackers flood SYN packets to the network with a spoofed
source IP address of the targeted system. This makes it appear as if the host
computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the
target system tries to respond to itself.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
11 What is Brute-force attack?
A Brute-force attack, such as 'Smurf' attack, targets a feature in the IP
specification known as directed or subnet broadcasting, to quickly flood the
target network with useless data. A Smurf hacker flood a destination IP
address of each packet as the broadcast address of the network, the router will
broadcast the ICMP echo request packet to all hosts on the network. If there
are numerous hosts, this will create a large amount of ICMP echo request
packet, the resulting ICMP traffic will not only clog up the 'intermediary'
network, but will also congest the network of the spoofed source IP address,
known as the 'victim' network. This flood of broadcast traffic consumes all
available bandwidth, making communications impossible.
12. What is IP Spoofing attack?
Many DoS attacks also use IP Spoofing as part of their attack. IP Spoofing
may be used to break into systems, to hide the hacker's identity, or to magnify
the effect of the DoS attack. IP Spoofing is a technique used to gain
unauthorized access to computers by tricking a router or firewall into thinking
that the communications are coming from within the trusted network. To
engage in IP Spoofing, a hacker must modify the packet headers so that it
appears that the packets originate from a trusted host and should be allowed
through the router or firewall.
13. What are the default ACL firewall rules in P-660H-Tx v2?
There are two default ACLs pre-configured in the P-660H-Tx v2, one allows all
connections from LAN to WAN and the other blocks all connections from WAN
to LAN except of the DHCP packets.
Configuration
1. How do I configure the firewall?
You can use the Web Configurator to configure the firewall for P-660H-Tx v2.
By factory default, if you connect your PC to the LAN Interface of P-660H-Tx
v2, you can access Web Configurator via ‘http://192.168.1.1’.
Note: Don’t forget to type in the Administrator Password.
2. How do I prevent others from configuring my firewall?
There are several ways to protect others from touching the settings of your
firewall.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
1. Change the default Administrator password since it is required when
setting up the firewall.
2. Limit who can access to your P-660H-Tx v2’s Web Configurator or CLI.
You can enter the IP address of the secured LAN host in Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Remote MGNT ->
[Service] ->Secured Client IP to allow special access to your
P-660H-Tx v2:
The default value in this field is 0.0.0.0, which means you do not care which
host is trying to telnet your P-660H-Tx v2 or access the Web Configurator.
3. Why can't I configure my P-660H-Tx v2 using Web Configurator/Telnet
over WAN?
There are four reasons that WWW/Telnet from WAN is blocked.
(1) When the firewall is turned on, all connections from WAN to LAN are
blocked by the default ACL rule. To enable Telnet from WAN, you must turn
the firewall off, or create a firewall rule to allow WWW/Telnet connection
from WAN. The WAN-to-LAN ACL summary will look like as shown below.
WWW (For accessing Web Configurator):
Source IP= Remote trusted host
Destination IP= router' WAN IP
Service= TCP/80
Action=Forward
TELNET (For accessing Command Line Interface):
Source IP= Telnet Client host
Destination IP= router' WAN IP
Service= TCP/23
Action=Forward
(2)You have disabled WWW/Telnet service in Web Configurator, Advanced
setup, Advanced -> Remote MGNT:
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
(3) WWW/Telnet service is enabled but your host IP is not the secured host
entered in Web Configurator, Advanced setup, Advanced -> Remote
MGNT:
(4)A filter set which blocks WWW/Telnet from WAN is applied to WAN node.
You can check by command:
wan node index [index #]
wan node display
4. Why can't I upload the firmware and configuration file using FTP over
WAN?
(1) When the firewall is turned on, all connections from WAN to LAN are
blocked by the default ACL rule. To enable FTP from WAN, you must turn
the firewall off or create a firewall rule to allow FTP connection from WAN.
The WAN-to-LAN ACL summary will look like as shown below.
Source IP= FTP host
Destination IP= P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP
Service= FTP TCP/21, TCP/20
Action=Forward
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
(2) You have disabled FTP service in Web Configurator, Advanced setup,
Advanced -> Remote MGNT.
(3) FTP service is enabled but your host IP is not the secured host entered
in Web Configurator, Advanced setup, Advanced -> Remote MGNT.
(4) A filter set which blocks FTP from WAN is applied to WAN node. You
can check by command:
wan node index [index #]
wan node display
Log and Alert
1. When does the P-660H-Tx v2 generate the firewall log?
The P-660H-Tx v2 generates the firewall log immediately when the packet
matches a firewall rule. The log for Default Firewall Policy (LAN to WAN, WAN
to LAN, WAN to WAN) is generated automatically with factory default setting,
but you can change it in Web Configurator.
2. What does the log show to us?
The log supports up to 128 entries. There are 5 columns for each entry. Please
see the example shown below:
3. How do I view the firewall log?
All logs generated in P-660H-Tx v2, including firewall logs, IPSec logs, system
logs are migrated to centralized logs. So you can view firewall logs in
Centralized logs: Web Configurator, Advanced setup, Maintenance -> Logs
->View Log.
The log keeps 128 entries, the new entries will overwrite the old entries when
the log has over 128 entries.
Before you can view firewall logs there are two steps you need to do:
(1) Enable log function in Centralized logs setup via either one of the following
methods,
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
•
•
Web configuration: Advanced Setup, Maintenance -> Logs -> Log
Settings, check Access Control and Attacks options depending on
your real situation.
CI command: sys logs category [access | attack]
(2) Enable log function in firewall default policy or in firewall rules.
After the above two steps, you can view firewall logs via
• Web Configurator: Advanced setup, Maintenance -> Logs ->View
Log.
• View the log by CI command: sys logs disp
You can also view Centralized logs via mail or syslog, please configure mail
server or Unix Syslog server in Web configuration: Advanced Setup,
Maintenance -> Logs -> Log Settings.
4. When does the P-660H-Tx v2 generate the firewall alert?
The P-660H-Tx v2 generates the alert when an attack is detected by the
firewall and sends it via Email. So, to send the alert, you must configure the
mail server and Email address using Web Configurator, Advanced Setup,
Maintenance -> Logs -> Log Settings. You can also specify how frequently
you want to receive the alert in it.
5. What is the difference between the log and alert?
A log entry is just added to the log inside the P-660H-Tx v2 and e-mailed
together with all other log entries at the scheduled time as configured. An alert
is e-mailed immediately after an attacked is detected.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Application Notes
General Application Notes
1. Internet Access Using P-660H-Tx v2 under Bridge mode
•
•
Setup your workstation
Setup your P-660H-Tx v2 under bridge mode
If the ISP limits some specific computers to access Internet, that means only
the traffic to/from these computers will be forwarded and the other will be
filtered. In this case, we use P-660H-Tx v2 which works as an ADSL bridge
modem to connect to the ISP. The ISP will generally give one Internet account
and limit only one computer to access the Internet.
Set up your workstation
(1) Ethernet connection
To connect your computer to the P-660H-Tx v2's LAN port, the computer must
have an Ethernet adapter card installed. For connecting a single computer to
the P-660H-Tx v2, we use a Ethernet cable.
(2) TCP/IP configuration
In most cases, the IP address of the computer is assigned by the ISP
dynamically so you have to configure the computer as a DHCP client which
obtains the IP from the ISP using DHCP protocol. The ISP may also provide
the gateway, DNS via DHCP if they are available. Otherwise, please enter the
static IP addresses for all that the ISP gives to you in the network TCP/IP
settings. For Windows, we check the option 'Obtain an IP address
automatically' in its TCP/IP setup, please see the example shown below.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Setup your P-660H-Tx v2 under bridge mode
The following procedure shows you how to configure your P-660H-Tx v2 as
bridge mode. We will use Web Configurator to guide you through the related
menu.
(1) Configure P-660H-Tx v2 as bridge mode and configure Internet setup
parameters in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> WAN ->
Internet Connection.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Key Settings:
Option
Description
Select the correct Encapsulation type that your ISP supports. For
example, RFC 1483.
Encapsulation
Select the correct Multiplexing type that your ISP supports. For example,
LLC.
Multiplexing
VPI & VCI
number
Specify a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and a VCI (Virtual Channel
Identifier) given to you by your ISP.
(2) Turn off DHCP Server and configure a LAN IP for the P-660H-Tx v2 in Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> LAN. We use 192.168.1.1 as the
LAN IP for P-660H-Tx v2 in this case:
Step 1: Disactive DHCP Server and apply it:
Step 2: Assign an IP to the LAN Interface of P-660H-Tx v2, e.g.: 192.168.1.1:
2. Internet Access Using P-660H-Tx v2 under Routing mode
For most Internet users having multiple computers want to share an Internet
account for Internet access, they have to install an Internet sharing device, like
a router. In this case, we use the P-660H-Tx v2 which works as a general
Router plus an ADSL Modem.
Set up your workstation
(1) Ethernet connection
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Connect the LAN ports of all computers to the LAN Interface of P-660H-Tx v2
using Ethernet cable.
(2) TCP/IP configuration
Since the P-660H-Tx v2 is set to DHCP server as default, so you need only to
configure the workstations as the DHCP clients in the networking settings. In
this case, the IP address of the computer is assigned by the P-660H-Tx v2.
The P-660H-Tx v2 can also provide the DNS to the clients via DHCP if it is
available. For this setup in Windows, we check the option 'Obtain an IP
address automatically' in its TCP/IP setup. Please see the example shown
below.
Set up your P-660H-Tx v2 under routing mode
The following procedure shows you how to configure your P-660H-Tx v2 as
Routing mode for routing traffic. We will use Web Configurator to guide you
through the related menu.
(1) Configure P-660H-Tx v2 as routing mode and configure Internet setup
parameters in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> WAN ->
Internet Connection.
Key Settings:
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Option
Description
Select the correct Encapsulation type that your ISP supports. For
example, RFC 1483.
Encapsulation
Select the correct Multiplexing type that your ISP supports. For
example, LLC.
Multiplexing
VPI & VCI
number
Specify a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and a VCI (Virtual Channel
Identifier) given to you by your ISP.
Set to Dynamic if the ISP provides the IP for the P-660H-Tx v2
dynamically. Otherwise, set to Static and enter the IP in the IP
Address field.
IP Address
Assignment
(2) Configure a LAN IP for the P-660H-Tx v2 and the DHCP settings in Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> LAN.
3. Setup the P-660H-Tx v2 as a DHCP Relay
• What is DHCP Relay?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In addition to the
DHCP server feature, the P-660H-Tx v2 supports the DHCP relay function.
When it is configured as DHCP server, it assigns the IP addresses to the LAN
clients. When it is configured as DHCP relay, it is responsible for forwarding
the requests and responses negotiating between the DHCP clients and the
server. See figure 1.
• Setup the P-660H-Tx v2 as a DHCP Relay
We could set the P-660H-Tx v2 as a DHCP Relay by the following command in
CLI:
Ip dhcp enif0 mode relay
Ip dhcp enif0 relay server [Server IP Address]
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
4. SUA Notes
Tested SUA/NAT Applications (e.g., Cu-SeeMe, ICQ, NetMeeting)
Introduction
Generally, SUA makes your LAN appear as a single machine to the outside
world. LAN users are invisible to outside users. However, some applications
such as Cu-SeeMe, and ICQ will need to connect to the local user behind the
P-660H-Tx v2. In such case, a SUA server must be configured to forward the
incoming packets to the true destination behind SUA. After the required server
are configured in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT ->
Port Forwarding, the internal server or client applications can be accessed by
using the P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP Address.
SUA Supporting Table
The following are the required Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network
-> NAT -> Port Forwarding for the various applications running SUA mode.
ZyXEL SUA Supporting Table1
Required Settings in Port Forwarding
Port/IP
Application
Incoming
Outgoing Connection
Connection
HTTP
FTP
None
None
None
80/client IP
21/client IP
TELNET
23/client IP
(and active Telnet
service from WAN)
POP3
SMTP
None
None
110/client IP
25/client IP
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
None for Chat.
mIRC
For DCC, please set
Default/Client IP
.
Windows PPTP
ICQ 99a
None
1723/client IP
None for Chat.
Default/client IP
For DCC, please set:
ICQ -> preference ->
connections -> firewall
and set the firewall time
out to 80 seconds in
firewall setting.
ICQ 2000b
None for Chat
None
None for Chat
6701/client IP
7648/client IP
Default/client IP
ICQ Phone 2000b
Cornell 1.1 Cu-SeeMe
White Pine 3.1.2 Cu-SeeMe2 7648/client IP &
None
24032/client IP
White Pine 4.0 Cu-SeeMe
7648/client IP &
24032/client IP
Default/client IP
Microsoft NetMeeting 2.1 & None
3.013
1720/client IP
1503/client IP
Cisco IP/TV 2.0.0
RealPlayer G2
VDOLive
None
.
None
.
None
.
Quake1.064
None
Default/client IP
QuakeII2.305
QuakeIII1.05 beta
StartCraft.
None
Default/client IP
None
.
.
.
6112/client IP
None
Quick Time 4.0
5631/client IP
5632/client IP
22/client IP
pcAnywhere 8.0
None
IPsec (ESP tunneling mode) None (one client only)
Default/Client
6901/client IP
Microsoft Messenger Service
6901/client IP
3.0
Microsoft Messenger Service
None for Chat, File
4.6/ 4.7/ 5.0/…
None for Chat, File
transfer, Video and
Voice
transfer ,Video and Voice
(none UPnP)6
Net2Phone
None
6701/client IP
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Network Time Protocol (NTP) None
123 /server IP
Win2k Terminal Server
Remote Anything
None
None
3389/server IP
3996 - 4000/client IP
5500/client IP
5800/client IP
5900/client IP
Virtual Network Computing
(VNC)
None
None for Chat and
IM
AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) None for Chat and IM
e-Donkey
None
None
4661 - 4662/client IP
POLYCOM Video
Conferencing
Default/client IP
iVISTA 4.1
Microsoft Xbox Live7
None
None
80/server IP
N/A
1 Since SUA enables your LAN to appear as a single computer to the Internet,
it is not possible to configure similar servers on the same LAN behind SUA.
2 Because White Pine Cu-SeeMe uses dedicate ports (port 7648 & port 24032)
to transmit and receive data, therefore only one local Cu-SeeMe is allowed
within the same LAN.
3 In SUA mode, only one local NetMeeting user is allowed because the
outsiders can not distinguish between local users using the same internet IP.
4 Certain Quake servers do not allow multiple users to login using the same
unique IP, so only one Quake user will be allowed in this case. Moreover,
when a Quake server is configured behind SUA, P-660H-Tx v2 will not be able
to provide information of that server on the internet.
5 Quake II has the same limitations as that of Quake I.
6 P-660H-Tx v2 supports MSN Messenger 4.6/ 4.7/ 5.0/… video/ voice
pass-through NAT. In addition, for the Windows OS supported UPnP
(Universal Plug and Play), such as Windows XP and Windows ME, UPnP
supported in P-660H-Tx v2 is an alternative solution to pass through MSN
Messenger video/ voice traffic. For more detail, please refer to UPnP
application note.
7 P-660H-Tx v2 support Microsoft Xbox Live with factory default configuration.
Configurations
For example, if the workstation operating Cu-SeeMe has an IP of 192.168.1.34,
then the default SUA server must be set to 192.168.1.34. The peer Cu-SeeMe
user can reach this workstation by using P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP address
which can be obtained from Web Configurator, Status -> WAN Information.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Configure an Internal Server behind SUA
Introduction
If you wish, you can make internal servers (e.g., Web, ftp or mail server)
accessible for outside users, even though SUA makes your LAN appear as a
single machine to the outside world. A service is identified by the port number.
Also, since you need to specify the IP address of a server behind the
P-660H-Tx v2, a server must have a fixed IP address and not be a DHCP
client whose IP address potentially changes each time P-660H-Tx v2 is
powered on.
In addition to the servers for specific services, SUA supports a default server.
A service request that does not have a server explicitly designated for is
forwarded to the default server. If the default server is not defined, the service
request is simply discarded.
Configuration
To make a server visible to the outside world, specify the port number of the
service and the inside address of the server in Web Configurator, Advanced
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Setup, Network -> NAT -> Port Forwarding. The outside users can access
the local server using the P-660H-Tx v2's WAN IP address which can be
obtained from Web Configurator, Status -> WAN Information.
For example:
Configuring an internal Web server for outside access (suppose the
Server IP Address is 192.168.1.10 ) :
(1) Fill in the service name and server IP Address, press button ‘Add’
(2) If add successfully, the Web Configurator will display message
‘Configuration updated successfully’ at the bottom. You can see the port
forwarding rule on the same page, the default port for Web Server is 80:
(3) If you want to change the port for Web Server, you could press button
‘Modify’ on corresponding rule, then modify and apply it.
Default port numbers for some services
Service
Port Number
FTP
21
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Telnet
23
25
53
80
SMTP
DNS (Domain Name Server)
www-http (Web)
Configure a PPTP server behind SUA
Introduction
PPTP is a tunneling protocol defined by the PPTP forum that allows PPP
packets to be encapsulated within Internet Protocol (IP) packets and
forwarded over any IP network, including the Internet itself.
In order to run the Windows 9x PPTP client, you must be able to establish an
IP connection with a tunnel server such as the Windows NT Server 4.0
Remote Access Server.
Windows Dial-Up Networking uses the Internet standard Point-to-Point (PPP)
to provide a secure, optimized multiple-protocol network connection over
dial-up telephone lines. All data sent over this connection can be encrypted
and compressed, and multiple network level protocols (TCP/IP, NetBEUI and
IPX) can be run correctly. Windows NT Domain Login level security is
preserved even across the Internet.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Window98 PPTP Client / Internet / NT RAS Server Protocol Stack
PPTP appears as new modem type (Virtual Private Networking Adapter) that
can be selected when setting up a connection in the Dial-Up Networking folder.
The VPN Adapter type does not appear elsewhere in the system. Since PPTP
encapsulates its data stream in the PPP protocol, the VPN requires a second
dial-up adapter. This second dial-up adapter for VPN is added during the
installation phase of the Upgrade in addition to the first dial-up adapter that
provides PPP support for the analog or ISDN modem.
The PPTP is supported in Windows NT and Windows 98 already. For
Windows 95, it needs to be upgraded by the Dial-Up Networking 1.2 upgrade.
Configuration
This application note explains how to establish a PPTP connection with a
remote private network in the P-660H-Tx v2 SUA case. In ZyNOS, all PPTP
packets can be forwarded to the internal PPTP Server (WinNT server) behind
SUA. The port number of the PPTP has to be entered in the Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT -> Port Forwarding on
P-660H-Tx v2 to forward to the appropriate private IP address of Windows NT
server.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Example
The following example shows how to dial to an ISP via the P-660H-Tx v2 and
then establish a tunnel to a private network. There will be three items that you
need to set up for PPTP application, these are PPTP server (WinNT), PPTP
client (Win9x) and the P-660H-Tx v2.
(1) PPTP server setup (WinNT)
• Add the VPN service from Control Panel ->Network
• Add an user account for PPTP logged on user
• Enable RAS port
• Select the network protocols from RAS such as IPX, TCP/IP NetBEUI
• Set the Internet gateway to P-660H-Tx v2
(2) PPTP client setup (Win9x)
• Add one VPN connection from Dial-Up Networking by entering the
correct username & password and the IP address of the P-660H-Tx v2's
Internet IP address for logging to NT RAS server.
• Set the Internet gateway to the router that is connecting to ISP
(3) P-660H-Tx v2 setup
• Before making a VPN connection from Win9x to WinNT server, you
need to connect P-660H-Tx v2 router to your ISP first.
• Enter the IP address of the PPTP server (WinNT server) and the
port number for PPTP as shown below:
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
Select service name as ‘PPTP’, fill in the Server IP Address, then press button
‘Add’.
When you have finished the above settings, you can ping to the remote Win9x
client from WinNT. This ping command is used to demonstrate that remote
the Win9x can be reached across the Internet. If the Internet connection
between two LANs is achievable, you can place a VPN call from the remote
Win9x client.
For example: C:\ping 203.66.113.2
When a dial-up connection to ISP is established, a default gateway is assigned
to the router traffic through that connection. Therefore, the output below shows
the default gateway of the Win9x client after the dial-up connection has been
established.
Before making a VPN connection from the Win9x client to the NT server, you
need to know the exact Internet IP address that the ISP assigns to P-660H-Tx
v2 router in SUA mode and enter this IP address in the VPN dial-up dialog box.
You can check this Internet IP address from PNC Monitor or S Web
Configurator, Status -> WAN Information. If the Internet IP address is a
fixed IP address provided by ISP in SUA mode, then you can always use this
IP address for reaching the VPN server.
In the following example, the IP address '140.113.1.225' is dynamically
assigned by ISP. You must enter this IP address in the 'VPN Server' dialog box
for reaching the PPTP server. After the VPN link is established, you can start
the network protocol application such as IP, IPX and NetBEUI.
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
5. Using Full Feature NAT
When P-660H-Tx v2 is in Routing mode, you can select NAT Option as
Full Feature in Network -> General ->NAT Setup
Key Settings:
Field
Options
Description
When you select this option you can select
Address Mapping Set Number 1~8 in the
pull-down menu on the right.
Full Feature
When you select this option, this remote node will
use default SUA Address Mapping Set. You can
see it in CLI by command ‘ip nat lookup 255’. It’s
a read-only set with two rules: Many-to-One and
server mapping. Select Full Feature when you
require other mapping types.
Network Address
Translation
SUA Only
Configuring NAT
Address Mapping Sets and NAT Server Sets
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P-660H-Tx v2 Support Notes
The P-660H-Tx v2 has 8 remote nodes and so allows you to configure 8 NAT
Address Mapping Sets, You must specify which NAT Address Mapping Set
(1~8) to use in the remote node when you select Full Feature NAT.
You can edit 10 rules for each Address Mapping Set. You can edit the rules for
Address Mapping Sets #1 in Web Configurator. The other Address Mapping
Sets #2~8 can only be configured in CLI (Command Line Interface).
The NAT Server Set is a list of LAN side servers mapped to external ports. We
can configure it in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT ->
Port Forwarding. To use the NAT server sets you’ve configured, a Server
rule must be set up inside the NAT Address Mapping set. Please see NAT
Server Sets for further information on how to apply it.
When you select SUA Only, the P-660H-Tx v2 will use a default SUA Address
Mapping set for it. It has two rules: Many-to-One and Server. You can see it in
CLI by command ‘ip nat lookup 255’:
Please note that the fields in this menu are read-only. However, the settings of
the rule set 2 can be modified in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network
-> NAT -> Port Forwarding. The following table explains the fields in this
above screen:
Field
Description
Option/Example
set
This is sequence number for Address Mapping Sets 255 for SUA
Internal
Start IP
0.0.0.0 for the
This is the starting local IP address (ILA).
Many-to-One type.
This is the starting local IP address (ILA). If the rule is
for all local IPs, then the Start IP is 0.0.0.0 and the
End IP is 255.255.255.255.
Local End
IP
255.255.255.255
0.0.0.0
Global Start This is the starting global IP address (IGA). If you
IP have a dynamic IP, enter 0.0.0.0 as the Global Start
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IP.
Global End
IP
This is the ending global IP address (IGA).
N/A
Many-to-One and
Server
Type
This is the NAT mapping types.
Here we’ll guide you to configure Address Mapping Sets from Web
Configurator and CLI. (Since in Web Configurator we can only edit the rules
for Address Mapping Sets #1. The other Address Mapping Sets #2~8 can only
be configured in CLI)
• Now let's begin with Web Configurator:
Firstly let’s come to Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT ->
Address Mapping:
This menu is for Address Mapping Set #1, you can edit 10 Address Mapping
Rules for Set #1. You can edit or remove a rule by clicking the two buttons on
the rule table.
Click the ‘Edit’ Button on the rule #1, then you can enter the window in which
you can edit an individual rule and configure the Mapping Type, Local and
Global Start/End IPs:
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Field
Description
Option/Example
1. One-to-One
2. Many-to-One
3. Many-to-Many
Overload
You can select one of the five mapping types from the
pull-down menu
Type
4. Many-to-Many No
Overload
5. Server
Start This is the starting local IP address (ILA)
0.0.0.0
This is the ending local IP address (ILA). If the rule is
Local
IP
for all local IPs, then put the Start IP as 0.0.0.0 and the
End
255.255.255.255
End IP as 255.255.255.255. This field is N/A for
One-to-One type.
This is the starting global IP address (IGA). If you have
Start
0.0.0.0
a dynamic IP, enter 0.0.0.0 as the Global Start IP.
Global
IP
This is the ending global IP address (IGA). This
field is N/A for One-to-One, Many-to-One and Server
End
200.1.1.64
types.
Note: For all Local and Global IPs, the End IP address must begin after the IP
Start address, i.e., you cannot have an End IP address beginning before the
Start IP address.
• Configure Address Mapping Sets in CLI
Setp 1: Telnet to the P-660H-Tx v2. (We suppose the LAN IP Address of
P-660H-Tx v2 is 192.168.1.1)
Step 2: Select one Address Mapping Set (#1~#8) by command ‘ip nat
addrmap map [map #] [set name]’ (set name is optional). Suppose we
configure set 2 in the example.
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Setp 3: Set NAT address mapping rule for the Address Mapping Set you just
configured (Set 2 in this example) by command ‘ip nat addrmap rule [rule#]
[insert | edit] [type] [local start IP] [local end IP] [global start IP] [global
end IP] [server set #]’. Suppose we set a Many-to-One rule for set 2 by
command ‘ip nat addrmap rule 1 edit 1 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.20 172.1.1.1
172.1.1.1’
Setp 4: Save the configuration by command ‘ip nat addrmap save’. You can
apply the Address Mapping Set 2 to remote nodes in Web Configurator when
you select Full Feature NAT. See the intire process as follows:
Set 5: You can lookup the successfully configured Address Mapping Sets by
command ‘ip nat addrmap disp’
Key Settings:
CI Command
Description
Select NAT address mapping set and set mapping set
name, but set name is optional
Example:
ip nat addrmap map [map#] [set
name]
> ip nat addrmap map 2 Test
Set NAT address mapping rule. If the “type” is not
“inside-server” then the “type” field will still need a
dummy value like “0”.
ip nat addrmap rule [rule#] [insert |
edit] [type] [local start IP] [local end IP]
[global start IP] [global end IP] [server
set #]
Type is 0 - 4 = one-to-one, many-to-one,
many-to-many-overload, many-to-many-non overload,
inside-server
Example:
> ip nat addrmap rule 1 edit 3 192.168.1.10
192.168.1.20 172.1.1.1 172.1.1.1
Clear the selected rule of the set
Discard Changes
ip nat addrmap clear [map#] [rule#]
ip nat addrmap freememory
ip nat addrmap disp
Display nat set information
ip nat addrmap save
Save settings
ip nat server load [set#]
Load the server sets of NAT into buffer
“disp 1” means to display the NAT server set in buffer,
if parameter “1” is omitted, then it will display all the
ip nat server disp [1]
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server sets
ip nat server save
Save the NAT server set buffer into flash
Clear the server set [set#], must use “save” command
to let it save into flash
ip nat server clear [set#]
Activate the rule [rule#], rule number is 1 to 24, the
number 25-36 is for UPNP application
ip nat server edit [rule#] active
ip nat server edit [rule#] svrport <start Configure the port range from <start port > to <end
port> <end port> port>
ip nat server edit [rule#] remotehost Configure the IP address range of remote host (Leave
<start IP> <end IP>
it to be default value if you don’t need this command)
Configure the lease time (Leave it to be default value if
you don’t want this command)
ip nat server edit [rule#] leasetime
<seconds>
ip nat server edit [rule#] rulename
<string>
Configure the name of the rule (Leave it to be default
value if you don’t want this command)
ip nat server edit [rule#] forwardip <IP
address>
Configure the LAN IP address to be forwarded
ip nat server edit [rule#] protocol
<TCP|UDP|ALL>
Configure the protocol to be used TCP , UDP or ALL
(it must be capital)
NAT Server Sets
The NAT Server Set is a list of LAN side servers mapped to external ports
(similar to the old SUA menu of before). If you wish, you can make inside
servers for different services, e.g., Web or FTP, visible to the outside users,
even though NAT makes your network appears as a single machine to the
outside world. A server is identified by the port number, e.g., Web service is on
port 80 and FTP on port 21.
As an example (see the following figure), if you have a Web server at
192.168.1.36 and a FTP server at 192.168.1.33, then you need to specify for
port 80 (Web) the server at IP address 192.168.1.36 and for port 21 (FTP)
another at IP address 192.168.1.33.
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Please note that a server can support more than one service, e.g., a server
can provide both FTP and Mail service, while another provides only Web
service.
The following procedures show how to configure a server behind NAT.
Step 1: Login Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT -> Port
Forwarding.
Step 2: Select the service name from the pull-down menu, and fill in the server
Address on ‘Server IP Address’, then click button ‘Add’ to save it.
Step 3: You could click the button ‘Edit’ on the rule to modify the Service name,
Server IP Address, Start/End Port.
The most often used port numbers are shown in the following table. Please
refer RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Service
Port Number
FTP
21
23
25
53
80
Telnet
SMTP
DNS (Domain Name Server)
www-http (Web)
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling 1723
Protocol)
• Examples
•
•
•
•
Internet Access Only
Internet Access with an Internal Server
Using Multiple Global IP addresses for clients and servers
Support Non NAT Friendly Applications
(1) Internet Access Only
In our Internet Access example, we only need one rule where all our ILAs map
to one IGA assigned by the ISP. You can just use the default SUA NAT, or you
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could select Full Feature NAT and select an Address Mapping Set with a
Many-to-One Rule. See the following figure.
(2) Internet Access with an Internal Server
In this case, we do exactly as the figure (use the convenient pre-configured
SUA Only set) and also go to Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network ->
NAT -> Port Forwarding to specify the Internet Server behind the NAT as
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below:
(3) Using Multiple Global IP addresses for clients and servers
(One-to-One, Many-to-One, Server Set mapping types are used)
In this case we have 3 IGAs from the ISP. We have two very busy internal FTP
servers and also an internal general server for the web and mail. In this case,
we want to assign the 3 IGAs by the following way using 4 NAT rules.
•
•
Rule 1 (One-to-One type) to map the FTP Server 1 with ILA1
(192.168.1.10) to IGA1 (200.0.0.1).
Rule 2 (One-to-One type) to map the FTP Server 2 with ILA2
(192.168.1.11) to IGA2 (200.0.0.2).
•
•
Rule 3 (Many-to-One type) to map the other clients to IGA3 (200.0.0.3).
Rule 4 (Server type) to map a web server and mail server with ILA3
(192.168.1.20) to IGA3. Type Server allows us to specify multiple
servers, of different types, to other machines behind NAT on the LAN.
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Step 1: In this case, we need to map ILA to more than one IGA, therefore we
must choose the Full Feature option from the NAT field in currently active
remote node, and assign IGA3 to P-660H-Tx v2’s WAN IP Address.
Step 2: Go to Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT ->
Address Mapping to begin configuring Address Mapping Set #1. We can see
there are 10 blank rule table that could be configured. See the following setup
for the four rules in our case.
Rule 1 Setup: Select One-to-One type to map the FTP Server 1 with ILA1
(192.168.1.10) to IGA1 (200.0.0.1).
Rule 2 Setup: Selecting One-to-One type to map the FTP Server 2 with ILA2
(192.168.1.11) to IGA2 (200.0.0.2).
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Rule 3 Setup: Select Many-to-One type to map the other clients to IGA3
(200.0.0.3).
Rule 4 Setup: Select Server type to map our web server and mail server with
ILA3 (192.168.1.20) to IGA3.
Menu Network -> NAT -> Address Mapping should look as follows now:
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Step 3: Now we configure all other incoming traffic to go to our web server and
mail server from Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network -> NAT -> Port
Forwarding:
(4) Support Non NAT Friendly Applications
Some servers providing Internet applications such as some mIRC servers do
not allow users to login using the same IP address. In this case it is better to
use Many-to-Many No Overload or One-to-One NAT mapping types, thus each
user login to the server using a unique global IP address. The following figure
illustrates this.
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One rule configured for using Many-to-Many No Overload mapping type is
shown below.
We can also do this by configure threeOne-to-One mapping type rules.
6. Using the Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
• What is DDNS?
The DDNS service, an IP Registry provides a public central database where
information such as email addresses, hostnames, IPs etc. can be stored and
retrieved. This solves the problems if your DNS server uses an IP associated
with dynamic IPs.
Without DDNS, we always tell the users to use the WAN IP of the P-660H-Tx
v2 to access the internal server. It is inconvenient for the users if this IP is
dynamic. With DDNS supported by the P-660H-Tx v2, you apply a DNS name
server. The outside users can always access the web server using the
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When the ISP assigns the P-660H-Tx v2 a new IP, the P-660H-Tx v2 must
inform the DDNS server the change of this IP so that the server can update its
IP-to-DNS entry. Once the IP-to-DNS table in the DDNS server is updated, the
The DDNS servers the P-660H-Tx v2 supports currently is
WWW.DYNDNS.ORG where you apply the DNS from and update the WAN IP
to.
• Setup the DDNS
1. Before configuring the DDNS settings in the P-660H-Tx v2, you must
register an account from the DDNS server such as
WWW.DYNDNS.ORG first. After the registration, you have a hostname
for your internal server and a password using to update the IP to the
DDNS server.
2. Login Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Dynamic DNS
Select 'Active Dynamic DNS' option:
Key Settings:
Option
Description
Enter the DDNS server in this field. Currently, we support
WWW.DYNDNS.ORG.
Service Provider
Toggle to 'Yes'.
Active
Enter the hostname you subscribe from the above DDNS server.
Host Name
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For example, zyxel.com.tw.
Enter the user name that the DDNS server gives to you.
Enter the password that the DDNS server gives to you.
User Name
Password
Enter the hostname for the wildcard function that the
WWW.DYNDNS.ORG supports. Note that Wildcard option is
Enable Wildcard
7. Network Management Using SNMP
• ZyXEL SNMP Implementation
ZyXEL currently includes SNMP support in some P-660H-Tx v2 routers. It is
implemented based on the SNMPv1, so it will be able to communicate with
SNMPv1 NMSs. Further, users can also add ZyXEL's private MIB in the NMS
to monitor and control additional system variables. The ZyXEL's private MIB
tree is shown in figure 3. For SNMPv1 operation, ZyXEL permits one
community string so that the router can belong to only one community and
allows trap messages to be sent to only one NMS manager.
Some traps are sent to the SNMP manager when anyone of the following
events happens:
1. coldStart (defined in RFC-1215) :
If the machine coldstarts, the trap will be sent after booting.
2. warmStart (defined in RFC-1215) :
If the machine warmstarts, the trap will be sent after booting.
3. linkDown (defined in RFC-1215) :
If any link of IDSL or WAN is down, the trap will be sent with the port
number . The port number is its interface index under the interface
group.
4. linkUp (defined in RFC-1215) :
If any link of IDSL or WAN is up, the trap will be sent with the port
number . The port number is its interface index under the interface
group.
5. authenticationFailure (defined in RFC-1215) :
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When receiving any SNMP get or set requirement with wrong community,
this trap is sent to the manager.
6. whyReboot (defined in ZYXEL-MIB) :
When the system is going to restart (warmstart), the trap will be sent with the
reason of restart before rebooting.
(1) For intentional reboot :
In some cases (download new files, CI command "sys reboot", ...), reboot is
done intentionally. And traps with the message "System reboot by user !" will
be sent.
(2) For fatal error :
System has to reboot for some fatal errors. And traps with the message of the
fatal code will be sent.
•
• Configure the P-660H-Tx v2 for SNMP
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The SNMP related settings in P-660H-Tx v2 are configured in Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Remote MGNT -> SNMP The
following steps describe a simple setup procedure for configuring all SNMP
settings.
Key Settings:
Option
Descriptions
Enter the correct Get Community. This Get Community must match the
'Get-' and 'GetNext' community requested from the NMS. The default is
'public'.
Get
Community
Enter the correct Set Community. This Set Community must match the
'Set-community requested from the NMS. The default is 'public'.
Set
Community
Enter the IP address of the NMS. The P-660H-Tx v2HW-DX will only
respond to SNMP messages coming from this IP address. If 0.0.0.0 is
entered, the P-660H-Tx v2HW-DX will respond to all NMS managers.
Trusted
Host
Enter the community name in each sent trap to the NMS. This Trap
Community must match what the NMS is expecting. The default is
Trap
Community
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'public'.
Enter the IP address of the NMS that you wish to send the traps to. If
0.0.0.0 is entered, the P-660H-Tx v2HW-DX will not send trap any
NMS manager.
Trap
Destination
Note: You may need to edit a firewall rule to permit SNMP Packets.
8. Using syslog
You can configure it in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Maintenance ->
Logs -> Log Settings -> Syslog logging.
Key Settings:
Active: Select it to active UNIX Syslog.
Syslog IP Address: Enter the IP address of the UNIX server that you wish to
send the syslog.
Log Facility: Select from the 7 different local options. The log facility lets you
log the message in different server files. Refer to your UNIX manual.
9. Using IP Alias
• What is IP Alias ?
In a typical environment, a LAN router is required to connect two local
networks. The P-660H-Tx v2 can connect three local networks to the ISP or a
remote node, we call this function as 'IP Alias'. In this case, an internal router
is not required. For example, the network manager can divide the local
network into three networks and connect them to the Internet using P-660H-Tx
v2's single user account. See the figure below.
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The P-660H-Tx v2 supports three virtual LAN interfaces via its single physical
Ethernet interface. The first network can be configured in Web Configurator,
Advanced Setup, Network -> LAN -> DHCP Setup. The second and third
networks that we call 'IP Alias 1' and 'IP Alias 2' can be configured in
Network -> LAN -> IP Alias.
There are three internal virtual LAN interfaces for the P-660H-Tx v2 to route
the packets from/to the three networks correctly. They are enif0 for the major
network, enif0:0 for the IP alias 1 and enif0:1 for the IP alias 2. Therefore,
three routes are created in the P-660H-Tx v2 as shown below when the three
networks are configured. If the P-660H-Tx v2's DHCP is also enabled, the IP
pool for the clients can be any of the three networks.
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You can edit filter rule to accept or deny LAN packets from/to the IP alias 1/2
go through the P-660H-Tx v2 by command in CLI:
lan index [index number]
Usage: index number =1 main LAN
2 IP Alias#1
3 IP Alias#2
lan filter <incoming|outgoing> <tcpip|generic> [set#]
Usage: set#= the corresponding filter set number you’ve configured
lan save
• IP Alias Setup
(1) Edit the first network in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Network ->
LAN -> IP/DHCP Setup by configuring the P-660H-Tx v2's first LAN IP
address.
Key Settings:
If the P-660H-Tx v2's DHCP server is enabled, the IP pool for the clients
can be any of the three networks.
DHCP
Setup
Enter the first LAN IP address for the P-660H-Tx v2. This will create the
first route in the enif0 interface.
TCP/IP
Setup
(2) Edit the second and third networks in Network -> LAN -> IP Alias by
configuring the P-660H-Tx v2's second and third LAN IP addresses.
Key Settings:
Active it and enter the second LAN IP address for the P-660H-Tx v2. This
IP Alias 1
will create the second route in the enif0:0 interface.
Active it and enter the third LAN IP address for the P-660H-Tx v2. This will
IP Alias 2
create the third route in the enif0:1 interface.
10. Using IP Policy Routing
• What is IP Policy Routing (IPPR)?
Traditionally, routing is based on the destination address only and the router
takes the shortest path to forward a packet. IP Policy Routing (IPPR) provides
a mechanism to override the default routing behavior and alter the packet
forwarding based on the policy defined by the network administrator.
Policy-based routing is applied to incoming packets on a per interface basis,
prior to the normal routing. Network administrators can use IPPR to distribute
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traffic among multiple paths. For example, if a network has both the Internet
and remote node connections, we can route the Web packets to the Internet
using one policy and route the FTP packets to the remote LAN using another
policy. See the figure below.
Use IPPR to distribute traffic among multiple paths
•
Benefits
Source-Based Routing - Network administrators can use policy-based
routing to direct traffic from different users through different connections.
Quality of Service (QoS)- Organizations can differentiate traffic by setting the
precedence or TOS (Type of Service) values in the IP header at the periphery
of the network to enable the backbone to prioritize traffic.
Cost Savings- IPPR allows organizations to distribute interactive traffic on
high-bandwidth, high-cost path while using low-path for batch traffic.
Load Sharing- Network administrators can use IPPR to distribute traffic
among multiple paths.
•
How does the IPPR work?
A policy defines the matching criteria and the action to take when a packet
meets the criteria. The action is taken only when all the criteria are met. The
criteria include the source address and port, IP protocol (ICMP, UDP, TCP,etc),
destination address and port, TOS and precedence (fields in the IP header)
and length. The inclusion of length criterion is to differentiate between
interactive and bulk traffic. Interactive applications, e.g., Telnet, tend to have
short packets, while bulk traffic, e.g., file transfer, tends to have large packets.
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The actions that can be taken include routing the packet to a different gateway
(and hence the outgoing interface) and the TOS and precedence fields in the
IP header. IPPR follows the existing packet filtering facility of ZyNOS in style
and in implementation. The policies are divided into sets, where related
policies are grouped together. A use defines the policies before applying them
to an interface or a remote node, in the same fashion as the filters. There are
12 policy sets with 6 policies in each set.
•
Setup the IP Policy Routing
Setp 1: Set the index of IP routing policy set rule by command ‘ip
policyrouting set index [set#] [rule#]’. Suppose set#=1, rule#=1 in this
example.
Step 2: Suppose we’d like to edit the rule like this:
Policy Set Name=Test
Active= Yes
Criteria:
IP Protocol = 6
Type of Service= Don't Care
Packet length= 0
Len Comp= N/A
Precedence
Source:
= Don't Care
addr start= 192.168.1.2
port start= 0
end= 192.168.1.20
end= N/A
Destination:
addr start= 0.0.0.0
port start= 80
end= N/A
end= 80
Action= Matched
Gateway addr = 192.168.1.254
Type of Service= No Change
Log= No
Precedence
= No Change
This policy example forces the Web packets originated from the clients with IP
addresses from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.20 be routed to the remote LAN via
the gateway 192.168.1.254.
To implement this, we need to invoke the following command one by one:
ip policyrouting set name Test
(Set the name as Test of IP routing policy rule )
ip policyrouting set active yes
(Enable the rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria protocol 6
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(Set the protocol ID as 6(TCP) for the rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria serviceType 0
(Set the criteria type of service as don’t care for this rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria precedence 8
(Set the precedence as don’t care for this rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria packetlength 0
(Set the packet length as 0 for the rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria srcip 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.20
(Set the source IP address for the rule: Start=192.168.1.2, end=192.168.1.20)
ip policyrouting set criteria srcport 0
(Set the source port for the rule: Start=0)
ip policyrouting set criteria destip 0.0.0.0
(Set the destination port for the rule: Start=0.0.0.0)
ip policyrouting set criteria destport 80 80
(Set the destination port for the rule: Start=80, end=80)
ip policyrouting set action actmatched
(Set the action for the rule: Matched)
ip policyrouting set action gatewaytype 0
(Set gateway type for the rule: Gateway Address)
ip policyrouting set action gatewayaddr 192.168.1.254
(Set the gateway address for the rule: 192.168.1.254)
ip policyrouting set criteria serviceType 0
(Set the action type of service as don’t care for this rule)
ip policyrouting set criteria precedence 8
(Set the action precedence as don’t care for this rule)
ip policyrouting set action log no
(Set log option for the rule: no log)
ip polictrouting set save
(Save the rule)
Step 3: Apply the IP policy routing. There are two interfaces to apply the policy
set, they are the LAN interface and WAN interface. It depends where the
gateway specified in the policy rule is located. If the gateway you specified is
located on the local LAN you apply the policy set in LAN interface. If the
gateway you specified is located on the remote WAN site you apply the policy
set in WAN interface.
Apply to WAN Interface (Suppose we apply it to remote node 1 in the
example):
wan node index 1
wan node ippolicy 1
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11. Using Call Scheduling
What is Call Scheduling?
•
Call scheduling enables the mechanism for the P-660H-Tx v2 to run the
remote node connection according to the pre-defined schedule. This feature is
just like the scheduler ina video recorder which records the program according
to the specified time. Users can apply at most 4 schedule sets in Remote Node.
The remote node configured with the schedule set could be "Forced On",
"Forced Down", "Enable Dial-On-Demand", or "Disable Dial-On-Demand" on
specified date and time.
•
How to configure a Call Scheduling?
You can configure a call scheduling in CLI
Suppose we want to edit a call schedule set like this:
Call Schedule Set #=1
Set name=Test
Active= Yes
Start Date(yyyy-mm-dd)= 2005 - 12 - 27
How Often= Once
Once:
Date(yyyy-mm-dd)= 2005 -12 -27
Start Time(hh:mm)= 12 : 00
Duration(hh:mm)= 16 : 00
Action= Enable Dial-on-demand
This schedule example permits a demand call on the line on 12:00 a.m.,
2005-12-27. The maximum length of time this connection is allowed is 16
hours.
To implement this, we need to invoke the following command one by one:
wan callsch index 1
(Set call schedule index #= 1. You must apply this command first before you
begin to configure call schedule)
wan callsch name Test
(Set the schedule name as Test)
wan callsch active Yes
(Enable schedule)
wan callsch startdate 2005 12 27
(Set schedule start date as 2005-12-27)
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wan callsch oncedate 2005 12 27
(Set the schedule used just once, it works on 2005-12-27)
wan callsch starttime 12 00
(Set the schedule start time as 12:00)
wan callsch duration 16 00
(Set schedule duration time as 16 hours)
wan callsch action 2
(Set action as dial-on-demand)
wan callsch save
(Save the current call schedule set)
Key Settings:
Start date of this schedule rule. It can be unmatched with weekday
Start Date
setting. For example, if Start Date is 2000/10/02(Monday), but Monday
setting in weekday can be No.
The node will always keep up during the setting period. It is equivalent
to diable the idel timeout.
Forced On
The node will always keep doen during the setting period. The
connected remote node will be dropped.
Forced Down
Enable
The remote node accepts Dial-on-demand during this period.
Dial-On-Demand
The remote node denies any demand dial during the period. For the
existing connected nodes, it will be dropped after idle timeout and no
triggered up.
Disable
Dial-On-Demand
Start Time/
Duration
Start Time and Duration of this schedule.
•
Apply the schedule to the Remote node
Multiple scheduling rules can program in a Remote node, and they have
priority. For example, if we program the sets as 1,2,3,4 in remote node, then
the set 1 will override set 2,3,4. set 2 will override 3,4, and so on.
We can apply the schedule to the remote node in CLI by the commands:
wan node index []index#]
wan node callsch [index#]
wan node save
For example, if we want to apply the call schedule set 1 to remote node 1, we
could use the commands:
wan node index 1
wan node callsch 1
wan node save
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• Time Service in P-660H-Tx v2
There is no RTC (Real-Time Clock) chip so the P-660H-Tx v2 should launch a
mechanism to get current time and date from external server in boot time.
Time service is implemented by the Daytime protocol(RFC-867), Time
protocol(RFC-868), and NTP protocol(RFC-1305). You have to assign an IP
address of a time server and then, the P-660H-Tx v2 will get the date, time,
and time-zone information from this server. You can configure it in Web
Configurator, Advanced Setup, Maintenance -> System -> Time Setting.
12. Using IP Multicast
•
What is IP Multicast ?
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in two ways - unicast or broadcast.
Multicast is a third way to deliver IP packets to a group of hosts. Host groups
are identified by class D IP addresses, i.e., those with "1110" as their
higher-order bits. In dotted decimal notation, host group addresses range from
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Among them, 224.0.0.1 is assigned to the
permanent IP hosts group, and 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers
group.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is the protocol used to support
multicast groups. The latest version is version 2 (see RFC2236). IP hosts use
IGMP to report their multicast group membership to any immediate-neighbor
multicast routers so the multicast routers can decide if a multicast packet
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needs to be forwarded. At start up, the P-660H-Tx v2 queries all directly
connected networks to gather group membership.
After that, the P-660H-Tx v2 updates the information by periodic queries. The
P-660H-Tx v2 implementation of IGMP is also compatible with version 1. The
multicast setting can be turned on or off on Ethernet and remote nodes.
•
IP Multicast Setup
(1) Enable IGMP in P-660H-Tx v2's LAN in Web Configurator, Advanced
Setup, Network -> LAN -> IP -> Advanced Setup.
(2) Enable IGMP in P-660H-Tx v2's remote node in Web Configurator,
Advanced Setup, Network -> Remote Node -> Edit -> Multicast.
Key Settings:
IGMP-v1 for IGMP version 1, IGMP-v2 for IGMP version 2.
Multicast
13. Using Bandwidth Management
• Why Bandwidth Management (BWM)?
Nowadays, we have many different traffic types for Internet applications. Some
traffic may consume high bandwidth, such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
Some other traffic may not require high bandwidth, but they require stable
supply of bandwidth, such as VoIP traffic. The VoIP quality would not be good,
if all of the outgoing bandwidth is occupied via FTP. Additionally, chances are
that you would like to grant higher bandwidth for some body specially who is
using specific IP address in your network. All of these are reasons why we
need bandwidth management.
• Using BWM
Setp 1: Go to Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Bandwidth
MGMT->Summary, activate bandwidth management on the interface you
would like to manage. We enable the BWM function on WAN interface in this
example.
Enter the total speed for this interface that you want to allocate using
bandwidth management. This appears as the bandwidth budget of the
interface’s root class.
Select how you want the bandwidth to be allocated. Priority-Based means
bandwidth is allocated via priority, so the traffic with highest priority would be
served first, then the second priority is served secondly and so on. If
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Fairness-Based is chosen, then the bandwidth is allocated by ratio. Which
means if A class needs 300 kbps, B class needs 600 kbps, then the ratio of A
and B's actual bandwidth is 1:2. So if we get 450 kbps in total, then A would
get 150 kbps, B would get 300 kbps. We select Priority-Based in this
example.
Key Settings:
Check the box to enable BWM on the interface. Note that if you would like
to manage traffic from WAN to LAN, you should apply BWM on LAN
Active
interface. If you would like to management traffic from WAN to DMZ,
please apply BWM on DMZ interface.
Enter the total speed to manage on this interface. This value is the budget
Speed
of the class tree's root.
Choose the principle to allocate bandwidth on this interface.
Priority-Based allocates bandwidth via priority. Fairness-Based allocates
Scheduler
bandwidth by ratio.
Check this box if you would like to give residuary bandwidth from Interface
to the classes who need more bandwidth than configured amount. Do not
select this if you want to reserve bandwidth for traffic that does not match a
bandwidth class or you want to limit the bandwidth of each class at the
configured value. (Please note that to meat the second condition, you
should also disable Use All Managed Bandwidth in the BWM rule.)
Maximize
Bandwidth
Usage
Step 2: Go to Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Bandwidth
MGMT-> Rule Setup, select the interface, Service, Priority, and Allocated
Bandwidth for this rule, then click button ‘Add’ to apply this rule.
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Step 3: You can modify the rule by clicking the button ‘Edit’ on the rule:
Key Settings:
Give this rule a name, for example, 'WWW'
RuleName
Configure the bandwidth you would like to allocate to this rule
BW Budget
Enter a number between 0 and 7 to set the priority of this class. The
higher the number, the higher the priority. The default setting is 3.
Priority
Check this box if you would like to let this class to borrow bandwidth from
it's parents when the required bandwidth is higher than the configured
amount. Do not check this if you want to limit the bandwidth of this class
at the configured value.(Please note that you should also disable
Maximize Bandwidth Usage on the interface to meet the condition.)
Use All
Managed
Bandwidth
Select User-defined, SIP, FTP, or H.323 to specify the traffic types
Service
Destination
IP Address
Enter the IP address of destination that meets this class.
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Destination
Subnet
Enter the destination subnet mask.
Mask
Destination
Port
Enter the destination port number of the traffic.
Enter the IP address of source that meats this class. Note that for traffic
from 'LAN to WAN', since BWM is before NAT, you should use the IP
address before NAT processing.
Source IP
Address
Source
Subnet
Mask
Enter the destination subnet mask.
Enter the source port number of the traffic.
Source Port
Enter the protocol number for the traffic. 1 for ICMP, 6 for TCP or 17 for
UDP
Protocol ID
After configuration BWM, you can check current bandwidth of the configured
traffic in Web Configurator, Advanced Setup, Advanced -> Bandwidth
MGMT-> Monitor.
14. Using Zero-Configuration
• Zero-Configuration and VC auto-hunting
Zero-Configure feature can help customer to reduce the burden of setting
efforts. Whenever system ADSL links up system will send out some probing
patterns, system will analyze the packets returned from ISP, and decide which
services the ISP may provide. Because ADSL is based on a ATM network, so
system have to pre-configured a VPI/VCI hunting pool before Auto-Configure
function begins to work.
The Zero-Configuration feature can hunt the encapsulation and VPI/VCI value,
and system will automatically configure itself if the hunting result is
successfully. This feature has two constraints:
1. It supports the ISP provides one kind of service (PPPoE/PPPoA, etc.)
only, otherwise the hunting will get confusing and failed.
2. VC auto-hunting only supports dynamic WAN IP address. If the router is
set a static WAN IP address. VC auto-hunting function will be disabled.
The entry of hunting pool must also contain the VPI, VCI, and which kinds of
hunting patterns you wish to send. Whenever system send out all the probing
patterns with specific VPI/VCI, system will wait for 5~10 seconds and get the
response from ISP, the response patterns will decide which kinds of ADSL
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services of the line will be. After that, system will save back the correct VPI,
VCI and also services (encapsulation) type into profile of WAN interface.
• Configure the VC auto-hunting preconfigured table.
(1) Display auto-haunting preconfigured table by using command from CLI:
wan atm vchunt display
(2) Add items to the auto-haunting preconfigured table by using commands:
wan atm vchunt add <remoteNodeIndex> <vpi> <vci> <service
bit(hex)>
wan atm vchunt save
Note: <remote node> : input the remote node index 1-8
<vpi> : vpi value
<vci> : vci value
<service>: it’s a hex value, bit0:PPPoE/VC (1), bit1:PPPoE/LLC (2) ,
bit2:PPPoA/VC (4), bit3:PPPoA/LLC (8), bit4:Enet/VC (16), bit5 :Enet/LLC (32)
For example:
(1) If you need service PPPoE/LLC and Enet/LLC then the service bits will be
2+32 = 34 (decimal) = 22 (hex), you must input 22
(2) If you want to enable all service for VC hunting, the service bits will be
1+2+4+8+16+32=63(decimal)= 3f (hex), you must input 3f
Need to perform save after this by command ‘wan atm vchunt save’
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(3) Delete items from the auto-haunting preconfigured table by useing
command:
wan atm vchunt remove <remote node> <vpi> <vci>
• Using Zero configuration.
You can enable/disable Zero Configuration in Network -> WAN -> Advanced
Setup:
(1) After configure the auto-haunting preconfigured table. You just need a PC
connected to the device LAN Ethernet port with the DSL sync up.
(2) Open your web browser to access a Web site. It should prompt and request
for your username password of your ISP account, if your ISP provide PPPoE
or PPPoA service.
(3) After key-in the correct info, it will than test the connection. If it is
successful it will than close the browser and you can open a new browser to
surf the Internet. If the connection test fail, it will go back to the page ask for
user name and password.
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(4) Basically the zero configuration only work on the VC that was preconigured
in the auto-haunting preconfigured table.
15. How could I configure triple play on P-660H-Tx v2?
The common triple play scenario is as follows:
0/32
Port1
Port2
PVC1
PVC2
Port1
Port2
Port3
VOIP Server
IPTV Server
VOIP Telephone
Video Client
0/34
0/55
1/32
Port3
Port4
PVC3
PVC4
Clients surfing
Other clients
Internet
Others
Port4
ATUR
IP-DSLAM
VL-Switch
Access Network
ISP
CPE
Triple Play is a port-based policy to forward packets from different LAN port to
different PVCs, thus we could assign different parameters to the PVC (CBR,
UBR, VBR-RT, VBR-nRT) to guarantee different applications.
We could configure triple play on P-660H-Tx v2 via CLI. The command is:
sys tripleplay set portbase <EportID> <PVCID>
For example: sys tripleplay portbase set 1 1
sys tripleplay portbase set 2 2
sys tripleplay portbase set 3 3
The traffic from Ethernet port 1 must be forwarded to PVC1, vice versa.
The traffic from Ethernet port 2 must be forwarded to PVC2, vice versa.
The traffic from Ethernet Port3 must be forwarded to PVC3, vice versa.
16. How to configure packet filter on P-660H-Tx v2?
The P-660H-Tx v2 allows you to configure up to twelve filter sets with six rules
in each set, for a total of 72 filter rules in the system. You can apply up to four
filter sets to a particular port to block multiple types of packets. With each filter
set having up to six rules, you can have a maximum of 24 rules active for a
single port.
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The packet filter function on P-660H-Tx v2 is the same as before, just that you
could only configure the filter set and apply them by command in CLI. It’s very
complex for common users to do it. So here’s the recommendation:
(1) Usually if you want to block special packets, you could edit a firewall rule in
Web Configurator.
(2) By factory default, ZyXEL has preconfigured many filter sets for your
reference, you can check them by command:
sys filter set index [set#] [rule#]
Usage: set#: 1~12; rule#: 1~6. Commonly the preconfigured filter sets are as
follows: <set 2, rule 1~6>, <set 3, rule 1>, <set 4, rule 1>.
sys filter set display
For example:
This could satisfy mostly requirement. You could select any of them to apply to
the WAN node or LAN Interface on demand. The command is as follows:
• Apply to WAN node:
wan node index <node#>
Usage: node#= 1~8, corresponding to the remote node 1~8
wan node filter <incoming|outgoing> <tcpip|generic> <set1#> <set2#>
<set3#> <set4#>
Usage: You can apply at most four filter sets to one remote node.
wan node save
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• Apply to LAN Interface:
lan index [index#]
Usage: index#=1 main LAN
2 IP Alias#1
3 IP Alias#2
lan filter <incoming|outgoing> <tcpip|generic> <set1#> <set2#> <set3#>
<set4#>
Usage: You can apply at most four filter sets to LAN Interface.
lan save
(3) If you are very advanced user, you could edit filter set by the following
command:
sys filter set [set#] [rule#]
Usage: Set up a filter set index to edit a set.
set#: 1~12
rule#: 1~6
sys filter set type [typeID]
Usage: typeID: tcpip or generic.
Note: In one filter set, you should configure all the rules in one type: either
tcpip or generic.
sys filter set enable
Usage: Enable(active) the rule.
sys filter set ……(You could configure a filter rule on demand, the newest
command is available on release note)
sys filter set save
Usage: Don’t forget to save the rule everytime you’ve configured it.
Reference Commands:
Set the index of filter set rule, you must apply this
sys filter set index [set#] [rule#]
command first before you begin to configure the
filter rules
sys filter set name [set name]
sys filter set type [tcpip | generic]
sys filter set enable
Set the name of filter set
Set the type of filter rule
Enable the rule
sys filter set disable
Disable the rule
sys filter set protocol [protocol #]
sys filter set sourceroute [yes|no]
sys filter set destip [address] [subnet
Set the protocol ID of the rule
Set the sourceroute yes/no
Set the destination IP address and subnet mask of
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mask]
the rule
Set the destination port and compare type (compare
type could be 0(none)|1(equal)|2(not
equal)|3(less)|4(greater) )
sys filter set destport [port#] [compare
type = none|equal|notequal|less|greater]
sys filter set srcip [address] [subnet
mask]
Set the source IP address and subnet mask
sys filter set srcport [port#] [compare
type = none|equal|not
Set the source port and compare type (compare
type could be 0(none)|1(equal)|2(not
equal)|3(less)|4(greater) )
equal|less|greater]
sys filter set tcpEstab [yes|no]
sys filter set more [yes|no]
Set TCP establish option
Set the more option to yes/no
sys filter set log [type 0-3= none | match| Set the log type (it could be 0-3 =none, match, not
notmatch | both ]
match, both)
sys filter set actmatch[type 0-2 =
checknext | forward | drop]
sys filter set actnomatch [type 0-2 =
checknext | forward | drop]
sys filter set offset [#]
Set the action for match
Set the action for not match
Set offset for the generic rule
Set the length for generic rule
Set the mask for generic rule
sys filter set length [#]
sys filter set mask [#]
sys filter set value [(depend on length in
hex)]
Set the value for generic rule
sys filter set clear
Clear the current filter set
sys filter set save
Save the filter set parameters
Display Filter set information. W/o parameter, it will
display buffer information.
sys filter set display [set#][rule#]
sys filter set freememory
Discard Changes
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Support Tool
1. LAN/WAN Packet Trace
The Prestige packet trace records and analyzes packets running on LAN and
WAN interfaces. It is designed for users with technical backgrounds who are
interested in the details of the packet flow on LAN or WAN end of Prestige. It is
also very helpful for diagnostics if you have compatibility problems with your
ISP or if you want to know the details of a packet for configuring a filter rule.
The format of the display is as following:
Packet:
[index] [timer/second][channel-receive/transmit][length] [protocol]
[sourceIP/port] [destIP/port]
There are two ways to dump the trace:
Online Trace--display the trace real time on screen
Offline Trace--capture the trace first and display later
The details for capturing the trace in CLI as follows:
First of all, you need to telnet to the P-660H-Tx v2 firstly. The password is
Administrator passwords, ‘admin’ by default.
• Online Trace
(1) Trace LAN packet
• Disable to capture the WAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel mpoa00
none
• Enable to capture the LAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel enet0
bothway
• Enable the trace log by entering: sys trcp sw on & sys trcl sw on
• Display the brief trace online by entering: sys trcd brief
• Display the detailed trace online by entering: sys trcd parse
Example:
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(2) Trace WAN packet
• Disable the capture of the LAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel enet0
none
• Enable to capture the WAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel mpoa00
bothway
• Enable the trace log by entering: sys trcp sw on & sys trcl sw on
• Display the brief trace online by entering: sys trcd brief
• Display the detailed trace online by entering: sys trcd parse
Example:
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• Offline Trace
• Disable the capture of the WAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel
mpoa00 none
• Enable the capture of the LAN packet by entering: sys trcp channel enet0
bothway
• Enable the trace log by entering: sys trcp sw on & sys trcl sw on
• Wait for packet passing through the Prestige over LAN
• Disable the trace log by entering: sys trcp sw off & sys trcl sw off
• Display the trace briefly by entering: sys trcp brief
• Display specific packets by using: sys trcp parse <from_index> <to_index>
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• Capture the detailed logs by Hyper Terminal
Step 1: Initiate a hyper terminal connection from your PC(suppose you
connected to the LAN port of P-660H-Tx v2)
Step 2: Click the ‘properties’ to configure parameters to telnet to the
P-660H-Tx v2.
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Step 3: So that after you invoke the relevant commands, you could save the
logs you’ve captured.
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2. Firmware/Configurations Uploading and Downloading using TFTP
• Using TFTP client software
• Upload/download ZyNOS via LAN
• Upload/download Prestige configurations via LAN
(1) Using TFTP to upload/download ZyNOS via LAN
Step 1: TELNET to your Prestige first before running the TFTP software
Step 2: Type the CI command 'sys stdio 0' to disable console idle timeout
in Command Line Interface (CLI)
Step 3: Run the TFTP client software
Step 4: Enter the IP address of the Prestige
Step 5:To upload the firmware, please save the remote file as 'ras' to
Prestige. After the transfer is complete, the Prestige will program the upgraded
firmware into FLASH ROM and reboot itself.
An example:
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The 192.168.1.1 is the IP address of the Prestige. The local file is the source
file of the ZyNOS firmware that is available in your hard disk. The remote file is
the file name that will be saved in Prestige. Check the port number 69 and
512-Octet blocks for TFTP. Check 'Binary' mode for file transfering.
(2) Using TFTP to upload/download SMT configurations via LAN
Step 1: TELNET to your Prestige first before running the TFTP software
Step 2: Type the command 'sys stdio 0' to disable console idle timeout in
Command Line Interface (CLI).
Step 3: Run the TFTP client software
Step 4: To download the P-660H-Tx v2 configuration, please get the
remote file 'rom-0' from the Prestige.
Step 5: To upload the P-660H-Tx v2 configuration, please save the remote
file as 'rom-0' in the Prestige.
An example:
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ƒ
ƒ
The 192.168.1.1 is the IP address of the Prestige.
The local file is the source file of your configuration file that is available
in your hard disk.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
The remote file is the file name that will be saved in Prestige.
Check the port number 69 and 512-Octet blocks for TFTP.
Check 'Binary' mode for file transfering.
• Using TFTP command on Windows NT
Step 1: TELNET to your Prestige first before using TFTP command
Step 2: Type the CI command 'sys stdio 0' to disable console idle timeout in
Command Line Interface (CLI).
Step 3: Download ZyNOS via LAN : c:\tftp -i [PrestigeIP] get ras [localfile]
Step 4: Upload P-660H-Tx v2 configurations via LAN: c:\tftp -i [PrestigeIP] put
[localfile] rom-0
Step 5: Download P-660H-Tx v2 configurations via LAN: c:\tftp -i [PrestigeIP] get
rom-0 [localfile]
• Using TFTP command on UNIX
Before you begin:
1. TELNET to your Prestige first before using TFTP command
2. Type the CI command 'sys stdio 0' to disable console idle timeout in
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Example:
[cppwu@faelinux cppwu]$ telnet 192.168.1.1
Trying 192.168.1.1...
Connected to 192.168.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
Password: ****
ras> sys stdio 0
(Open a new window)
[cppwu@faelinux cppwu]$ tftp -I 192.168.1.1 get rom-0 [local-rom] <- change to binary mode
<- download configurations
[cppwu@faelinux cppwu]$ tftp -I 192.168.1.1 put [local-rom] rom-0 <- upload configurations
[cppwu@faelinux cppwu]$ tftp -I 192.168.1.1 get ras [local-ras ] <- download firmware
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[cppwu@faelinux cppwu]$ tftp -I 192.168.1.1 put [local-ras] ras <- upload firmware
3. Using FTP to Upload the Firmware and Configuration Files
In addition to upload the firmware and configuration file via the console port
and TFTP client, you can also upload the firmware and configuration files to
the Prestige using FTP.
To use this feature, your workstation must have a FTP client software. See the
example shown below.
Note: The remote file name for the firmware is 'ras' and the configuration file is
'rom-0'.
Use FTP client from your workstation to connect to the Prestige by
entering the IP address of the Prestige.
Step 1
Press 'Enter' key to ignore the username, because the Prestige does
not check the username.
Step2
Enter the CLI password as the FTP login password, the default is
'admin'.
Step 3
Step 4 Enter command 'bin' to set the transfer type to binary.
Step 5 Use 'put' command to transfer the file to the Prestige.
Example:
Step 1: Connect to the Prestige by entering the Prestige's IP and Administrator
password in the FTP software. Set the transfer type to 'Auto-Detect' or
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'Binary'.
Step 2: Press 'OK' to ignore the 'Username' prompt.
Step 3: To upload the firmware file, we transfer the local 'ras' file to overwrite
the remote 'ras' file.
To upload the configuration file, we transfer the local 'rom-0' to overwrite
the remote 'rom-0' file.
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Step 4: The Prestige reboots automatically after the uploading is finished.
Please do not power off the router at this moment.
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CI Command Reference
Command Syntax and General User Interface
CI has the following command syntax:
command <iface | device > subcommand [param]
command subcommand [param]
command ? | help
command subcommand ? | help
General user interface:
Shows the following commands and all major (sub)commands
Exit Subcommand
1.
?
2. exit
To get the latest CI Command list
The latest CI Command list is available in release note of every ZyXEL
firmware release. Please goto ZyXEL public WEB site
http://www.zyxel.com/support/download_index.php to download firmware
package (*.zip), you should unzip the package to get the release note in PDF
format.
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All contents copyright © 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
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