E
FC-200V
FC-100V
User's Guide
CASIO Worldwide Education Website
CASIO EDUCATIONAL FORUM
About this Manual
• This User’s Guide covers use and operation of the CASIO
FC-200V and FC-100V. Operations apply to both models,
except in cases indicated by the text “FC-200V only”.
• Keycap markings indicate what a key inputs or what
function it performs.
Example: 1, 2, +, -, A, etc.
SHIFT
ALPHA
• Pressing the
or
key followed by a second key
performs the alternate function of the second key. The
alternate function is indicated by the text printed above
the key.
Alternate function
VARS
Y}
Keycap function
t
• The following shows what the different colors of the
alternate function key text mean.
If key marking
It means this:
text is this color:
SHIFT
Press
and then the key to
Yellow
Red
access the applicable function.
ALPHA
Press
and then the key to
input the applicable variable or
constant.
SHIFT
• In this manual, a
key operation is shown as 1,
while an ALPHA key operation is shown as S.
• The following shows an example of how an alternate
function operation is represented in this User’s Guide.
Example: 17(S-MENU)
Indicates the function that is accessed by the
key operation (17) before it. Note that
this is not part of the actual key operation you
perform.
E-1
• The following shows an example of how a key operation
to select an on-screen menu item is represented in this
User’s Guide.
Example: 1(1-VAR)
Indicates the menu item that is selected by the
number key operation (1) before it. Note that
this is not part of the actual key operation you
perform.
• The cursor key is marked with four
arrows, indicating direction, as shown
in the illustration nearby. In this User’s
REPLAY
Guide, cursor key operation is
indicated as f, c, d, and e.
Some examples in this manual start out assuming that the
calculator is set to a particular angle unit. This is indicated
by the following marks.
z : Degrees
Z : Radians
• The displays and illustrations (such as key markings)
shown in this User’s Guide are for illustrative purposes
only, and may differ somewhat from the actual items they
represent.
• The contents of this manual are subject to change without
notice.
• In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to
anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential
damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase
or use of this product and items that come with it.
Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable
for any claim of any kind whatsoever by any other party
arising out of the use of this product and the items that
come with it.
E-2
Initializing the Calculator
Perform the following procedure when you want to initialize
the calculator and return the calculation mode and setup
to their initial default settings. Note that this operation also
clears all data currently in calculator memory.
1. O19(CLR)
2. “All:EXE” (cf), then E.
3. E(Yes)
4. A
• To cancel initialization without doing anything, press
E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).
This setting:
Is initialized to this:
Calculation Mode
COMP
This setting:
Payment
Date Mode
dn
Is initialized to this:
End
365
CI
Periods/Y
Bond Date
Date Input
PRF/Ratio
B-Even
Annual (FC-200V only)
Date (FC-200V only)
MDY
PRF (FC-200V only)
Quantity (FC-200V only)
Digit Sep.
Angle
Display Digits
STAT
Off
Deg
Norm1
Off
• For information about memory, see “Using Calculator
Memory” on page E-35.
• For information about shortcut keys settings, see
“Shortcuts” on page E-94.
E-3
Safety Precautions
Be sure to read the following safety precautions before
using this calculator. Keep this manual handy for later
reference.
Caution
This symbol is used to indicate information that can
result in personal injury or material damage if ignored.
Battery
• After removing the battery from the calculator, put it
in a safe place where it will not get into the hands of
small children and accidentally swallowed.
• Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If
accidentally swallowed, consult with a physician
immediately.
• Never charge the battery, try to take the battery apart,
or allow the battery to become shorted. Never expose
the battery to direct heat or dispose of it by
incineration.
• Improperly using a battery can cause it to leak and
damage nearby items, and can create the risk of fire
and personal injury.
• Always make sure that the battery’s positive
and
k
negative
ends are facing correctly when you load
l
it into the calculator.
• Remove the battery if you do not plan to use the
calculator for a long time.
• Use only the type of battery specified for this
calculator in this manual.
Disposing of the Calculator
• Never dispose of the calculator by burning it. Doing
so can cause certain components to suddenly burst,
creating the risk of fire and personal injury.
E-4
Handling Precautions
• Be sure to press the O key before using the
calculator for the first time.
• Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace
the battery at least once every three years (FC-200V)
or two years (FC-100V).
A dead battery can leak, causing damage to and
malfunction of the calculator. Never leave a dead battery
in the calculator.
• The battery that comes with this unit discharges
slightly during shipment and storage. Because of
this, it may require replacement sooner than the
normal expected battery life.
• Low battery power can cause memory contents to
become corrupted or lost completely. Always keep
written records of all important data.
• Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas
subjected to temperature extremes.
Very low temperatures can cause slow display response,
total failure of the display, and shortening of battery life.
Also avoid leaving the calculator in direct sunlight, near
a window, near a heater or anywhere else it might be
exposed to very high temperatures. Heat can cause
discoloration or deformation of the calculator’s case, and
damage to internal circuitry.
• Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas
subjected to large amounts of humidity and dust.
Take care never to leave the calculator where it might be
splashed by water or exposed to large amounts of
humidity or dust. Such conditions can damage internal
circuitry.
• Never drop the calculator or otherwise subject it to
strong impact.
• Never twist or bend the calculator.
Avoid carrying the calculator in the pocket of your trousers
or other tight-fitting clothing where it might be subjected
to twisting or bending.
• Never try to take the calculator apart.
E-5
• Never press the keys of the calculator with a ballpoint
pen or other pointed object.
• Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the exterior of the
calculator.
If the calculator becomes very dirty, wipe it off with a cloth
moistened in a weak solution of water and a mild neutral
household detergent. Wring out all excess liquid before
wiping the calculator. Never use thinner, benzene or other
volatile agents to clean the calculator. Doing so can
remove printed markings and can damage the case.
E-6
Contents
About this Manual ............................................ 1
Initializing the Calculator ................................ 3
Safety Precautions ........................................... 4
Handling Precautions ...................................... 5
Before Using the Calculator .......................... 10
kRemoving the Hard Case .................................... 10
kTurning Power On and Off ................................... 10
kAdjusting Display Contrast................................... 10
kAbout the Display.................................................. 11
kDisplay Indicators ................................................. 11
Calculation Modes and Calculator Setup .... 13
kCalculation Modes ............................................... 13
kUsing the Setup Screen ....................................... 13
Inputting Expressions and Values ............... 23
kInputting a Calculation Expression Using
Standard Format .................................................. 23
kCorrecting an Expression .................................... 25
kDisplaying the Location of an Error...................... 27
Basic Calculations ......................................... 28
kArithmetic Calculations ........................................ 28
kPercent Calculations ............................................ 29
Using Multi-statements in Calculations ....... 32
Using Calculation History Memory and
Replay ............................................................. 33
Using Calculator Memory .............................. 35
kAnswer Memory (Ans) ......................................... 35
kIndependent Memory (M) .................................... 37
kVariables (A, B, C, D, X, Y) .................................. 38
kFinancial Calculation Variables (VARS) ............... 40
kClearing Memory Contents .................................. 41
E-7
Financial Calculation ..................................... 42
kSimple Interest Mode ........................................... 42
kCompound Interest Mode .................................... 44
kCash Flow Mode .................................................. 50
kAmortization Mode ............................................... 55
kConversion Mode................................................. 59
kCost/Sell/Margin Mode ........................................ 61
kDay Calculation Mode.......................................... 64
kDepreciation Mode (FC-200V only) ..................... 66
kBond Mode (FC-200V only) ................................. 71
kBreak-Even Mode (FC-200V only)....................... 78
kBEV Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 1) ................. 78
kMargin of Safety Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 2)........................................... 82
kDegree of Operating Leverage Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 3)........................................... 84
kDegree of Financial Leverage Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 4)........................................... 86
kDegree of Combined Leverage Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 5)........................................... 88
kQuantity Conversion Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 6)........................................... 90
Shortcuts ........................................................ 94
kCustom Shortcut Keys ......................................... 94
kFunction Shortcut Keys........................................ 96
Function Calculations ................................... 98
kPi (π) and Natural Logarithm Base e ................... 98
kTrigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric
Functions ............................................................. 98
kHyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ..... 99
kConverting an Input Value to the Calculator’s
Default Angle Unit ................................................ 99
kExponential Functions and Logarithmic
Functions ........................................................... 100
kPower Functions and Power Root Functions .... 101
kRectangular-Polar Coordinate Conversion ........ 103
kOther Functions ................................................. 104
E-8
Statistical Calculation.................................. 108
kStatistical Calculation Types .............................. 108
kInputting Sample Data ....................................... 108
kSTAT Calculation Screen .................................... 111
kUsing the STAT Menu ......................................... 112
Technical Information .................................. 134
kCalculation Priority Sequence............................ 134
kStack Limitations................................................ 136
kCalculation Ranges, Number of Digits, and
Precision ............................................................ 137
kSpecial Financial Calculation Error Messages .. 139
kError Messages ................................................. 140
kBefore assuming malfunction of the calculator... 142
Reference ...................................................... 143
kPower Requirements and Battery
Replacement ..................................................... 143
Specifications............................................... 146
E-9
Before Using the Calculator
k Removing the Hard Case
Before using the calculator, slide its hard case downwards
to remove it, and then affix the hard case to the back of
the calculator as shown in the illustration below.
k Turning Power On and Off
• Press O to turn on the calculator.
• Press 1A(OFF) to turn off the calculator.
k Adjusting Display Contrast
1. Press s.
2. Use c to select “CONTRAST:EXE”, and then press
E.
This displays the contrast adjustment screen. Use d and
e to adjust display contrast. After the setting is the way
you want, press E.
Important!
• If adjusting display contrast does not improve display
readability, it probably means that battery power is low.
Replace the battery.
E-10
k About the Display
Your calculator has a 31-dot × 96-dot LCD screen.
Example:
Input expression
Calculation result
{
Financial Calculation Mode
k Display Indicators
Sample Display:
STAT
This
Means this:
indicator:
Page:
The keypad has been shifted by
pressing the 1 key. The keypad
will unshift and this indicator will
7
disappear when you press a key.
E-1
The alpha input mode has been
entered by pressing the S key.
3
The alpha input mode will be exited
and this indicator will disappear
when you press a key.
There is a value stored in independ-
ent memory.
E-37
M
The calculator is standing by for input
of a variable name to assign a value
to the variable. This indicator ap-
pears after you press 1t(STO).
STO
E-37
E-38
E-94
The calculator is standing by for input
of a variable name to recall the vari-
able’s value. This indicator appears
after you press t.
RCL
E-11
This
indicator:
Means this:
Page:
STAT
360
The calculator is in the STAT Mode. E-108
360 days in a year.
Simple interest for interest calcula-
tions of odd (partial) months.
SI
Day, month, year (DMY) as the date
format.
DMY
7
8
9
The default angle unit is degrees.
The default angle unit is radians.
The default angle unit is grads.
E-15
A fixed number of decimal places is
in effect.
FIX
SCI
A fixed number of significant digits
is in effect.
Calculation history memory data is
available and can be replayed, or
there is more data above/below the
current screen.
$`
E-33
The display currently shows an in-
Disp
termediate result of a multi-state- E-32
ment calculation.
Important!
• For a very complex calculation or some other type of
calculation that takes a long time to execute, the display
may show only the above indicators (without any value)
while it performs the calculation internally.
E-12
Calculation Modes and
Calculator Setup
k Calculation Modes
When you want to perform
this type of operation:
Press this
key:
Page:
Simple interest calculations
Compound interest calculations
Cash flow calculations
S
c
C
A
E-42
E-44
E-50
E-55
Amortization calculations
E-28
E-98
General and function calculations
m
Statistical and regression
calculations
a
n
o
D
d
E-108
E-59
E-61
E-64
E-66
Interest rate conversion calculations
Cost, selling price, or margin
calculations
Day or date calculations
Depreciation calculations
(FC-200V only)
Purchase price and annual yield
calculations (FC-200V only)
b
B
E-71
E-78
Break-even point calculations
(FC-200V only)
k Using the Setup Screen
The setup screen lets you configure various conditions and
screen settings used for calculations. You can also use
the setup screen to adjust display contrast.
E-13
A Displaying the Setup Screen
There are two different ways to display the setup screen.
• Pressing the s key
• Selecting the “Set:” item on
the menu screen that
appears when you enter
some modes.
The following are the
procedures you need to
perform to access and use the
setup screen using the above
operations.
FC-200V
Important!
All of the example procedures presented in this manual
use the s key procedure to display the setup screen.
To display the setup screen with the s key
1. Press the s key.
This displays a menu of setup items.
• See “Setup Screen Settings” on page E-15 for a
complete list of menu items.
2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you
want to change, and then press E.
This displays a screen for configuring the setting of the
setup item you selected.
3. Configure the setting you want.
• You can select a setting by with the cursor and then
press E , or you can input the number that
corresponds to the setting you want to select.
• See “Configuring Settings” on page E-16 for
information about configuring each setting.
To display the setup screen by selecting “Set:” on a
mode menu
Important!
The following procedure is possible only when there is a
“Set:” item on the menu that initially appears when you
enter a mode. It is not available in all modes.
E-14
1. On the menu that appears when you initially enter a
mode, use fc to select “Set:”, and then press E.
• This displays a setup screen of settings that apply to
the current mode only. The content of the setup screen
depends on what mode you are currently in.
2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you
want to change. You can also select a setup item by
inputting the applicable number.
• See “Setup Screen Settings” below for information
about configuring each setting.
A Setup Screen Settings
Setup
Screen Item
No.
Description
Page
Payment date (beginning of
term/end of term)
E-16
E-16
1 Payment
2 Date Mode Number of days in a year
3 dn
Odd period interest calculation E-16
Number of payment periods
per year
E-17
4 Periods/Y
Date or number of coupon
E-17
5 Bond Date
payments specification
6 Date Input Date format
E-18
7 PRF/Ratio Profit or profit ratio specification E-18
Sales quantity or sales amount
specification
E-18
8 B-Even
9 Digit Sep. 3-digit separator symbol
E-19
E-19
E-20
E-20
0 Angle
! Fix
Angle unit
Number of decimal places
Number of significant digits
@ Sci
Value range for exponential
format
E-21
# Norm
$ STAT
Statistical display
E-21
E-22
%
CONTRAST Contrast adjustment
E-15
A Configuring Settings
1 Payment: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode,
Amortization (AMRT) Mode
This setting specifies the payment date.
1:Begin Beginning of period
2:End End of period
1. Use fc to select
“Payment”, and then press
E.
2. Press 1(1:Begin) or 2(2:End) to select the setting
you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
2 Date Mode: Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode, Day
Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond (BOND)
Mode (FC-200V only)
This setting specifies the number of days in a year.
1:360
2:365
360 days
365 days
1. Use fc to select “Date
Mode”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:360) or 2(2:365) to select the setting you
want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
3 dn: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode
This setting specifies whether simple interest or compound
interest for interest calculations of odd (partial) months.
1:CI
2:SI
Compound interest
Simple interest
1. Use fc to select “dn”,
and then press E.
E-16
2. Press 1(1:CI) or 2(2:SI) to select the setting you
want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
4 Periods/Y: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)
This setting specifies once a year (Annual) or twice a year
(Semi-Annual) coupon payments.
1:Annual One coupon payment per year
2:Semi
One coupon payment every six months
1. Use fc to select
“Periods/Y”, and then press
E.
2. Press 1(1:Annual) or 2(2:Semi) to select the setting
you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
5 Bond Date: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)
This setting specifies use of either a date (Date) or a
number of payments (Term) as the term for bond
calculations.
1:Date
2:Term
Date
Number of payments
1. Use fc to select “Bond
Date”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:Date) or 2(2:Term) to select the setting
you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
E-17
6 Date Input: Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond
(BOND) Mode (FC-200V only)
This setting specifies either month, day, year (MDY) or
day, month, year (DMY) as the date format.
1:MDY Month, day, year 06012006 (June 1, 2006)
2:DMY Day, month, year 01062006 (June 1, 2006)
1. Use fc to select “Date
Input”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:MDY) or 2(2:DMY) to select the setting
you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
7 PRF/Ratio: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Sub-
mode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC-
200V only)
This setting specifies use of either profit (PRF) or profit
ratio (r%) for break-even point calculations.
1:PRF Profit
2:r%
Profit ratio
1. Use fc to select “PRF/
Ratio”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:PRF) or 2(2:r%) to select the setting you
want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
8 B-Even: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Sub-
mode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC-200V
only)
This setting specifies use of either sales quantity (Quantity)
or sales amount (Sales) for break-even point calculations.
1: Quantity Sales quantity
2: Sales
Sales amount
E-18
1. Use fc to select
“B-Even”, and then press
E.
2. Press 1(1:Quantity) or 2(2:Sales) to select the
setting you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
9 Digit Sep.: All modes except for the STAT Mode and
COMP Mode
This setting specifies what type of 3-digit separator should
be used. Note that the 3-digit separator is not displayed
after you specify a number of significant digits with @ Sci.
1:Superscript Superscript comma 123´456
2:Subscript
3:Off
Subscript comma 123,456
Separator off 123456
1. Use fc to select “Digit
Sep.”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:Superscript), 2(2:Subscript), or 3(3:Off)
to select the setting you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
0 Angle: All modes
This setting specifies the angle unit used for trigonometric
functions.
π
2
90° = — radians = 100 grads
1:Deg
2:Rad
3:Gra
Degrees
Radians
Grads
1. Use fc to select “Angle”,
and then press E.
E-19
2. Press 1(1:Deg), 2(2:Rad), or 3(3:Gra) to select
the setting you want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
! Fix: All modes
This setting specifies a fixed number of digits to the right
of the decimal place. Calculation results are rounded off
to the specified number of digits before being displayed.
• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous
settings made for @ Sci and # Norm.
• Specify the number of decimal places by inputting a value
in the range of 0 (round off and then cut fraction part) to
9 (nine decimal places).
1. Use fc to select “Fix”,
and then press E.
2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of decimal
places.
Example: 100 ÷ 7 = 14.286 (Fix 3)
= 14.29 (Fix 2)
@ Sci: All modes
This setting specifies the number of significant digits.
Calculation results are rounded off to the specified number
of digits before being displayed.
• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous
settings made for ! Fix and # Norm.
• You can specify anywhere from 1 significant digit (by
inputting 1) to 10 significant digits (by inputting 0).
1. Use fc to select “Sci”,
and then press E.
2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of
significant digits.
Example: 10 ÷ 7 = 1.4286 × 100 (Sci 5)
= 1.429 × 100 (Sci 4)
E-20
# Norm: All modes
This setting specifies the range that determines when
display of values switches to exponential format.
• Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous
settings made for ! Fix and @ Sci.
Norm1: 10–2 > x, x > 1010
Norm2: 10–9 > x, x > 1010
Example: 1 ÷ 200 = 5 × 10–3 (Norm1)
= 0.005 (Norm2)
1. Use fc to select “Norm”,
and then press E.
2. Press 1(Norm1) or 2(Norm2).
$ STAT: Statistics (STAT) Mode, Cash Flow (CASH)
Mode
This setting controls whether a frequency (FREQ) column
is included in the STAT Mode DataEditor.
• The Cash Flow (CASH) Mode uses the same DataEditor
as the STAT Mode. Turning on display of the frequency
column reduces the maximum number of data items that
can be input for investment appraisal.
1:On Frequency (FREQ) column display on
2:Off Frequency (FREQ) column display off
1. Use fc to select
“STAT”, and then press E.
2. Press 1(1:On) or 2(2:Off) to select the setting you
want.
• You can also use fc to select a setting and then
press E.
Important!
• This operation clears DataEditor data. Note that data is
cleared even if you select the setting that corresponds to
the current FREQ column display status. Selecting “On”
while FREQ column display is currently turned on, for
example, will clear DataEditor data.
E-21
% CONTRAST: All modes
Select this setting when you want to adjust screen contrast
and make display figures lighter or darker.
1. Use fc to select
“CONTRAST”, and then
press E.
2. Use d and e to adjust display contrast.
3. Press E.
Note
• On a setting screen, the cursor mark displayed on the
upper right of a screen cannot be used.
A Initializing the Setup Screen Settings
1. O19(CLR)
2. “Setup:EXE” (fc), then E.
3. E(Yes)
4. A
• To cancel initialization without doing anything, press
E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).
• The calculator will automatically enter the COMP Mode
after you initialize the setup screen settings.
E-22
Inputting Expressions and
Values
k Inputting a Calculation Expression
Using Standard Format
Your calculator lets you input calculation expressions just
as they are written. Then simply press the E key to
execute it. The calculator automatically judges the
calculation priority sequence for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, functions, and parentheses.
Example: 2 (5 + 4) – 2 × (–3) =
2(5+4)-
2*y3E
A Inputting a Function with Parenthesis
When you input any of the functions shown below, it is
automatically input with the open parenthesis (() character.
Next, you need to input the argument and the closing
parenthesis ()).
sin(, cos(, tan(, sin–1(, cos–1( , tan–1(, sinh(, cosh(, tanh(,
sinh–1(, cosh–1(, tanh–1(, log(, ln(, e^(, 10^(, ^(, '(, 3'(,
x
'(, Abs(, Pol(, Rec(, Rnd(
Example: sin 30 =
z
1. t
2. “sin(” (fc), then E.
3. 30)E
• Some commonly used functions can also be input using
a direct key operation.
Example: sin 30 =
1. 11(sin)
2. 30)E
E-23
A Omitting the Multiplication Sign
You can omit the multiplication sign (×) in any of the
following cases.
• Before an open parentheses ((): 2 × (5 + 4), etc.
• Before a function with parenthesis: 2 × sin(30), 2 × '(3),
etc.
• Before a variable name, constant, or random number:
20 × A, 2 × π, etc.
A Final Closed Parenthesis
You can omit one or more closed parentheses that come
at the end of a calculation, immediately before the E key
is pressed. For details, see “Omitting a Final Closed
Parenthesis” on page E-29.
A Displaying a Long Expression
The display can show up to 14 characters at a time.
Inputting the 15th character causes the expression to shift
to the left. At this time, the ] indicator appears to the left
of the expression, indicating that it runs off the left side of
the screen.
Input expression: 1111 + 2222 + 3333 + 444
Displayed portion:
Cursor
• When the ] indicator is displayed, you can scroll left
and view the hidden part by pressing the d key. This
will cause the ' indicator to appear to the right of the
expression.At this time, you can use the e key to scroll
back.
A Number of Input Characters (Bytes)
• You can input up to 99 bytes of data for a single
expression. Basically, each key operation uses up one
byte. A function that requires two key operations to input
(like 11(sin)) also uses only one byte.
E-24
• Normally the input cursor appears as a straight vertical
( ) or horizontal ( ) flashing line on the display screen.
I
When there are 10 or fewer bytes of input remaining in
the current expression, the cursor changes shape to
I
to let you know. If the
cursor appears, terminate the
I
expression at a convenient point and calculate the result.
• Each expression in calculation history memory (page
E-33) can contain up to 76 bytes of data. Up to 89 bytes
of data can be assigned to each custom shortcut key
(page E-94).
k Correcting an Expression
This section explains how to correct an expression as you
are inputting it. The procedure you should use depends
on whether you have insert or overwrite selected as the
input mode.
A About the Insert and Overwrite Input Modes
With the insert mode, the displayed characters shift to the
left to make room when you input a new character. With
the overwrite mode, any new character you input replaces
the character at the current cursor position.
• The cursor is a vertical flashing line ( ) when the insert
I
mode is selected. The cursor is a horizontal flashing line
( ) when the overwrite mode is selected.
• The initial default is the insert mode. You can switch
between the insert mode and the overwrite mode by
pressing 1Y(INS).
A Changing the Character or Function You
Just Input
Example: To correct the expression 369 × 13 so it
becomes 369 × 12
369*13
Y
2
E
E-25
A Deleting a Character or Function
Example: To correct the expression 369 × × 12 so it
becomes 369 × 12
Insert Mode:
369**12
dd
Y
Overwrite Mode:
369**12
ddd
Y
A Correcting a Calculation
Example: To correct cos(60) so it becomes sin(60)
Insert Mode:
12(cos)60)
dddY
11(sin)
Overwrite Mode:
12(cos)60)
dddd
11(sin)
E-26
A Inserting input into a Calculation
Always use the insert mode for this operation. Use d or
e to move the cursor to the location where you want to
insert new input, and then input what you want.
k Displaying the Location of an Error
If an error message (like “Math ERROR” or “Syntax
ERROR”) appears when you press E, press d or e.
This will display the part of the calculation where the error
occurred, with the cursor positioned at the error location.
You can then make necessary corrections.
Example: When you input 14 ÷ 0 × 2 = by mistake instead
of 14 ÷ 10 × 2 =
Insert Mode:
14/0*2E
Press e or d.
This is causing the error.
d1
E
You can also exit the error screen by pressing A, which
clears the calculation.
E-27
Basic Calculations
This section explains how to perform arithmetic and percent
calculations.
All calculations in this section are performed in the
COMP Mode (g).
k Arithmetic Calculations
Use the +, -, *, and / keys to perform arithmetic
calculations.
Example: 7 × 8 – 4 × 5 = 36
7*8-4*5E
• The calculator automatically judges the calculation priority
sequence. For more information, see “Calculation Priority
Sequence” on page E-134.
A Number of Decimal Places and Number of
Significant Digits
You can specify a fixed number of decimal places and
significant digits for the calculation result.
Example: 1 ÷ 6 =
Initial default setting (Norm1)
FIX
3 decimal places (Fix3)
SCI
3 significant digits (Sci3)
• For more information, see “Configuring Settings” on page
E-16.
E-28
A Omitting a Final Closed Parenthesis
You can omit any closed parenthesis ()) immediately
preceding operation of the E key at the end of a
calculation.
Example: (2 + 3) × (4 – 1) = 15
(2+3)*
(4-1E
k Percent Calculations
Example 1: 2% = 0.02
21((%)E
Example 2: 150 × 20% = 30
150*20
1((%)E
Example 3: To calculate what percentage of 880 is 660.
660/880
1((%)E
Example 4: To increase 2500 by 15%.
2500+
2500*
151((%)E
E-29
Example 5: To discount 3500 by 25%.
3500-
3500*
251((%)E
Example 6: To discount the sum of 168, 98, and 734 by
20%.
168+98+
734E
-G*201((%)E
Example 7: If 300 grams are added to a test sample
originally weighing 500 grams, what is the
percentage increase in weight?
300+500
1.(A%)
Example 8: What is the percentage change when a value
is increased from 40 to 46? How about to 48?
Insert Mode:
46-40
1.(A%)
eeeY8E
E-30
Example 9: To calculate the selling price and profit when
the purchase price is $480 and the profit rate
to the selling price is 25%.
480*25
1.(A%)
480/25
1.(A%)
Example 10: To calculate the bargain price and loss when
the purchase price is $130 and the loss rate
is 4%.
130*y4
1.(A%)
130/y4
1.(A%)
E-31
Using Multi-statements in
Calculations
You can use the colon character (:) to connect two or more
expressions and execute them in sequence from left to
right when you press E.
Example: To create a multi-statement that performs the
following two calculations: 3 + 3 and 3 × 3
Insert Mode:
1. 3+3
2. t
3. “ : ” (fc), then E.
4. 3*3
Disp
E
“Disp” indicates this is an intermediate result of a multi-statement.
E
E-32
Using Calculation History
Memory and Replay
Calculation history memory maintains a record of each
calculation expression you input and execute, and its result.
You can use calculation history memory in the COMP
Mode (g) only.
A Recalling Calculation History Memory
Contents
Press f to back-step through calculation history memory
contents. Calculation history memory shows both
calculation expressions and results.
Example:
1+1E
2+2E
3+3E
f
f
• Note that calculation history memory contents are cleared
whenever you turn off the calculator, press the O key,
change to another mode, or perform the operation under
“Initializing the Calculator” (page E-3) or “Initializing the
Setup Screen Settings” (page E-22).
• Calculation history memory is limited. When the
calculation you are performing causes calculation history
memory to become full, the oldest calculation is deleted
automatically to make room for the new calculation.
E-33
A Replay Function
While a calculation result is on the display, you can press
d or e to edit the expression you used for the previous
calculation.
Example: 4 × 3 + 2.5 = 14.5
4 × 3 – 7.1 = 4.9
4*3+2.5E
A
d
YYYY
-7.1E
E-34
Using Calculator Memory
Memory Name
Description
Answer Memory Stores the last calculation result
obtained.
Independent
Memory
Calculation results can be added to
or subtracted from independent
memory. The “M” display indicator
indicates data in independent
memory.
Variables
VARS
Six variables named A, B, C, D, X,
and Y can be used for storage of
individual values.
The following are the names of the
financial calculation variables: n, I,
PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2,
Dys.
This section uses the COMP Mode (g) to demonstrate
how you can use memory.
k Answer Memory (Ans)
A Answer Memory Overview
• Answer Memory contents are updated whenever you
execute a calculation using any one of the following keys:
E, 9, m, 1m(M–), t, or 1t(STO).Answer
Memory can hold up to 15 digits.
• Answer Memory contents do not change if an error occurs
during the current calculation.
• Answer Memory contents are maintained even if you
press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn
off the calculator.
• When multiple results are obtained (in polar coordinate
calculations, when “ALL:Solve” is selected in the Simple
Interest Mode, etc.), the result that is displayed at the top
of the screen is the one stored in Answer Memory.
E-35
A Using Answer Memory to Perform a Series
of Calculations
Example: To divide the result of 3 × 4 by 30
3*4E
(Continuing)/30E
Pressing / automatically inputs
“Ans” command.
• With the above procedure, you need to perform the
second calculation immediately after the first one. If you
need to recall Answer Memory contents after pressing
A, press the G key.
A Inputting Answer Memory Contents into an
Expression
Example: To perform the calculations shown below:
123 + 456 = 579
789 – 579 = 210
123+456E
789-GE
E-36
k Independent Memory (M)
You can add calculation results to or subtract results from
independent memory. The “M” appears on the display when
independent memory contains a value.
A Independent Memory Overview
• The following is a summary of the different operations
you can perform using independent memory.
Perform this key
operation:
To do this:
Add the displayed value or
result of the expression to
independent memory
m
Subtract the displayed value
or result of the expression 1m(M–)
from independent memory
Recall current independent
memory contents
Sm(M)
Assign a specific value or
result of the expression to
independent memory
1. 3+5(for example)
2. 1t(STO)
3. “M:”(fc), then E.
4. E(Yes)
• You can also store financial calculation value in
independent memory.
Example: In the SMPL Mode, store the value of SI in
independent memory (M)
1. Enter the SMPL Mode for calculation of simple interest
(SI). See pages E-42 and E-43 for more information.
2. 1t(STO)
3. “SI”(fc), then E.
4. “M:”(fc), then E.
5. E(Yes)
• A number sign (#) next to the independent memory
variable name indicates that it already contains data.
Performing the following steps will replace any existing
data with the new data.
E-37
• The “M” indicator appears in the upper left of the display
when there is any value other than zero stored in
independent memory.
• Independent memory contents are maintained even if you
press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn
off the calculator.
A Calculation Examples Using Independent
Memory
• If the “M” indicator is on the display, perform the procedure
under “Clearing Independent Memory” before performing
this example.
Example:
23 + 9 = 32
53 – 6 = 47
23+9m
53-6m
–) 45 × 2 = 90
99 ÷ 3 = 33
45*21m(M–)
99/3m
(Total)
22
Sm(M)E
A Clearing Independent Memory
1. 0
2. 1t(STO)
3. “M:”(fc), then E.
4. E(Yes)
• This clears independent memory and causes the “M”
indicator to disappear from the display.
k Variables (A, B, C, D, X, Y)
A Variable Overview
• You can assign a specific value or a calculation result to
a variable.
Example: To assign the result of 3 + 5 to variable A.
1. 3+5
2. 1t(STO)
3. “A:”(fc), then E.
4. E(Yes)
E-38
• Use the following procedure when you want to check the
contents of a variable.
Example: To recall the contents of variable A
Sn(A)
• The following shows how you can include variables inside
of an expression.
Example: To multiply the contents of variable A by the
contents of variable B
Sn(A)*So(B)E
• You can also assign a financial calculation value to a
variable.
Example: In the CMPD Mode, assign the value of PMT to
variable “A”.
1. CMPD mode: “PMT”
(fc).
2. 1t(STO)
3. “A:”(fc), then E.
4. E(Yes)
• A number sign (#) next to a variable name indicates that
there is already data assigned to the variable. Performing
the following steps will replace any existing data with the
new data.
• Variable contents are maintained even if you press the
A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the
calculator.
9 × 6 + 3
Example:
= 1.425
5 × 8
1. 9*6+3
2. 1t(STO)
3. “B:” (fc), then E.
4. E(Yes)
5. 5*8
6. 1t(STO)
7. “C:” (fc), then E.
8. E(Yes)
E-39
9. So(B)/SD(C)
E
k Financial Calculation Variables (VARS)
• The following are the names of the financial calculation
variables (VARS):
n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2, Dys.
• Financial calculation variables are used in financial
calculations to store values. See the sections that
describe the various modes for information about which
variables are used in each mode.
• In the COMP Mode, the above variables are used as
arithmetic variables, and are referred to as such in the
section explaining the COMP Mode.
A To select an financial calculation variable
in the COMP mode
1. Press 1t(VARS).
2. On the menu screen that appears, use fc to move
the highlighting to the variable you want to select, and
then press E.
A Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories
Only
1. O19(CLR)
2. “VARS:EXE” (fc), then E.
3. E(Yes)
4. A
• To cancel the clear operation without doing anything,
press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).
• VARS Memory Initial Default Values
P/Y, C/Y....................................................................... 1
n, I, PV, PMT, FV, PM1, PM2, Dys .......................... 0
E-40
k Clearing Memory Contents
Use the following procedure to clear the contents ofAnswer
Memory, independent memory, and all of the variables.
This procedure does not clear VARS memory contents.
See “Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories Only” for
more information.
1. O19(CLR)
2. “Memory:EXE” (fc), then E.
3. E(Yes)
4. A
• To cancel the clear operation without doing anything,
press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes).
E-41
Financial Calculation
k Simple Interest Mode
• The Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode lets you calculate the
interest amount and/or simple future value (principal and
interest amount).
A Entering the SMPL Mode
• Press S to enter the SMPL Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
1 Set*
Name
Days in Year (Date Mode)
365
Number of Interest Periods
(Number of Days)
2 Dys
120
3 I
Interest Rate (Annual)
5%
4 PV
Principal (Present Value)
$10,000
* For information about specifying the Date Mode, see the
“Date Mode” item under “Configuring Settings” on page
E-16.
A Basic SMPL Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the interest amount (SI), and the
simple future value (SFV)
1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the Setting
Values table above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
E-42
• Press 2 to select “365”.
• Use fc to select 2
“Dys”, input 120, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “I”, input 5, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 4 “PV”, input 10000, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “ALL:
Solve”.
3. Press 9 to perform the
calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
• To solve for the items that have “Solve” specified (such
as “ALL:Solve”), you can press E instead of 9.
A Other SMPL Mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the simple interest (SI) amount
only
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“SI:Solve”.
Example 3: To calculate the simple future value (SFV)
only
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“SFV:Solve”.
E-43
A SMPL Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables Dys, I, and PV are used in the SMPL Mode.
• The values of SMPL Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that SMPL
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though SMPL Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function
operations in the COMP Mode.
A Calculation Formulas
Dys
365
I%
100
× PV × i
i =
SI' =
365-day Mode
Dys
360
I%
100
× PV × i
i =
SI' =
360-day Mode
SI = –SI'
SFV = –(PV + SI')
SI : simple interest
Dys : number of interest periods
PV : principal
I% : interest rate (annual)
SFV : principal plus interest
k Compound Interest Mode
• The Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode lets you calculate
any one of the following values, by inputting values for
the other four: number of payments, interest rate,
principal, payment amount, and future value (principal
and interest, or final payment amount).
A Entering the CMPD Mode
• Press c to enter the CMPD Mode.
Value Input Screen
E
E-44
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 Set*1 Payment Period (Payment)
End
48
2 n
Number of Payments
Interest Rate
3 I
4 PV
5 PMT
4%
Present Value (Principal)
Payment Amount
–$1,000
–$300
Future Value (Principal and
Interest, or Final Payment
Amount)
6 FV
$16,760
Number of Annual Payments
(PMT)
7 P/Y
12
12
Number of Annual
Compoundings
8 C/Y*2
*1 • For information about specifying the payment period,
see the “Payment” item under “Configuring Settings”
on page E-16.
• In the case of compound interest calculations, you can
also use the compound interest mode (dn) setting on
the setup screen for interest calculations of odd (partial)
months. See the explanation of the compound interest
mode (dn) setting (page E-16) for more information.
*2 Specify 2 for semiannual compound interest, or 12 for
monthly compound interest.
Note
• After specifying the 1 Payment Period (Payment) and
inputting values for 7 Number of Annual Payments
(P/Y) and 8 Number of Annual Compoundings, you can
calculate any one of the following by inputting values for
the other four: Number of Payments, Interest Rate,
Principal, Payment Amount, Future Value (principal and
interest, or final payment amount).
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y
key to input the minus sign.
E
E-45
A Basic CMPD Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the future value (FV) of an
investment vehicle that pays an annual interest rate of
4%, when the initial deposit is $1,000 and additional
deposits of $300 are made each month
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
(page E-45).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
• Press 2 to select “End”.
• Use fc to select 2
“n”, input 48, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “I”, input 4, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 4 “PV”, input –1000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 5 “PMT”, input –300, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 7 “P/Y”, input 12, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 8 “C/Y”, input 12, and then press
E.
Input Precautions
• Before specifying the number of months when there
is a partial month, see “Calculating the Number of
Months when a Partial Month is Included” (page
E-47).
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the
y key to input the minus sign.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “FV”.
E-46
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
A Calculating the Number of Payments (n),
Interest Rate (I%), Present Value (Principal:
PV), and Payment Amount (PMT)
• Use the same procedure as shown under “Example 1”
(page E-46), substituting the required values.
A Calculating the Number of Months when a
Partial Month is Included
The following example shows how to calculate the number
of months (number of days/total days in the month) for the
number of payments (n) when a partial month is include.
Example 1: When the payment period is 16 months and
20 days
• When P/Y=12, n can be thought of as being the payment
period (number of months).
1. Use fc to select “n”.
2. Input the division operation that divides the number of
days in the partial month (20 in this example) by the
total number of days in the month.
• This example assumes
that there are 30 days in
the month.
3. Add the number of full
months (16 in this example).
4. Press E.
Note
• When n includes a fractional part (odd period), the
calculator always assumes the odd period occurs before
the first full payment period.
E
E-47
A Selecting Interest Calculation for a Period
with a Partial Month
• You can select compound interest or simple interest to
calculate interest for a period with a partial month. Before
performing each type of calculation, first use Configuring
Settings (page E-16) to select either compound interest
or simple interest for the dn setting.
A CMPD Mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, and C/Y are used in
the CMPD Mode.
• The values of CMPD Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that CMPD
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though CMPD Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function
operations in the COMP Mode.
A Calculation Formulas
u PV, PMT, FV, n
I% G 0
–α × PMT –
β
× FV
PV =
γ
γ
β
– × PV – × FV
PMT =
α
γ
– × PV –
α
× PMT
FV =
β
(1+ iS) × PMT – FV × i
(1+ iS) × PMT + PV × i
log (1+ i)
log
{
}
n =
D
E-48
I% = 0
PV = – (PMT × n + FV)
PV + FV
PMT = –
n
FV = – (PMT × n + PV)
PV + FV
n = –
PMT
1 –
β
α
γ
= (1+ i × S) ×
, = (1 + i)(–Intg(n))
β
i
(
n
(1+ i ) Frac ) ........... dn : CI (Setup Screen)
=
{
1+ i × Frac (n) ....... dn : SI (Setup Screen)
0 ............................ Payment : End
(Setup Screen)
1 ............................ Payment : Begin
S =
{
(Setup Screen)
I%
100
............................... (P/Y = C/Y = 1)
C/Y
P/Y
i =
I%
(Other than
) –1.....
{
(1+
100 × [C/Y ]
those above)
u I%
i (effective interest rate)
i (effective interest rate) is calculated using Newton's
Method.
γ × PV + α × PMT + β × FV = 0
To I% from i (effective interest rate)
i × 100 .................................(P/Y = C/Y = 1)
P/Y
I% =
(1+ i ) C/Y –1
(Other than
those above)
× C/Y × 100...
{
{
}
E-49
n
: Number of Payments
I% : Interest Rate
PV : Present Value (Principal)
PMT : Payment Amount
FV : Future Value (Principal and Interest, or Final
Payment Amount)
P/Y : Number of Annual Payments (PMT)
C/Y : Number of Annual Compoundings
Note
• This calculator performs interest (I) calculations using
Newton’s Method, which produces approximate values
whose precision can be affected by various calculation
conditions. Because of this, interest calculation results
produced by this calculator should be used keeping the
above limitation in mind, or the results should be verified.
• When you use f and c to select an item that can be
calculated, the “=” changes to “7”. You can perform a
calculation by inputting the required values for the other
items, and then pressing the l key. Performing the
calculation causes the “7” to change back to “=”.
k Cash Flow Mode
• The Cash Flow (CASH) mode calculates the total of
income and expenses over a fixed period, and then uses
the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to perform
investment appraisal. The following four items are
appraised.
NPV : Net Present Value
IRR : Internal Rate of Return
PBP : Payback Period*
NFV : Net Future Value
* The payback period (PBP) can also be called the
“discounted payback period” (DPP). When the annual
interest rate (I) is zero, the PBP is called the “simple
payback period” (SPP).
E
E-50
A Entering the CASH Mode
• Press C to enter the CASH Mode.
Value Input Screen
A cash flow diagram like the one shown below helps to
visualize the movement of funds.
CF7
CF5
CF6
CF3
CF2
CF4
CF1
CF0
With this graph, the initial investment amount is represented
by CF0. The cash flow one year later is shown by CF1, two
years later by CF2, and so on.
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 I
Annual Interest
3%
A Receipt and Payment Summary
Values Used
in Examples
Period
Receipt/Payment
CF0
CF1
CF2
CF3
CF4
Payment
Payment
Receipt
Receipt
Receipt
–$10,000
–$1,000
$4,500
$5,000
$4,000
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y
key to input the minus sign.
E-51
A Basic CASH Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate net present value (NPV)
1. Input the annual interest (I), and then receipt and
payment values provided on page E-51.
• Use fc to select 1
“I”, input 3, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select “Csh
=D.Editor x”, and then
press E.
This displays the DataEditor. Only the x-column is used
for calculation. Any values in the y-column and FREQ-
column are not used.
Note
• The STAT editor and the D.Editor x of the CASH Mode
use the same memory area to store data.
• –10000 E(CF0)
Input money paid out as a
negative value, using the
y key to input the minus
sign.
• –1000 E(CF1)
• 4500 E(CF2)
• 5000 E(CF3)
• 4000 E(CF4)
2. Press E to return to the value input screen.
3. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “NPV:
Solve”.
4. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
E-52
A Other CASH Mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR)
• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“IRR:Solve”.
• The IRR calculation result is assigned to financial variable
(VARS) I.
Example 3: To calculate the payback period (PBP)
• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“PBP:Solve”.
Example 4: To calculate net future value (NFV)
• In step 3 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “NFV:
Solve”.
A Maximum Number of DataEditor Items
Maximum Number of
DataEditor Screen
Data Items
80
40
26
X
X, Y or X, FREQ
X, Y, FREQ
• Only the x-column is used for calculation. Any values in
the y-column and FREQ-column are not used.
• Normally, you will be able to input up to 80 data items in
the DataEditor.
• To maximize the number of data items you can input,
enter the STAT Mode, select “1-VAR”, and then use the
setup screen to select “Off” for the “STAT” setting (page
E-21).
• Values you input while “1-VAR” is selected are cleared
when “2-VAR” is selected in the STAT Mode. Conversely,
values you input while “2-VAR” is selected are cleared
when “1-VAR” is selected in the STAT Mode.
A CASH Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variable I is used in the CASH Mode.
• The value of the CASH Mode variable is retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that I is
also used by other modes, so performing an input or
calculation operation may change the value assigned to
it.
E-53
• Though I is a financial calculation variable, it is also
used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP
Mode.
A Calculation Formulas
uNPV
CF1
CF2
CF3
NPV = CF0
+
+
+
+
(1+ i) (1+ i)2 (1+ i)3
I %
CFn
(1+ i)n
… +
i =
100
n: natural number up to 79
uNFV
NFV = NPV × (1 + i )n
uIRR
IRR is calculated using Newton’s Method.
CF1
CF2
CF3
CFn
(1+ i)n
0 = CF0
+
+
+
+ … +
(1+ i) (1+ i)2 (1+ i)3
In this formula, NPV = 0, and the value of IRR is equivalent
to i × 100. It should be noted, however, that minute
fractional values tend to accumulate during the subsequent
calculations performed automatically by the calculator, so
NPV never actually reaches exactly zero. IRR becomes
more accurate the closer that NPV approaches to zero.
uPBP
0 .................................. (CF0 > 0)
NPVn
NPVn+1 – NPVn
PBP =
(Other than
those above)
...
n –
{
n
CFk
NPVn
=
Σ
(1 + i)k
k
= 0
n:Smallest positive integer that satisfies the conditions
NPVn < 0, NPVn+1 > 0, or 0.
E-54
k Amortization Mode
• The Amortization (AMRT) Mode lets you calculate the
principal balance, and the interest portion and principal
portion of monthly payments, as well as interest and
principal amounts paid to date.
BAL : Principal balance upon completion of payment
PM2
INT : Interest portion of payment PM1
PRN : Principal portion of payment PM1
ΣINT : Total interest paid from payment PM1 to
payment PM2
ΣPRN : Total principal paid from payment PM1 to
payment PM2
A Entering the AMRT Mode
• Press A to enter the AMRT Mode.
Value Input Screen
a
1 payment
c
b
1.............. PM1..................... PM2 ............Last
Number of Payments
a : Interest portion of payment PM1 (INT)
b : Principal portion of payment PM1 (PRN)
c : Principal balance upon completion of payment PM2
(BAL)
E-55
e
1 payment
d
PM2 ...............
1...............PM1..................
Last
Number of Payments
d : Total principal paid from payment PM1 to payment
PM2 (ΣPRN)
e : Total interest paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2
(ΣINT)
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 Set*1 Payment Period (Payment)
End
Payment PM1
(Number of Payments)
2 PM1
15
28
—
Payment PM2
(Number of Payments)
2
3 PM2
*
Number of Payments
(Number of Months)
4 n*3
5 I
Interest Rate (Annual)
Principal
2%
6 PV
$100,000
–$920
7 PMT
Payment Amount
Ending Balance after Last
Payment (Future Value)
3
*
8 FV
—
12
12
Number of Annual Payments
(PMT)
9 P/Y
Number of Annual
Compoundings
0 C/Y*4
E
E-56
*1 For information about specifying the payment period,
see the “Payment” item under “Configuring Settings”
on page E-16.
*2 Make sure the payment you specify for PM2 comes after
the payment you specify for PM1.
*3 This variable is used by other modes. The value that
initially appears may be a value that was input or
calculated in another mode.
*4 Specify 2 for semiannual compound interest, or 12 for
monthly compound interest.
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y
key to input the minus sign.
A Basic AMRT Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the principal balance (BAL) after
payment 28
1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 0
from the Setting Values table (page E-56).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
• Press 2 to select “End”.
• Use fc to select 2
“PM1”, input 15, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “PM2”, input 28, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 5 “I”, input 2, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 6 “PV”, input 100000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 7 “PMT”, input –920, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 9 “P/Y”, input 12, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 0 “C/Y”, input 12, and then press
E.
E-57
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “BAL:
Solve”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
A Other AMRT Mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the interest amount (INT)
included in payment 15 (PM1)
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“INT:Solve”.
Example 3: To calculate the principal amount (PRN)
included in payment 15 (PM1)
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“PRN:Solve”.
Example 4: To calculate total interest paid (ΣINT) from
payment 15 (PM1) to payment 28 (PM2)
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“ΣINT:Solve”.
Example 5: To calculate total principal paid (ΣPRN) from
payment 15 (PM1) to payment 28 (PM2)
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
“ΣPRN:Solve”.
A AMRT Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables PM1, PM2, n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, and C/Y
are used in the AMRT Mode.
• The values of AMRT Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that AMRT
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though AMRT Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function
operations in the COMP Mode.
E-58
A Calculation Formulas
a: Interest portion of payment PM1 (INT)
INTPM1 = I BALPM1–1 × i I × (PMT sign)
b: Principal portion of payment PM1 (PRN)
PRNPM1 = PMT + BALPM1–1 × i
c: Principal balance upon completion of payment PM2
(BAL)
BALPM2 = BALPM2–1 + PRNPM2
d: Total principal paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2
(ΣPRN)
PM2
PRN = PRNPM1 + PRNPM1+1 + … + PRNPM2
Σ
PM1
e: Total interest paid from payment PM1 to payment PM2
(ΣINT)
• a + b = one repayment (PMT)
PM2
INT = INTPM1 + INTPM1+1 + … + INTPM2
Σ
PM1
BAL0 = PV ....................... Payment: End
(Setup Screen)
INT1 = 0
,
PRN1 = PMT ... Payment: Begin
(Setup Screen)
Converting between the Nominal Interest Rate and
Effective Interest Rate
The nominal interest rate (I% value input by user) is
converted to an effective interest rate (I%´) for installment
loans where the number of annual payments is different
from the number of annual compoundings calculation
periods.
[C / Y ]
[P / Y ]
×100
) –1
I%
I%' =
(1+
100 × [C / Y ]
The following calculation is performed after conversion from
the nominal interest rate to the effective interest rate, and
the result is used for all subsequent calculations.
i = I%'÷100
k Conversion Mode
• The Conversion (CNVR) Mode lets you convert between
the nominal interest rate (APR) and effective interest rate
(EFF).
E-59
A Entering the CNVR Mode
• Press n to enter the CNVR Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
Number of Annual
Compoundings
1 n
6
2 I
Interest Rate (Annual)
3%
A Basic CNVR Mode Procedure
Example 1: To convert a nominal interest rate (APR) to
an effective interest rate (EFF)
1. Input the number of annual compoundings (n) and
interest rate (I) values from the Setting Values table
above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “n”,
input 6, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 2 “I”, input 3, and then press
E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “EFF:
Solve”.
3. Press l to perform the calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
E-60
A Other CNVR Mode Calculations
Example 2: To convert an effective interest rate (EFF) to
a nominal interest rate (APR)
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “APR:
Solve”.
A CNVR Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables n and I are used in the CNVR Mode.
• A value is assigned to I whenever you perform an EFF
or APR calculation in the CNVR Mode.
• The values of CNVR Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that CNVR
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though CNVR Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function
operations in the COMP Mode.
A Calculation Formulas
n
APR/100
1+
EFF =
–1 × 100
n
1
n –1 × n ×100
EFF
100
APR = 1+
APR : nominal interest rate (%)
EFF : effective interest rate (%)
n
: number of annual compoundings
k Cost/Sell/Margin Mode
• The Cost/Sell/Margin (COST) Mode lets you calculate
cost, selling price, or margin after inputting the other two
values. You can input the cost and selling price, for
example, and calculate the margin.
E-61
A Entering the COST Mode
• Press o to enter the COST Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 CST
Cost
Selling Price
$40
$100
60%
2 SEL
3 MRG Margin
A Basic COST Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the margin (MRG)
1. Input the cost (CST) and selling price (SEL) values from
the Setting Values table above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “CST”,
input 40, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 2 “SEL”, input 100, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 3 “MRG”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
E-62
A Other COST Mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the cost based on margin and
selling price
1. Input the margin (MRG) and selling price (SEL) values
in step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).
2. Select 1 “CST” in step 2.
Example 3: To calculate the selling price (SEL) based on
margin and cost
1. Input the margin (MRG) and cost (CST) values in step
1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).
2. Select 2 “SEL” in step 2.
A COST Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables CST, SEL, and MRG are used in the COST
Mode.
• These variables are used in the COST Mode only, and
their values are retained even when you change to
another mode.
A Calculation Formulas
MRG
CST = SEL 1–
100
CST
SEL =
MRG
1–
100
CST
SEL
× 100
MRG(%) = 1–
CST : cost
SEL : selling price
MRG : margin
E-63
k Day Calculation Mode
• The Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode lets you calculate the
number of dates from one date to another, the date that
falls on a specific number of days after a starting date,
and the date that falls on a specific number of data prior
to an ending date.
• Starting date (d1) and ending date (d2) calculations are
possible within the range of January 1, 1901 through
December 31, 2099.
A Entering the DAYS Mode
• Press D to enter the DAYS Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
1 Set*1
2 d1*2
3 d2*2
4 Dys
Name
Days in Year
(Date Mode)
365
Starting Date
11052004
(Month, Day, Year) (November 5, 2004)
Ending Date
(Month, Day, Year)
04272005
(April 27, 2005)
Number of Days
(Duration)
173
*1 • For information about specifying the Date Mode, see
the “Date Mode” item under “Configuring Settings” on
page E-16.
• The following rules apply when a 360-day year is
specified.
When the starting date (d1) is the 31st of a month,
the calculation is performed using the 30th of the same
month.
When the ending date (d2) is the 31st of a month, the
calculation is performed using the 1st of the following
month.
E-64
*2 • You must input two digits for the month and day. This
means you should include a leading zero for values
from 1 through 9 (01, 02, 03... etc.).
• You can specify either month, day, year (MDY) or day,
month, year (DMY) as the date input format. See the
“Date Input” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page
E-16).
Note
• After specifying the 1 Days in Year (Date Mode) in the
Day Calculation Mode, you can calculate any one of the
following three values by inputting values for the other
two: 2 Starting Date (d1), 3 Ending Date (d2), and 4
Number of Days (Dys).
A Basic DAYS Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the number of days between two
dates
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
(page E-64).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
• Press 2 to select “365”.
• Use fc to select 2
“d1”, input 11052004, and
then press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “d2”, input 04272005, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “Dys”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
E-65
A Other DAYS Mode Calculations
Note
• For Example 2 and Example 3, use the setup screen to
change the “Date Mode” setting to “365”.
• Calculation results “d1” and “d2” are not stored inAnswer
Memory.
Example 2: To calculate date that falls a specific number
of days (Dys) from a starting date (d1)
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 173
for Dys and do not input anything for d2.
2. In step 2, select “d2”.
Example 3: To calculate the date that falls a specific
number of days (Dys) before an ending date
(d2)
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 173
for Dys and do not input anything for d1.
2. In step 2, select “d1”.
A DAYS Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables d1, d2, and Dys are used in the DAYS Mode.
• The values of DAYS Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that DAYS
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though DAYS Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, variable “Dys” can be recalled in the COMP
Mode.
k Depreciation Mode (FC-200V only)
• The Depreciation (DEPR) Mode lets you use any of the
four methods for depreciation.
SL : Straight-Line Method
FP : Fixed Percentage Method
SYD : Sum-of-the-Year’s Digits Method
DB : Declining Balance Method
E-66
A Entering the DEPR Mode
• Press d to enter the DEPR Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 n
Useful Life
6
25%
Depreciation Ratio
Factor
2 I*1
200
3 PV
Original Cost (Basis)
Residual Book Value
$150,000
$0
4 FV
Year for Calculation of
Depreciation Cost
5 j
Year 3
2
Number of Months in the
First Year of Depreciation
6 YR1
*1 Depreciation ratio in the case of the fixed percent (FP)
method, depreciation factor in the case of the declining
balance (DB) method. Specifying 200 for the
depreciation factor while declining balance (DB)
depreciation is being calculated causes depreciation to
be calculated using the double declining balance (DDB)
method.
A Basic DEPR Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate depreciation using Straight-Line
depreciation
1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 from the
Setting Values table above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “n”,
input 6, and then press
E.
E-67
• Use fc to select 2 “I”, input 25, and then press
E.
Note that you need to input 2 “I” only when you are
using the fixed percent (FP) or declining balance (DB)
method.
• Use fc to select 3 “PV”, input 150000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 4 “FV”, input 0, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 5 “ j ”, input 3, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 6 “YR1”, input 2, and then press
E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select
“SL:Solve”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
A Other DEPR Mode Calculations
Example 2: To use the fixed percent method with a
depreciation ratio is 25%
• In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select “FP:
Solve”.
Example 3: To use the sum-of-the-year’s digits method
• In step 2 of basic procedure (Example 1), select
“SYD:Solve”.
Example 4: To use the double declining balance method
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input 200
for “I”.
2. In step 2, select “DB:Solve”.
E-68
A DEPR Mode Financial Calculation Variables
(VARS)
• Variables n, I, PV, and FV are used in the DEPR Mode.
• The values of DEPR Mode variables are retained even if
you change to another mode. Note, however, that DEPR
Mode variables are also used by other modes, so
performing an input or calculation operation may change
the values assigned to them.
• Though DEPR Mode variables are financial calculation
variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function
operations in the COMP Mode.
A Calculation Formulas
Depreciation for an item acquired part way through a year
can be calculated by month.
u Straight-Line Method
The straight-line method calculates depreciation for a given
period.
(PV–FV )
YR1
12
u
SL1
SLj
=
n
(PV–FV )
=
n
(PV–FV ) 12– YR1
u
SLn+1
=
n
12
(YR1G12)
SLj : depreciation charge for the jth year
n : useful life
PV : original cost (basis)
FV : residual book value
j
: year for calculation of depreciation cost
YR1: number of months in the first year of depreciation
E-69
u Fixed Percentage Method
Fixed percentage method can be used to calculate
depreciation for a given period, or to calculate the
depreciation rate.
I%
100
YR1
12
×
FP1 = PV ×
I%
100
FPj = (RDVj–1 + FV ) ×
FPn+1 = RDVn (YR1G12)
RDV1 = PV – FV – FP1
RDVj = RDVj–1 – FPj
RDVn+1 = 0 (YR1G12)
FPj : depreciation charge for the jth year
RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth
year
I% : depreciation ratio
u Sum-of-the-Year’s Digits Method
The sum-of-the-year’s-digits method calculates deprecia-
tion for a given period.
n (n +1)
Z =
2
YR1
n' = n –
12
(Intg (n' ) +1) (Intg (n' )+2 × Frac(n' ))
Z' =
2
n
Z
YR1
12
SYD1
=
×
(PV – FV )
n'– j+2
SYDj = (
)(PV – FV – SYD1
)
( jG1)
Z'
n'– (n +1)+2
SYDn+1 = (
)(PV – FV – SYD1) ×
Z'
12–YR1
(YR1G12)
12
RDV1 = PV – FV – SYD1
RDVj = RDVj –1 – SYDj
SYDj : depreciation charge for the jth year
RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth
year
E-70
u Declining Balance Method
The declining balance method calculates depreciation for
a given period.
I%
100n
YR1
12
×
DB1 = PV ×
RDV1 = PV – FV – DB1
I%
100n
×
DBj = (RDVj–1 + FV )
RDVj = RDVj–1 – DBj
(YR1G12)
DBn +1 = RDVn
(YR1G12)
RDVn+1 = 0
DBj : depreciation charge for the jth year
RDVj : remaining depreciable value at the end of jth
year
I% : factor
k Bond Mode (FC-200V only)
• The Bond (BOND) Mode lets you calculate purchase price
and annual yield.
A Entering the BOND Mode
• Press b to enter the BOND Mode.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
1 Set*1
2 d1*2
Name
Periods/Y
Bond Date
Annual
Date
Purchase Date
(Month, Day, Year)
06012004
(June 1, 2004)
12152006
(December
15, 2006)
Redemption Date
(Month, Day, Year)
3 d2*2*3
E-71
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
4 n
Name
Number of Coupon
Payments Until Maturity
3
Redemption Price per $100
of face value
6 CPN*5 Coupon Rate
5 RDV*4
$100
3%
7 PRC*6 Price per $100 of face value –97.61645734
8 YLD Annual Yield 4%
*1 • You can specify a date (Date) or a number of coupon
payments (Term) as the term for bond calculations.
See the “Bond Date” setting under “Configuring
Settings” (page E-16).
• You can specify once a year (Annual) or once every
six months (Semi-Annual) as the number of coupon
payments per year. See the “Periods/Y” setting under
“Configuring Settings” (page E-16).
*2 • You must input two digits for the month and day. This
means you should include a leading zero for values
from 1 through 9 (01, 02, 03... etc.)
• You can specify either month, day, year (MDY) or day,
month, year (DMY) as the date input format. See the
“Date Input” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page
E-16).
*3 When calculating the yield on call, input the call date
for d2.
*4 When calculating the yield of maturity, input 100 for RDV.
*5 In the case of a zero coupon, input 0 for CPN.
*6 • When calculating the redemption price per $100 of
face value (PRC), you can also calculate accrued
interest (INT) and purchase price including accrued
interest (CST).
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the
y key to input the minus sign.
E-72
Note
• You can specify a starting date (d1) in the range of
January 1,1902 through December 30, 2097.
• You can specify an ending date (d2) in the range of
January 2,1902 through December 31, 2097.
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y
key to input the minus sign.
A Other Setup Items
• The initial setting of Date Mode is 365 (365-day year).
See the “Date Mode” setting under “Configuring Settings”
(page E-16).
• To display the Setup screen, press s.
A Basic BOND Mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the bond purchase price (PRC)
based on a specific date (Date)
1. Input the values required for the calculation from the
Setting Values table (pages E-71, E-72). Input 1, 2,
3, 5, 6, and 8 if “Date” is selected for “Bond Date”,
or 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 if “Term” is selected for “Bond
Date”. On the setup screen, specify “365” for the “Date
Mode” setting.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
• Use fc to select
“Periods/Y”, and then
press E.
• Press 1 to select “Annual”.
• Use fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.
• Use fc to select
“Bond Date”, and then
press E.
E-73
• Press 1 to select “Date”.
• Use fc to select 2“d1”,
input 06012004, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “d2”, input 12152006, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 5 “RDV”, input 100, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 6 “CPN”, input 3, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 8 “YLD”, input 4, and then press
E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select “PRC”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen.
A Other BOND Mode Calculations
• Before performing a calculation based on a specific
number of payments (Term), be sure to specify “360” for
“Date Mode”, and “Annual” for “Periods/Y” (number of
coupon payments per year).
Example 2: To calculate the annual yield (YLD) based on
a specific date (Date)
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), input
–97.61645734 for PRC and do not input anything for
YLD.
2. In step 2, select “YLD”.
• Input money paid out as a negative value, using the
y key to input the minus sign.
E-74
Example 3: To calculate a bond purchase price (PRC)
based on a specific number of payments
(Term)
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
2(Term) for “Bond Date”.
• This replaces input items d1 and d2 with input item n.
2. Input 3 for item n.
Example 4: To calculate the annual yield (YLD) based on
a specific number of payments (Term)
1. In step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select
2(Term) for “Bond Date”.
• This replaces input items d1 and d2 with input item n.
2. Use fc to select 4 “n”, input 3, and then press
E.
3. Input –97.61645734 for PRC, without inputting anything
for YLD.
4. In step 2, select “YLD”.
A BOND Mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• The values of the following BOND Mode variables are
retained even if you change to another mode: n, d1, d2.
• Note, however, that n, d1, and d2 are also used by other
modes, so performing an input or calculation operation
may change the values assigned to them.
• Though n is a financial calculation variable, its contents
can also be recalled in the COMP Mode.
• The following variables are used in the BOND Mode. Their
values are not retained if you change to another mode:
RDV, CPN, PRC, YLD.
E-75
A Calculation Formulas
D
A
B
Redemption date (d2)
Issue date
Purchase date (d1)
Coupon Payment dates
PRC : price per $100 of face value
CPN : coupon rate (%)
YLD : annual yield (%)
A
: accrued days
M : number of coupon payments per year
(1 = Annual, 2 = Semi-Annual)
N
: number of coupon payments until maturity
(n is used when “Term” is specified for “Bond
Date” on the setup screen.)
RDV : redemption price per $100 of face value
D
: number of days in coupon period where
settlement occurs
B
: number of days from purchase date until next
coupon payment date = D – A
INT : accrued interest
CST : price including interest
u Price per $100 of face value (PRC)
Date (Using the Setup Screen: Bond Date)
• For one or fewer coupon period to redemption
CPN
RDV +
M
A CPN
PRC = –
+ (
×
)
D
M
B YLD/100
1+ (
×
)
D
M
E-76
• For more than one coupon period to redemption
RDV
PRC = –
–
YLD/100
(N–1+B/D )
(1+
)
M
CPN
M
N
A CPN
×
+
Σ
D
M
k
=1
YLD/100
(k–1+B/D )
(1+
)
M
A CPN
×
INT = –
D
M
CST = PRC + INT
Term (Using the Setup Screen: Bond Date)
CPN
RDV
n
M
PRC = –
–
Σ
k
=1
YLD/100
YLD/100
n
k
(1+
)
(1+
)
M
M
INT = 0
CST = PRC
u Annual Yield (YLD)
YLD is calculated using Newton’s Method.
Note
• This calculator performs annual yield (YLD) calculations
using Newton’s Method, which produces approximate
values whose precision can be affected by various
calculation conditions. Because of this, annual yield
calculation results produced by this calculator should be
used keeping the above limitation in mind, or the results
should be verified.
E-77
k Break-Even Mode (FC-200V only)
• The Break-Even (BEVN) Mode has six sub-modes that
you can use to perform various break-even point
calculations.
A Entering the BEVN Mode
• Press B to enter the BEVN Mode.
A BEVN Mode Sub-modes
BEV: Break-even point sales quantity and sales
amount, sales quantity and sales amount that
attains a profit target, sales quantity and sales
amount that attains a profit ratio
MOS: Margin of Safety
DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage
DFL: Degree of Financial Leverage
DCL: Degree of Combined Leverage
QTY CONV. (Quantity Conversion):
Sales quantity and related values
• Use fc to select the sub-mode you want, and then
press E to enter it.
k BEV Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 1)
• Use the BEV sub-mode to calculate the break-even point
sales quantity and sales amount, sales quantity and sales
amount that attains a profit target, and sales quantity and
sales amount that attains a profit ratio.
• The “break-even point” is the point where profit is 0 or
the profit ratio is 0%.
E-78
A Entering the BEV Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select
“BEV:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
Profit or Profit Ratio
(PRF/Ratio)
PRF (Profit)
1 Set*1
Sales Quantity or Sales
Amount (B-Even)
Quantity
(Sales Quantity)
2 PRC
3 VCU
4 FC
Sales Price
$100/unit
$50/unit
Unit Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
$100,000
$400,000
40%
PRF*2 Profit
5
r%*2
Profit Ratio
QBE*3 Sales Quantity
SBE*3 Sales Amount
10,000 units
$1,000,000
6
*1 • You can configure break-even point calculations to use
profit (PRF) or profit ratio (r%). See the “PRF/Ratio”
setting under “Configuring Settings” (page E-16).
• You can configure break-even point calculations to use
sales quantity (Quantity) or sales amount (Sales). See
the “B-Even” setting under “Configuring Settings” (page
E-16).
*2 This item becomes profit ratio (r%) when “Ratio” is
selected for “PRF/Ratio”.
*3 This item becomes break-even sales amount (SBE)
when “Sales” is selected for “B-Even”.
E-79
A Basic BEV Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the break-even point sales
quantity (QBE)
1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from the Setting
Values table (page E-79).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “Set:”,
and then press E.
• Use fc to select
“PRF/Ratio”, and then
press E.
• Press 1 to select “PRF”.
• Use fc to select 1 “Set:”, and then press E.
• Use fc to select
“B-Even”, and then press
E.
• Press 1 to select “Quantity”.
• Use fc to select 2
“PRC”, input 100, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3“VCU”, input 50, and then press
E.
• Use fc to select 4 “FC”, input 100000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 5 “PRF” or “r%”, input 0, and
then press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 6 “QBE”.
E-80
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
A Other BEV Sub-mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the break-even point sales
amount (SBE)
1. Select 2(Sales) for “B-Even” in step 1 of the basic
procedure (Example 1).
2. In step 2, select “SBE”.
Example 3: To calculate the sales quantity (QBE) required
to attain a profit target ($400,000)
• Input 400000 for PRF in step 1 of the basic procedure
(Example 1).
Example 4: To calculate the sales amount (SBE) required
to attain a profit target ($400,000)
1. Select 2(Sales) for “B-Even” and input 400000 for PRF
in step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).
2. In step 2, select “SBE”.
Example 5: To calculate the sales quantity (QBE) required
to attain a profit ratio target (40%)
• Select 2(r%) for “PRF/Ratio” and input 40 for r% in
step 1 of the basic procedure (Example 1).
Example 6: To calculate the sales amount (SBE) required
to attain a profit ratio target (40%)
1. Select 2(r%) for “PRF/Ratio” and 2(Sales) for
“B-Even”, and input 40 for r% in step 1 of the basic
procedure (Example 1).
2. In step 2, select “SBE”.
Example 7: To calculate other values besides sales
quantity and sales amount
• You can calculate any one of the following five values by
inputting values the other four: 2 Sales Price, 3 Unit
Variable Cost, 4 Fixed Cost, 5 Profit or Profit Ratio, 6
Sales Quantity or Sales Amount.
E-81
A BEV Sub-mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables PRC, VCU, FC, PRF, r%, QBE, and SBE are
used in the BEV sub-mode.
• BEV sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever
you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode
sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).
A Calculation Formulas
u Profit (Setup Screen PRF/Ratio Setting: PRF)
FC
PRC
FC
+
PRF
VCU
PRF
VCU
QBE
SBE
=
–
+
=
×
PRC
PRC
–
u Profit Ratio (Setup Screen PRF/Ratio Setting: r%)
FC
QBE
=
r
%
PRC
×
1–
–
–
VCU
VCU
100
FC
×
PRC
SBE
=
r
%
PRC
×
1–
100
QBE : Sales Quantity
FC : Fixed Cost
PRF : Profit
PRC : Sales Price
VCU: Unit Variable Cost
SBE : Sales Amount
r% : Profit Ratio
k Margin of Safety Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 2)
• The Margin of Safety (MOS) sub-mode lets you calculate
how much sales can be reduced before losses start to
be sustained, in the case that the expected sales amount
is not attained.
E-82
A Entering the MOS Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select
“MOS:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 SAL
Sales Amount
$1,200,000
2 SBE
Break-even Sales Amount $1,000,000
3 MOS Margin of Safety
0.1667(16.67%)
A Basic MOS Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the margin of safety (MOS)
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “SAL”,
input 1200000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 2 “SBE”, input 1000000, and
then press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 3 “MOS”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
E-83
A Other MOS Sub-mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate a sales amount (SAL) or break-
even sales amount (SBE)
• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the
required values.
A MOS Sub-mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables SAL, SBE, and MOS are used in the MOS sub-
mode.
• MOS sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever
you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode
sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).
A Calculation Formula
SAL – SBE
MOS =
SAL
SAL : Sales Amount
SBE : Break-even Sales Amount
MOS: Margin of Safety
k Degree of Operating Leverage Sub-
mode (Break-Even Mode 3)
• The Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) sub-mode lets
you calculate how profit changes relative to a change in
the sales amount.
A Entering the DOL Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select
“DOL:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
E-84
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 SAL
Sales Amount
Variable Cost
$1,200,000
$600,000
2 VC
3 FC
Fixed Cost
$200,000
1.5
4 DOL
Degree of Operating Leverage
A Basic DOL Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the degree of operating leverage
(DOL)
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
above.
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “SAL”,
input 1200000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 2 “VC”, input 600000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “FC”, input 200000, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 4 “DOL”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
A Other DOL Sub-mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL), variable
cost (VC), and fixed cost (FC)
• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the
required values.
E-85
A DOL Sub-mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables SAL, VC, FC, and DOL are used in the DOL
sub-mode.
• DOL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever
you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode
sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).
A Calculation Formula
SAL
–
VC
DOL
=
SAL VC
–
–
FC
SAL : Sales Amount
VC : Variable Cost
FC : Fixed Cost
DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage
k Degree of Financial Leverage Sub-
mode (Break-Even Mode 4)
• The Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL) sub-mode lets
you calculate the influence of interest on earnings before
interest and taxes (EBIT).
A Entering the DFL Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select
“DFL:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
Earnings Before Interest and
Taxes (EBIT)
1 EIT
$400,000
2 ITR
Interest
$80,000
1.25
3 DFL
Degree of Financial Leverage
E-86
A Basic DFL Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the degree of financial leverage
(DFL)
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
(page E-86).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “EIT”,
input 400000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 2 “ITR”, input 80000, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 3 “DFL”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
A Other DFL Sub-mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate earnings before interest and
taxes (EBIT), and interest (ITR)
• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the
required values.
A DFL Sub-mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables EIT, ITR, and DFL are used in the DFL sub-
mode.
• DFL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever
you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode
sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).
E-87
A Calculation Formula
EIT
DFL =
EIT – ITR
EIT : Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)
ITR : Interest
DFL : Degree of Financial Leverage
k Degree of Combined Leverage Sub-
mode (Break-Even Mode 5)
• The Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL) sub-mode lets
you calculate the degree of operating leverage (percent
change in profit due to a change in sales amount), with
interest taken into consideration.
A Entering the DCL Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select
“DCL:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 SAL
Sales Amount
$1,200,000
2 VC
Variable Cost
$600,000
3 FC
4 ITR
5 DCL
Fixed Cost
$200,000
$100,000
2
Interest
Degree of Combined Leverage
E-88
A Basic DCL Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the degree of combined leverage
(DCL)
1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table
(page E-88).
• For this example, use
fc to select 1 “SAL”,
input 1200000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 2 “VC”, input 600000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 3 “FC”, input 200000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 4 “ITR”, input 100000, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• For this example, use
fc to select 5 “DCL”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
A Other DCL Sub-mode Calculations
Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL), variable
cost (VC), fixed cost (FC), and interest (ITR)
• Use the basic procedure (Example 1), substituting the
required values.
A DCL Sub-mode Financial Calculation
Variables (VARS)
• Variables SAL, VC, FC, ITR, and DCL are used in the
DCL sub-mode.
• DCL sub-mode variable contents are cleared whenever
you change to another mode other than the BEVN Mode
sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL, QTY CONV.).
E-89
A Calculation Formula
SAL
VC
–
–
VC
FC
DCL
=
SAL
–
–
ITR
SAL : Sales Amount
VC : Variable Cost
FC : Fixed Cost
ITR : Interest
DCL : Degree of Combined Leverage
k Quantity Conversion Sub-mode
(Break-Even Mode 6)
• The Quantity Conversion (QTY CONV.) sub-mode lets
you calculate the sales amount, sales price, or sales
quantity after inputting the other two values.
• You can also calculate the variable cost, unit variable
cost, or sales quantity after inputting the other two values.
A Entering the QTY CONV. Sub-mode
1. Press B to enter the Break-Even Mode.
2. Use fc to select “QTY
CONV.:EXE”.
3. Press E.
Value Input Screen
E-90
A Setting Values
Values Used
in Examples
No. Display
Name
1 SAL
Sales Amount
Sales Price
$100,000
$200/unit
2 PRC
3 QTY
4 VC
Sales Quantity
Variable Cost
500 units
$15,000
$30/unit
500 units
5 VCU
6 QTY
Unit Variable Cost
Sales Quantity
A Basic QTY CONV. Sub-mode Procedure
Example 1: To calculate the sales quantity (QTY) from the
sales amount and sales price
1. Input the required values from among 1, 2, and 3 in
the Setting Values table above.
• In this example, use
fc to select 1 “SAL”,
input 100000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 2 “PRC”, input 200, and then
press E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• In this example, use
fc to select 3 “QTY”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• The result of a 3 “QTY” (sales quantity) calculation is
also assigned to variable 6 “QTY”.
Example 2: To calculate the sales amount (SAL) and sales
price (PRC)
• Use the same procedure as Example 1, substituting the
required values.
E-91
Example 3: To calculate the sales quantity (QTY) from
variable cost and unit variable cost
1. Input the required values from among 4, 5, and 6 in
the Setting Values table (page E-91).
• In this example, use
fc to select 4 “VC”,
input 15000, and then
press E.
• Use fc to select 5“VCU”, input 30, and then press
E.
2. Select the value you want to calculate.
• In this example, use
fc to select 6 “QTY”.
3. Press l to perform the
calculation.
• The result of a 6 “QTY” (sales quantity) calculation is
also assigned to variable 3 “QTY”.
Example 4: To calculate the variable cost (VC) and unit
variable cost (VCU)
• Use the same procedure as Example 3, substituting the
required values.
A QTY CONV. Sub-mode Financial
Calculation Variables (VARS)
• Variables SAL, PRC, QTY, VC, and VCU are used in the
QTY CONV. sub-mode.
• QTY CONV. sub-mode variable contents are cleared
whenever you change to another mode other than the
BEVN Mode sub-modes (BEV, MOS, DOL, DFL, DCL,
QTY CONV.).
E-92
A Calculation Formulas
SAL
VC
=
=
PRC
VCU
×
×
QTY
QTY
SAL : Sales Amount
PRC : Sales Price
QTY : Sales Quantity
VC : Variable Cost
VCU : Unit Variable Cost
E-93
Shortcuts
k Custom Shortcut Keys
You can assign a mode, setup information, a value, or a
calculation expression to a shortcut key for instant access
whenever you need it. This feature comes in handy when
you need to often perform the same calculation or input
the same data.
A Using Shortcut Keys
Example: To configure the shortcut keys to simplify
calculation of the value of the following
installment savings plan
Compound annual interest rate (I): 3%
Payment period (Payment):
Initial deposit (PV):
Monthly deposit (PMT):
End
–$1,000
–$50
12
Number of annual payments (P/Y):
Number of annual compoundings (C/Y): 12
Tax on interest (10%)
u To configure the SHORTCUT1 key
1. Press c to enter the Compound Interest Mode.
2. Input the applicable values for Payment, I, PV, PMT,
P/Y, and C/Y.
• See “Compound Interest Mode” (page E-44) for more
information.
3. Use fc to select “n”.
4. Press 1t(STO).
• A number sign (#) next to “Shortcut1” or “Shortcut2”
indicates that there is already data assigned to the
key. Performing the following steps will replace any
existing data with the new data.
STO
E-94
STO
5. Use fc to select
“Shortcut1”, and then press
E.
6. In response to the confirmation screen that appears,
press E(Yes).
• If you want to cancel this operation without assigning
anything to 1(Shortcut1) key, press E instead of
E in step 6.
u To configure the SHORTCUT2 key
1. Press m to enter the COMP Mode.
2. Input the formula shown below.
(FV – ((–PV) + (–PMT) × n)) ×
0.9 + ((–PV) + (–PMT) × n)
• “FV”, “PV” and “n” are financial calculation variables
(VARS).
3. Perform the same operation as steps 4, 5, and 6 under
“To configure the SHORTCUT1 key” to assign the above
formula to “Shortcut2”.
u To use the configured shortcut keys in a calculation
Example: To calculate the value of the savings plan after
five years (n = 60 months)
1. Press 1(Shortcut1).
• This enters the mode
(CMPD) and configures
the settings assigned to
the 1(Shortcut1) key,
and selects “n” for input.
2. Input 60, and then press E.
• Since all other input is performed by the data assigned
to the 1(Shortcut1) key, this is the only input
required. To calculate the value for a different length
of time, simply input the applicable number of months.
E-95
3. Use fc to select “FV”, and then press l to
perform the calculation.
• This calculates the future value of the investment after
five years. The result appears on the display and is
stored in Answer Memory (Ans).
4. Press 2(Shortcut2).
• This recalls the formula
(for calculating tax)
assigned to the
2(Shortcut2) key.
5. Press E.
• Pressing the E key
calculates the net amount
received after application
of a 10% tax to the interest
amount.
A Initializing the Custom Shortcut Settings
1. O19(CLR)
2. “Shortcut:EXE” (fc), then E.
3. 1(Shortcut1) or 2(Shortcut2)
4. A
Note
• STAT Mode data and operations cannot be assigned to
the custom shortcut keys in the STAT Mode.
• In the CASH Mode, you cannot assign receipt and
payment amounts (for input on the value input screen) to
custom shortcut keys.
• Calculation history memory contents (page E-33) cannot
be assigned to a shortcut key.
• Contrast data and operations cannot be assigned to the
custom shortcut keys.
k Function Shortcut Keys
In the COMP Mode, the 1 (Shortcut1) and
2(Shortcut2) keys become “function shortcut” keys
named “FMEM1” and “FMEM2”.
E-96
u To configure an FMEM key
Example: To assign the function “sin–1” to the FMEM1 key
1. Press m to enter the COMP Mode.
2. (1) t
(2) “sin–1” (fc), then E.
STO
3. Press 1t(STO).
• A number sign (#) next to “FMEM1” or “FMEM2”
indicates that there is already data assigned to the
key. Performing the following steps will replace any
existing data with the new data.
4. Use fc to select “FMEM1”, and then press E.
5. In response to the confirmation screen that appears,
press E(Yes).
• If you want to cancel this operation without assigning
anything to the FMEM1 key, press E instead of E
in step 5.
u To use the configured function memory key in a
calculation
Example: To recall the inverse sin function assigned to
the FMEM1 key
• Press 11(FMEM1).
A Initializing the Function Shortcut Settings
1. O19(CLR)
2. “FMEM:EXE” (fc), then E.
3. 1(FMEM1) or 2(FMEM2)
4. A
E-97
Function Calculations
This section explains how to use the calculator’s built-in
functions.
• Certain function calculations may take some time to
display calculation results. Before performing an
operation, be sure to wait until execution of the current
operation is complete. You can interrupt an ongoing
operation by pressing A.
• Pressing t will display a menu of functions that you
can use to select the one you want to input. You can also
use a direct key operation to input the following functions.
FC-200V
Rnd(, sin(, cos(, tan(, x2, '(, ^(, e^(, ln(
FC-100V
x
Rnd(, sin(, cos(, tan(, e^(, 10^(, ^(, ln(, log(, '(
All calculations in this section are performed in the
COMP Mode (g).
k Pi (π) and Natural Logarithm Base e
You can input pi (π) or natural logarithm base e into a
calculation. The following shows the required key
operations and the values this calculator uses for pi (π)
and e.
π = 3.14159265358980 (15(π))
e = 2.71828182845904 (S5(e))
k Trigonometric and Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
The angle unit required by trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions is one specified as the calculator’s
default angle unit. Before performing a calculation, be
sure to specify the default angle unit you want to use.
See “Configuring Settings” (page E-16) for more
information.
E-98
Example: sin 30 = 0.5, sin–10.5 = 30
z
11(sin)30)E
1. t
2. “sin–1” (fc), then E.
3. 0.5)E
k Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
Example: sinh 1 = 1.175201194, cosh–1 1 = 0
1. t
2. “sinh” (fc), then E.
3. 1)E
1. t
2. “cosh–1” (fc), then E.
3. 1)E
k Converting an Input Value to the
Calculator’s Default Angle Unit
After inputting a value, press 1G(DRG') to display
the angle unit specification menu shown below. Press the
number key that corresponds to the angle unit of the input
value. The calculator will automatically convert it to the
calculator’s default angle unit.
Example 1: To convert the following values to degrees:
π
2
radians = 90°, 50 grads = 45°
The following procedure assumes that the calculator’s
default angle unit is degrees.
E-99
z
(15(π)/2)
r
1G(DRG')2( )E
501G(DRG')
3(g)E
Example 2: cos (π radians) = –1, cos (100 grads) = 0
z
12(cos)15(π)
r
1G(DRG')2( ))E
12(cos)100
g
1G(DRG')3( ))E
Example 3: cos–1 (–1) = 180
cos–1 (–1) = π
z
1. t
2. “cos–1” (fc), then E.
3. y1)E
Z
1. t
2. “cos–1” (fc), then E.
3. y1)E
k Exponential Functions and
Logarithmic Functions
• For the logarithmic function “log(”, you can specify base
m using the syntax “log (m, n)”.
If you input only a single value, a base of 10 is used for
the calculation.
• “ln(” is a natural logarithm function with base e.
E-100
Example 1: log 16 = 4
2
1. t
2. “log(” (fc), then E.
3. 21)(,)16)E
Example 2: log16 = 1.204119983
1. t
2. “log(” (fc), then E.
3. 16)E
A base of 10 (common logarithm)
is used if no base is specified.
Example 3: ln 90 (= log 90) = 4.49980967
e
1. t
2. “ln(” (fc), then E.
3. 90)E
Example 4: ln e = 1
1. t
2. “ln(” (fc), then E.
3. S5(e))E
Example 5: e10 = 22026.46579
1. t
2. “e^(” (fc), then E.
3. 10)E
k Power Functions and Power Root
Functions
Example 1: 1.2 × 103 = 1200
1. 1.2*t
2. “10^(” (fc), then E.
3. 3)E
E-101
Example 2: (1 + 1)2+2 = 16
1. (1+1)t
2. “^(” (fc), then E.
3. 2+2)E
Example 3: 23 = 8
1. 2t
2. “3” (fc), then E.
3. E
Example 4: ('2 + 1) ('2 – 1) = 1
1. (t
2. “ '(” (fc), then E.
3. 2)+1)(t
4. “ '(” (fc), then E.
5. 2)-1)E
5
Example 5: 32 = 2
1. 5t
x
2. “ '(” (fc), then E.
3. 32)E
3
Example 6: '5 + 3 –27 = –1.290024053
1. t
2. “ 3'(” (fc), then E.
3. 5)+t
4. “ 3'(” (fc), then E.
5. y27)E
E-102
k Rectangular-Polar Coordinate
Conversion
Rectangular
Coordinates (Rec)
Polar Coordinates
(Pol)
Converting to Polar Coordinates (Pol)
Pol(X, Y) X: Specifies the rectangular coordinate X value
Y: Specifies the rectangular coordinate Y value
• Calculation result θ is displayed in the range of –180° < θ
< 180°.
• Calculation result θ is displayed using the calculator’s
default angle unit.
• Calculation result r is assigned to variable X, while θ is
assigned to Y.
Converting to Rectangular Coordinates (Rec)
Rec(r,θ) r : Specifies r value of polar coordinate
θ :Specifies θ value of polar coordinate
• Input value θ is treated as an angle value, in accordance
with the calculator’s default angle unit setting.
• Calculation result x is assigned to variable X, while y is
assigned to Y.
• If you perform coordinate conversion inside of an
expression instead of a stand-alone operation, the
calculation is performed using only the first value (either
the r-value or the X-value) produced by the conversion.
Example: Pol ('2, '2) + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7
E-103
Example 1: (X, Y) = ('2, '2) → (r, θ)
z
1. t
2. “ Pol(” (fc), then E.
3. 15(')2)
1)(,)15(')
2))E
Example 2: (r, θ) = (2, 30) → (X, Y)
z
1. t
2. “ Rec(” (fc), then E.
3. 21)(,)30)E
k Other Functions
This section explains how to use the functions shown
below.
!, Abs(, Ran#, nPr, nCr, Rnd(
A Factorial (!)
This function obtains the factorials of a value that is zero
or a positive integer.
Example: (5 + 3)! = 40320
1. (5+3)t
2. “ ! ” (fc), then E.
3. E
E-104
A Absolute Value Calculation (Abs)
When you are performing a real number calculation, this
function simply obtains the absolute value.
Example: Abs (2 – 7) = 5
1. t
2. “Abs(” (fc), then E.
3. 2-7)E
A Random Number (Ran#)
This function generates a 3-digit pseudo random number
that is less than 1.
Example: To generate three 3-digit random numbers.
The random 3 digit decimal values are converted to 3-
digit integer values by multiplying by 1000.
Note that the values shown here are examples only.
Values actually generated by your calculator will be
different.
1. 1000t
2. “Ran#” (fc), then E.
3. E
E
E
E-105
A Permutation (nPr) and Combination (nCr)
These functions make it possible to perform permutation
and combination calculations.
n and r must be integers in the range of 0 < r < n < 1 × 1010.
Example: How many four-person permutations and
combinations are possible for a group of 10
people?
1. 10t
2. “P” (fc), then E.
3. 4E
1. 10t
2. “C” (fc), then E.
3. 4E
A Rounding Function (Rnd)
This function rounds the value or the result of the
expression in the function’s argument to the number of
significant digits specified by the number of display digits
setting.
Display Digits Setting: Norm1 or Norm2
The mantissa is rounded to 10 digits.
Display Digits Setting: Fix or Sci
The value is rounded to the specified number of digits.
Example: 200 ÷ 7 × 14 = 400
200/7*14E
(Specifies three decimal places.)
FIX
1. s
2. “Fix” (fc), then E.
3. 3
4. E
5. E
E-106
(Calculation is performed internally using 15 digits.)
FIX
200/7E
FIX
*14E
The following performs the same calculation with rounding.
FIX
200/7E
(Round the value to the specified number of digits.)
FIX
10(Rnd)E
(Check rounded result.)
FIX
*14E
E-107
Statistical Calculation
All calculations in this section are performed in the STAT
Mode (7).
A Selecting a Statistical Calculation Type
In the STAT Mode, display the statistical calculation type
selection screen.
k Statistical Calculation Types
Use fc to select Item, and then press E.
Menu Item
1-VAR
A+BX
_+CX2
In X
Statistical Calculation
Single-variable
Linear regression
Quadratic regression
Logarithmic regression
e exponential regression
ab exponential regression
Power regression
e^X
A•B^X
A•X^B
1/X
Inverse regression
k Inputting Sample Data
A Displaying the STAT Editor Screen
The STAT editor screen appears after you enter the STAT
Mode from another mode. Use the STAT menu to select
a statistical calculation type. To display the STAT editor
screen from another STAT Mode screen, press
17(S-MENU)2(Data).
Note
• The STAT editor and the D.Editor x of the CASH Mode
use the same memory area to store data.
E-108
A STAT Editor Screen
There are two STAT editor screen formats, depending on
the type of statistical calculation you selected.
STAT
STAT
Single-variable Statistics
Paired-variable Statistics
• The first line of the STAT editor screen shows the value
for the first sample or for the values for their first pair of
samples.
A FREQ (Frequency) Column
If you turn on the Statistical Display item on the calculator’s
setup screen, a column labeled “FREQ” will also be
included on the STAT editor screen.
You can use the FREQ column to specify the frequency
(the number of times the same sample appears in the group
of data) of each sample value.
A Rules for Inputting Sample Data on the
STAT Editor Screen
• Data you input is inserted into the cell where the cursor
is located. Use fcde to move the cursor between
cells.
STAT
Cursor
• The values and expressions you can input on the STAT
editor screen are the same as those you can input in the
COMP Mode. Note, however, that the following functions
are not available on the STAT editor screen: multiple
operations in calculation history memory, multi-statement
input, and assignment to financial calculation variables.
• Pressing Awhile inputting data clears your current input.
• After inputting a value, press E. This registers the value
and displays up to six of its digits in the currently selected
cell.
E-109
Example: To input the value 123.45 in cell X1
STAT
(Move the cursor to cell X1.)
123.45
The value you input appears
in the formula area.
STAT
E
Registering a value causes the cursor to move down one cell.
A STAT Editor Screen Input Precautions
• The number of lines in STAT editor screen (the number
of sample data values you can input) depends on the
type of statistical data you selected, and on the Statistical
Display setting of the calculator’s setup screen (page
E-21).
Statistical
OFF
ON
Display
(No FREQ column)
(FREQ column)
Statistic Type
Single-variable
Paired-variable
80 lines
40 lines
40 lines
26 lines
• The following types of input are not allowed on the STAT
editor screen.
• m, 1m(M–) operations
• Assignment to variables (STO)
• Financial Calculation Variables (VARS)
A Precautions Concerning Sample Data
Storage
• The STAT Editor and the CASH Mode DataEditor store
data in the same area.
• Sample data you input is deleted automatically whenever
you change the Statistical Display setting (which causes
the FREQ column to be shown or hidden) on the
calculator’s setup screen.
E-110
A Editing Sample Data
Replacing the Data in a Cell
1. On the STAT editor screen, move the cursor to the cell
you want to edit.
2. Input the new data value or expression, and then press
E.
Important!
• Note that you must totally replace the existing data of the
cell with new input. You cannot edit parts of the existing
data.
Deleting a Line
1. On the STAT editor screen, move the cursor to the line
you want to delete.
2. Y
Inserting a Line
1. On the STAT editor screen, move the cursor to the line
that will be under the line you will insert.
2. 17(S-MENU)3(Edit)
3. 1(Ins)
Important!
• Note that the insert operation will not work if the maximum
number of lines allowed for the STAT editor screen are
already used.
Deleting All STAT Editor Contents
1. 1a(S-MENU)3(Edit)
2. 2(Del-A)
• This clears all of the sample data on the STAT editor
screen.
Note
• Note that you can perform the procedures under “Inserting
a Line” and “DeletingAll STAT Editor Contents” only when
the STAT editor screen is on the display.
k STAT Calculation Screen
The STAT calculation screen is for performing statistical
calculations with the data you input with the STAT editor
screen. Pressing the A key while the STAT editor screen
is displayed switches to the STAT calculation screen.
E-111
k Using the STAT Menu
While the STAT editor screen or STAT calculation screen
is on the display, press 17(S-MENU) to display the
STAT menu.
The content to the STAT menu depends on whether the
currently selected statistical operation type uses a single
variable or paired variables.
STAT
STAT
Single-variable Statistics
Paired-variable Statistics
A STAT Menu Items
Common Items
Select this
When you want to do this:
menu item:
1Type
2Data
Display the statistical calculation type
selection screen
Display the STAT editor screen
Display the Edit sub-menu for editing
STAT editor screen contents
3Edit
Display the Sum sub-menu of commands
for calculating sums
4Sum
Display the Var sub-menu of commands
for calculating the mean, standard
deviation, etc.
5Var
Display the MinMax sub-menu of
commands for obtaining maximum and
minimum values
6MinMax
E-112
Paired-variable Menu Item
Select this
When you want to do this:
menu item:
Display the Reg sub-menu of commands
for regression calculations
• For details see “Commands when Lin-
ear Regression Calculation (A+BX) Is
Selected” on page E-117 and “Com-
mands when Quadratic Regression
Calculation (_+CX2) Is Selected” on
page E-121.
7Reg
A Single-variable (1-VAR) Statistical
Calculation Commands
The following are the commands that appear on the sub-
menus that appear when you select 4(Sum), 5(Var)
or 6(MinMax) on the STAT menu while a single-variable
statistical calculation type is selected.
Calculation formula used for each command
Σ
x
=
o
n
2
Σ
(x – o)
x
σ
n
n
=
n
2
Σ
(x – o)
x
σ
–1
=
n
– 1
Sum Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)4(Sum))
Select this
menu item:
When you want to obtain this:
1Σx2
2Σx
Sum of squares of the sample data
Sum of the sample data
Var Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)5(Var))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1n
Number of samples
2o
Mean of the sample data
Population standard deviation
Sample standard deviation
3xσn
4xσn–1
E-113
MinMax Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)6(MinMax))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1minX
Minimum value
Maximum value
2maxX
Single-variable Statistical Calculation
Example 1: To select single-variable (1-VAR) and input
the following data: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(FREQ: ON)
Preparation
1. s
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 1(On)
7
STAT
E(1-VAR)
STAT
1E 2E 3E 4E
5E 6E 7E 8E
9E 10E
STAT
A
Example 2: To edit the data to the following, using insert
and delete: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
(FREQ: ON)
STAT
17(S-MENU)2(Data)
E-114
STAT
STAT
STAT
17(S-MENU)
3(Edit)1(Ins)
ccccccccY
A
Example 3: To edit the FREQ data to the following:
{1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1}
(FREQ: ON)
STAT
STAT
STAT
17(S-MENU)2(Data)e
c2E c2E 2E
2E 3E 4E 2E
A
• Examples 4 through 7 all use the same data as Example
3.
Example 4: To calculate sum of squares of the sample
data and sum of the sample data.
17(S-MENU)4(Sum)
STAT
1(Σx2)E
E-115
STAT
17(S-MENU)4(Sum)
2(Σx)E
Example 5: To calculate number of samples, mean, and
population standard deviation.
17(S-MENU)5(Var)
STAT
1(n)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)5(Var)
2(o)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)5(Var)
3(xσn)E
Example 6: To calculate minimum value and maximum
value.
17(S-MENU)6(MinMax)
STAT
1(minX)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)6(MinMax)
2(maxX)E
E-116
A Commands when Linear Regression
Calculation (A+BX) Is Selected
With linear regression, regression is performed in
accordance with the following model equation.
y
=
A
+
BX
The following are the commands that appear on the sub-
menus that appear when you select 4(Sum), 5(Var),
6(MinMax), or 7(Reg) on the STAT menu while linear
regression is selected as the statistical calculation type.
Calculation formula used for each command
Σ
x
=
o
n
2
Σ
Σ
(x – o)
x
σ
n
n
=
n
2
Σ
(x – o)
x
σ
–1
=
n
– 1
Σ
y
=
p
n
2
(y – p)
y
σ
σ
n
n
=
n
2
Σ
(y – p)
y
–1
=
n
– 1
.
Σy – B Σx
A =
n
.
.
n Σxy – Σx Σy
B
r
=
( )2
2
.
n Σx – Σx
.
.
n Σxy – Σx Σy
{n Σx – Σx }{n Σy – Σy
=
( )2
( )2
}
2
2
.
.
y – A
=
m
B
n = A + Bx
E-117
Sum Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)4(Sum))
Select this
menu item:
When you want to obtain this:
1Σx2
2Σx
Sum of squares of the X-data
Sum of the X-data
3Σy2
4Σy
Sum of squares of the Y-data
Sum of the Y-data
5Σxy
6Σx3
7Σx2y
8Σx4
Sum of products of the X-data and Y-data
Sum of cubes of the X-data
Sum of (X-data squares × Y-data)
Sum of biquadrate of the X-data
Var Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)5(Var))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1n
2o
Number of samples
Mean of the X-data
Population standard deviation of the
X-data
3xσn
4xσn–1
5p
Sample standard deviation of the X-data
Mean of the Y-data
Population standard deviation of the
Y-data
6yσn
7yσn–1
Sample standard deviation of the Y-data
MinMax Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)6(MinMax))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1minX
2maxX
3minY
4maxY
Minimum value of the X-data
Maximum value of the X-data
Minimum value of the Y-data
Maximum value of the Y-data
E-118
Reg Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)7(Reg))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1A
2B
3r
4m
5n
Regression coefficient constant term A
Regression coefficient B
Correlation coefficient r
Estimated value of x
Estimated value of y
Linear Regression Calculation
• Examples 8 through 10 all use the data input in Example
7.
Example 7:
x
y
x
y
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.7
3.0
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
1. s
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
7
STAT
cE(A+BX)
1E 1.2E
1.5E 1.6E
1.9E 2.1E
2.4E 2.5E
2.7E 3E
STAT
E-119
STAT
ce1E
1.1E 1.2E
1.3E 1.4E
1.5E 1.6E
1.7E 1.8E
2E
STAT
STAT
A
Example 8:
17(S-MENU)4(Sum)
5(Σxy)E
STAT
STAT
STAT
17(S-MENU)5(Var)
3(xσn)E
17(S-MENU)
6(MinMax)
4(maxY)E
E-120
Example 9:
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
STAT
STAT
STAT
1(A)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
Example 10:
Estimated Value (y = –3 → m = ?)
STAT
STAT
y317(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
Estimated Value (x = 2 → n = ?)
217(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
A Commands when Quadratic Regression
Calculation (_+CX2) Is Selected
With quadratic regression, regression is performed in
accordance with the following model equation.
y = A + BX + CX2
E-121
Calculation formula used for each command
Σy
Σx
Σx2
A =
B =
C =
– B
– C
(
)
(
)
n
n
n
Sxy Sx2x2 – Sx y
S
xx2
2
.
.
xx Sx2x2 – (Sxx2 2
)
.
S
2
xx2
.
.
S
x y
S
xx – Sxy
S
Sxx Sx2x2 – (Sxx2)
2
.
(Σx)2
Sxx
Sxy
=
=
Σx2
Σxy
Σx3
–
n
.
(Σx Σy)
–
–
n
2
.
(Σx Σx )
Sxx2
=
n
Σx2 2
)
Sx2x2
=
Σx4
Σx2y
–
(
n
2
.
Sx2y
=
–
(Σx Σy)
n
2
(
)
)
– B + B – 4C A – y
m1
=
2C
2
(
– B – B – 4C A – y
m2
=
2C
n = A + Bx + Cx2
Reg Sub-menu (17(S-MENU)7(Reg))
Select this
When you want to obtain this:
menu item:
1A
Regression coefficient constant term A
Linear coefficient B of the regression
coefficients
2B
Quadratic coefficient C of the regression
coefficients
3C
4m1
5m2
6n
Estimated value of x1
Estimated value of x2
Estimated value of y
E-122
• Sum sub-menu (sums), Var sub-menu (number of
samples, mean, standard deviation), and MinMax sub-
menu (maximum value, minimum value) operations are
the same those for linear regression calculations.
Quadratic Regression Calculation
• Examples 11 through 13 all use the data input in Example
7 (page E-119).
Example 11:
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
STAT
ccE(_+CX2)
STAT
A
Example 12:
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
STAT
1(A)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
2(B)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(C)E
E-123
Example 13:
y = 3 → m1 = ?
317(S-MENU)7(Reg)
STAT
STAT
4(m1)E
y = 3 → m2 = ?
317(S-MENU)7(Reg)
5(m2)E
x = 2 → n = ?
STAT
217(S-MENU)7(Reg)
6(n)E
A Comments for Other Types of Regression
For details about the calculation formula of the command
included in each regression type, refer to the indicated
calculation formulas.
Statistical Calculation Type
Model Equation
y
y
y
y
y
=
A
+
BlnX
Logarithmic Regression (ln X)
=
AeBX
ABX
AXB
e Exponential Regression (e^X)
ab Exponential Regression
(A•B^X)
=
=
=
Power Regression (A•X^B)
Inverse Regression (1/X)
B
X
A
+
E-124
Logarithmic Regression (ln X)
.
Σy – B Σln
x
A =
n
.
.
( )
y
n Σ lnx – Σlnx Σy
B =
( )2 (
)
2
.
n Σ lnx – Σln
x
.
.
( )
y
n Σ lnx – Σlnx Σy
r
=
( )2
(
)
( )2
}
2
2
.
.
{n Σ lnx – Σln
x
}{n Σy – Σy
y – A
B
m = e
n = A + Blnx
e Exponential Regression (e^X)
.
Σlny – B Σx
A = exp
(
)
n
.
.
y
n Σxln – Σx Σln
y
B =
( )2
2
.
n Σx – Σx
.
.
y
n Σxln – Σx Σln
y
r
=
( )2
( )2 (
)
y
2
2
.
.
{n Σx – Σx }{n Σ lny – Σln
lny – lnA
}
m
=
B
n = AeBx
ab Exponential Regression (A•B^X)
.
Σlny – B Σx
A = exp
(
(
)
n
.
.
y
n Σxln – Σx Σln
y
B = exp
2
)
( )2
.
n Σx – Σx
.
.
y
n Σxln – Σx Σln
y
r
=
( )2
( )2 (
)
2
2
}
.
.
{n Σx – Σx }{n Σ lny – Σln
lny – lnA
y
m
=
lnB
n = ABx
E-125
Power Regression (A•X^B)
.
Σlny – B Σln
x
A = exp
(
.
)
)
y
n
.
.
y
n Σln
x
ln – Σlnx Σln
y
B =
( )2 (
2
n Σ lnx – Σln
x
.
.
n Σln
x
ln – Σlnx Σln
y
r
=
( )2 (
)
( )2 (
)
2
2
}
.
.
{n Σ lnx – Σln
x
}{n Σ lny – Σln
y
ln y – ln A
B
m
=
e
n = AxB
Inverse Regression (1/X)
–1
.
Σy
–
n
B Σx
A =
Sxy
Sxx
B =
Sxy
r
=
.
Sxx Syy
(
Σx–1 2
)
Sxx
Syy
Sxy
=
=
=
Σ
(x
–1)2 –
n
(Σy)2
Σy2
–
n
–1
.
Σx Σy
Σ(
x–1
)
y
–
n
B
y – A
m
=
B
x
n = A +
E-126
Comparison of Regression Curves
• The following example uses the data input in Example 7
(page E-119).
Example 14: To compare the correlation coefficient for
logarithmic, e exponential, ab exponential,
power, and inverse regression.
(FREQ: OFF)
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
STAT
cccE(In X)A
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(r)E
STAT
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
ccccE(e^X)A
17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(r)E
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
STAT
cccccE(A•B^X)
A17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(r)E
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
STAT
ccccccE(A•X^B)
A17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(r)E
17(S-MENU)1(Type)
STAT
cccccccE(1/X)
A17(S-MENU)7(Reg)
3(r)E
E-127
Other Types of Regression Calculation
Example 15: y = A + Blnx
1. s
x
29
y
1.6
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
50
23.5
38.0
46.4
48.9
74
103
118
7cccE(ln X)
STAT
29E 50E 74E
103E 118E
ce1.6E
23.5E
38E 46.4E
48.9E
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
A17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)1(A)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
x = 80 → n = ?
STAT
STAT
8017(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
y = 73 → m = ?
7317(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
E-128
Bx
Example 16: y = Ae
1. s
x
y
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
6.9 21.4
12.9 15.7
19.8 12.1
26.7
35.1
8.5
5.2
7ccccE(e^X)
6.9E 12.9E
19.8E
STAT
26.7E
35.1E
ce21.4E
15.7E
12.1E 8.5E
5.2E
STAT
STAT
A17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)1(A)E
STAT
STAT
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
x = 16 → n = ?
STAT
STAT
1617(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
y = 20 → m = ?
2017(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
E-129
x
Example 17: y = AB
1. s
x
–1
3
y
0.24
4
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
5
16.2
513
10
7cccccE(A•B^X)
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
y1E 3E 5E
10E
ce0.24E 4E
16.2E 513E
A17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)1(A)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
x = 15 → n = ?
STAT
STAT
1517(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
y = 1.02 → m = ?
1.02
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
E-130
Example 18: y = AxB
1. s
x
y
28
30
33
35
38
2410
3033
3895
4491
5717
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
7ccccccE(A•X^B)
STAT
28E 30E 33E
35E 38E
ce2410E
3033E
3895E
4491E
5717E
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
A17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)1(A)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
x = 40 → n = ?
STAT
STAT
4017(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
y = 1000 → m = ?
1000
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
E-131
B
Example 19: y = A + ––
x
x
y
18.3
9.7
6.8
4.9
4.1
1. s
1.1
2.1
2.9
4.0
4.9
2. “STAT” (fc), then E.
3. 2(Off)
7cccccccE(1/X)
STAT
STAT
1.1E 2.1E
2.9E 4E
4.9E
ce18.3E
9.7E 6.8E
4.9E 4.1E
STAT
STAT
STAT
A17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)1(A)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)2(B)E
17(S-MENU)
7(Reg)3(r)E
x = 3.5 → n = ?
STAT
STAT
3.517(S-MENU)
7(Reg)5(n)E
y = 15 → m = ?
1517(S-MENU)
7(Reg)4(m)E
E-132
A Command Usage Tips
• The commands included in the Reg sub-menu can take
a long time to execute in logarithmic, e exponential, ab
exponential, or power regression calculation when there
are a large number of data samples.
E-133
Technical Information
k Calculation Priority Sequence
The calculator performs calculations according to a
calculation priority sequence.
• Basically, calculations are performed from left to right.
• Expressions within parentheses have the highest priority.
• The following shows the priority sequence for each
individual command.
1. Function with parentheses:
Pol(, Rec(
sin(, cos(, tan(, sin–1(, cos–1(, tan–1(, sinh(, cosh(, tanh(,
sinh–1(, cosh–1(, tanh–1(
log(, ln(, e^(, 10^(, '(, 3'(
Abs(
Rnd(
2. Functions preceded by values, powers, power roots:
2
3
–1
g
r
x
x , x , x , x!, °, , , ^(, '(
Percent: %
3. Prefix symbol: (–) (negative sign)
4. Statistical estimated value calculation: m, n, m1, m2
5. Permutations, combinations: nPr, nCr
6. Multiplication and division: ×, ÷
Multiplication where sign is omitted: Multiplication sign
omitted immediately before π, e, variables (2π, 5A, πA,
etc.), functions with parentheses (2'(3),Asin(30), etc.)
7. Addition and subtraction: +, –
If a calculation contains a negative value, you may need
to enclose the negative value in parentheses. If you want
to square the value –2, for example, you need to input:
(–2)2. This is because x2 is a function preceded by a value
(Priority 2, above), whose priority is greater than the
negative sign, which is a prefix symbol (Priority 3).
E-134
Example:
–22 = –4
1. y2
2. t
3. “2” (fc), then E.
4. E
(–2)2 = 4
1. (y2)
2. t
3. “2” (fc), then E.
4. E
Multiplication and division, and multiplication where the
sign is omitted are the same priority (Priority 6), so these
operations are performed from left to right when both types
are mixed in the same calculation. Enclosing an operation
within parentheses causes it to be performed first, so the
use of parentheses can result in different calculation
results.
Example:
1 ÷ 2π = 1.570796327
1/215(π)E
1 ÷ (2π) = 0.1591549431 1/(215(π))
E
E-135
k Stack Limitations
This calculator uses memory areas called stacks to
temporarily store lower calculation priority sequence
values, commands, and functions. The numeric stack has
10 levels and the command stack has 24 levels, as shown
in the illustration below.
3
2
4
5
1
1 2 3
4
5 6
7
Numeric Stack Command Stack
1
2
3
4
5
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
҂
2
3
4
5
ѿ
҂
ѿ
A Stack ERROR occurs when the calculation you are
performing causes the capacity of either stack to be
exceeded.
E-136
k Calculation Ranges, Number of Digits,
and Precision
The calculation range, number of digits used for internal
calculation, and calculation precision depends on the type
of calculation you are performing.
Calculation Range and Precision
Calculation Range
1 × 10–99 to 9.999999999 ×
1099 or 0
Number of Digits for
Internal Calculation
15 digits
Precision
In general, 1 at the 10th digit
for a single calculation. Precision
for exponential display is 1 at
the least significant digit. Errors
are cumulative in the case of
consecutive calculations.
Function Calculation Input Ranges and Precision
Functions
Input Range
sinx
DEG 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ9҂109
RAD 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ157079632.7
GRA 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ1҂1010
cosx DEG 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ9҂109
RAD 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ157079632.7
GRA 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ͻ1҂1010
tanx DEG Same as sinx, except whenꢀxꢀ= (2n–1)҂90.
RAD Same as sinx, except whenꢀxꢀ= (2n–1)҂π/2.
GRA Same as sinx, except whenꢀxꢀ= (2n–1)҂100
.
sin–1x
cos–1x
0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ1
tan–1x 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
sinhx
coshx
0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ230.2585092
sinh–1x 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ4.999999999҂1099
cosh–1x 1Ϲ x Ϲ4.999999999҂1099
tanhx 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
E-137
Functions
Input Range
tanh–1x 0Ϲ ꢀxꢀ Ϲ9.999999999҂10–1
logx/lnx 0ꢁ x Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
x
10
ex
–9.999999999҂1099Ϲ x Ϲ 99.99999999
–9.999999999҂1099Ϲ x Ϲ 230.2585092
0Ϲ x ꢁ 1 ҂ 10100
'x
x2
1/x
ꢀxꢀꢁ 1҂ 1050
ꢀxꢀꢁ 1҂ 10100
;
x G
0
3'x ꢀxꢀꢁ 1҂ 10100
x!
0Ϲ x Ϲ 69 (x is an integer)
0Ϲ n ꢁ 1҂1010, 0Ϲ r Ϲ n (n, r are integers)
nPr
1Ϲ {n!/(n–r)!} ꢁ 1҂10100
0Ϲ n ꢁ 1҂1010, 0Ϲ r Ϲ n (n, r are integers)
nCr
1Ϲ n!/r! ꢁ 1҂10100 or 1Ϲ n!/(n–r)! ꢁ 1҂10100
ꢀxꢀ, ꢀyꢀ Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
Pol(x, y)
x2+y2 Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
0Ϲ r Ϲ9.999999999҂1099
Rec(r,)
θ: Same as sinx
xŒ0: –1҂10100 ꢁylogxꢁ100
x҃0: yŒ0
xꢁ0: y҃n,
However: –1҂10100 ꢁylogꢀxꢀꢁ100
y
^(x )
m
2n+1
(m, n are integers)
yŒ0: x G 0, –1҂10100ꢁ1/x logyꢁ100
y҃0: xŒ0
yꢁ0: x҃2nѿ1,
However: –1҂10100 ꢁ1/x logꢀyꢀꢁ100
x
'
y
2n+1
(m G 0; m, n are integers)
m
• Precision is basically the same as that described under
“Calculation Range and Precision” on page E-137.
3
y x
• ^(x ), 'y, ', x!, nPr, nCr type functions require
consecutive internal calculation, which can cause
accumulation of errors that occur with each calculation.
• Error is cumulative and tends to be large in the vicinity of
a function’s singular point and inflection point.
E-138
Financial Calculation Ranges
P/Y
C/Y
Natural number from 1 to 9999
PM1 Integer from 1 to 9999
PM2 PM1 < PM2
January 1, 1901 through December 31, 2099
d1
January 1, 1902 through December 30, 2097
(BOND Mode only)
January 1, 1901 through December 31, 2099
January 2, 1902 through December 31, 2097
(BOND Mode only)
d2
j
Positive natural number
YR1 Natural number from 1 to 12
k Special Financial Calculation Error
Messages
Compound Interest Mode
When calculating “n”
I < –100 ........................................ Math ERROR
When calculating “I”
“PV”, “PMT”, “FV” are the same sign
................................................... Math ERROR
n < 0 ................................................. Math ERROR
When calculating “PV”, “PMT”, “FV”
I < –100 ........................................ Math ERROR
Cash Flow Mode
When calculating “NPV”
I < –100 ........................................ Math ERROR
When calculating “IRR”
Calculated “IRR” is IRR < –50 .......... Math ERROR
All Receipt/Payment values are the same sign
................................................... Math ERROR
D
E-139
Depreciation Mode
When calculating “Depreciation”
One or more of “PV”, “FV”, “i%” is negative value
................................................... Math ERROR
n > 255 ............................................. Math ERROR
j > n + 1 (YR1 G 12) ........................ Math ERROR
YR1 > 12 ................................... Argument ERROR
Bond Mode
When calculating “PRC”
RDV > 0, CPN > 0 not satisfied ........ Math ERROR
When calculating “YLD”
CPN is greater than 0: RDV > 0, PRC < 0 not satisfied
................................................... Math ERROR
CPN is 0: RDV > 0, PRC < 0 not satisfied
................................................... Math ERROR
k Error Messages
The calculator will display an error message when a result
exceeds the calculation range, when you attempt an illegal
input, or whenever any other similar problem occurs.
A When an error message appears...
The following are general operations you can use when
any error message appears.
• Pressing d or e displays to the calculation expression
editing screen you were using before the error message
appeared, with the cursor located at the position of the
error. For more information, see “Displaying the Location
of an Error” on page E-27.
• Pressing A clears the calculation expression you input
before the error message appeared. You can then re-
input and re-execute the calculation, if you want. Note
that in this case, the original calculation will not be retained
in calculation history memory.
• See “Special Financial Calculation Error Messages”
(E-139) for information about error messages that may
occur during financial calculations.
E-140
Math ERROR
Cause
• The intermediate or final result of the calculation you
are performing exceeds the allowable calculation range.
• Your input exceeds the allowable input range.
• The calculation you are performing contains an illegal
mathematical operation (such as division by zero).
Action
• Check the input values to ensure they are within the
applicable calculation range. See “Calculation Ranges,
Numbers of Digits, and Precision” on page E-137.
• When using independent memory or a variable as the
argument of a function, make sure that the memory or
variable value is within the allowable range for the
function.
Stack ERROR
Cause
• The calculation you are performing has caused the
capacity of the numeric stack or the command stack to
be exceeded.
Action
• Simplify the calculation expression so it does not exceed
the capacity of the stack.
• Try splitting the calculation into two or more parts.
Syntax ERROR
Cause
• There is a problem with the format of the calculation
you are performing.
Action
• Make necessary corrections.
Insufficient MEM Error
Cause
• The number of bytes required to store the calculation
you are inputting exceeds the maximum capacity (89
bytes) for Shortcut key assignment.
Action
• Divide the calculation into smaller parts.
• Normally the input cursor appears as a straight vertical
( ) or horizontal ( ) flashing line on the display screen.
I
When there are 10 or fewer bytes of input remaining in
E-141
the current expression, the cursor changes shape to
I
to let you know. If the
cursor appears, terminate the
I
expression at a convenient point and calculate the result.
Argument ERROR
Cause
• Financial conditions insufficient for financial calculations
(such as YR1 > 12).
Action
• Check the input values to ensure they are within the
applicable calculation range. See “Calculation Ranges,
Numbers of Digits, and Precision” on page E-137.
k Before assuming malfunction of the
calculator...
Perform the following steps whenever an error occurs
during a calculation or when calculation results are not
what you expected. If one step does not correct the
problem, move on to the next step.
Note that you should make separate copies of important
data before performing these steps.
1. Check the calculation expression to make sure that it
does not contain any errors.
2. Make sure that you are using the correct mode for the
type of calculation you are trying to perform.
3. If the above steps do not correct your problem, press
the O key. This will cause the calculator to perform a
routine that checks whether calculation functions are
operating correctly. If the calculator discovers any
abnormality, it automatically initializes the calculation
mode and clears memory contents. For details about
initialized settings, see “Initializing the Calculator” on
page E-3.
4. Initialize all modes and settings by performing the
following operation:
(1) O19(CLR)
(2) “All:EXE” (fc), then E.
(3) E(Yes)
(4) A
E-142
Reference
k Power Requirements and Battery
Replacement
FC-200V
Your calculator uses a TWO WAY POWER system that
combines a solar cell with G13 type button battery (LR44).
Normally, calculators equipped with a solar cell alone can
operate only when relatively bright light is present. The
TWO WAY POWER system, however, lets you continue
to use the calculator as long as there is enough light to
read the display.
A Replacing the Battery
Dim display figures when available lighting is dim or failure
of anything to appear on the display immediately when
you turn on the calculator indicates that button battery
power is low. Note that you will not be able to use the
calculator if its button battery is dead. When any of these
symptoms occur, replace the button battery.
Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the
battery at least once every three years.
Important!
• Removing the button battery from the calculator causes
independent memory contents and values assigned to
variables to be cleared.
1. Press 1A(OFF) to turn off
the calculator.
Screw
• To ensure that you do not
accidentally turn on power
while replacing the battery,
slide the hard case onto the
front of the calculator.
2. On the back of the calculator,
remove the screw and the
battery cover.
3. Remove the old battery.
E-143
4. Wipe a new battery with a dry cloth, and then load it
into the calculator with its positive
upwards (so you can see it).
side facing
k
5. Replace the battery cover and secure it in place with its
screw.
6. Perform the following key operation:
(1) O19(CLR)
(2) “All:EXE” (fc), then E
(3) E(Yes)
(4) A
• Make sure you perform the above key operation. Do
not skip it.
• Replacing the battery initializes the calculator, including
the custom shortcut keys and function shortcut keys.
See “Initializing the Calculator” (page E-3) for more
information.
FC-100V
This calculator is powered by a single AAA-size battery
(R03 (UM-4)).
A Replacing the Battery
Dim figures on the display of the calculator indicate that
battery power is low. Continued use of the calculator when
the battery is low can result in improper operation. Replace
the battery as soon as possible when display figures
becomes dim.
Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the
battery at least once every two years.
Important!
• Removing the battery from the calculator causes
independent memory contents and values assigned to
variables to be cleared.
E-144
Screw
Screw
1. Press 1A(OFF) to turn
off the calculator.
2. On the back of the calculator,
remove the screws and the
back cover.
3. Remove the old battery.
4. Load a new battery into the
calculator with its positive
k
and negative
correctly.
ends facing
l
5. Replace the back cover and
secure it in place with its
screws.
6. Perform the following key operation:
(1) O19(CLR)
(2) “All:EXE” (fc), then E
(3) E(Yes)
(4) A
• Make sure you perform the above key operation. Do
not skip it.
Auto Power Off
Your calculator will turn off automatically if you do not
perform any operation for about six minutes. If this
happens, press the O key to turn the calculator back on.
E-145
Specifications
FC-200V
Power Requirements:
Solar Cell:
Built into the front of the calculator
Button Battery: G13 Type (LR44) × 1
Battery Life: Approximately 3 years (Based on one hour
of operation per day.)
Operating Temperature: 0°C to 40°C
Dimensions: 12.2 (H) × 80 (W) × 161 (D) mm
1/2ꢀ (H) ҂ 31/8ꢀ (W) ҂ 65/16ꢀ (D)
Approximate Weight: 105g (3.7 oz) including the battery
Bundled Items: Hard Case
FC-100V
Power Requirements:
AAA-size battery: R03 (UM-4) × 1
Battery Life: Approximately 17,000 hours (continuous
display of flashing cursor)
Power Consumption: 0.0002 W
Operating Temperature: 0°C to 40°C
Dimensions: 13.7 (H) × 80 (W) × 161 (D) mm
9/16ꢀ (H) ҂ 31/8ꢀ (W) ҂ 65/16ꢀ (D)
Approximate Weight: 110 g (3.9 oz) including the battery
Bundled Items: Hard Case
E-146
CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
6-2, Hon-machi 1-chome
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8543, Japan
SA0904-E
|