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Cyclades-PR4000
Installation Manual
Mid-range, Multi-protocol, Expandable Remote Access Server
Cyclades Corporation
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Cyclades-PR4000
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ........................................................................................................ 8
Installation Assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 9
Text Conventions.............................................................................................................................................. 10
Icons................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information ..................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX .................................................................................................................. 13
SWAN Expansion Card .................................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3 USING CYROS MENUS ............................................................................................................... 18
Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal ................................................................ 18
Special Keys ................................................................................................................................................. 20
The CyROS Management Utility .................................................................................................................. 21
Operating the Front-Panel Display................................................................................................................... 25
Modem Overview.......................................................................................................................................... 26
Interface Overview........................................................................................................................................ 28
IP Traffic........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Syslog Messages ......................................................................................................................................... 29
System Info................................................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS........................................... 30
Example 1 Using the PR4000 as a Remote Access Server ........................................................................... 30
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Example 2 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem................................................................ 37
CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE ................................................................ 45
The IP Network Protocol .................................................................................................................................. 45
IP Bridge ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Other Parameters............................................................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN INTERFACE .............................................................................................................. 49
CHAPTER 7 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITHOUT SIGNALING............................................................. 52
CHAPTER 8 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITH SIGNALING .................................................................... 57
The CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI) ............................................................................................................. 59
The CAS Signaling Mode................................................................................................................................. 62
Parameters Independent of Signaling Mode ................................................................................................... 63
Multilink Options ........................................................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER 9 NETWORK PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 75
The IP Protocol................................................................................................................................................. 76
The Transparent Bridge Protocol ..................................................................................................................... 78
CHAPTER 10 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION) ......................................................................... 79
PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol) ................................................................................................................... 79
CHAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 81
PPPCHAR ........................................................................................................................................................ 82
HDLC................................................................................................................................................................ 82
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Frame Relay..................................................................................................................................................... 82
X.25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 87
X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)........................................................................................... 90
CHAPTER 11 ROUTING PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 91
Routing Strategies............................................................................................................................................ 91
Static Routing ............................................................................................................................................... 91
Dynamic Routing .......................................................................................................................................... 91
Static Routes .................................................................................................................................................... 92
RIP Configuration ............................................................................................................................................. 95
OSPF................................................................................................................................................................ 96
OSPF Configuration on the Interface ........................................................................................................... 97
OSPF Global Configurations ........................................................................................................................ 99
BGP-4 Configuration ...................................................................................................................................... 103
CHAPTER 12 CYROS, THE OPERATING SYSTEM....................................................................................... 114
Creation of the host table ............................................................................................................................... 114
Creation of user accounts and passwords..................................................................................................... 114
IP Accounting ................................................................................................................................................. 116
CHAPTER 13 NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION) ........................................................................ 117
Types of Address Translation ..................................................................................................................... 119
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CHAPTER 14 RULES AND FILTERS .............................................................................................................. 123
Configuration of IP Filters............................................................................................................................... 123
Traffic Rule Lists............................................................................................................................................. 132
CHAPTER 15 IPX (INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE) ...................................................................... 138
Enabling IPX................................................................................................................................................... 139
Configuring the Ethernet Interface ................................................................................................................. 139
Configuring Other Interfaces .......................................................................................................................... 139
PPP............................................................................................................................................................. 139
Frame Relay ............................................................................................................................................... 140
X.25 ............................................................................................................................................................ 140
Routing ........................................................................................................................................................... 140
The SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) Table ......................................................................................... 141
CHAPTER 16 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONFIGURATION ................................................................. 142
APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................................................ 147
What to Do if the Login Screen Does Not Appear When Using a Console. .................................................. 147
What to Do if the Router Does Not Work or Stops Working. ......................................................................... 148
Testing the Ethernet Interface. ....................................................................................................................... 149
Testing the WAN Interface ............................................................................................................................. 150
How to Test the Modems................................................................................................................................ 152
APPENDIX B. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................... 155
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General Specifications ................................................................................................................................... 155
External Interfaces ......................................................................................................................................... 156
Console Port ............................................................................................................................................... 156
Ethernet Port .............................................................................................................................................. 157
T1 and E1 ................................................................................................................................................... 158
Cables ............................................................................................................................................................ 159
Straight-Through Cable .............................................................................................................................. 159
Cross Cable ................................................................................................................................................ 160
Router-MD / V.35 Cable ............................................................................................................................. 161
DB-25 to M.34 Adapter............................................................................................................................... 162
.................................................................................................................................................................... 162
Cross Cable for Testing the T1/E1 Ports.................................................................................................... 163
ISO 2110 Standard Cable........................................................................................................................... 164
E1 / DB-15 Cable........................................................................................................................................ 165
APPENDIX C CONFIGURATION WITHOUT A CONSOLE ............................................................................. 166
Requirements ................................................................................................................................................. 166
Procedure....................................................................................................................................................... 166
APPENDIX D INSTALLATION OF ADDITIONAL DIGITAL MODEMS ............................................................. 167
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................ 172
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Cyclades-PR4000
CHAPTER 1 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL
Three Cyclades manuals are related to the PR4000.
1 The Quick Installation Manual -- provided with the router,
2 The Installation Manual -- available electronically on the Cyclades web site,
3 The CyROS Reference Guide -- also available electronically on the Cyclades web site.
CyROS stands for the Cyclades Routing Operating System. It is the operating system for all Cyclades Power
Routers (PR1000, PR2000, PR3000, and PR4000). The CyROS Reference Guide contains complete information
about the features and configuration of all products in the PR line.
CyROS is constantly evolving, and the menus in this manual might be slightly different from the menus in the
router. The latest version of all three manuals (and the latest version of CyROS) can be downloaded from Cyclades’
web site. All manuals indicate on the second page the manual version and the corresponding version of CyROS.
The first three chapters of this manual should be read in the order written, with exceptions given in the text. The
most appropriate example in Chapter 4 should then be read, with chapters 5 through 14 providing complementary
information.
Chapter 2 - What is in the Box - explains how the router should be connected.
Chapter 3 -Using Menus - describes CyROS menu navigation.
Chapter 4 -Step-by-Step Instructions for Common Applications - guide to configuration with detailed examples.
Chapters 5 to 11- Basic router configuration information for applications that do not fit any of the examples in
chapter 4.
Chapter 12 - CyROS - shows how to set router specific parameters and create lists of hosts and users.
Chapter 13 - Network Address Translation - describes CyROS’ NAT implementation.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Chapter 14- Filters and Rules - demonstrates how to protect your router from undesired traffic.
Chapter 15 - IPX - presents the hidden menus available only in routers with IPX activated.
Chapter 16 - Virtual Private Network - describes CyROS’ VPN implementation.
Appendix A - Troubleshooting - provides solutions and tests for typical problems.
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications.
Appendix C - Configuration Without a Console.
Appendix D - Modem Installation and Configuration
Installation Assumptions
This Installation Manual assumes that the reader understands networking basics and is familiar with the terms
and concepts used in Local Area and Wide Area Networking.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Text Conventions
Common text conventions are used. A summary is presented below:
Convention
Description
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>L A combination of menu items, with the last being either a menu item, a
parameter, or a command. In this example, L lists the interface configuration.
<INTERFACE>
A variable menu item that depends on hardware options or a choice of
hardware or software options.
IP Address
Screen Text
A parameter or menu item referenced in text, without path prepended.
Screen Text
<ESC>, <Enter>
Simbols representing special keyboard keys.
Icons
Icons are used to draw attention to important text.
Icon
Meaning
Why
What is Wrong?
When an error is common, text with this icon will mention the symptoms and
how to resolve the problem.
Where Can I Find
More Information?
CyROS contains many features, and sometimes related material must be
broken up into digestible pieces. Text with this icon will indicate the relevant
section.
Caution!
Not following instructions can result in damage to the hardware. Text with
this icon will warn when damage is possible.
Reminder.
Certain instructions must be followed in order. Text with this icon will explain
the proper steps.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Cyclades Technical Support and Contact Information
All Cyclades products include limited free technical support, software upgrades and manual updates.
These updates and the latest product information are available at:
http://www.cyclades.com
ftp://ftp.cyclades.com/pub/cyclades
Before contacting us for technical support on a configuration problem, please collect the information
listed below.
• The Cyclades product name and model.
• Applicable hardware and software options and versions.
• Information about the environment (network, carrier, etc).
• The product configuration. Print out a copy of the listing obtained by selecting INFO=>SHOW
CONFIGURATION=>ALL.
• A detailed description of the problem.
• The exact error or log messages printed by the router or by any other system.
• The Installation Guide for your product.
• Contact information in case we need to contact you at a later time.
In the United States and Canada, contact technical support by phone or e-mail:
Phone: (510) 770-9727 (9:00AM to 5:00PM PST)
Fax: (510) 770-0355
E-mail: [email protected]
Outside North America, please contact us through e-mail or contact your local Cyclades distributor or representative.
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Cyclades-PR4000
The mailing address and general phone numbers for Cyclades Corporation are:
Cyclades Corporation
Phone: + 01 (510) 770-9727
Fax: + 01 (510) 770-0355
41829 Albrae Street
Fremont, CA 94538
USA
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Cyclades-PR4000
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS IN THE BOX
The following are included with the PR4000:
• PR4000 Main Unit
• Power Cord
• Quick Installation Manual and Documentation CD
• Mounting Kit with Handles
• Console Cable
Port 1 10 BaseT
T1/E1 100 BaseT
Power
Cyclades - PR4000
1
Interface Cable Slot
0
10 BaseT
Console
Port
Port 2
T1/E1
Expansion
Slot
Power Cable
/ / / / / / / / / /
Console Cable
Labeled “Console”
Cyclades-PR4000
Quick Installation Manual
CD-Rom Containing
Documentation
Mounting Kit
FIGURE 2.1 ITEMS INCLUDED WITH ALL PR4000 MODELS
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Cyclades-PR4000
SWAN Expansion Card
The PR4000 is often sold with a SWAN card in the expansion slot. The SWAN can be connected to a modem or
DSU/CSU as shown in Figure 2.3. Cables are not included with the product.
Back Panel of PR4000
Slot with
SWAN RSV Card
or
DB-25
Male
DB-25
Male
V.35 Cable Set
Straight Cable
DB-25 Male
DB-25
Male
DB-25 Female/ M.34
Male Converter
RS-232 Modem
with DB-25
Interface
V.35 DSU/CSU
with M.34
Interface
FIGURE 2.3 SWAN EXPANSION CARD SHOWING CABLE CONNECTIONS
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Cyclades-PR4000
Provisioning the T1/E1 Dialup Lines
This section provides information useful when provisioning the T1 or E1 dialup trunk lines for use with the Cyclades-
PR4000 Remote Access Server. Line provisioning parameters vary widely depending on the switch being used at
the central office and the service options offered by the carrier. In North America and Japan, a digital trunk uses
a T1 speed of 1.5Mbps. In Europe and most other countries, a digital trunk runs at E1 speeds of 2Mbps. A digital
trunk is a Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) line that carries information from several channels in digital form. In a
given country, only E1 or T1 is offered.
Signaling: ISDN-PRI (CCS) or CAS
Phone lines carry signaling information used to establish and maintain connections. In a regular phone this
information translates into dialing, ring, busy signal, dial tone, caller ID, etc. In an analog phone line, the signaling
information shares the channel used to carry voice. In a T1 or E1 trunk, the signaling information for the trunk can
be carried by a separate channel or can share the same channel used to carry data. There are three basic
signaling protocols: ISDN-PRI (T1 or E1), CAS-BR (T1), or R2D/MFR2 (E1).
Newer systems use the ISDN-PRI signaling protocol, with channels dedicated to control. With this protocol, a T1
line carries 23 phone connections and an E1 line carries 30 phone connections.
In North America, older T1 systems use CAS (Channel Associated Signaling) protocols. These protocols “steal”
some of the bandwidth from the data channels using a scheme called “bit robbing” (BR) and allow a T1 line to
carry 24 phone connections. In other countries, older E1 systems use R2D/MFR2 signaling with a dedicated
channel, leaving 30 phone connections. Lines with CAS or R2D/MFR2 signaling are sometimes referred as
“Channelized T1/E1” or “DS-1”.
ISDN-PRI provides more control over connections than the older CAS or R2Ds. Given a choice between ISDN-
PRI and CAS/R2D, select ISDN-PRI.
Number of Phone Lines
In most applications, the maximum number of phone lines (for the protocol used) are purchased. However, it is
also possible to request fewer lines. When using fewer lines, make sure to disable the remaining channels using
the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>E1/T1 =><CHANNEL> =>ENCAPSULATION =>INACTIVATE.
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ISDN Switch Type (ISDN-PRI only)
Different switch vendors have different signaling protocol implementations. If you are in the US and are given a
choice of ISDN switch types, select National ISDN 2, which is intended to be the US standard switch type. Other
common and acceptable options are Custom AT&T 5ESS and Northern Telecom DMS-100. In Europe, Euro
ISDN (ETSI) is the standard ISDN switch type, but there are still some variations in use. Examples are TR6 in
Germany and VN6 in France. Australia, Japan and Korea each have their own standard switch type. Other
countries usually adopt the European standards.
Data/Voice Support
From the phone system standpoint, analog modem connections (V.34, V.90, K56 flex) are “voice” while “data”
refers to digital connections using ISDN-BRI or V.110. Lines with CAS signaling support only voice calls. Most
ISDN-PRI lines support both data and voice channels, but some lines are configured to support only voice or only
data. If given a choice, both voice and data support is preferable. If only one may be chosen, voice should be
chosen to support modem (V.34, V.90) clients and data should be chosen to support clients using ISDN-BRI or
V.110. The Cyclades-PR4000 supports both digital and analog calls and can terminate both at the same time in
the same trunk.
Phone Numbers, Hunting Groups, and Hunting Sequence
Each T1/E1 channel can have a different phone number or be organized into hunting groups with the same phone
number. In the second case, the client gets the first available line within the hunting group. The line allocation can
be done in a linear (the first available line gets a new call, from the first line to the last or vice-versa) or round-robin
fashion. ISPs usually group all lines into one hunting group so that all customers call the same phone number.
Breaking the trunk into more than one hunting group can be used to reserve a certain number of lines for different
classes of customers.
One-Way or Two-Way Service
A line can only receive calls (dial-in) or receive and generate calls (dial-out). An ISP usually only needs to receive
calls and one-way service is the recommended configuration unless you plan to support services that require dial-
out (fax servers, call back, etc.).
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Signaling Method and Dialing Method (T1 CAS-BR only)
T1 with CAS signaling may require additional parameters. For Signaling Method, the selection may be MFR1,
DTMF or no signaling. For Dialing Method, the selection may be wink-start or loop-start. The suggested choice
is wink-start.
Line Coding
This refers to the way the digital data is encoded in the line. For T1 lines, the options are usually Bipolar with 8
Zeroes Substitution (B8ZS) or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). B8ZS is better suited to digital transmissions, so it
should be the choice if available. For E1 lines, the options are usually High Density Bipolar of Order 3 (HDB3) and
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). HDB3 is the more modern of the two and better suited to digital transmissions.
Framing
This refers to how the data bits are framed in the TDM bus. For T1 lines, the possibilities are D4 Super Frame
(D4) or Extended Super Frame (ESF). ESF provides error checking and should be the choice if available. For E1
lines, the choices are usually Frame Alignment Signal with or without CRC4 (4-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check). If
given a choice, select a line with CRC4, which will provide error checking.
Termination at the Customer Premises
The Cyclades-PR4000 supports T1 on a standard 100-Ohm RJ-48C connector and E1 on a standard 120-Ohm
RJ-48C connector. In some countries, especially those using E1 lines, the termination may be provided on a
Coax G703 connector (75 Ohms). An external interface converter (balum) is necessary in this case.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Chapter 3 Using CyROS Menus
This chapter explains CyROS menu navigation and special keys. There are four ways to interact with CyROS:
• Traditional menu interface using a console or Telnet session,
• CyROS Management Utility based on interactive HTML pages,
• Front-panel display,
• SNMP (explained in the CyROS Reference Manual).
Connection Using the Console Cable and a Computer or Terminal
The first step is to connect a computer or terminal to the router using the console cable. If using a computer,
HyperTerminal can be used in the Windows operating system or kermit in the Unix operating system. The termi-
nal parameters should be set as follows:
• Serial Speed: 9600 bps
• Data Length: 8 bits
• Parity: None
• Stop Bits: 1 stop bit
• Flow Control: Hardware flow control or none
Once the console connection is correctly established, a Cyclades banner and login prompt should appear on the
terminal screen. If nothing appears, see the first section of the troubleshooting appendix for help. The second
step is to log in. The preset super-user user ID is “super” and the corresponding preset password is “surt”. The
password should be changed as soon as possible, as described in chapter 13 of the installation manual and at the
end of every example in chapter 4. The login prompt and main menu are shown in Figure 3.1.
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Cyclades-PR4000
[PR4000] login : super
[PR4000] Password : ****
Cyclades Router (Router Name) – Main Menu
1 – Config
4 – Debug
2 – Applications 3 – Logout
5 – Info 6 – Admin
Select Option ==>
FIGURE 3.1 LOGIN PROMPT AND MAIN MENU
All menus have the following elements:
• Title – In the example in Figure 3.1: “Main Menu”.
• Prompt – The text: “Select Option ==>” (this text can be changed by the super user.)
• Options –The menu options, which are selected by number.
• Router Name – The default is the name of the product. Each router can be renamed by the super user for
easier identification.
Menus can also be navigated using a short-cut method. This method must be activated first by choosing a
shortcut chraacter (“+” in the example that follows) in the CONFIG =>SYSTEM =>ROUTER DESCRIPTION menu.
Typing 4+1+1 at the main-menu prompt, for example, is equivalent to choosing option 4 in the main menu (Debug),
then choosing option 1 in the debug menu (Trace), then choosing option 1 in the trace menu (Driver Trace). In
addition to menus, some screens have questions with letter choices. In the line below, several elements may be
identified:
lmi-type((A)NSI, (G)roup of four, (N)one )[A]:
• Parameter description – The name of the parameter to be configured, in this case “lmi-type”.
• Options – Legal choices. The letter in parentheses is the letter that selects the corresponding option.
• Current value – The option in square brackets is the current value.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Pressing <Enter> without typing a new value leaves the item unchanged.
Special Keys
<Enter> or <Ctrl+M>
<ESC> or <Ctrl+I>
These keys are used to end the input of a value.
These keys are used to cancel a selection or return to the previous menu. In
some isolated cases, this key jumps to the next menu in a series of menus at the
same level.
<Backspace> or <Ctrl+H> These keys have the expected effect of erasing previously typed characters.
L
When available, this option displays the current configuration. For example, in
the Ethernet Interface Menu, “L” displays the Ethernet configuration.
This key combination works like a toggle switch to allow display of one page of
information at a time or display the entire configuration without page breaks.
This key combination disables any traces activated in the Debug Menu.
<Ctrl+L>
<Ctrl+C>
On leaving a menu where a change in configuration was made, CyROS will ask whether or not the change is to be
saved:
(D)iscard, save to (F)lash, or save to (R)un configuration:
Selecting Discard will eliminate all changes made since the last time the question was asked. Saving to Flash
memory makes all changes permanent. The changes are immediately effective and are saved to the configuration
vector in flash memory. In this case, the configuration is maintained even after a router reboot. Saving only to the
Run configuration makes all changes effective immediately, but nothing is saved permanently until explicitly saved
to flash (which can be done with the option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION=>TO FLASH).
The menus and parameter lists are represented in this manual by tables. The first column contains the menu item
or the parameter, and the second column contains its description.
This menu interface is also available via Telnet if one of the interfaces has been connected and configured. The
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Cyclades-PR4000
menu interface is the same as that described earlier in this section. Using Telnet instead of a console for the initial
Ethernet configuration is discussed in Appendix C of the Installation Manual.
The CyROS Management Utility
After one of the interfaces has been connected and configured, there is another way to interact with CyROS. Type
the IP address in the location field in an HTML browser of a PC connected locally or remotely through the configured
interface. A super-user ID and password will be requested (these are the same ID and password used with the
line-terminal interface). A clickable image of the router back panel will apear, as shown in Figure 3.2.
Cyros Management Utility
Firmware version: Cyclades-PR4000: Cyros V_1.9.0i (Mar/28/00) #2
Configuration Menu Interface (Text Mode)
Global Ras Table
End HTTP session
FIGURE 3.2 CYROS MANAGEMENT UTILITY HOME PAGE
The link Configuration Menu Interface will present an HTML version of the CyROS Main Menu, described previously.
Clicking on an interface will show its current status and some additional information. The link Global RAS Table
will show a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.3. Clicking on End HTTP Session will terminate the connection.
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Cyclades-PR4000
CyROS Management Utility
Global Remote Access Table Port Status
Start Session
Seq# Slot #2 Port#1
User Name
Elapsed Time Connect String
Caller ID
Time
Md=23 V34 28800 26400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Slot #2 Port#3
Slot #2 Port#6
Slot #2 Port#7
Arlt
Apr/18 18:11
0:04:46
0:10:46
0:05:09
2:10:56
0:07:47
0:35:27
0:05:58
0:06:34
1115553000
1115551268
1115554811
1115550000
1115559743
1115557553
1115551174
1115559800
LAPM/V42Bis
Md=12 V90 28800 42666
LAPM/V42Bis
Marquez
Neruda
Apr/18 18:05
Apr/18 18:31
Apr/18 16:05
Apr/18 18:08
Apr/18 17:41
Apr/18 18:10
Md=21 V34 28800 24000
LAPM/V42Bis
Md=13 V34 28800 16800
LAPM/V42Bis
Slot #2 Port#10 Cervantes
Slot #2 Port#11 Casares
Slot #2 Port#15 Allende
Slot #2 Port#17 Skarmeta
Md=17 V90 24000 28000
LAPM/V42Bis
Md=19 V34 31200 33600
LAPM/V42Bis
Md=20 V34 28800 31200
LAPM/V42Bis
Md=18 V32 1440
Slot #2 Port#
Rozenmacher Apr/18 18:09
FIGURE 3.3 GLOBAL RAS TABLE
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Cyclades-PR4000
Clicking on one of the links in the Global RAS Table will provide more detailed information about the connection
and the user. An example is shown in Figure 3.4. The user can be disconnected with the hangup button and the
interface can be temporarily disabled by clicking on the administrative down button.
Slot #2 Port #26 Status
Username: cas
Start Session Time: Apr/18/00 18:01:29
Elapsed Time: 0:11:01
Inactivity Timeout: None
Caller ID: 5554321
modem Id 9 V32B Initial Rate 14400/14400 Current Rate 14400/14400 LAPM/V42Bis
Number of transmitted Frames: 237670
Number of transmitted bytes: 106541777
Number of transmission errors: 2368
Number of received frames: 245235
Number of received bytes: 34399893
Number of reception errors: 96
PPP LCP state = OPENED
PPP PAP state = OPENED
PPP NCP (IPCP) state = OPENED Local IPaddr (200.200.200.200) Remote IPaddr (200.200.200.100)
Hangup Connection
Admin. DOWN
Current Administrative Status is UP. Change it to
Go Back
FIGURE 3.4 CHANNEL DETAILS
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Cyclades-PR4000
Returning to the CyROS Management Utility Home Page, clicking on a T1 or E1 port on the figure will display the
channel details. There is a toggle button in the upper-right-hand corner which toggles between name and speed.
When set to name, as shown in Figure 3.5, passing the mouse over a channel displays the username. When set
to speed, it displays the carrier and speed of the connection. The ports are color-coded with the current status.
CyROS Management Utility
E1 Line - Signalling Type [CAS BR]
Port In Test
Inactive Port
Hardware Error
Waiting Connection
Administrative Down
Connection OK
Connecting
FIGURE 3.5 CHANNEL SUMMARY WITH TOGGLE SET TO NAME
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Cyclades-PR4000
Operating the Front-Panel Display
The Cyclades logo appears on the front-panel display (shown in Figure 3.6) after a sucessful boot.
Cyclades - PR4000
LCD
100Base-T
RX
Port 1
TX
Link
Port 2
Collision
Ethernet 1
Menu
Select
10Base-T
Ethernet 2
10Base-T/ 100Base-T
FIGURE 3.6 FRONT-PANEL DISPLAY
There are 5 push buttons: 4 arrows and one menu selection button. Pressing the menu selection button displays
the main menu, which contains the following options:
• Modem Overview
• Interface Overview
• IP Traffic
• Syslog Messages
• System Info
• Reboot (If configured to appear using the menu item CONFIG =>SYSTEM =>HARDWARE)
• Quit
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Cyclades-PR4000
Modem Overview
The status of each connection can be displayed by modem or by interface.
Modem Order
This menu item presents a screen with one box for each modem. Each row corresponds to a Modem board.
When 64 modems are present, the screen will appear as in Figure 3.7. The box on the upper left is the first
modem, the upper right is the eight modem, and so forth for as many modems as are installed.
Modem Idle
Modem Connecting
Modem Connected
ND
Modem Transmitting and Receiving
Modem Transmitting
TR
T
T
AD
R
R
Modem Receiving
R
TR
ND
NO
AD
AD
ND
NO
RE
IN
Modem Administrative Down
Modem Not Detected
Modem Not Operational
NO NO
Modem Reserved
Modem Initializing
FIGURE 3.7 MODEM ORDER SCREEN
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Slot/Link Order
This menu item presents a screen with one box per T1/E1 channel. Figure 3.8 shows two lines with 30 channels
each. The box on the upper left is the first channel, the upper right is the eighth channel, and so forth for as many
channels as are configured.
R
Slot/Link Not Configured
Slot/Link Idle
AD
Modem Connecting
TR
Modem Connected
ND
Modem Transmitting and Receiving
Modem Transmitting
TR
T
NO
R
Modem Receiving
FIGURE 3.8 SLOT/LINK ORDER SCREEN
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Interface Overview
This screen presents the status of each E1/T1 interface and indicates which modem has been allocated to each
channel. The ordering of the channels is the same as for the previous screen
AD
40
21
Not Configured
Not Connected
09
AD
39
Connected (PRI)
Admin Down
01
AD
AD
01
Connected to a modem
(Number of The Modem Allocated)
25
FIGURE 3.9 INTERFACE OVERVIEW SCREEN
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IP Traffic
After choosing the interface desired, a bar graph showing bytes per second or packets per second is displayed. It
is a snapshot of the last 10 minutes of IP traffic through the interface (TX for transmitted and RX for received), with
a refresh every minute. The arrow keys toggle the display between bytes and packets per second. Pressing
<menu select> returns to the main menu.
Syslog Messages
Selecting this menu item leads to another menu that allows changes in the display of syslog messages. Syslog
messages are administrative and debug events. The following options are available:
• Display - Exibits the last syslog message generated by CyROS. Arrow keys may be used to see the syslog
history.
• Stop - New syslog messages are discarded. The syslog history remains unchanged.
• Start - New syslog messages are stored in the syslog history and are displayed.
• Clear - Clears the syslog history.
• Quit - Returns to the main menu.
System Info
This menu item presents a sequence of four screens: Hardware Information, Board Information, Modem Information,
and Boot Information. Any arrow key switches between screens. The menu select key returns to the main menu.
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CHAPTER 4 STEP-BY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMMON APPLICATIONS
This chapter provides detailed examples that can be used as models for similar applications. Turn to the example
that is closest to your application, read the explanations, and fill in the blank spaces with parameters appropriate
to your system. At the end of the section, you should have listed all the parameters needed to configure the
router. At that point, read chapter 3 if you have not already, and configure your router with help from later chapters
of the Installation Guide, when needed.
Please read the entire example and follow the instructions before turning the router on. The router is
programmed to log the super user off after 10 minutes of inactivity. All data not explicitly saved to
memory is then lost. Collecting the data while configuring the router will likely cause delays and
frustration.
Example 1 Using the PR4000 as a Remote Access Server
This example explains the configuration of an E1 or T1 line with signaling, the most common option when the
PR4000 is used as a RAS. When the incoming call is made by a computer using a modem, the internal digital
modems are used to convert analog signals to digital signals. Either CAS or CCS signaling can be used in this
case. When the incoming call is made by an ISDN-BRI line subscriber (and the E1/T1 line is configured for CCS),
the digital modems are bypassed.
This section will guide you through a complete RAS configuration. Figure 4.1 shows the example system used in
this section. Spaces have been provided next to the parameters needed for the configuration so you can fill in the
parameters for your system. Do this now before continuing.
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IP Address: 100.130.130.200
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Key: Pinocchio
Radius
Server
LAN
PC
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
IP Address: 100.130.130.1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Network: 100.130.130.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mask: 255.255.255.0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
PC
PR4000
Telephone Number:
5533-3333 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Network
Terminator
T1/E1
Multiple Calls
IP Addresses: 100.130.130.11
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
100.130.130.12 …
ISDN-BRI
Line
Telephone/ISDN
Network
Remote
IP Address
Assigned on
Connection
Modem
PC
FIGURE 4.1 RAS EXAMPLE SHOWING DIAL-IN USERS
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STEP ONE
The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Fast Ethernet interface (ETH0). The parameters
in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.2. Fill in the blanks for your application in the right-most
column. These parameters will be entered into the PR4000 later, after all parameters have been determined.
Each parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Guide.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>FAST ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX and Transparent
Bridge are not used in this example).
Interface Unnumbered Numbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
100.130.130.1
255.255.255.0
Secondary IP Address 0.0.0.0 for none.
Enable Dynamic Local No
IP Address
IP MTU
Use the preset value, 1500. This determines whether
or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.
NAT
Global, because NAT is not being used in this example.
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List
Inactive
None, filters and traffic control are not included in this
example.
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Proxy ARP
IP Bridge
None, filters and traffic control are not included in this
example.
Inactive
Inactive
FIGURE 4.2 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS
STEP TWO
No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The next step is the configuration of the E1 or T1
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line using the controller. Both CAS and CCS signaling are explained. Which one is used will depend on the
services offered by the telephone system.
CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Frame Mode
This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.
For T1,
(Extended Super Frame, the most common)
ESF
and D4 are the options. For E1, CRC4 (the most
common) and Non-CRC4 are the options.
Line Code
This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider. For T1,
B8ZS (Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most common) and
(Alternate Mark Inversion) are used. For E1, the
AMI
choices are
(High-Density Bipolar) and
.
AMI
HDB3
Signaling Mode
for ISDN-PRI (digital or analog remote access).
for analog, modem-based remote access (usually
CCS
CAS
used with telephone networks that do not support ISDN).
Clock Mode (CAS only) Slave
Line Build Out
Applies only to T1. The T1 service provider should supply
this parameter.
Receiver Sensitivity
Companding Mode
Short Haul
This value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.
A-law is usually used for E1 lines and u-law is usually
used for T1 lines.
Signaling Type
(CAS only)
Wink Start or Loop Start for T1 and R2 Digital ITU-T for
E1 are the options
Tone Signaling
CAS Only. This value is provided by the T1/E1 line
provider. DTMF is the most common for T1 and MFR2
Compelled is the most common for E1.
Type ? to the options available for each country. This
value is provided by the T1/E1 line provider.
Country Signaling
FIGURE 4.3 E1/T1 CONTROLLER MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP THREE
It is likely that not just anyone should have access to your LAN. A Radius or Tacacs server can be used to
authenticate the username and password of the incoming connection request. A Radius server is used in this
example. More than one Radius server can be configured. Fill in the data for your Radius Server in the table
below.
Menu CONFIG=>SECURITY=>RADIUS=>RADIUS STATUS=>ADD
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Radius Server IP Address
Radius Server Type
Radius Server Retries
Radius Server Timeout
Radius Server Encryption
Key
100.130.130.200
Both Authentication and Accounting.
5
5
pinocchio
Radius Server
1812. Older standards used 1645.
Yes
Authentication Port
Radius Server Send Start
accounting
FIGURE 4.4 RADIUS SERVER PARAMETERS
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STEP FOUR
The RAS Wizard can be used to set up a PPP Remote Access Server using modems or DSU/CSUs and dial-up
lines. The wizard can be used for one port or a range of ports. If the Wizard is used for a range or all ports, the
ports will be numbered consecutively.
Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=><CHANNEL>=>WIZARDS=>RAS PROFILE
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Remote IP Address
100.130.130.11
Phone Number (CAS Only) This number is only used for callback (in the
outgoing connection request).
Digital Modem Profile ID
(CAS Only)
1
FIGURE 4.5 RAS WIZARD PARAMETERS
STEP FIVE
Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented (read
chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according to the
values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when requested —
configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of the configuration
to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE
CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Be sure to change the superuser password using the menu option CONFIG
=>SECURITY =>USERS =>MODIFY. The user ID, super, can remain the same, but the password must be
changed to avoid unauthorized access.
If the Radius Server does not appear to be working, try switching the UDP port setting. This often resolves Radius
problems. The menu item INFO =>AUTH. SERVERS STATUS =>RADIUS SERVERS STATUS also provides
information about the status of the Radius Server. Any status other than OK means that either the RAS configuration
is incorrect or the Radius Server configuration is incorrect. It may be necessary to reboot the router after performing
the configuration described in step three, for the changes to take effect.
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At this point, you should create a back-up of the configuration file (in binary) and print out a listing of the configuration.
Instructions for creating a back-up of the configuration file:
Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the
computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account
information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION =>FTP
SERVER option.
Instructions for listing the configuration:
The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURATION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of the
router. This can be saved as a text file and/or printed on a printer.
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Example 2 Connection to an Internet Access Provider via Modem
This section will guide you through a complete router installation for the connection of a LAN to an Internet access
provider via PPP. The configuration of NAT (Network Address Translation) will also be shown. Figure 4.6 shows
the example system used in this section. Spaces have been provided next to the parameters needed for the
configuration where you can fill in the parameters for your system. Do this now before continuing.
RS-232 _ _ _
DSU/CSU
Network
192.168.0.0
PC
Host
PR4000
Host
192.168.0.30 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
192.168.0.11
IP Address
Assigned
Dynamically
192.168.0.10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
192.168.0.1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
FIGURE 4.6 CONNECTION TO ACCESS PROVIDER USING A SWAN INTERFACE AND A MODEM
Please read the entire example and follow the instructions before turning the router on. The router is
programmed to log the super user off after 10 minutes of inactivity. All data not explicitly saved to
memory is then lost. Collecting the data while configuring the router will likely cause delays and
frustration.
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STEP ONE
The first step is to determine the parameters needed to configure the Ethernet interface (ETH0). The parameters
in the Network Protocol Menu (IP) are shown in Figure 4.7. Fill in the blanks for your application in the right-most
column. These parameters will be entered into the router later, after all parameters have been chosen. Each
parameter in this menu is explained in more detail in chapter 5 of the Installation Guide.
Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>ETHERNET=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX
and Transparent Bridge are not used in
this example).
Interface Numbered
/Unnumbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP
Address
Numbered
192.168.0.1
255.255.255.0
0.0.0.0 for none
IP MTU
Use the preset value, 1500. This
determines whether or not a given IP
datagram is fragmented.
Local
NAT
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List
Inactive
None, filters and traffic control are not
included in this example.
None, filters and traffic control are not
included in this example.
Inactive
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Proxy ARP
IP Bridge
Inactive
FIGURE 4.7 ETHERNET NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP TWO
No more parameters are necessary for the Ethernet interface. The other interface to be configured is the SWAN
in slot 1. The SWAN physical media parameters are shown in Figure 4.8. Fill in the values for your application.
The SWAN configuration is described in more detail in chapter 6 of the Installation Guide.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL
Menu
Parameter
Mode
Speed
Example
Asynchronous
115.2k
Your Application
FIGURE 4.8 SWAN PHYSICAL MENU PARAMETERS
STEP THREE
The network protocol parameters, shown in Figure 4.9, are similar to those for the Ethernet interface. Fill in the
parameters for your network in the right-most column. For an example using NAT where the Primary IP Address
is not dynamically assigned, see the chapter dedicated to NAT in the Installation Manual.
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Menu
Parameter
Example
Your Application
Active or Inactive
Active enables IP communication (IPX
and Transparent Bridge are not used in
this example).
Interface
Numbered
Unnumbered/
Numbered
Primary IP Address
0.0.0.0 (This number will be assigned
by the Access Provider dynamically.)
255.0.0.0
Subnet Mask
FIGURE 4.9 SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS
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Parameter
Example
Your Application
Secondary IP
Address
0.0.0.0 for none
Enable Dynamic
Local IP Address
Yes, because the IP address of the
SWAN interface will be assigned
dynamically.
Remote IP Address
Type
Any
Remote IP Address
IP MTU
0.0.0.0
Use the preset value, 1500. This
determines whether or not a given IP
datagram is fragmented.
NAT
Global Assigned because the IP
address of the SWAN interface will be
assigned dynamically.
ICMP Port
Inactive
Incoming Rule List
None, filters and traffic control are not
included in this example.
None, filters and traffic control are not
included in this example.
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Routing of Broadcast Inactive
Messages
FIGURE 4.9 CONTINUED -- SWAN NETWORK PROTOCOL (IP) MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP FOUR
The Encapsulation parameters for PPP are less straight-forward. Many of them are based on decisions that
cannot be shown in a diagram. Fortunately, the choices made here will mostly affect the performance of the link,
rather than whether it works or not. Fill in the parameters appropriate for your system, consulting chapter 11 of the
Installation Guide for more information if necessary.
Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>ENCAPSULATION=>PPP
Parameter
MLPPP
Example
No
Your Application
PPP Inactivity
Timeout
None so that the connection is never
broken.
Enable Van Jacobson No
IP Header
Compression
Disable LCP Echo
Requests
No
Edit ACCM
No Value. This will depend on the
modem used.
Time Interval to Send Use the preset value, one.
Config Requests
Enable Predictor
Compression
No
FIGURE 4.10 PPP ENCAPSULATION MENU PARAMETERS
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STEP FIVE
A static route must be added to tell the router that all traffic not intended for the local LAN should be sent to the
Access Provider. Chapter 12 of the Installation Guide explains static routes and other routing methods available
in CyROS. Fill in the spaces in Figure 4.11 with the values for your application.
Menu CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE
Parameter
Destination IP
Address
Example
Type in the word "DEFAULT".
Your Application
Gateway or
Interface
Interface
Interface, because the IP addresses
are not known at configuration time.
Link 1 in the example.
Is This a Backup
Route?
No
OSPF Advertises
This Static Route
No
FIGURE 4.11 STATIC ROUTE MENU PARAMETERS
STEP SIX
NAT must now be activated. There are two varieties of NAT: Normal and Expanded. This example uses the
Normal NAT Mode. The other mode is explained in the chapter on NAT in the Installation Manual.
Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GENERAL
Parameter
Nat Status
Nat Mode
Example
Enabled
Normal
Your Application
Disable Port Translation No
FIGURE 4.12 GENERAL NAT PARAMETERS
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STEP SEVEN
NAT parameters will now be determined for routing outside of the local LAN. Network Address Translation maps
the local IP addresses, registered in the local address range menu below, to the one global IP address assigned
by the access provider. Local IP addresses not indicated in this menu will not be translated.
Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>LOCAL ADDRESS =>ADD RANGE
Parameter
Example
Your Application
First IP Address of
New Range
192.168.0.10
Number of IP
Addresses in the
Range
21
FIGURE 4.13 NAT LOCAL ADDRESS RANGE MENU PARAMETERS
The factory preset values for all other NAT parameters are appropriate for this example.
STEP EIGHT
Now that the parameters have been defined, enter into each menu described above, in the order presented (read
chapter 3, Using Menus, if you have not done so already). Set the parameters in each menu according to the
values you wrote in the figures above. Save the configuration to flash memory at each step when requested —
configurations saved in run memory are erased when the router is turned off. If you saved part of the configuration
to run memory for some reason, save to flash memory now using the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE
CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH.
STEP NINE
The Ethernet interface can be tested as described in the troubleshooting appendix. The SWAN interface can be
tested in a similar manner. At this point, you should create a back-up of the configuration file (in binary) and print
out a listing of the configuration.
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Instructions for creating a back-up of the configuration file.
Use the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FTP SERVER. Fill in the IP address of the
computer where the configuration file should be saved, the file name, the directory name, and the user account
information. This configuration file can later be downloaded with the ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION =>FTP
SERVER option.
Instructions for listing the configuration.
The menu option INFO =>SHOW CONFIGURATION =>ALL will list to the terminal screen the configuration of the
router. This can be saved as a text file and/or printed on a printer.
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CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURATION OF THE ETHERNET INTERFACE
The PR4000 has one Ethernet 10/100Base-T interface, provided in a standard RJ-45 modular jack, which should
be connected to an Ethernet hub or switch. Use a standard 10/100Base-T straight-through cable (not included).
When the Ethernet link is correctly connected, the link LED will be lit. The menus for the Ethernet Interface are
independent of the speed of the link.
If your network uses 10Base2 (thin coaxial cable) or 10Base5 (thick coaxial cable), you will need a transceiver to
convert between the different Ethernet media. A crossover cable is required for direct connection to a computer
(an RJ-45 Ethernet pinout is provided in appendix B). Note: While Cyclades Power Routers work with most
standard RJ-45 cable/connectors, shielded Ethernet cables should be used to avoid interference with other
equipment .
The parameters in the encapsulation menu are preset at the factory and it is usually not necessary to change
them. The first step in the Ethernet configuration is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values to
the relevant parameters. Either IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional) must be activated. In this chapter, IP
Bridges are also described. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for the Ethernet interface.
The IP Network Protocol
Some parameters are explained in detail in later chapters. At this point, the preset values provided by the
operating system can be accepted and the interface will work at a basic level.
Network Protocol Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP
Parameter
Description
Active or Inactive
Activates this interface.
Interface
Unnumbered interfaces are used for point-to-point connections.
Unnumbered
Assign IP From
Interface
Applies to Unnumbered interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router interface
to this one.
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
This table is continued.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Address assigned to this interface.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.
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Network Protocol Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Secondary IP
Address
Description
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP
address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are
repeated until no value is entered.
Subnet Mask
IP MTU
Applies to
interfaces. Subnet mask of
.
Secondary IP Address
Numbered
Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This determines
whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.
NAT
Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use
otherwise. See
Global
chapter 13 or the examples in chapter 2 for details on how to configure NAT.
causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it receives
ICMP Port
Active
UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of message is
used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might not be identified
in the traceroute output. However, there are security and performance reasons to
leave this option
.
Inactive
Incoming Rule List
Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Incoming IP Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of IP
Accounting
Accounting in chapter 12. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the parameter
CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE=>ALLOW
ACCOUNT PROCESS also be Yes.
Outgoing Rule List
Name
Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 14 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Outgoing IP Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of Detailed
Accounting
Incoming IP Accounting.
Routing of Broadcast Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the LAN
Messages
to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting this
parameter to Inactive, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other
interfaces.
Proxy ARP
Causes the router to answer ARP requests with its own MAC address for IP addresses
reachable on another interface.
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IP Bridge
An IP Bridge is used to divide a network without subnetting. Whenever a subnetwork is created, two IP numbers
are lost — one describing the network and the other reserved for broadcast. This does not occur with an IP
Bridge.
200.240.240.9
200.240.240.3
200.240.240.2
200.240.240.1
ETH0
PR4000
Link 1
PR3000
..................................
ETH0
200.240.240.8
200.240.240.4
FIGURE 5.1 IP BRIDGE EXAMPLE
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In Figure 5.1, an example of the use of an IP Bridge is given. From the available IP addresses, the range
200.240.240.4 to 200.240.240.8 is bridged to another physical location. The following parameters apply only for
IP Bridge.
Network Protocol Menu (Continued) -- (IP Bridge)
Parameter
Description
IP Bridge
Activates the IP Bridge functionality.
The following parameters apply only if IP Bridge is Active.
Initial IP Address to
be Bridged
Indicates the start of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical
location. This and the next three parameters are repeated in case the bridge is to be
broken up into various sections. Up to 8 sections can be defined. In the example, this
value is 200.240.240.4.
Ending IP Address to Indicates the end of the range of IP addresses to be transferred to another physical
be Bridged
location. In the example, this value is 200.240.240.8.
Broadcast Over the
Link
Allows propagation of broadcast IP packets over this bridge.
Bridge Over Link
Indicates which link forms the other half of the bridge. In the example, link 1 is used.
Other Parameters
Transparent Bridge is covered in chapter 7 and IPX is covered in chapter 15. The parameters defined in the
Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters 11 and 14, respectively. It is
probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then return to the routing protocol and
traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have been defined.
Chapter 5 - Configuration of the Ethernet Interface
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Cyclades-PR4000
CHAPTER 6 THE SWAN INTERFACE
This chapter describes how to configure a SWAN interface. The physical link should be set up as shown in
chapter 2, according to the type of modem or device at the other end of the connection and the type of SWAN port.
STEP ONE
The first step in the SWAN interface configuration is to define its physical characteristics. These parameters are
presented in the Physical Menu Table.
Physical Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>PHYSICAL
Parameter
Description
Mode
Asynchronous or Synchronous. This parameter is determined by the mode of the
device at the other end of the connection.
Clock Source
Receive Clock
Applies for Synchronous Mode. Whether this interface provides clock for the device at
the other end of the cable or vice-versa. When the interface is connected to a modem,
the
is always
.
External
Clock Source
Applies for
. When this interface provides clock, it can either
Internal Clock Source
compare incoming messages with the clock it is generating (Internal) or with the clock
it receives from the sender along with the message (External). External is
recommended.
Speed
Applies for Internal Clock Source. Determines at which speed the data will be sent
across the line.
Media for SWAN
Cable
Type of cable -- RS-232, V.35 or X.21. Usually the type is cable is detected by the
router.
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STEP TWO
The second step is to choose a data-link protocol in the Encapsulation menu. There are many encapsulation
options on this interface.
For synchronous communication:
• Frame Relay: the Frame Relay Protocol is based on frame switching and constructs a permanent virtual
circuit (PVC) between two or more points.
• X.25: The X.25 Protocol is generally used to connect to a public network. The router can act either as a DTE
or a DCE.
• HDLC: A proprietary alternative to PPP.
For synchronous or asynchronous communication:
• PPP: The PPP (Point-to-Point) protocol is used for leased, dial-up, and ISDN lines. Multilink PPP is also
provided.
Information on how to determine the values of the parameters for each data-link protocol is provided in chapter 8.
STEP THREE
The third step is to set the Network Protocol parameters. Information for this step is provided in chapter 7.
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STEP FOUR
If PPP Encapsulation is being used, a type of authentication should be chosen. This is done in the authentication
menu.
Authentication Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>AUTHENTICATION
Parameter
Description
Authentication Type
Local uses the list of users defined in CONFIG=> SECURITY=>USERS=>ADD.
uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.
Server
Remote is when this interface is considered to be the user and the
end of the
other
connection performs the authentication
Username
Password
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device
expects to receive.
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device
expects to receive.
Authentication Server Applies when Authentication Type is Server. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs
server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be
configured in CONFIG=> SECURITY. See section 4.3 of the CyROS Reference
Guide.
Authentication
Protocol
Applies when
be used for authentication.
is . Either PAP or CHAP or both can
or
Authentication Type Local Server
STEP FIVE
The parameters defined in the Routing Protocol and Traffic Control Menus should be set after reading chapters 9
and 12, respectively. It is probably best to complete the basic configuration of all router interfaces, then return to
the routing protocol and traffic control menus after general routing and traffic control strategies have been defined.
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CHAPTER 7 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITHOUT SIGNALING
The menus relating to configuration of the E1 and T1 interfaces without signaling are given in this chapter. T1 is
a standard used in the United States, Canada, and Japan. It has a clock speed of 1.5MHz and has 24 channels
of 64K each. One of the channels is reserved for signaling when ISDN/PRI is used. E1 is a standard used in
Europe and many other countries. It has a clock speed of 2MHz and has 32 channels with two reserved for
signaling. Aside from this, there are few differences between the two standards in terms of configuration.
The Controller menu tree for the PR4000 (for Signaling Mode = None) is shown in figure 7.1
Config
Frame Mode
Line Code
Controller
T1/E1
Signaling Mode
Clock Mode
Line Build Out
Receiver Sensitivity
Companding Mode
Add Group
Timeslot
Timeslot Allocation
Timeslot Start
Timeslot End
Timeslot N
Delete Group
Edit Group
Channel Group Number
Channel Group Number
Rest Same as Add Group
Clear All Groups
FIGURE 7.1 PR4000 CONTROLLER MENU TREE
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The controller parameters are explained in the table that follows.
Controller Menu CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1
Parameter
Frame Mode
Description
: ESF (Extended Super Frame, the most common) and D4 are the options.
T1
:
(the most common) and
are the options.
Non-CRC4
E1 CRC4
Line Code
: B8ZS (Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most common) and AMI (Alternate Mark
T1
Inversion).
:
(High-Density Bipolar) and
.
E1 HDB3
AMI
for channelized lines without signaling,
Signaling Mode
Only appears for the PR4000.
None
otherwise, see chapter 8.
Clock Mode
Selects the clock mode: Master or Slave.
Line Build Out
Applies only to T1. Sets the attenuation on the TX line. The T1 service provider
should supply this parameter.
Receiver Sensitivity
Short haul is usually used. Long haul is necessary if attenuation prevents reception of
data, usually when the router is installed more than 2000 feet from the cable
termination.
For the CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI) and the CAS Signaling Mode, read chapter 8
of
INSTEAD
this chapter.
The T1/E1 interface can be broken up into channels, defined by timeslots. Each timeslot is a slice of time allotted
to throughput from a particular source. The configuration can be done in three ways:
1 Full T1/E1: Only one channel group is defined and no others are allowed. All timeslots are allocated
automatically to this channel.
2 Fractional T1/E1: Only one channel group is defined. One or more timeslots are allocated to this channel.
The number of timeslots can be increased at a later time.
3 Channelized T1/E1: Many channels are defined, with one or more timeslots allocated to each channel.
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STEP ONE
The first step in the T1/E1 configuration is the assigning of channel groups, performed in the channel groups
menu shown in Figure 8.1. A brief description of the add group menu parameters is given in the table.
Add Channel Group Menu CONFIG =>CONTROLLER =>T1/E1 =>CHANNEL GROUPS =>ADD GROUP
Parameter
Description
Timeslot
Full is used for Full T1/E1 as described above. Fractional is for Fractional or
Channelized T1/E1 as described above.
Timeslot Allocation
Contiguous allows configuration of a range of timeslots while Manual presents each
available timeslot one by one.
Timeslot Start
Timeslot End
Timeslot N
Applies for Contiguous Timeslot Allocation. Defines the beginning of the range.
Applies for Contiguous Timeslot Allocation. Defines the end of the range.
Applies for Manual Timeslot Allocation. Allows inclusion of this timeslot in the channel.
STEP TWO
The parameters for each E1/T1 channel are configured in the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =><CHANNEL>
menu. A summary menu tree is given in Figure 7.2.
A brief description of each principal item appears in the following table.
E1/T1 Interface Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1=><CHANNEL>
Menu Item
Description
Encapsulation
Network Protocol
Determines the data-link layer protocol to be used for this communication link.
Provides menus for the IP and Transparent Bridge parameters, including rules to be
applied to this interface.
Routing Protocol
Traffic Control
Submenus for RIP and OSPF configuration.
Sets the bandwidth of the connection for use with traffic control rules and associates a
traffic control rule list to this interface. See chapter 14 for more information on traffic
control rules.
Authentication
Determines the method used for authentication for connections on this line.
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Config
Interface
Channel
(if Channelized)
T1/E1
Encapsulation
Frame Relay [menu shown in a later figure]
PPP [menu shown in a later figure]
X.25 [menu shown in a later figure]
HDLC
Keep Alive Interval
Inactive
Network Protocol [menu shown in a later figure]
Routing Protocol [menu shown in a later figure]
Traffic Control
Authentication
General
Bandwidth
IP Traffic Control List
Authentication Type
Username
Password
Authentication Server
Authentication Protocol
FIGURE 7.2 E1/T1 INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE
STEP THREE
There are many encapsulation options on this interface.
For full T1/E1:
• Frame Relay,
• PPP,
• X.25, and
• HDLC.
Chapter 7 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, Without Signaling
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Cyclades-PR4000
For channelized T1/E1:
• PPP and HDLC.
The Encapsulation options are described in chapter 10.
STEP FOUR
The Network Protocol Menu parameters must be set next. A description of these parameters appears in chapter
9. The remaining menus in Figure 7.2 are described in later chapters. Routing Protocols is the subject of chapter
11, and Traffic Control is discussed in chapter 14. The Authentication Menu is only relevant when PPP Encapsulation
is used.
Authentication Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =><CHANNEL> =>AUTHENTICATION
Parameter
Description
Authentication Type
Local uses the list of users defined in CONFIG =>SECURITY =>USERS =>ADD.
uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.
Server
is when this interface is considered to be the user and the
end of the
other
Remote
connection performs the authentication
Username
Password
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device
expects to receive.
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device
expects to receive.
Authentication Server Applies when Authentication Type is Server. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs
server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be
configured in CONFIG=>SECURITY. See section 4.3 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
Authentication
Protocol
Applies when Authentication Type is Local or Server. Either PAP or CHAP or both can
be used for authentication.
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CHAPTER 8 THE E1 AND T1 INTERFACES, WITH SIGNALING
Two varieties of signaling are available. The older mode, called CAS, and the newer mode, called CCS (which is
used for ISDN-PRI). The first step in the configuration process is to configure the channels using the Controller
menu. The Controller Menu tree is shown in Figure 8.1. The parameters are described in the table that follows.
Config
Controller
E1/T1
Frame Mode
Line Code
Signaling Mode
Clock Mode
Receiver Sensitivity
Companding Mode
Signaling Type
Tone Signaling
Contry Signaling
Switch Type
FIGURE 8.1 THE CONTROLLER MENU TREE
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Cyclades-PR4000
Controller Menu CONFIG=>CONTROLLER=>T1/E1
Parameter
Description
Frame Mode
: ESF (Extended Super Frame, the most common) and D4 are the options.
: CRC4 (the most common) and Non-CRC4 are the options.
T1
E1
Line Code
: B8ZS (Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution, the most common) and AMI (Alternate Mark
T1
Inversion).
: HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar) and AMI.
E1
Signaling Mode
for channelized lines without signaling (see chapter 7),
for ISDN-PRI and
CCS CAS
None
for analog, modem-based remote access (usually used with telephone networks that do not
support ISDN).
Clock Mode
Selects the clock mode:
or .
Master Slave
Line Build Out
Applies only to T1. Sets the attenuation on the TX line. The T1 service provider should
supply this parameter.
Receiver
Sensitivity
Companding
Mode
Short haul is usually used. Long haul is necessary if attenuation prevents reception of
data, usually when the router is installed more than 2000 feet from the cable termination.
Defines the compression mode to be used. Depends on the telephone exchange and the
E1/T1 provider should supply this parameter. A-law is usually used for E1 lines and u-law
is usually used for T1 lines.
Signaling Type
Tone Signaling
Applies when Signaling Mode is CAS. Selects the signaling type. This should be supplied
by the service provider. The options are R2-Digital, ITU-T, and R2-Analog.
Applies when Signaling Mode is CAS. Will depend on what is expected by the line provider.
DTMF is the most common tone signaling for T1 and MFR2 Compelled is the most
common for E1.
Country
Signaling
Applies when Signaling Mode is CAS. Determines country-dependent signaling
parameters.
Switch Type
Applies when Signaling Mode is CCS. Selects the signaling protocol. This should be
supplied by the service provider.
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The CCS Signaling Mode (ISDN-PRI)
ISDN, the Integrated Services Digital Network, was intended to be a digital upgrade to the current analog telephone
system. The ISDN discussed in this chapter is N-ISDN, where the N is for Narrow Band. A Broad Band ISDN also
exists. There are two ISDN interfaces:
• BRI — Basic Rate Interface — used for residential or small-business access.
• PRI — Primary Rate Interface — used to provide access or used by large businesses for access.
Two PRI interfaces are provided on the PR4000 via E1 or T1 ports with CCS Signaling. These connections can
be digital or analog (via a modem). The data layer protocols CHAR, PPPCHAR and Slip are used with a modem
connection.
A typical application in an Internet Service Provider is shown in Figure 8.2.
Integrated
RAS
Application
Server
ISDN Line
Telephone/
ISDN Network
Analog Line
BRI Line
Router
PC
Remote Users
PC
FIGURE 8.2 ISDN-PRI APPLICATION EXAMPLE
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After the channel groups are defined, the ISDN line and channels must be configured. The ISDN-PRI Interface
Configuration Menu tree is shown in Figure 8.3.
T1/E1
(ISDN-PRI)
Config
Interface
ISDN
Main Phone
Idle Timeout
T200
N200
T203
Add Entry
Destination IP Address
DestinationPhone #
Slot N Channel #
Delete Entry
Edit Entry
Clear All Entries
Same as Add Entry
One
Channel
Encapsulation
Network Protocol
Routing Protocol
ISDN
Bandwidth
IP Traffic Control List
Traffic Control
Authenticarion Type
Username
Passaword
Authentication
Authentication Server
Authenticarion Protocol
Wizards
Range
Same Parameters as One Channel
Same Parameters as One Channel
All Channels
FIGURE 8.3 ISDN-PRI INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE
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The general ISDN options are explained first.
ISDN General Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=>ISDN
Parameter
Description
Main Phone #
Principal phone number assigned to the ISDN trunk line. Leave this parameter blank if this
number should not be confirmed by the router. This is recommended when the provider
does not send the trunk line number in the incoming call message.
Time, in minutes, for the connection to time out if there is no traffic. For this to work, any
status messages, like PPP's LCP Echo Requests, must be disabled. The value 0 disables
the timeout function.
Idle Timeout
T200
N200
T203
Data-layer timer. When the router sends a command, this timer determines how long it
should wait for a response.
Data-layer number of re-tries. When the T200 period passes without a response, the
command is re-sent up to N200 times.
When no messages are received for T203 seconds, an enquiry (RR or RNR) is sent.
At the end of this parameter list appears the menu for the dial-out table. It can also be reached by using the
<ESC> key at any time during the parameter list.
Each entry is an association between a channel and the IP Address and Phone number at the other end of the
connection. The router uses the IP information stored here in its routing table. When a packet arrives at the
router, and the IP is listed in the dial-out table, the router will attempt a connection on the slot indicated using the
associated phone number. The parameters for each entry are given next.
Add Entry Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)= >ISDN =><ESC> =>ADD ENTRY
Parameter
Destination IP
Address
Description
IP Address assigned to the remote connection.
Destination
Phone #
Phone number assigned to the remote connection
Slot N Channel # Channel used to reach this destination.
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The CAS Signaling Mode
A typical application that uses CAS Signaling is shown in Figure 8.4.
Integrated
RAS
Application
Server
CAS Line
Telephone
Network
Analog Line
Analog Line
Router
PC
Remote Users
PC
FIGURE 8.4 CAS APPLICATION EXAMPLE
The CAS Signaling Mode does not have a menu equivalent to the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)
=>ISDN menu described above. Both signaling modes have a mode-specific menu at the channel level, with
different names, but basically the same function. This menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =><CHANNEL>
=>SIGNALING, will be described in the next section. The Interface Configuration tree for E1/T1 with CAS Signaling
is shown in Figure 8.5
Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling
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One Channel
Encapsulation
Network Protocol
Routing Protocol
Signaling
Config
E1/T1 (CAS)
Interface
Bandwidth
IP Traffic Control List
Traffic Control
Authentication
Wizards
Authentication Type
Username
Password
Authentication Server
Authentication Protocol
Range
Same Parameters as One Channel
Same Parameters as One Channel
All Channels
FIGURE 8.5 CAS INTERFACE CONFIGURATION MENU TREE
Parameters Independent of Signaling Mode
The channel specific parameters can be set for each channel individually, for a range of channels, or for all
channels. Wizards are available to automatically configure the channels for typical applications. Details appear
at the end of this chapter. The notation <CHANNEL> will be used to represent One Channel, Range, or All
Channels where appropriate. The following menu options are available for each channel:
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Cyclades-PR4000
Channel Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1=><CHANNEL>
Menu Option
Encapsulation
Network Protocol
Description
Determines the data-link layer protocol to be used for this communication link.
Provides menus for the IP and Transparent Bridge parameters, including rules to be applied to this
interface.
Routing Protocol
ISDN(CCS) / Signaling
(CAS)
Configures RIP parameters.
Sets parameters particular to the signaling mode, and determines the phone number and modem
profile.
Traffic Control
Sets the Bandwidth of the connection for use with traffic control rules and associates a Traffic Control
Rule List to this interface. See section 4.7 for more information on traffic control rules.
Determines the method used for authentication for connections on this line.
Tools that aid in the configuration of the interface for common applications.
Authentication
Wizards
The encapsulation options, PPP, PPPCHAR, CHAR, Slip, and SlipChar are discussed in chapter 10.
Multilink Options
There are three ways to make two or more physical links perform as one logical link:
1 Multichassis, Multilink PPP,
2 Multilink PPP,
3 CyROS Multilink (at the network-protocol level).
Multichassis PPP is a feature that allows two or more connections to different PR4000s on the same LAN act as
one logical connection. The Cyclades Multichassis PPP implementation is compatible with the Lucent Portmaster
3 (either PR4000s/PR3000s or Portmaster 3s can be used to form the multichassis circuit). The multichassis PPP
functionality is demonstrated in Figures 8.6 and 8.7.
Figure 8.6 shows a RAS bank in an Internet Service Provider. The RAS that receives the first connection becomes
the master and the connection becomes the primary link. The information sent on link 1 passes through the RAS
and continues on to its destination (in this example, a server on the LAN). At the same time, the RAS (IP
200.200.200.1 in the example) sends a broadcast message to all other RASs in the same group letting them know
that it has the primary link for this PPP connection.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Internet Service Provider
ISDN
Modem
Server
Packet
LAN
Packet
Link 1
PR4000
Master
Primary Link
MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66
MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.1
BC
PR4000
BC
MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66
MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.2
PR4000
BC
MC PPP End Point Discriminator 11:22:33:44:55:66
MC PPP IP Address (Ethernet IP Address): 200.200.200.3
FIGURE 8.6 FIRST INCOMING CONNECTION OF A MULTICHASSIS PPP CIRCUIT
The RAS that receives the second connection from the same ISDN modem (shown in Figure 8.7), has already
been informed by the broadcast message that the first RAS has the primary link. The connection is set up as a
secondary link with this RAS (IP 200.200.200.3 in the example) as the slave. The information is not sent directly
to its final destination. Rather, the packets are sent to the master RAS where they are joined with packets sent
through other physical links before being forwarded to their final destination.
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The info menu items INFO=> SHOW MCPPP LINKS and INFO=> SHOW MCPPP NEIGHBORS provide information
about the PPP connections and the other RASs forming the circuit. The tool DEBUG=> MESSAGE TRACE=>
MCPPP may be useful in discovering MCPPP problems. Another tool exists which must be used in the RAS
containing the primary link for a given PPP connection. The menu option ADMIN=> KILL VIRTUAL SESSION will
show all active secondary links. Selecting one of them will cause the master RAS to send a message to the slave
RAS holding that secondary link, ordering it to drop its connection.
Internet Service Provider
ISDN
Modem
Server
LAN
Packet
Link 1
PR4000
Master
Link 2
Primary Link
IP Address 200.200.200.1
PR4000
IP Address 200.200.200.2
IP Address 200.200.200.3
Secondary Link
PR4000
Slave
Packet
FIGURE 8.7 SECOND INCOMING CONNECTION OF A MULTICHASSIS PPP CIRCUIT
Chapter 8 - The E1 and T1 Interfaces, With Signaling
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Multilink PPP (MLPPP) is similar in functionality to the Multichassis feature. The primary difference is that all
physical links reside in the same RAS/Router. It is similar to the CyROS Multilink capability described in section
4.4 of the CyROS Refrence Guide, but it is implemented at the data-link level instead of the network-protocol
level. When compared to Multilink, MLPPP is slightly more efficient and less generic (because it applies only to
PPP encapsulation).
Router A
Modem
Modem
Modem
Link 2 (Bundle 6)
Modem
Link 1
(Bundle 6)
Router B
FIGURE 8.8 MULTILINK PPP EXAMPLE
In Figure 8.8, Router B connects to Router A via two modem connections to achieve a larger bandwidth.
Router A accepts the two physical connections, but treats them as one logical connection (one “bundle”).
MLPPP must be enabled on all interfaces that will form this bundle, (and on both sides of the connection), with
the same bundle identifier specified for each.
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Configuration of Multilink PPP (with an extension to Multichassis Multilink PPP) includes the following steps:
STEP ONE
The first four parameters in the PPP Menu must be defined. The PPP Menu can be reached by following the path:
CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE or LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. The first parameter enables
MLPPP. The second parameter determines the type of connection (leased line, dial-in, etc.). The third parameter
is the number assigned to the bundle, as described above (except for dial-in lines, where the bundle is defined
dynamically). The number itself is not important, but must be consistently used by the routers on both ends of the
connection. The fourth parameter determines the maximum number of links included in the multilink PPP circuit.
STEP TWO (only for Multichassis Multilink PPP)
The menu CONFIG =>IP =>MCPPP contains the only two parameters necessary to enable MCPPP. The first is
the MCPPP End Point Discriminator, which must be the same for all RASs that will participate in the Multichassis
Multilink PPP Circuit. The value of the number is immaterial, but it must have the form of a MAC number, as
shown in the example. The other parameter is the MCPPP IP Address, which must be the same as the Ethernet
IP address for the LAN where the other RASs are located. The MCPPP parameters must be set for all the RASs
that will participate in the circuit.
The Network Protocol Menu tree is explained in chapter 9. The only routing protocol available is RIP. RIP is
described in chapter 11. For each channel, certain signaling parameters must be configured. This menu tree is
shown in Figure 8.9.
ISDN/
SIgnaling
Config
Interface
E1/T1
<Channel>
Connection Type
Phone #
Increment By
Digital Modem Profile ID
Automatic Dial Out
Use DSP to Dial-Out
FIGURE 8.9 CHANNEL ISDN (OR SIGNALING) MENU TREE
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Channel ISDN Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(ISDN-PRI)=><CHANNEL> =>ISDN
or
Channel Signaling Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>T1/E1(CAS)=><CHANNEL> =>SIGNALING
Parameter
Description
Connection Type
Applies only for ISDN. Whether the line will be used to receive (dial-in) or send (dial-out)
messages, or both.
Phone # for this
Channel
Applies for Dial-in, or Both. If a specific phone number is assigned to each channel,
enter it here. Usually this does not happen.
Increment By
Applies only for CAS, when configuring a range or all channels. Increment by zero
assigns all channels in the range the same phone number (set in the previous item).
Increment by one assigns consecutive phone numbers to all channels in the selected
range.
Digital Modem
Profile ID
Applies for Dial-in, or Both. The modem profiles are defined in CONFIG =>SYSTEM
=>MODEMS =>DIGITAL MODEM.
Automatic Dial Out Applies only for ISDN and Dial-out. If
, the router will try to connect with the first
Yes
destination listed in the dial-out table as soon as the ISDN line is up and synchronized. If
, the connection will occur only on demand.
No
Applies only for ISDN and Dial-out or Both. If
Use DSP to Dial
Out
, the connection will be analog
Yes
(modem). If
, digital.
No
The Authentication Menu Tree, which appears only for PPP and PPPCHAR encapsulation, is shown in Figure 8.3.
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Authentication Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1=><CHANNEL> =>AUTHENTICATION
Parameter
Description
Authentication Type Local uses the list of users defined in CONFIG=> SECURITY=>USERS=>ADD.
uses either Radius or Tacacs to authenticate the user.
Server
is when this interface is considered to be the user and the
end of the
other
Remote
connection performs the authentication
Username
Password
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The username the remote device expects
to receive.
Applies when Authentication Type is Remote. The password the remote device expects
to receive.
Authentication
Server
Applies when Authentication Type is Server. Indicates that either a Radius or Tacacs
server is used for validation. The location and other parameters of the server must be
configured in CONFIG=> SECURITY. See section 4.3.
Applies when Authentication Type is Local or Server. Either PAP or CHAP or both can
be used for authentication.
Authentication
Protocol
Wizards were created to simplify the E1/T1 configuration for common applications. The Wizards Menu tree is
shown in Figure 8.10, and its parameters are explained in the next table. The parameters set automatically are
given in the tables that follow.
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Config
Interface
T1/E1
<Channel>
Wizards
TS Profile
Username
Phone #
Digital Modem Profile ID
RAS Profile
Remote IP Address
Phone #
Digital Modem Profile ID
LAN-to-LAN Profile
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Remote IP Address Type
Remote IP Address
Phone #
Digital Modem Profile ID
Copy From Channel
Channel
FIGURE 8.10 WIZARDS MENU TREE
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Wizards Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>T1/E1 =><CHANNEL> =>WIZARDS
Menu Items
Description
TS Profile
Used to create a local host Terminal Server. For CCS, the only parameter is the
Username. For CAS, the parameters are the Username, the Phone Number for the
channel, and the Digital Modem Profile ID.
RAS Profile
Used to set up a PPP Remote Access Server using modems and dial-up lines. The
Remote IP Address of the first port is the only parameter, for CCS. For CAS, the
parameters are Remote IP Address, the Phone Number for the channel, and the
Digital Modem Profile ID. If the Wizard is used for a range or all ports, the following
ports will be the numbered consecutively.
Lan-to-Lan Profile
Used to connect two LANs. The only parameters are the
, the
Primary IP Address
, any
and
, the
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Addresses
Subnet Masks Remote IP
Address Type and the Address. For CAS, the parameters Phone Number and Digital
Modem Profile ID are also requested.
Copy From Channel Used to copy an entire configuration from one channel to another, while changing the
IP address so that the ports are numbered consecutively.
The parameters automatically configured by the terminal server wizard are shown in Figure 8.11.
Encapsulation
CHAR
Device Type
Terminal
TCP KeepAlive
Inactive
Terminal Type
ANSI
Escape Session Character Code
Switch Session Character Code
Direct Login User
Dial-Out
1
11
***
Non-Automatic (CCS only)
*** for CAS
Phone #
Digital Modem Profile ID #
*** for CAS
FIGURE 8.11 PARAMETERS SET BY THE TS WIZARD
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The parameters automatically configured by the RAS wizard are shown in Figure 8.12.
Encapsulation
PPPCHAR
IP Protocol
Active
Interface
Unnumbered
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
***
*Depends on the IP
Remote IP Address Type
Remote IP Address
IP MTU
Fixed
***
1500
NAT - Address Scope
ICMP Port
Global
Inactive
Incoming Filter List
Outgoing Filter List None
Interface Transparent Bridge
Bandwidth
None
None
Inactive
0
IP Traffic Control List
Van Jacobson IP Header Compression
LCP ECHO Requests
Time Interval to Send Config Requests:
ACCM for Reception:
Escape Session Character Code
Switch Session Character Code
Predictor Compression
Inactivity Timeout
None
Disabled
Enabled
1
000A0000
1
11
Disabled
None
Link Authentication Method
Connection
PAP/CHAP Local Authenticator
Dial-In
Phone #
*** for CAS
Digital Modem Profile ID #
*** for CAS
FIGURE 8.12 PARAMETERS SET BY THE RAS WIZARD
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The parameters automatically set by the Lan-to-Lan wizard are shown in Figure 8.13.
Encapsulation
PPP
IP Protocol
Interface
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Active
Numbered
***
***
Secondary IP Address
Secondary Subnet Mask
Remote IP Address Type
Remote IP Address
IP MTU
***
***
***
***
1500
NAT - Address Scope
ICMP Port
Incoming Filter List
Outgoing Filter List None
Interface Transparent Bridge
Bandwidth
Global
Inactive
None
None
Inactive
0
IP Traffic Control List
Van Jacobson IP Header Compression
LCP ECHO Requests
Time Interval to Send Config Requests:
ACCM for Reception:
Predictor Compression
Inactivity Timeout
Link Authentication Method
Connection
None
Disabled
Enabled
1
00000000
Disabled
None
None
Dial-In
*** for CAS
*** for CAS
Phone #
Digital Modem Profile ID #
FIGURE 8.13 PARAMETERS SET BY THE LAN-TO-LAN WIZARD
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CHAPTER 9 NETWORK PROTOCOLS
The second step in most interface configurations is to choose which network protocol to use and assign values to
the relevant parameters. At least one of IP, Transparent Bridge, or IPX (optional, and discussed in chapter 15)
must be activated. Use the information provided below to set the parameters for each interface. The Ethernet
network protocol menu includes IP bridging and is explained in chapter 5. The SWAN Network Protocol Menu is
given in figure 7.1. Note that this menu varies slightly for each interface. Specific information on the options for
each interface is provided in the CyROS Reference Guide in the chapter for the interface.
Config
Interface
SWAN
Network Protocol
IP
Active
Interface Unnumbered/Numbered
Assign IP from Interface
Primary IP address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
Subnet Mask
IP MTU
NAT
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List Name
Detailed Incoming IP Accounting
Outgoing Rule List Name
Detailed Outgoing IP Accounting
Routing of Broadcast Messages
Transparent
Bridge
Status
Port Priority
Incoming Rule List Name
Outgoing Rule List Name
FIGURE 7.1 NETWORK PROTOCOL MENU TREE FOR THE SWAN INTERFACE
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The IP Protocol
If the preset values provided by the operating system are accepted, the interface will work at a basic level. The
most common options are explained in the following table.
Network Protocol (IP) Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>IP
Parameter
Description
Active or Inactive
Interface Unnumbered
Activates this interface.
Unnumbered interfaces can be used for point-to-point connections.
Assign IP From Interface Applies to Unnumbered interfaces. Applies the IP address of another router
interface to this one.
Primary IP Address
Subnet Mask
Secondary IP Address
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Address assigned to this interface.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Subnet mask of the network.
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Indicates a second (or third, etc. up to eight) IP
address that can be used to refer to this interface. This parameter and the next are
repeated until no value is entered.
Subnet Mask
Applies to Numbered interfaces. Subnet mask of Secondary IP Address.
Enable Dynamic Local IP The terminal connected through PAD assigns an IP address to the router for
Address purposes of their connection.
Remote IP Address Type The computer connected through PAD or PPP sends its IP address in the
negotiation package.
Fixed: The IP address sent must match the number set in the next parameter.
Same Net: The IP address sent must be an address in the network set in the next
parameter.
Any: The IP address can be any number that does not conflict with any local IP
address.
None: Any IP address is accepted. This is not recommended.
Remote IP Address.
this table is continued
If Remote IP Address Type not None. Used in conjunction with the previous
parameter.
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Network Protocol (IP) Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
IP MTU
Assigns the size of the Maximum Transmission Unit for the interface. This
determines whether or not a given IP datagram is fragmented.
Determines the type of IP address if NAT is being used. Use Global otherwise.
See chapter 11 or the examples in chapter 4 for details on how to configure NAT.
Active causes the router to send ICMP Port Unreachable messages when it
receives UDP or TCP messages for ports that are not recognized. This type of
message is used by some traceroute applications, and if disabled, the router might
not be identified in the traceroute output. However, there are security and
performance reasons to leave this option Inactive.
NAT
ICMP Port
Incoming Rule List
Filter rule list for incoming packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Incoming IP
Accounting
Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of IP
Accounting later in this chapter. IP Accounting for a rule requires that the
parameter CONFIG =>RULES LIST=>IP=>CONFIGURE RULES=>ADD RULE
=>ALLOW ACCOUNT PROCESS also be Yes.
Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list for outgoing packets. See chapter 12 for instructions on how this
parameter should be set.
Detailed Outgoing IP
Accounting
Applies when a list is selected in the previous parameter. See explanation of
Detailed Incoming IP Accounting.
Routing of Broadcast
Messages
Activating this parameter causes the router to route broadcast messages from the
LAN to the WAN and vice-versa. An individual interface can be excluded by setting
this parameter to Inactive, without effecting the broadcast of messages on the other
interfaces.
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The Transparent Bridge Protocol
The Transparent Bridge Protocol can be used in conjunction with either IP or IPX. A detailed explanation of its use
appears in section 4.6 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
Transparent Bridge Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN=>NETWORK PROTOCOL=>TRANSPARENT
BRIDGE
Parameter
Status
Description
Activates the Transparent Bridge on this interface.
Port Priority
For the Spanning Tree Algorithm, a priority is given to each link in the router and to
each router in the network. See CONFIG=>TRANSPARENT BRIDGE
=>SPANNING TREE in the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.
Incoming Rule List Name Transparent Bridge rule list name for incoming packets. Note: Rule lists for
Transparent Bridge and IP are created separately. See section 4.7 in the CyROS
Reference Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.
Outgoing Rule List Name Filter rule list name for outgoing packets. See section 4.7 in the CyROS Reference
Guide for instructions on how this rule list is created.
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CHAPTER 10 DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS (ENCAPSULATION)
Each encapsulation option is presented in a separate section in this chapter. Not all data-link protocols are
available for all interfaces.
PPP (The Point-to-Point Protocol)
PPP is the only encapsulation option than can be either synchronous or asynchronous. It is important to choose
between them in CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>PHYSICAL before entering the Encapsulation menu.
The menu options depend on this choice. (Note: not all interfaces support both the synchronous and asynchronous
modes. In this case, there is no physical menu.)
The configuration of the PPP data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the
table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.
PPP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP
Parameter
Description
MLPPP
Enables Multilink PPP on this interface. MLPPP is described in the CyROS
Reference Guide for each interface that supports it.
Applies for MLPPP = Yes. Type of line used on this link.
Leased, Dial-in, etc.
Identification for This Bundle Applies for MLPPP = Yes and Dial-out or Leased. An integer value.
Total Number of lines for
This Bundle
Applies for MLPPP = Yes. Maximum number of links allowed in the bundle.
PPP Inactivity Timeout
Applies to asynchronous connections only. The connection is closed when
data does not pass through the line for this period of time.
Enable Van Jacobson IP
Header Compression
Allows the link to receive compressed packets. This type of compression is
useful for low-speed links and/or small packets. It is not recommended for fast
links, as it requires CPU time.
Transmit Compressed
Packets
Applies when Enable Van Jacobson IP Header Compression is Yes. This
parameter causes the link to send compressed packets.
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PPP Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Disable LCP Echo
Requests
LCP (Link Control Protocol) messages are normally exchanged to monitor the status
of the link. Disabling these messages reduces traffic, but the link then has no way of
knowing if the other end is still connected.
Time Interval to Send Config Request messages are used to negotiate the parameters at the start of a PPP
Config Requests
connection. For a slow line, this time should be increased to allow the reply to return
to the sender. If not, the sender will assume it was lost and send another.
Applies to asynchronous connections only. Permits control character mapping
negotiation on asynchronous links. This is useful when you need to send a control
character as data (e.g. XON/XOFF, Crtl A, etc.) over an asynchronous link and do not
want it interpreted by the modem or other device in the middle. The map is built up
with the following commands.
Edit ACCM
Clear – Resets the ACCM table toggle;
Toggle XON/XOFF – Add XON/XOFF control characters to the ACCM table;
Toggle Char – Add other control characters to the ACCM table, using their ASCII
value.
Typing the option once (for example, X), includes it in the table. Typing it again
excludes it from the table. More details are given in the CyROS Reference Guide.
Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be
enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection
because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data
compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links running
at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data
offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression.
Enable Predictor
Compression
Number of Bits for
Compression
Connection Type
Applies when Predictor Compression Enabled. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be
used if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility.
Applies to asynchronous connections only. NT-Serial Cable is a direct connection to
a Windows NT computer. This is necessary because NT requires a negotiation
before the beginning of the PPP negotiation. Direct is used for other connections
using cables or leased lines.
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CHAR
The configuration of the CHAR data-link protocol is confined to one menu, CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR. Information about all the parameters appearing in this menu is provided in the
table below. Not all parameters will appear for all interfaces.
CHAR Encapsulation Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>CHAR
Parameter
Description
Device Type
Determines whether a Terminal, Printer, or Socket device will be connected to this
port.
TCP Keep Alive Timer The delay between Keep Alive messages sent by TCP.
Terminal Type
Switch Session
Character Code
Escape Session
Character Code
Username
For a terminal, ANSI is generally used. For a printer, dumblp is generally used.
Applies for Terminal Device. Control character used to switch sessions. 1 is Ctrl-
A, 2 is Ctrl-B, etc. The value 254 disables this option.
Applies for Terminal Device. Control character used while in a telnet session, to
return to the router menu without closing the session.
Applies for a Terminal Device. Must be entered into the local user table first. See
chapter 10. If this parameter is left blank, the user will have to enter a username
Applies for Socket Device. Wait is used when the remote application will start the
communication. When Start is used, a connection is attempted as soon as the line
is considered operational.
Wait for or Start a
Connection
Destination Hostname
Applies for Socket Device. The remote hostname to which the socket will be
connected, if the previous parameter was start. This name must have been
defined in the host table. See chapter 10.
Filter Null Char after CR Applies for Socket Device. Interprets a CR NULL sequence, received on a TCP
Char connection, as CR (only).
Idle Timeout in Minutes Applies for Socket Device. The connection is broken if no traffic passes in this time.
DTR ON Only if Socket Applies for Socket Device. If False, the Data Terminal Ready line is switched on
Connection Established when the router is booted.
Device Attached to This Applies for Socket Device. Yes if the device attached to the socket will echo the
Port Will Send ECHO
chacters sent to it.
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PPPCHAR
The configuration of the PPPCHAR protocol is contained in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPPCHAR. The parameters for PPPCHAR are a combination of those for PPP and
CHAR. See the tables describing the PPP and CHAR options for guidance in configuring this protocol.
HDLC
This data-link protocol is a proprietary alternative to PPP. It has only one parameter, the HDLC Keepalive Interval.
This is the time interval between transmission of Keepalive messages. The receiver of these messages must
send keepalive messages with the same frequency or will be considered inoperative.
Frame Relay
FR supports multiple connections over a single link. Each data link connection (DLC) has a unique DLCI (data
link connection identifier). This allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single channel.
These are called Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs). The DLCI has only local significance and each end of the
logical connection assigns its own DLCI from the available local numbers.
Traffic Control based on Data Link Connection
Traffic Control as described in chapter 14 can also be performed on a Frame Relay interface for each permanent
virtual connection. The parameters in the Add DLCI menu are used in the same manner as those described in
chapter 14. More details are available in the CyROS Reference Guide.
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STEP ONE
The first step is to set the general Frame Relay parameters, those applying to all DLCs. This is done in the Frame
Relay Menu. The parameters are shown in the table below. Most of these depend on the standards used by the
Frame Relay Network Provider.
The Local Management Interface (LMI) Protocol provides services not available in simple Frame Relay. It is used
for controlling the connection between the user and the network. It monitors this link, maintains the list of DLCs,
and sends status messages about the PVCs. A separate virtual circuit is created to pass this information (DLCI
0).
Frame Relay Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY
Parameter
Description
SNAP IP
Indicates that the Sub-Network Access Protocol should be used. The router on the sending
end must be using the same header type (NLPID or SNAP) as the router on the receiving
end. See the CyROS Reference Guide for more information.
LMI
Selects the Local Management Interface specification to be used. ANSI, Group of Four
(defined by the vendors that first implemented Frame Relay), Q933a (defined by ITU-T), and
None (used for a dedicated FR connection without a network).
T391
N391
Interval between the LMI Status Enquiry messages.
Full Status Polling Counter. Full Status Enquiry messages are sent every N391-th LMI Status
Enquiry message.
N392
Error Threshold. The network counts how many events occur within a given period and
considers an interface inactive when the number of events exceeds a threshold. N393 is the
number of events to be considered and N392 the number of errors within this period. If N392
of the last N393 events are errors, the interface is deemed inactive. A successful event is the
receipt of a valid Status Enquiry message
N393
CIR
Monitored Events Count. See the description of N392. This value must be larger than N392.
Committed Information Rate, in percentage of total bandwidth (bandwidth defined in
CONFIG=>INTERFACE=>SWAN =>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>BANDWIDTH).
Traffic above this rate may be discarded if the network is congested.
Enables traffic control per DLCI. Traffic control options appear in the Add DLCI Menu.
Bandwidth
Reservation
FRF-12
When set, indicates the size of the FRF012 fragment in bytes (range: 40-1600).
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STEP TWO
After configuring the general parameters, each DLC must be defined. An example will be used to demonstrate the
procedure.
A public Frame Relay network connecting offices in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife is shown in Figure
11.1. Each router will have a routing table pairing destination network with router interface and gateway. A Frame
Relay Address Map is also created (either statically or dynamically) to associate each DLCI with the destination
router IP.
For the router in Salvador, the Frame Relay address map will look like this:
DLCI
11
21
IP
200.1.1.1
200.1.1.4
200.1.1.3
81
Data link connections are defined in the Add DLCI menu, which appears at the end of the Frame Relay parameter
list. It can be reached by passing through all parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter
list.
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São Paulo
Network: 192.168.200.0
Rio de Janeiro
Network: 192.168.201.0
Router
Router
200.1.1.1
200.1.1.4
21
81
11
200.1.1.2
200.1.1.3
Router
Router
Salvador
Network: 192.168.203.0
Recife
Network: 192.168.202.0
FIGURE 8.1 PERMANENT VIRTUAL CIRCUITS BETWEEN OFFICES
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Add DLCI Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ENCAPS =>FRAME RELAY =><ESC> =>ADD DLCI
Parameter
Description
DLCI Number
Used to identify the DLC. This number is supplied by the Public Frame Relay
network provider. The DLCIs are stored in a table which can be seen with the L
command.
Frame Relay Address Determines the method used for mapping the remote IP address to the Permanent
Map
Virtual Circuit. Static maps one IP address to this DLCI. Inverse ARP maps the IP
address dynamically, in a manner similar to the ARP table.
IP Address
Applies when Frame Relay Address Map is Static. Provides the IP address to be
used for static address mapping.
Enable Predictor
Compression
Enables data compression using the Predictor algorithm. This feature should be
enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being used on both ends of the connection
because there is no established standard for data compression interoperability. Data
compression is very CPU-intensive, making this feature effective only for links running
at speeds under 1Mbps. At higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data
offsets the gains in throughput achieved by data compression.
Number of Bits for
Compression
DLCI Priority Level
Applies when Predictor Compression Enabled. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be
used if the router on the other end is a PathRouter, for compatibility.
This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE
RULES=>ADD RULE=>FLOW PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic control
in chapter 12.
Reserved Bandwidth This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE
RULES=>ADD RULE=>RESERVED BANDWIDTH. Defines what percentage of the
CIR (Committed Information Rate) for an interface will be set aside for this DLC. See
the section on traffic control in chapter 12.
Bandwidth Priority
Level
This is the equivalent of CONFIG=>RULES LIST=>IP =>CONFIGURE
RULES=>ADD RULE=>BANDWIDTH PRIORITY LEVEL. See the section on traffic
control in chapter 12.
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To edit the DLCI table, use the list command (CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION
=>FRAME RELAY=>L) to discover the number CyROS has assigned to each table entry. It will not be the
same as the DLCI.
Modem or
DSU/CSU
Router / DTE
Router / DTE
Switch / DCE
Switch / DCE
X.25
FIGURE 8.2 PUBLIC X.25 NETWORK EXAMPLE
X.25
A Cyclades Router can act either as a DTE (Data-terminal Equipment) connected to a public X.25 network or as
a DTE or DCE (Data circuit-terminating Equipment) as part of a private X.25 network. The first case is discussed
in this chapter. The second case is described in the CyROS Reference Guide. Both Permanent Virtual Circuits
(PVCs) and Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) can be defined. A PVC requires that two DTEs be permanently
connected.
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STEP ONE
First, the general X.25 protocol parameters are set in the X.25 Menu. A detailed description of the X.25 parameters
and their values for the example is provided in the table below.
X.25 Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25
Parameter
Description
X.121 (Local DTE) Address Address assigned to this interface (provided by the public X.25 Network
Provider). Can be up to 15 digits.
Switch Mode Active
Causes the Router to act as a switch.
Applies when Switch Mode is Active.
Incoming Calls Received
Over the Other X.25 Links
With Unknown Destination
DTE Can be Forwarded
Through This Link
Suppress Calling Address Public X.25 Network: This parameter must be chosen according to the
guidelines given by the Public X.25 Network provider. When activated, the
sender's Local DTE address is not included in the Call Request Message.
Inactivity Timeout
Time until connection is automatically terminated by the router if there is no
traffic.
Configure as DTE or DCE As mentioned above, the router can act either as the recipient of information
(DTE), or as the passer-on of information (DCE). Public X.25 Network: Both
routers are DTEs.
Number of Virtual Circuits Indicates the maximum number of virtual circuits (total of PVCs and SVCs)
allowed on this interface. The maximum is 64.
Number of Permanent
Virtual Circuits
Indicates the number of permanent virtual circuits that will be connected through
this interface. This maximum is also 64.
this table continued
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X.25 Menu (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Layer 3 Window Size
The layer 3 (packet) level window represents the number of sequentially
numbered packets that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be
received. This number may be negotiated if the Window Size Facility is utilized
(see last parameter in this table).
Layer 2 Window Size
The layer 2 (frame) level window represents the number of sequentially
numbered frames that can be sent before an acknowledgement must be
received. The frame numbers are independent of the packet numbers.
The packet size to be sent across the interface. This number may be
negotiated if the Packet Size Facility is utilized (see last parameter in this table).
Number of times an information frame can be resent, without response, before
the link is considered down.
Packet Size
Number of Retries N2
TL
Time the frame level waits for an acknowledgement for a given frame before re-
sending it.
T2
Time that can elapse, after receiving a frame, until the router must send an
acknowledgement.
T21
T23
Call Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE sends a
Clear message.
Clear Request response Timer. After this time has elapsed, the DTE
retransmits the Clear message.
Negotiable Facilities
Send Facility
Initiates facility negotiation during virtual circuit creation.
Determines which facilities are negotiated during virtual circuit creation: Packet
size is part of the flow control parameters negotiation, Throughput is part of the
throughput class negotiation, and N3 Window (Level 3 Window Size, above) is
part of the flow control parameters negotiation.
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STEP TWO
The next step is to create a static routing table associating each remote X.121 address with an IP address or a
TCP Socket location. This is done in the Add DTE menu, which appears at the end of the X.25 parameter list. It
can be reached by passing through all X.25 parameters or by using the <ESC> key at any point in the parameter
list.
X.25 Add DTE Menu CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><LINK>=>ENCAPSULATION =>X.25=><ESC>=>Add DTE
Parameter
Description
Type of Logical Address IP Address or TCP Socket. Users that intend to use the TCP Socket option should
see the CyROS Reference Guide.
IP Address
X.121(DTE) Address
VC Number
Enable Predictor
Compression
Applies for IP Address Type. IP Address of remote DTE device.
Address of remote DTE device.
Number assigned to this circuit, if it is a PVC. For SVCs, the value should be zero.
Applies for IP Address Type. Enables data compression using the Predictor
algorithm. This feature should be enabled only if Cyclades' equipment is being
used on both ends of the connection because there is no established standard for
data compression interoperability. Data compression is very CPU-intensive,
making this feature effective only for links running at speeds under 1Mbps. At
higher speeds, the time necessary to compress data offsets the gains in throughput
achieved by data compression.
Number of Bits for
Compression
Applies when Predictor Compression Enabled. Sixteen is fastest, but 10 must be
used if the router on the other end is a Cyclades PathRouter, for compatibility.
X.25 with PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)
PAD acts as a protocol converter, allowing a user to access the packet-switched network via a serial terminal.
This asynchronous connection is then converted into synchronous communication with the router and the network
beyond (using the telnet application available in the router). Please see the CyROS Reference Guide for information
about this Encapsulation option.
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CHAPTER 11 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing Strategies
Routing can be done either statically or dynamically.
Static Routing
Static routing is recommended when the network contains a small number of routers and other equipment. When
a system is simple and without redundant links, static routing is the simplest option. Even with some redundant
links, a multilink circuit can be created for semi-dynamic routing behavior. Multilink circuits are described in
section 4.4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is recommended when the network contains a large number or routers with redundant links
between them. RIP and OSPF are currently available in the Power Router line. RIP is simpler to configure and
is appropriate for systems that are stable (links do not go down often). OSPF is more complicated to configure,
requires much more CPU, and is not necessarily available in all equipment in a network. A mixture of RIP, OSPF,
and static routes is often used.
BGP-4 is a dynamic routing protocol used to route packets on the Internet. It is used in addition to the protocols
RIP and OSPF or static routing.
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Static Routes
Routers used in very small or simple networks may use static routes as the primary routing method. When RIP or
OSPF are used, some static routes may still be needed. Configuration of static routes will be explained using two
examples.
Network 2
142.10.0.0
Mask: 255.255.0.0
142.10.0.3
D
142.10.0.2
142.10.0.4
192.168.100.0
Mask: 255.255.255.0
C
192.168.100.1
Router 2
Router 1
142.10.0.1
F
10.0.0.3
192.168.100.3
192.168.100.2
E
Network 3
10.0.0.0
Mask: 255.0.0.0
B
10.0.0.2
Network 1
10.0.0.1
A
FIGURE 12.1 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 1
In the first example, three networks are connected by 2 routers. The routing table for router 1 will automatically
include servers A,B,C, and D, as they are direct links. A static route must be created for access to Network 3.
This type of route, a Gateway route, tells the router that any message not intended for hosts A, B, C or D should
be sent to Router 2. Details are given in the parameter table that follows.
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Router 2
Unnumbered
Interfaces
192.168.100.1
Slot 3
ETH0
Connection
Point-to-Point
Slot 1
F
Router 1
10.0.0.3
ETH0
Network 3
E
B
Network 1
A
FIGURE 12.2 STATIC ROUTING EXAMPLE 2
Figure 12.2 shows another static routing example to explain the Gateway or Interface parameter. Between the
two routers is a point-to-point connection. Another network could be created, but is not necessary. Both routers
can be assigned unnumbered interfaces, because everything that leaves one router is sent to the other.
To define static routes, enter the menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE. A description of the
parameters in this menu, with the configuration for Router 1 in the examples above, is given in the table that
follows.
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Add Static Route Menu CONFIG =>STATIC ROUTES =>IP =>ADD ROUTE
Parameter
Destination IP
Address
Description
Address that route will lead to. To configure a default route, type "default" for this
parameter, otherwise enter 0.0.0.0 in both this and the next parameter.
-- for the static route between Router 1 and Network 3, the IP
Both Examples
address is 192.168.100.0.
-- To access all hosts in Network 3, its mask, 255.255.255.0, is used.
Subnet Mask
Both Examples
Gateway or Interface
-- the route is to a gateway.
-- the route is to an interface since unnumbered interfaces are being
Example 1
Example 2
used.
Gateway IP Address
Interface
Applies only when previous parameter is
. It must be an address visible to
Gateway
, it is 142.10.0.4.
the router. In
Example 1
Applies only when previous parameter is Interface. Select the port (Ethernet or slot
N) that will be unnumbered. In , it is Slot 1.
Example 2
Relative cost of this link. Generally measured in number of routers between two IP
addresses. -- 1.
Metric
Both Examples
Is This a Backup
Route?
Indicates that this route is used as a backup in a multilink circuit. See section 4.4 for
more information about multilink circuits.
OSPF Advertises
This Static Route
Static routes defined in the router can be advertised by OSPF. Both this parameter
and the parameter CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>GLOBAL=>ADVERTISE STATIC
ROUTES must be set to Yes for the route to be advertised.
External Metric
Applies when OSPF Advertises This Static Route is set to Yes. Defines the metric
that will be advertised by OSPF.
External Metric-Type
Applies when OSPF Advertises This Static Route is set to Yes. For Type 1, the total
metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous system)
and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the total
metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
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RIP Configuration
CyROS supports three basic types of RIP:
1 RIP1 [RFC 1058]
2 RIP2 with broadcast (compatible with RIP1) [RFC 1723]
3 RIP2 with multicast [RFC 1723]
The primary difference between RIP1 and RIP2 is that only RIP2 advertises subnet masks and next hops. If the
network contains equipment that understands only RIP1 packets, then RIP1 or RIP2 with broadcast should be
used. See RFC 1723, item 3.3 for more details. If only RIP2 is used, RIP2 with multicast is recommended.
Unlike static routes RIP is configured on each interface rather than in a global menu. The menu is the same for all
interfaces and its parameters are presented in the table below.
RIP Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>RIP
Parameter
Description
Send RIP
Listen RIP
RIP2 Authentication
Causes the router to transmit RIP messages.
Causes the router to accept RIP messages.
Applies if RIP2 was chosen in the first two options. Activates RIP message
authentication with a password.
RIP2 Authentication
Password
Applies if
transmitted RIP messages.
is . Password used for both received and
RIP2 Authentication Active
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OSPF
The OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol is significantly more complicated than RIP. The determination
of which protocol is better suited to a given network is beyond the scope of this manual. An example network
using OSPF is given in Figure 12.3.
AREA 1
Router 2
AREA 0
(Backbone)
Router 0
To Another
Autonomous System
Router 1
Link 1
Router 5
Router 3
Router 6
Router 4
AREA 2
AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
Area Border
Routers:
R3, R6, R8
Virtual
Link
Router 7
AREA 3
AS Boundary
Router: R5
Router 8
Router 9
FIGURE 12.3 OSPF EXAMPLE
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First, some definitions:
• An Autonomous System (AS) is a portion of the network that will use a single routing strategy. It is made up
of a backbone area and optionally of non-backbone areas.
• OSPF Areas are sub-systems that have identical routing databases. An area generally has no knowledge of
the routing databases of other areas.
• The Backbone connects areas and contains any routers not contained in another area.
• An Area Border Router connects areas and contains a separate database for each area it is contained in.
• An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) connects Autonomous Systems. The other Autonomous
System does not necessarily need to use OSPF.
STEP ONE
If using OSPF for the first time, sketch the network and determine which routers will make up the backbone and
each area. Determine if each router is an area border router or an autonomous system boundary router.
OSPF Configuration on the Interface
STEP TWO
Contrary to most other protocols in CyROS, OSPF must first be configured on each interface, then configured in
the CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF menu. Enter into each interface and set the parameters listed in the table.
OSPF Menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><LINK> =>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF
Parameter
OSPF on This
Interface
Description
Activates OSPF. Enable Inactive is used to temporarily disable the OSPF protocol
without erasing the parameters set below. This is useful when OSPF is first configured,
as the general parameters must be set afterwards in CONFIG=>IP =>OSPF and OSPF
cannot function without them.
Parameters that apply only when OSPF on This Interface is Disabled.
Advertise This Non- Causes the router to include this interface in its advertisements through other interfaces
OSPF Interface
(as an external route).
This table is continued.
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OSPF Menu (continued)
External Metric
Defines the metric that will be advertised by OSPF.
External Metric Type For Type 1, the total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the
autonomous system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For
, the total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Type 2
Parameters that apply only when
is .
or
OSPF on This Interface Enable Enable Inactive
Area ID
Identifies the area to which the interface belongs. Areas are created here, then later
defined in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF =>AREA. Has the format of an IP address, but is not
linked to any IP address in the system. Small OSPF networks will typically have only
one area (the backbone area represented by 0.0.0.0).
Router Priority
Priority used by OSPF in multicast networks to elect the designated router. A priority of
1 will make this router the most likely to be chosen. A priority of 2 will make it second
most likely. Set it to 0 (zero) if this router should never be the designated router.
Estimated transit time in seconds to route a packet through this interface. Use the
preset value (1) or increase the number for slow links
Transit Delay in
Seconds
Retransmit Interval * Time in seconds between link-state advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies
belonging to this interface.
Hello Interval *
Dead Interval *
Poll Interval *
Time in seconds between the hello packets on this interface.
Inactivity time (seconds) before a neighbor router is considered down.
Time in seconds between the hello packets sent to an inactive, non-broadcast, multi-
access neighbor.
Password *
Metric
String of up to 8 characters used to authenticate OSPF packages. The use of this
password is enabled in CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>AREA=>AUTHENTICATION TYPE
Defines the cost for normal service. For consistent routing, this parameter should be
determined in the same manner for all routers in the OSPF Area. Normally, metric cost
is defined as an inverse function of interface throughput (e.g. 1 for 100Mbps, 10 for
10Mbps, 65 for T1, 1785 for 56kbps, etc).
Advertise Secondary Causes the router to advertise additional addresses assigned to this interface. These
IP Address are configured in CONFIG => INTERFACE =><LINK> =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP.
* Inside a given area, these 4 parameters should be the same for all routers.
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OSPF Global Configurations
STEP THREE
After completing the OSPF interface configuration for all interfaces (even those that will not use OSPF), navigate
to the OSPF Menu, CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF. Enter into the OSPF Global Commands menu and set the parameters
as indicated in the table below.
OSPF Global Commands Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>GLOBAL
Parameter
OSPF Protocol
Router ID
Description
Enables OSPF on all interfaces.
Assigns a unique ID to the router for use by the OSPF protocol. It must be one of the
router's IP addresses.
AS Boundary Router An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can convert external routes into
OSPF routes. Which external routes is determined through the following parameters.
In the figure, only Router 5 is an ASBR.
The following parameters apply only to
.
Autonomous System Boundary Routers
Originate Default
Gateway
Router will advertise itself as the Default Gateway (DG).
Advertisement
Default Gateway
External Metric
Default Gateway
Applies when Originate Default Gateway Advertisement is set to Yes. Defines the
metric that will be advertised by OSPF.
Applies when Originate Default Gateway Advertisement is set to Yes. For Type 1, the
External Metric-Type total metric of this route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous
system) and the external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the
total metric of this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Advertise RIP Routes Routes learned through the RIP protocol will be converted to OSPF as external routes.
RIP External Metric
Applies when Advertise RIP routes is set to Yes. Defines the metric that will be
advertised by OSPF.
This table is continued.
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OSPF Global Commands (Continued)
Parameter
Description
RIP External Metric- Applies when Advertise RIP routes is set to Yes. For Type 1, the total metric of this
Type
route is composed of the internal metric (inside the autonomous system) and the
external metric (provided in the previous parameter). For Type 2, the total metric of
this route is the value provided in the previous parameter.
Advertise Non-OSPF A router can have both OSPF and non-OSPF interfaces. This option causes the router
interfaces
to advertise when these non-OSPF interfaces are up or down. When OSPF is
disabled on an interface, the parameter CONFIG=>INTERFACE =>
<LINK>
=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF =>ADVERTISE THIS NON-OSPF INTERFACE
must also be set to Yes for the interface to be advertised.
Advertise Static
Routes
Static routes defined in the router will be converted to OSPF. Note that static routes
can be configured individually as advertised or not in the parameter
CONFIG=>STATIC ROUTES=>IP=>ADD ROUTE=>OSPF ADVERTISES THIS
STATIC ROUTE. Both parameters must be
for the route to be advertised.
Yes
STEP FOUR
The next step is to define the areas created in step two. This is done in the OSPF Area Menu.
Area Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>AREA
Parameter
Description
Area ID
Has the format of an IP address, but is not linked to any IP address in the system. Use
the CONFIG=>IP=>OSPF=>L option to see which areas have been defined, and use
the area ID here.
Authentication Type
Simple password authentication can be used in OSPF. The authentication type should
be the same for all routers in an OSPF Area. If used, the password for each interface
is set in CONFIG=>INTERFACE=><INTERFACE>=>ROUTING PROTOCOL =>OSPF
=>PASSWORD.
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Area Menu (continued)
Area Range N Status An Area Border Router (ABR) advertises link states for all networks within the area.
The number of such advertisements can potentially be reduced by condensing
different IP networks into a single range.
Area Range N Net
Address
Applies when Area Range N Status is Active.
Sets the network IP address for the range.
Area Range N Mask Applies when Area Range N Status is Active.
Sets the network IP mask for the range.
STEP FIVE
The CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>NEIGHBORS menu is required if the router uses OSPF over non-broadcast multi-
access interfaces such as X.25 and Frame Relay. If this is the case, set the parameters described in the following
table.
Neighbors Menu CONFIG=>IP =>OSPF =>NEIGHBORS
Parameter
Description
Interface
Link for which neighbors will be defined. In the OSPF example, consider link 1 of
Router 3.
Neighbor's IP
The router ID of the neighboring router. For Router 3, link 1, use the router ID of router
1.
Neighbor's Status
includes link in OSPF database.
Enable
Enable Inactive leaves link in OSPF database, but router at end of link (Router 1 in this
case) no longer passes OSPF information.
Disable deactivates neighbor link and erases Neighbor’s IP.
Neighbor's Priority
Priority used by OSPF in multicast networks to elect the designated router. A priority of
1 will make this router the most likely to be chosen. A priority of 2 will make it second
most likely. Set it to 0 (zero) if this router should never be the designated router. An
example can be seen in Area 1 in the figure -- Router 1 should never be the
Designated Router because it does not have a direct link to Router 2. Either Router 0
or Router 3 should be chosen.
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STEP SIX
It is not always possible to connect all areas directly to the backbone. When an area is connected to the backbone
only through another area, two virtual links must be created. One from the backbone to the unattached area and
one from the unattached area to the backbone. If this occurs in the network containing the router, enter the Virtual
Links Menu to configure this link. In the table listing the parameters, the link between Area 3 (router 8) and the
backbone is used as an example.
Virtual Links Menu CONFIG =>IP =>OSPF =>VIRTUAL LINKS
Parameter
Description
Transit Area ID
ID of the OSPF Area sandwiched between this router and the backbone. In the figure,
area 2 is the area used to link Router 8 with the Backbone. This ID has the form of an
IP address.
Neighbor's ID
Virtual Link Status
Router ID of router at end of virtual link. In the example, this will be Router 6.
Activates the virtual link.
Parameters available only when Virtual Link Status is Active.
Transit Delay in
Seconds
Estimated transit time in seconds to route a packet from Router 8 to Router 6. Use the
preset value (1) or increase the number for slow links.
Retransmit Interval in Time in seconds between link-state advertisement retransmissions for adjacencies
Seconds*
belonging to this interface.
Hello Interval in
Seconds*
Time in seconds between the hello packets on this interface.
Dead interval in
Seconds*
Inactivity time (seconds) before a neighbor router is considered down.
Password*
String of up to 8 characters used to authenticate OSPF packages. The use of this
password is enabled in CONFIG
=>IP=>OSPF=>AREA=>AUTHENTICATION TYPE.
* Inside a given area, these 4 parameters should be the same for all routers. In the example virtual link, they
should be the same as those used for the backbone.
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BGP-4 Configuration
The BGP-4 routing protocol is used for routing on the Internet, performed between Autonomous Systems (ASs).
An autonomous system is defined as:
· A set of routers and networks under the same administration.
· An interconnected network, where no router is reachable solely through a path exterior to the AS
Each AS is identified by a 16-bit AS number. This number is supplied by the service provider.
Steps
1. Complete the Global Parameters
2. Register the neighbors of the autonomous system, the routers with which it this router exchanges information.
At this point, the BGP-4 protocol is up and running. All remaining steps are fine tuning to improve performance
and reduce the size of the routing table.
If some routes that might be received are undesired, they can be filtered as they enter (or leave) so that they are
not placed in the routing table (or are not propagated to other autonomous systems).
This requires the following three steps:
3. Create an Access List
4. Add rules to the Access List
5. Return to the Neighbor configuration and match each list to the neighbor it should be applied to.
In some cases, a route should be accepted, but with changes determined by policies defined by the system
administrator. In this case, a route map should be created indicating which of the path attributes of the incoming
(or outgoing) message should be changed. This route map can be associated with a filter so that only specific
rules will be altered. The steps are the following:
6. Create a route map/sequence pair
7. Edit the neighbor definition to link it to the new route map
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The last option is to aggregate the addresses contained in the local autonomous system in order to present an
aggregated route to the outside world. This is done in the last step.
8. Aggregate the addresses contained in the AS.
The steps defined above will now be clarified.
STEP ONE
The global parameters apply to the router’s AS. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Address notation is used
instead of the normal IP Address and Subnet mask notation. Both are shown in Figure 12.4.
AS 100
200.50.51.0
255.255.255.0
200.50.51.0 / 24
AS 747
PR3000
PR3000
100.100.100.1
200.200.200.1
..................................
..................................
100.100.100.2
Tele Popeye
200.50.50.0
255.255.255.0
200.50.50.0 / 24
AS 310
PR3000
200.200.200.2
..................................
Tele Brutus
FIGURE 12.4 EXAMPLE SYSTEM WITH PR3000 IN AS 100 BEING CONFIGURED
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>GLOBAL
Parameter
Description
BGP4 Protocol
Local AS Number
Router Identifier
Cluster Identifier
Default Local
Preference
Activates the protocol.
This number is assigned by the service provider.
Usually the same as the Router ID, one of the interface IP addresses
Only used when this router is used as a router reflector.
Value of the attribute "local pref" used by IBGP.
Accept Connections Allows BGP connections from neighbors that have not been specified in the Neighbors
From All Peers
Advertise Direct
Routes
Menu.
Allows the removal of the interface routes from the list of routes to be advertised. In
the example these would be 100.100.100.1, 200.200.200.1 and the LAN interface IP
address.
Advertise Static
Routes
Allows the removal of static routes from the list of routes to be advertised.
Advertise RIP Routes Allows the removal of routes learned via RIP from the list of routes to be advertised.
Advertise OSPF
Routes
Allows the removal of routes learned via OSPF from the list of routes to be advertised.
The BGP network menu allows registration of the IP Addresses contained in the AS. This will mark these routes
as IGP instead of EGP or incomplete in the path origin attribute.
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>BGP NETWORK=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Network Address
Network IP address of network to be added.
Network Mask (bitlen) Mask in CIDR format.
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STEP TWO
The neighbor menu identifies the routers inside and outside the AS that will communicate with the router via BGP-
4. Each update message exchanged between routers contains path attributes. How these path attributes are
manipulated by the router when routes are received or sent to each neighbor is determined here.
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>NEIGHBOR=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Name
A string to facilitate identification of the Neighbor. In the example above, the names
Popeye and Brutus could be used.
IP Address
The IP address at the other end of the connection. For AS 747, the value is
100.100.100.2.
Description
Another string to identify the Neighbor.
AS Number
The AS number assigned to the neighbor.
Maximum routes
Source IP Address
When set, indicates the maximum number of routes accepted from this neighbor.
When this number is set, the protocol accepts TCP/BGP connections only when the
destination IP is this value. For Popeye, the value would be 100.100.100.1.
Causes the router to not initiate BGP connections with this neighbor.
Yes causes the router to NOT include its own AS number in the "AS Path" path
attribute for update messages sent to this neighbor.
Passive
Transparent-AS
Transparent-NextHop Yes causes the router to NOT alter the "NextHop" path attribute for update messages
sent to this neighbor.
NextHop Self
Yes causes the router to change the NextHop path attribute for update messages sent
to this neighbor. The value is replaced by the Source IP Address set above.
Route Reflector Client Indicates that this router is a route reflector and the neighbor is a route reflector client.
Weight
Indicates the relative importance of the routes received from this neighbor. Routes
with greater weights are chosen over routes with lesser weights.
When set, indicates the maximum number of routes that the router will accept in a
single update message from this router.
When a message is not received from this neighbor for the holdtime, the neighbor is
considered inactive.
Maximum-Prefix
Holdtime
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>NEIGHBOR=>ADD (continued)
Keepalive
Connection Retry
Time
Interval between keepalive messages sent to this neighbor.
When a connection with this neighbor is broken, the router try to reconnect with
frequency 1 divided by the Connection Retry Time.
Start Time
Time delay before router tries to connect
Incoming Distribution Applies a distribution access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Access List Name
Outgoing Distribute
Access List Name
Incoming Filter
Access List Name
Outgoing Filter
Applies a distribution access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Applies a filter access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Applies a filter access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Access List Name
Incoming Community Applies a filter access list to update messages received from this neighbor.
Access List Name
Outgoing Community Applies a filter access list to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Access List Name
Incoming Route Map Applies a route map to update messages received from this neighbor.
Number
Outgoing Route Map Applies a route map to update messages sent to this neighbor.
Number
Neighbor Alias
Address
Additional address used by the other router.
STEP THREE
Figure 12.5 shows an example of a route that could be filtered out. The preferred route from 5 to 1 is through 4,
with 6 serving as a reliable backup. Any route received from neighbor 2 which includes 5 will probably be a
duplicate of the equivalent route received from 4. In order to reduce the size of the routing table, all routes
received from 2 than contain 5 can be filtered out of incoming update messages.
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d
R
o
e
r
u
t
i
s
e
d
n
e
U
2
3
PR3000
1
4
..
..
..
..
P
r
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
e
..
..
..
..
f
e
o
R
u
t
e
r
r
e
d
5
100.10.0.0/16
6
B
a
c
k
e
t
u
u
p
R
o
FIGURE 12.5 MULTIPLE ROUTES CONTAINING AS 5
CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ACCESS LIST=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Access List Name
Name assigned to list, to indicate which interface and direction it applies to. A typical
name for the example is from_two_p.
Access List Type
The AS Path type allows filtering by AS number; the Dist BGP type allows filtering by
IP address and the Community BGP type allows filtering by community. In the figure,
the filtering can be done based either on AS 5 or the address 100.10.0.0/16
Enables the rule.
Rule Status
Default Scope
If the default of the list is permit, the default of each rule must be deny and the
corresponding rule must define which routes must be discarded. If the default of the
list is deny, the default of each rule must be permit and the corresponding rule must
define which routes will be accepted (with all others being discarded).
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STEP FOUR
An access list needs at least one rule. The example in Figure 12.6 shows three access lists, each one with
several rules. Each neighbor can be assigned up to 6 access lists, as seen in step 2.
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
BGP-4
Message From
Tele Popeye
Route Map
Access list
popeye_comm
type Community
Access list
popeye_dist
type Distribution
Access list
popeye_path
type AS Path
FIGURE 12.6 UPDATE MESSAGE ARRIVING FROM TELE POPEYE PASSING THROUGH 3 FILTERS AND
A ROUTE MAP
An update message arriving from the neighbor called Popeye in step 2 will pass through the filters assigned to it
in the Neighbor Menu. The figure shows the case where the scope of the list is permit and that of the rules is deny.
Each rule causes routes to be discarded until finally the shortened message arrives at the route map (if one has
been configured for this neighbor).
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ACCESS LIST=>CONFIGURE RULES=><ACCESS LIST NAME>=>ADD
Parameter
Rule Status
Scope
Description
Enables the rule.
See explanation of this parameter in step 3.
Rule AS Position
Applies only for Access List Type equal to AS Path. Limits the search on AS number to
a particular position in the route. For the example in Figure 12.5, Any would be the
correct choice because AS 5 will appear in the middle or the beginning of the route.
Applies only for Access List Type equal to AS Path. Applies the rule to routes
containing this AS number, with the restriction given in the preceding parameter.
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Dist BGP. Exact filters rules that match the
IP Address/Mask pair exactly. Refine matches more specific routes.
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Dist BGP. Applies the rule to routes with
this IP number and the mask defined in the next parameter.
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Dist BGP. The shortened mask that is used
with the IP address defined in the previous parameter.
Rule AS Number
Rule Distr. Search
Type
Rule Distr. Address
Rule Distr. Mask
Bitlen
Community
Applies only for Access List Type equal to Community BGP. Applies this rule to the
community number entered or to well-known communities defined in RFC 1997, BGP
Communities.
STEP FIVE
Each access list can be applied to more than one interface. The access list parameters in the Neighbor Menu for
the appropriate neighbor should be set now, since the access lists did not exist during step two.
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STEP SIX
A route map can either apply to all routes not discarded by the access lists, as shown in Figure 12.6, or to routes
filtered by a particular access list, as shown in Figure 12.7.
Discarded
Routes
Discarded
Routes
BGP-4
Message From
Tele Popeye
Access list
popeye_comm
type Community
Access list
popeye_dist
type Distribution
Access list
popeye_path
type AS Path
Route Map
FIGURE 12.7 ROUTE MAP ASSOCIATED WITH AN ACCESS LIST
In figure 12.7, the access list popeye_path is associated with sequence 2 of Route Map 1. Instead of the access
list causing the disposal of the routes that match its rules, it causes the application of the route map.
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>ROUTE MAP=>ADD
Parameter
Description
Route Map Number
Sequence Number
Match List Name
Weight
Identifies the route map
Identifies the sequence within the route map. The numbers need not be consecutive.
Associates an access list with this sequence, as shown in the figure above.
Alters the weight used to determine the best path. This value replaces the importance
assigned to the route by the weight parameter in the neighbor configuration.
Origin, Set Nexthop, These parameters modify the path attributes with the same name in the update
Set Metric, Set Local message.
Preference, Set
Atomic Aggregate,
Set Aggregate AS
number, Set AS Path,
AS Path Prepend,
AS Path AS-SET
STEP SEVEN
The neighbor definition should now be changed again to include the new route map. This is done in the Neighbor
Menu described in step 2.
STEP EIGHT
This last step permits aggregation of networks inside the AS to simplify routing tables. In the example in Figure
12.4, the two networks can be aggregated to form one network with the IP address/Mask of 200.50.50.0/23.
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CONFIG=>IP=>BGP4=>AGGREGATE ADDRESSES=>ADD
Parameter
Number
Description
An ID for reference.
Address
Mask (bitlen)
AS Set
The aggregated address. In the example, 200.50.50.0.
The mask for the aggregated address. In the example, 23.
Yes causes the route to be tagged with the AS Set path attribute. Otherwise, the AS
Sequence path attribute is assigned.
Summary Only
Yes removes all more specific routes, leaving only the aggregated form. No maintains
both the individual and aggregated routes.
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CHAPTER 12 CYROS, THE OPERATING SYSTEM
This chapter explains various operating system features that are not covered in other chapters:
• creation of the host table
• creation of user accounts and passwords
• IP Accounting
Creation of the host table
CyROS allows identification of hosts by name. In the menu CONFIG =>SYSTEM=>HOSTS, each host is assigned
a number (1 to 32), and a host name (a maximum of 8 characters). The IP address to be associated with this host
name and the port to be used for telnet is then requested. This host name can be used in aplications like ping and
telnet, and in some other configuration menus.
Another way to identify hosts by name is to configure access to a DNS Server. This is done in the menu CONFIG
=>IP =>DNS CLIENT. The domain name where the router is located and two DNS Server IP addresses are the
only parameters.
Creation of user accounts and passwords
Four users are preset:
1 super with the password surt,
2 usr with no password,
3 auto with no password, and
4 pppauto with no password
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Other users can be created and the user “usr” can be assigned a password. The password of the super user
should be changed as soon as possible. The menu CONFIG=>SECURITY=>USERS allows addition, deletion,
and modification of the list of users. The parameters are:
• User Name,
• Password,
• User Type: Super, Usr, Auto, or PPPAuto,
• User Status: Disabled or Enabled,
• Hosts 1 through 4 (the host names entered here must already exist in the host table).
• Automatic login name for hosts 1 through 4 (only for user of type auto)
Then the main menu items for this user are determined:
• Telnet,
• Ping,
• Traceroute,
• PPP,
• SLIP.
Lastly, any restrictions as to how the user may log in are defined:
• Console,
• Terminal,
• PPP Terminal,
• Telnet,
• PAD Terminal.
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The super user has access to all menus. The usr user is shown a menu, upon sucessful login, with the items
chosen in the user’s profile. The pppauto user is connected directly to the user via PPP. No menu appears. The
auto user is connected via telnet directly to the host specified as host 1 in the user profile. If an automatic login
name is indicated when the auto user is configured, the user is logged in to the remote host directly (though a
password may be necessary, depending on the remote host configuration).
IP Accounting
IP Accounting is used to count the total number of packets allowed (or not) to pass through an interface. Statistics
are given for packets that meet the criterions defined in a rule. (Traffic Rules are not supported). To see all
packets, a special rule list permitting everything can be defined. Rules are described in chapter 14.
Two versions of the IP account table are available for viewing. The result of INFO =>SHOW ACCOUNT TABLE
=>SUMMARY is shown below for four filter rules.
IP Accounting Table
Interface Direction Filter List Rule Bytes Packets
Ethernet
Ethernet
slot 3
Outgoing
Incoming
Outgoing
Incoming
generic
generic
swan3out
swan3in
0
0
17
15
24876 3072
49254 3358
21362 3223
32563 3131
slot 3
Detailed information can be accessed via SNMP.
To use IP Accounting, two parameters must be set. When a rule is created, the parameter CONFIG =>RULES
LIST =>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES =>ADD RULE =>ALLOW ACCOUNT PROCESS must be Yes. Additionally,
when applying a rule to an interface, the parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK
PROTOCOL =>IP =>DETAILED INCOMING /OUTGOING IP ACCOUNTING must also be Enabled.
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CHAPTER 13 NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION)
NAT exists to convert local IP addresses into Internet “global” IP addresses. Internet IP addresses are assigned
by Internet providers. Due to the explosion of the internet, these numbers are scarce. Certain ranges of IP
addresses are reserved for internal use only — they may not have a direct connection to the Internet. These are
used as local IP addresses. Figure 11.1 shows an example of the utility of NAT:
Networks
192.168.0.0 &
200.200.200.0
Global Address Range
- Network: 200.240.230.224
- Mask: 255.255.255.240
ftp
Server
192.168.0.30
Host
Host
PC
200.240.230.2
WWW
Server
192.168.0.31
200.200.200.11
200.200.200.10
PR4000 With
Expanded NAT
192.168.0.5
Router Ethernet Port
Primary IP Address: 192.168.0.1
Secondary IP Address: 200.200.200.1
FIGURE 11.1 NAT EXAMPLE
In this example, the company has:
• 14 global IP addresses available for NAT, 200.240.230.225 to 200.240.230.238,
• Two networks connected to the router via the Ethernet Interface, one of which will be translated,
• Two servers that are accessed via the same global IP address, assigned statically.
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There are two types of NAT available in CyROS -- Normal NAT and Expanded NAT. This chapter describes
Expanded NAT. A description of Normal NAT appears in Chapter 4 of the CyROS Reference Guide.
What is the difference between Expanded and Normal Mode NAT? The Normal Mode is a previous
implementation of NAT used in the Power Router line. It has been maintained for backward
compatibility. Expanded NAT provides static translation not only from one IP address to another, but
from one IP address/port pair to another IP address/port pair.
As a preview, after configuring the router as shown in the example, CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>L will
display:
NAT Enabled
NAT mode Expanded
Port map translation Enabled
UDP Timeout (min) 5
DNS Timeout (min) 1
TCP Timeout (min) 1440
TCP flags Timeout (min) 1
NAT Global Addresses
#
1
address range
200.240.230.225 to 200.240.230.238
NAT Local Addresses
#
1
address range
192.168.0.0
255.255.255.0
translated
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NAT Static Translation Table
# Global address / port
local address / Port
Protocol
TPC
1 200.240.230.225 /
2 200.240.230.225 /
3 200.240.230.225 /
20
21
80
192.168.0.30
192.168.0.30
192.168.0.31
/
/
/
20
21
80
TPC
TPC
Types of Address Translation
In dynamic address translation, a pool of global IP addresses is loosely related to a pool of local IP addresses.
Mapping of one onto the other is done dynamically whenever a computer on the local network requests a connection
to the external network. When the connection is broken, the global IP address is returned to the pool. Hosts
connected via dynamic address translation must initiate all connections with the external network.
In static address translation, one global IP address (or global IP address / port pair) is permanently associ-
ated with one local IP address (or global IP address / port pair). In the example, the web server is connected to
one of the global IP addresses for services on port 80, reducing the IP address pool to 13. Static address
translation is used when the connection with the external network is to be initiated from either side — external
or internal.
Translation may be done in two ways:
1 Address translation only – each global address is assigned to a single local address when necessary. In the
example, there are only 13 global addresses available and more than 13 hosts . With this type of translation,
only 13 servers can connect to the Internet at any given time.
2 Port and address translation — the UDP/TCP port and local IP address are translated as a pair. With this
type of translation, only ONE global address is needed. All hosts can be mapped to the same global IP
address. This can be used in our example to allow all hosts in the 192.168.0.0 network access to the Internet
at the same time.
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An overview of the NAT menu is shown in the table below.
NAT Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT
Menu Option
Description
General
Parameters for enabling NAT and choosing the NAT Mode. Also includes port
translation option.
Global Address
Local Address
Static Translation
Timeout
The first and last IP addresses in the range. In the example, these numbers are
200.240.230.225 and 200.240.230.238.
The local network IP address and network mask, and whether or not the network should
be translated. In the example, these numbers are 192.168.0.0 and 255.255.255.0.
Defines a static translation between a global IP address/port pair and a local IP
address/port pair. In the example, three such pairs are defined.
Definition of inactivity timeouts for UDP, DNS, and TCP dynamic NAT translations.
STEP ONE
The first step in the configuration of NAT is to enable NAT and choose the NAT Mode (Normal or Extended). Only
the extended mode is discussed in this chapter. The normal mode is a previous version of NAT maintained for
backwards compatability. See chapter 4 of the CyROS Reference Guide for information about the Normal Mode.
NAT Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GENERAL
Menu Option
NAT Status
NAT Mode
Description
Enables NAT.
Provides a choice between the previous NAT version (the Normal Mode) and the new
Extended NAT version.
Disable Port
Translation
Disables/enables NAT with port translation. If this parameter is changed while the router
is in use, all the active translations are destroyed, and their entries are removed from the
translation table.
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STEP TWO
The parameters in the Timeout Menu are explained in more detail below. The preset values should be appropriate
for most applications.
Timeout and Options Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>TIMEOUT AND OPTIONS
Parameter
Description
UDP Timeout
Inactivity time required before a UDP translation is removed from the translation table.
An entry is created in the translation table the first time a UDP packet passes through the
interface. Five minutes is a reasonable time.
DNS Timeout
TCP Timeout
Inactivity time required before a DNS translation is removed from the translation table.
Inactivity time required before a TCP translation is removed from the translation table.
This time should be relatively long, because under normal conditions TCP connections
are formally disconnected with FIN (No more data from sender) or RST (Reset
Connection) flags.
TCP Flags Timeout Inactivity time required, after the receipt of a FIN, RST, or SYN (Synchronize sequence
numbers) flag, before a TCP translation is removed from the translation table. This time
can be relatively short, because after the TCP connection has been closed, there is no
further need for its address translation.
STEP THREE
The next step is to define the global address range to which the local addresses will be translated. This is done in
the menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>GLOBAL ADDRESSES =>ADD RANGE. The First IP Address in
the example in Figure 11.1 is 200.240.230.225, while the Last IP Address is 200.240.230.238.
The local address ranges must also be entered into the router in the menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>LOCAL
ADDRESSES =>ADD RANGE. Here, the Network IP Address (192.168.0.0 in the example) and Network Mask
(255.255.255.0 in the example) are entered. Since this range is to be translated, the parameter Should This
Range be Translated should be set to Yes. In the example, the network 200.200.200.0 is not to be translated.
This can be configured by adding a new range and setting the translation parameter to No, or by simply not adding
the range.
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STEP FOUR
If static translations are to be performed, as described in the example, the parameters in the Static Translation
Menu must be set. A brief explanation of each parameter is given in the table.
Static Translation Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>NAT =>STATIC TRANSLATION => ADD ENTRY
Parameter
Description
Global IP Address One of the addresses assigned by the Internet access provider and included in one of
the NAT global address ranges.
Protocol
TCP, UDP, ICMP, or any protocol.
Global Port
The port to be translated on the WAN side. When a request comes in on port 80 for IP
200.240.230.225 in the example, it is sent to the server with IP 192.168.0.31, port 80
The IP address of the server (on the LAN, in the example) which is translated to an
Internet IP address.
The port to be translated on the LAN side. When a request comes in on port 80 for IP
200.240.230.225 in the example, it is sent to the server with IP 192.168.0.31, port 80.
Local IP Address
Local Port
STEP FIVE
After the NAT menu parameters have been set, the NAT property in the Network Protocol Menu of each interface
must be configured. In the example, the IP Address of the Ethernet interface is not assigned dynamically. The
parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP=>NAT - DYNAMIC ADDRESS
ASSIGNMENT should be set to Inactive. The IP address of the interface connecting the router to the Internet is
also assigned by the super user in the example, rather than dynamically. The parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE
=>SWAN =>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>IP=>NAT - DYNAMIC ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT would also be set to
Inactive.
After NAT has been configured and is running, the menu option INFO =>SHOW STATISTICS =>NAT will show
Network Address Translation Statistics.
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CHAPTER 14 RULES AND FILTERS
There are four basic types of rules:
1 IP filter rules,
2 Radius rules (actually a combination of previously defined IP filter rules),
3 traffic control rules, and
4 transparent bridge rules (similar to IP filter rules, but for applications that use a transparent bridge).
IP filter rules and traffic control rules will be covered in detail in this chapter. See section 4.7 of the CyROS
Reference Guide for more information about all four types of rules.
As an introduction, the Rules List Menu Tree is presented in Figure 12.1. First, a rule list is created and named.
Second, rules are added to the list and defined.
Configuration of IP Filters
IP Filter rules are a very important part of a network’s firewall. They permit packets into or out of the network
depending on the source and destination IP addresses, the source and destination ports, the protocol used, and
the ACK bit for TCP packets. The Syslog can be used to monitor the packets that meet the rules applied in this
menu.
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Config
Rules List
IP
Add Rule List
Rule List Name
Rule Status
Rule List Type
Default Scope
Edit Rule List
Same as Add
Rule List
Incoming Rule List Name
Outgoing Rule List Name
Linked Rule List Name N
Configure Rules
Rule List Name
Add Rule
Insert as Rule Number
Rule Status
Scope
Rule Priority Level
Reserved Bandwidth
Bandwidth Priority Level
Protocol
Source IP Operator
IP Address Start Mask
IP Address Start
IP Address End
Destination IP Operator
IP Address Start Mask
IP Address Start
IP Address End
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
Source Port End
Destination Port Operator
Destination Port Start
Destination Port End
Allow TCP connections
Allow Account Process
Delete Rule
Edit Rule
Rule to delete
Same Parameters as Add Rule
Clear Rule List
FIGURE 12.1 THE RULES LIST MENU TREE
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Exterior Router
ETH0
Perimeter Network
192.168.0.0
Slot 1
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2
172.16.0.0
Router
Slot 1
Interior Router
192.168.0.3
ETH0
Bastion
Host
10.0.0.0
Extension to Network
FIGURE 12.2 FIREWALL EXAMPLE
Figure 12.2 will be used to show how both an exterior router and an interior router would be configured using the
filters available in CyROS.
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Exterior Router
The exterior router is the network’s first defense against attacks. For this reason, it is reasonable to prohibit all
packets except for those explicitly allowed. This is done by choosing the Default Scope to be Deny. Thus, ALL
desired traffic must be expressly allowed by the rules in the rule list.
W
o
r
l
d
o
f
P
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
P
a
c
k
e
t
Let
e-mail in
s
Let
e-mail out
DENY
Let Telnet
Connections Out
FIGURE 12.3 DENY AS DEFAULT SCOPE
In Figure 12.3, a conceptual equivalent of the interface is shown. All packets except those which fall into the holes
in the ball will be denied entry in to or out of the network.
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Steps necessary to activate filtering on the exterior router in the example:
1 There are two interfaces with two directions each. Filtering on link 1 requires the creation of two rule lists,
called exterior_in and exterior_out. Create them using the menu CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP
=>ADD RULE LIST and the following parameters:
Rule List Type = Filter
Default Scope = Deny
Linked Rule List Name = None
2 Create the rules for each rule list in the order in which they should be evaluated. The order is important and
mis-ordering the rules can cause unexpected results. This is done in the menu CONFIG =>RULES LIST
=>IP =>CONFIGURE RULES. The parameters for rules 0 and 1 in the example are shown in Figure 12.4.
3 Link the rule lists to the respective interface parameters in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>NETWORK PROTOCOL =>INCOMING/ OUTGOING RULE LIST NAME. exterior_in should be set as the
incoming rule list name and exterior_out should be set as the outgoing rule list name.
Exterior_in, rule 0, allows a remote computer to connect to the bastion host using the TCP protocol on its
SMTP port. Exterior_out, rule 0, allows the Bastion Server to RESPOND to the connection started by the
remote computer. To send e-mail out, two more rules would be needed. If all the router needs to do is receive e-
mail, the configuration is done. If not, other “holes” must be created in the deny ball.
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The configuration for “Let e-mail in” is shown in the following figure (obtained by selecting CONFIG =>RULES
LIST =>IP =>L in the menus):
Rules Lists
Rule List Name
Rule
Status
Default
Scope
List
Type
Linked
Rule
List
exterior_in
exterior_out
Enabled
Enabled
Deny
Deny
Filter
Filter
Filter_list Name exterior_in
Rule 0
Status
Scope
Protocol
Enabled
Permit
TCP
Source IP Operator
Destination IP Operator
Destination IP start
Destination IP Mask
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
None
Equal
192.168.0.3
255.255.255.255
Greater than
1023
Destination Port Operator Equal
Destination Port Start
TCP connections allowed
Account Process allowed
SMTP
Y
N
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Filter_list Name exterior_out
Rule 0
Status
Scope
Enabled
Permit
Protocol
TCP
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP Operator
Source Port Operator
Source Port Start
Equal
192.168.0.3
255.255.255.255
None
Equal
SMTP
Destination Port Operator Greater than
Destination Port Start
TCP connections allowed
Account Process allowed
1023
N
N
FIGURE 12.4 OUTPUT FOR IP FILTERING EXAMPLE
Interior Router
If an interior router exists in the network, the administrator may decide to use a Default Scope of Permit. In this
case, all undesired traffic must be excluded by a rule in the rule list. In Figure 12.5, a conceptual equivalent of
the interface is shown.
All packets except those which fall into the holes in the ball will be allowed entry in to or out of the network.
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W
o
r
l
d
o
f
P
o
s
si
b
l
e
P
a
Stop
Forged Packets
c
k
e
t
s
PERMIT
Don’t Allow
Access to News
PERMIT
Stop Telnets
From the Outside
(Except Bastion Host)
PERMIT
FIGURE 12.5 PERMIT DEFAULT SCOPE
The configuration for “Stop forged packets” is shown in the following listing:
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Rules Lists
Rule List Name
Rule
Status
Default
Scope
List
Type
Linked
Rule
List
slot1_in
Enabled
Permit
Filter
Filter_list Name slot1_in
Rule 0
Status
Scope
Protocol
Enabled
Deny
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP Operator
Source Port Operator
Destination Port Operator
TCP connections allowed
Account Process allowed
Equal
10.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
None
None
None
Y
N
Slot1_in, rule 0, prohibits any incoming packets with source IP addresses of the internal network. Since the
addresses used for internal networks cannot be routed on the Internet, they cannot be valid unless there is a leak
of traffic through another router to the perimeter network.
Imagine that, as shown in the figure, the network is expanded and another range of IP addresses is used (not a
sub-network). Rule 0in the list Slot1_inwill not protect this network. Either another rule can be added to this
list, or the new router can filter packets into its area (or both).
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Traffic Rule Lists
There are three kinds of traffic rules that can be configured in CyROS. The first two determine a division of
bandwidth for traffic flowing out of the router:
1 Traffic Shaping (the division of bandwidth is strictly adhered to),
2 Bandwidth Reservation (the division with the larger priority can steal bandwidth from the others),
An example showing the first two types is given in figure 12.6.
Network of
Client A
50% or more
of total bandwidth
INTERNET
Link 3
Link 0
11.11.11.1
Link 2
33.33.33.1
25% or less
of total bandwidth
Link 1
22.22.22.1
25% or less
of total bandwidth
Client C
Client B
FIGURE 12.6 TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 1
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The third determines which services have priority flowing through the router:
3 Service Prioritization.
An Internet provider has three clients connected to the same router. Client A is larger and without traffic control
would overwhelm the router to the exclusion of Clients B and C. The administrator decides to divide the flow out
of the router (to the Internet) into three portions: 50% guaranteed for Client A, and the rest divided equally
between Clients B and C. Since he does not want to limit Client A needlessly, the bandwidth Client A uses can be
increased on demand if the total bandwidth is not being used up by the other two clients. This is Bandwidth
Reservation.
The two clients with 25% bandwidth each are given lesser, but equal priorities. They can not share bandwidth or
steal it from Client A. However, each has the right to 25% of the total bandwidth on link 3 if it is needed. This is
Traffic Shaping.
Note that this rule list is applied to link 3, and not separately on links 0-2.
Steps for this configuration.
1 Create a Traffic Rule list traffic_1. This is done in the CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP => ADD RULE LIST
menu with the Rule List Type set to Traffic.
2 Create rules for each of the three source IP addresses. This is done in the CONFIG =>RULES LIST =>IP
=>ADD RULE menu. The parameters for each rule are shown in Figure 12.7. Of the traffic parameters, only
the Reserved Bandwidth and Bandwidth Priority parameters are important in this example. Flow Priority is
not used.
3 Enter into the configuration for link 3 and change the parameter CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>IP TRAFFIC CONTROL LIST = traffic_1.
Note that the bandwidth used for the percentage calculation is that set in CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>TRAFFIC CONTROL =>GENERAL =>BANDWIDTH, and not the actual bandwidth available in the link.
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Rules Lists
Rule List Name Rule
Status
Default
Scope
List
Type
Linked
Rule
List
traffic_1
Enabled
Traffic
Filter_list Name traffic_1
Rule 0
Status
Enabled
Flow priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
0
50%
1
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP Operator
Source Port Operator
Equal
11.11.11.0
255.255.255.0
None
None
Destination Port Operator None
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Rule 1
Status
Enabled
Flow Priority
0
Rule bandwidth
25%
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP Operator
Source Port Operator
Destination Port Operator
2
0
Equal
22.22.22.0
255.255.255.0
None
None
None
Rule 2
Status
Enabled
Flow Priority
0
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
25%
2
0
Source IP Operator
Source IP start
Source IP Mask
Destination IP Operator
Source Port Operator
Destination Port Operator
Equal
33.33.33.0
255.255.255.0
None
None
None
FIGURE 12.7 OUTPUT SHOWING PARAMETERS FOR TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 1
An example showing the third type of traffic control is given in Figure 12.8. The network administrator wants to
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prioritize the access to his web server. He also wants to prioritize e-mail sent by his SMTP server, but the priority
should be lower. All other traffic should have the lowest priority. For web server access, the important flow
direction is not the user requests, but rather the data requested. The traffic control rule must be placed on link 2.
In the case of e-mail, the important flow is the data leaving the e-mail server, and not the acknowledgements back.
This is also governed by link 2. (Note: flow control could be placed on the data request packets and the SMTP
acknowledgements by associating rules to link 1.)
E-mail Server
Port: Any
Web Server
out
Back
E-mail
ACKs
Link 2
PR4000
Link 1
Requests
Port: 80
Data
Requested
INTERNET
Port: 25 (SMTP)
E-mail Server
Port: Any
Web Client
FIGURE 12.8 TRAFFIC RULE EXAMPLE 2
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The configured rules will appear as shown in the following listing.
Note that for this type of traffic control, of the traffic-specific parameters only Flow Priority is used. The Reserved
Bandwidth and Bandwidth Priority parameters are not important. A system needing all three is conceivable, but
much too complicated to show in this manual.
Rules Lists
Rule List Rule
Default List
Linked
Name
Status Scope
Type
Rule
List
web_access Enabled
Filter_list Name web_access
Rule 0
Traffic
Rule 1
Status
Enabled
1
0%
0
TCP
None
None
Status
Enabled
2
0%
Flow priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
Source IP Operator
Destination IP
Operator
Flow Priority
Rule bandwidth
Bandwidth priority
Protocol
Source IP Operator
Destination IP
Operator
0
TCP
None
None
Source Port Operator Equal
Source Port Operator None
Source Port Start
80
Destination Port
Operator
Equal
Destination Port
Operator
None
Destination Port
Start
SMTP
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CHAPTER 15 IPX (INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE)
IPX is an alternative to IP, proprietary to Novell. When IPX is activated, many new menus appear to allow
configuration of this type of network. IP and IPX can both be active in the router simultaneously, and an interface
can have both IP and IPX traffic passing through it. IPX is not discussed in the other chapters of this manual to
avoid confusion for those who are using IP.
Server Named “Colombo”
Novell Network Management Station
Mac Address: 00: 60: 2E: 00: 11: 11
Internal Network Number: 00000003
IPX Network
Number: 00A0B000
PR2000
Static Route
ETH0
Internal Network
Number: 00000001
Slot 1
IPXWAN Network
Number: 00B0C000
PR3000
Windows Network with
Network Number: 00010001
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
Internal Network
Number: 00000002
Mac Address: 00: 60: 2E: 00: 11: 00
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
FIGURE 13.1 IPX NETWORK EXAMPLE
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Enabling IPX
The first step is to activate the IPX feature in the router. This is accomplished using the menu option ADMIN
=>ENABLE FEATURES => IPX. The IPX protocol must also be activated in the menu CONFIG =>IPX => GENERAL.
In this menu, the Internal Network Number (the unique number assigned to the router) and the Maximum Number
of Hops must be defined. The maximum number of hops defines how many routers can be on the path from this
router to the destination of any packet sent through this interface.
Configuring the Ethernet Interface
The example in Figure 13.1 will be used to explain the remaining parameters that must be configured. The
Ethernet interface for the PR2000 is examined first. In the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE => ETHERNET =>
ENCAPSULATION, the Ethernet interface must be activated. The MAC address should be correct, as it is preset
at the factory. For IPX, the Encapsulation parameter should be set according to the value used by the servers on
the network..
In the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE => ETHERNET => NETWORK PROTOCOL => IPX, the protocol should be
activated and the LAN Network Number (00A0B000 in the example) set. All other parameters are explained in
chapter 5.
Configuring Other Interfaces
This stage depends on which board is occupying slot 1 and which encapsulation will be used. Each encapsulation
option will be discussed separately. Read the chapter describing the configuration for the appropriate interface,
consulting this section for details on IPX-specific parameters.
PPP
The parameters for the PPP data-link protocol are discussed in chapter 10. Only the parameters particular to the
IPX protocol will be described here. The are located in the CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>PPP. The first parameter is the IPXWAN Network Number, shown in Figure 13.1 as
00B0C000. IPX Compression can be enabled, and if so the Number of Compression Slots determined. If enabled,
it must be used on both sides of the link (both routers in Figure 13.1) in order for the link to work.
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The parameter Send SAP Update can be set to Demand, Periodic, or None. This parameter affects both SAP and
RIP. Periodic causes the router to send these messages every minute, while choosing Demand will cause the
router to send messages only when a message request is received.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay parameters are explained in chapter 10. The IPX-protocol-specific parameters are the same as
those described in the preceding section, but are located in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE>
=>ENCAPSULATION =>FRAME RELAY => <ESC> => ADD DLCI.
X.25
X.25 is explained in chapter 10. The IPX-protocol-specific parameters are the same as those described in the
PPP section, but are located in the menu CONFIG =>INTERFACE =><INTERFACE> =>ENCAPSULATION =>X25
=> <ESC> => ADD DTE.
Routing
Routing can be done statically, by configuring static routes, or dynamically using RIP. RIP is described in chapter
11. To create a static route, as shown in Figure 13.1, navigate to the menu CONFIG => STATIC ROUTES => IPX
=>ADD ROUTE. The parameters for the system shown in the example are the following:
Add IPX Static Route Menu CONFIG => STATIC ROUTES => IPX =>ADD ROUTE
Parameter
Value for the Example
Destination Network 00010001
Number
Interface
Slot 1
Next Hop Node
Number of Hops
Number of Ticks
00602e001100
1 (one router is between the router being configured and the network to be reached)
1 (related to the time necessary to reach the network)
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The routing table is displayed by the menu option INFO => SHOW ROUTING TABLE => IPX. For the example,
and using only the static route created above, the routing table appears as in Figure 13.2.
Destination Interface/ Subinterface/ hops ticks Type
Remote address
00000001
00A0B000
00010001
00B0C000
0
0
1
1
1
1
PrimaryNet
Connected
Static
Ethernet
Slot1 Node 00602E001100 1
Slot1
0
Connected
FIGURE 13.2 ROUTING TABLE FOR THE EXAMPLE
The SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) Table
In Novell networks, a given server can provide various services. In order for the router to identify these servers,
their locations and services are entered into a SAP table in the router. This is done using the menu CONFIG
=>IPX => SAP TABLE. The parameters for each entry are shown in the table.
SAP Table Menu CONFIG =>IPX => SAP TABLE
Parameter
Description
Service Type
Service this server offers. ? provides a list of valid codes. For the server Columbo, in
the example, this code is 0166.
In the example, the name is Columbo.
00000003
Server Name
Service Network
Number
Server Node
Server Socket
Number
00602e001111
? provides a list of valid codes.
Number of Hops
Number of routers between this router and the server. 0 in the example.
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CHAPTER 16 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONFIGURATION
The Virtual Private Network utility can be used on any link using IP routing. It is used to provide greater security
between two or more networks connected through a public communications network. The basic concepts are
presented in Figure 14.1. An IP datagram is sent by a device on the LAN. The message arrives at the router. The
router has two tables. One with all the IP addresses contained in the Local Security Network and another with all
the IP addresses in the Remote Security Networks. If the source IP address is contained in the Local Security
Network list and the destination IP address is contained in the Remote Security Network list, the message is
encrypted and encapsulated. The only destination address is that for the remote gateway (defined in the Remote
Security Network list). Upon arrival at the remote gateway, the packet is unwrapped and sent to its destination.
Message
Message
PC
PC
Local
Gateway
Remote
Gateway
IP Datagram
sent by user
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Header
PR4000
Header
PR3000
Message
Message
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options and Data
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options and Data
Public
Network
As sent by
local Gateway
As received by
remote Gateway
Header with destination:
remote security gateway
IP Address
Header with destination:
remote security gateway
IP Address
Conversion
performed by Router
with Cyclades’ VPN
Encrypted IP Datagram
Encrypted IP Datagram
FIGURE 14.1 CONVERSION PERFORMED BY CYCLADES’ VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK UTILITY
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An example showing a local security network and two remote security networks is shown in Figure 14.2. The
PR4000 in the local security network will be configured step by step. (Which network is considered local and
which network is considered remote depends on the router being configured.)
STEP ONE
The Virtual Private Network Utility must be Enabled in the ADMIN =>ENABLE FEATURES =>VPN menu before it
can be used. Navigate to this menu and enter the password supplied by Cyclades to activate VPN.
STEP TWO
Link 1 of the PR4000 (RSG3) should be fully configured and operational before beginning the VPN configuration.
Each router has an IP address (with optional secondary IP addresses) for each numbered interface. In addition,
each router has a Router IP Address which is one of the interface IP addresses. This router IP address is used
whenever a single IP address is needed to identify the router. It is critical that each router being used as a remote
security gateway have this parameter defined. It is NOT defined automatically. Navigate to CONFIG =>IP
=>ROUTER IP and confirm that this parameter has been defined and is set to the value desired. An address that
can be routed on the internet is generally used.
Important!! The Router IP Addresses for the other Remote Security Gateways (RSG1 and RSG2 in the example)
must also be known before beginning the configuration of RSG3.
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REMOTE SECURITY NETWORK 1
Router
IP:10..255.255.0
Link 1
IP: 50.50.50.1
RSG1
PR4000
LOCAL SECURITY NETWORK
IP: 10.0.0.0
Router IP Address:
9.9.9.1
RSG3 - Remote
Security Gateway
IP Network
Router
Link 1
IP: 70.70.70.1
Link 2
IP: 190.190.190.1
REMOTE SECURITY NETWORK 2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
ETH0
Link 1
IP: 20.20.20.1
IP:172.16.0.0
PR3000
Router IP Address:
190.190.190.1
RSG2
PR2000
IP:192.168.0.0
Router IP Address:
20.20.20.1
FIGURE 14.2 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK EXAMPLE
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STEP THREE
Use the menu item INFO =>SHOW ROUTING TABLE to confirm that the other Remote Security Gateways (RSGs),
and all the networks included in the Remote Security Networks, are reachable. In the example, this would require
that all of the following appear in RSG3’s routing table:
• RSG1 router IP address: 9.9.9.1
• Network connected to RSG1 that will be included in Remote Security Network 1: 10.255.255.0
• RSG2 router IP address: 20.20.20.1
• Network connected to RSG2 that will be included in Remote Security Network 2: 192.168.0.0
These IP addresses should appear as a destination or be contained in one of the destination networks listed in the
routing table. If an address is not in the routing table, add it following the instructions given in chapter 11 for static
routes.
STEP FOUR
The next step is to define the devices contained in the Local Security Network. Navigate to the menu CONFIG
=>SECURITY =>VPN =>LOCAL IP NETWORKS =>ADD NETWORK. Enter the Network IP address and mask
for all devices to be included in the local network for VPN purposes. In the example, the networks 10.0.0.0 and
172.16.0.0 must be added.
Traffic from other networks attached to the router will still be routed. The only difference is that the
messages will be forwarded without processing and encryption by the VPN software.
STEP FIVE
The Gateways (represented by RSG1 and RSG2 in the example) must be defined. The Router IP address for
each gateway is requested, along with a secret. This secret is not global, but rather applies to each pair of RSGs.
If RSG3 defines the secret for RSG1 as rumpelstiltskin, then RSG1’s secret for RSG3 must also be rumpelstiltskin.
It is critical that the Router IP Address (as described in step two) be used, and not the IP address of the link
connected to the IP network (unless the two IP addresses happen to be the same).
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STEP SIX
Now, the Remote Security Networks must be defined. This is done in the CONFIG =>SECURITY =>VPN
=>REMOTE IP NETWORKS =>ADD NETWORK menu. The IP address and network mask must be defined for
all remote devices to be included in the remote network for VPN communication. The Remote Security Gateway
IP address (set in step five) must also be given for each network. In the example, the RSG IP address for the
network 10.255.255.0 is 9.9.9.1, and the RSG IP address for the network 192.168.0.0 is 20.20.20.1.
STEP SEVEN
The last step is to activate VPN and configure the VPN options. Be aware that after activating VPN on the local
network, data sent to the remote network will not be forwarded until VPN is configured and activated on that
network too. The VPN Options Menu parameters should be set using the guidelines given below. The options
should be defined identically for all Remote Security Gateways in a VPN.
VPN Options Menu CONFIG =>SECURITY =>VPN =>OPTIONS
Parameter
Description
Cyclades VPN Status Activates the Virtual Private Network. Warning: until VPN is activated on both ends of
a given tunnel, all traffic will halt.
Tunnel Keepalive
Timeout
Tunnel Keepalive
Retries
Keepalive messages are sent across each tunnel with this frequency, to make sure
that the router on the other end of the connection is operating.
If a keepalive message reply is not received, the router sends the request again this
number of times.
Tunnel Inactivity
Timeout
If no messages are passed for this time period (keepalive messages not included), the
tunnel will be disconnected.
Time Interval for VPN This is the time between retries (for either tunnel creation or keepalive requests that
Retries are not acknowledged).
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APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING
What to Do if the Login Screen Does Not Appear When Using a Console.
1 Check the configuration of the terminal. The correct values are given in chapter 2.
2 Check to see if the router booted correctly. Before the login screen appears, boot messages should appear
on the screen. If the system halts while booting, the last message on the screen should give an indication of
what went wrong. Boot messages will also appear on the LCD display on the front panel of the PR4000.
When the boot process is complete, the Cyclades logo will appear on the screen.
3 While the router is booting, the LEDs labeled Port 1 and Port 2 indicate the stage of the boot process, as
shown in Figure A.1.
Test "CPU" 3" 2" "1" Boot Code step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
On
On
On
On
Off Off On Boot Code CRC check
Off On off Configuration vector load
Off On on DRAM test
On Off off Flash memory - Configuration validation
On Off on Flash memory - Code validation
On On off Interface cards detection
On On on Ethernet port detection
Off Off off Real Time Clock test
9
10
11
Off Off on Boot code selection
off On off Load of the operating code
off On on Control is being passed to the operating code
FIGURE A.1 ILLUMINATION OF LEDS WHILE ROUTER IS BOOTING.
Note that all four LEDs blinking simultaneously indicates a memory problem, such as when no RAM is installed.
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What to Do if the Router Does Not Work or Stops Working.
1 Check that the cables are connected correctly and firmly.
2 Confirm that the Link LED is lit for the (Fast) Ethernet Port being used, indicating proper Ethernet cable
termination. If it is not lit, check both ends of the (Fast) Ethernet cable and the hub connection. If it is lit, test
the interface as described in the next section.
3 If port 2 is not being used, the port 2 LED doubles as a CPU status LED. If port 2 is being used, disconnect the
cable temporarily to see the CPU status. The Port 2 LED should blink consistently one second on, one
second off. If this is not the case, see figure A.2 for an interpretation of the blink pattern.
Event
Port 2 LED Morse code
S (short, short, short...)
L (long, long, long, ...)
Normal Operation
Flash Memory Error – Code
Flash Memory Error – Configuration S, L
Ethernet Error
S, S, L
No Interface Card Detected
Network Boot Error
Real-Time Clock Error
S, S, S, L
S, S, S, S, L
S, S, S, S, S, L
FIGURE A.2 PORT 2 (CPU) LED CODE INTERPRETATION
Note: The Ethernet error mentioned in Figure A.2 will occur automatically if the Fast Ethernet link is not connected
to an external hub during boot. If the Fast Ethernet is not being used or is connected later, this error can be
ignored.
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4 Make sure any external modem, DSU/CSU, or interface equipment is properly connected and that the interface
configuration is correct. Many cables have the same connector, but are not interchangeable.
5 Make sure that the line (T1 or E1) is active. The menu command INFO=>SHOW STATUS will show the status
of each channel. A status of Not Synchronized could mean that the problem is related to the line. The line
provider should be able to test the connection. If, after testing the line, the not synchronized status persists,
try testing the T1/E1 ports as described later in this chapter.
6 Confirm that the interface configuration is correct and has been saved to either flash or run, and that the
Controller Menu parameters are correct. Compare the cable pinout to the connector pinout (shown in Appendix
B of the Installation Manual). Different standards exist and an adaptor may be necessary.
7 Place a call to the PR4000 and see if a modem is being allocated. The menu command INFO=>SHOW
DIGITAL MODEMS=>SHOW STATUS displays the status of each modem and related information. This
information is also available using the CyROS Management Utility or the LCD display on the front panel. See
chapter 3 for more information on using CyROS.
8 Setting the menu item CONFIG=>SYSTEM=>SYSLOG to level 7 will cause the syslog to show if incoming
calls are reaching the PR4000. The menu INFO=>SHOW STATISTICS may also show useful information.
9 Many problems are due to an incorrect configuration of the switch on the part of the line provider. See
chapter 2, What is in the Box, for guidance in the solution of problems of this type.
Testing the Ethernet Interface.
The simplest way to test the link is by using the ping application. (If the Ethernet Interface appears to not be
working, it will be necessary to connect the console cable and access CyROS using a Computer or terminal.)
From the main menu, choose APPLICATIONS =>PING. Enter the IP number of a host on the network for the
HOST parameter and accept the preset values for the rest of the parameters. The output on the screen should
appear as shown below.
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Pinging the router from a host on the network should give similar results. If the test fails, confirm that the link LED
on the front panel is lit and that the IP Address and Subnet Mask parameters in the Network Protocol menu are
correct for the network to which the router is attached. The command CONFIG =>INTERFACE =>ETHERNET
=>L will display the current values of the interface parameters.
Host [host00] : 200.246.93.37
packet size (number from 32 to 1600) [32] :
count (0 if forever or 1 to 30000) [5] :
interval in ms (20 to 60000) [1000] :
PING 200.246.93.37 (200.246.93.37): 32 data bytes
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=1 ttl=127 time=1.96 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=2 ttl=127 time=1.02 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=3 ttl=127 time=0.99 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=4 ttl=127 time=0.99 ms
32 bytes from (200.246.93.37): icmp_seq=5 ttl=127 time=0.98 ms
--- 200.246.93.37 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.98/1.19/1.96 ms
Testing the WAN Interface
The WAN interface can be tested using ping as described in the previous section. If the ping is not successful,
check the routing table to see if a route to the destination exists (INFO =>SHOW ROUTING TABLE). The menu
items INFO =>SHOW STATISTICS =>SWAN and INFO =>SHOW STATUS =>SWAN may also provide useful
information.How to Test if the T1/E1 Ports are Working
If the PR4000 does not seem to be working properly, and none of the above advice has located the problem, the
hardware interfaces should be tested. This will determine if the problem is hardware, software, or configuration
related. If the T1/E1 ports pass the test below, the problem must be external (line) or due to an incorrect configuration
or software problem.
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Cyclades-PR4000
Use of a Cross Cable for Testing T1/E1 Ports and Modems
Two tests can be performed with the cross cable: one tests the two T1/E1 ports while the other tests the 2 ports
and the modems. The pin diagram of the cross cable is shown in Appendix B. Before starting the tests, connect
the two T1/E1 ports using the cross cable.
Testing the Two T1/E1 Ports
1. In the CyROS main menu, choose the following menu options: DEBUG =>HARDWARE TESTS=>HW DEBUG.
Choose to test ports T1/E1 2 and T1/E1 3. (Slot 2 is T1/E1 port 1 and slot 3 is T1/E1 port 2.)
2. In the T1/E1 2 Tests Menu, select Comm. Test (master).
3. In the T1/E1 3 Tests Menu, select Comm. Test (slave).
The screen output of the test should appear as shown in the following figure.
Daughter Boards tests statistics:
Slot 2 (E1) - Communication test:
Last
Status:
Line Mode
Synchronized
Status
Master
Bandwidth
Fractional
Clock
Slave
General statistics:
Sent:
Received:
No errors.
3 packets/273 bytes.
3 packets/471 bytes.
Slot 3 (E1) - Communication test:
Last
Status:
Line Mode
Synchronized
Status
Slave
Bandwidth
Fractional
Clock
Master
General statistics:
Sent:
Received:
No errors.
3 packets/471 bytes.
3 packets/273 bytes.
Appendix A - Troubleshooting
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Cyclades-PR4000
Let the test run for at least 1 minute. If both slots show no errors, the test was sucessful.
How to Test the Modems
1. In the CyROS main menu, choose the following menu options: DEBUG=> HARDWARE TEST=>DSP TEST.
2. The first parameter will be Number of Modems to be Tested Each Time. Enter the number of modems in your
system. The maximum is 62.
3. The second parameter is Number of Tests to be Performed. Enter zero for continuous tests. Tests can be
stopped at any time with the escape key.
The test will be performed repeatedly until you use the <ESC> key. After each test, results similar to the following
will be displayed on the screen:
*****TEST NUMBER 1 - TESTING 12 MODEMS. ********
Resetting communication ...
Waiting for the lines and the modems ... OK
Allocating modems ... 60 modems connected
DSPs connection timeout
Starting data communication ...
Communication completed!
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152
Cyclades-PR4000
* * * DPS TEST RESULTS * * *
Errored Seconds: first line->0; second line->0
link Slot
Out
DSP
56
58
60
62
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
In
Tx
Tx Time RXErr TXNOK Conn
DSP PCKts Bytes
1
2
3
1
2
3
57
59
61
63
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
100 25000
97 24250
96 24000
88 24500
91 22750
98 24500
97 24250
99 24750
13
28
33
23
57
23
28
18
0
0
0
31
0
35
0
110
46
0
0
3
4
2
9
2
3
1
0
0
2
2
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
NOK
OK
OK
OK
4
5
4
5
6
7
6
7
8
9
8
9
0
0
10
11
12
10
11
12
100 25000
98 24500
98 24500
14
23
23
0
106
0
The Conn column often shows a NOK for a few modems each test due to the short timeout value. After a few
tests, the NOKs should dissapear.
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153
Cyclades-PR4000
Let the test run for a while. After typing <ESC> to end the tests, CyROS will compile a summary of the data similar
to the following:
* * * * * F I N A L S T A T I S T I C S * * * * *
DSP Board number 1 :
DSP N.
Not
Dis
Out-
RXERR TXERR TXBYTES RXBYTES
ID
Tests Conn Conn bound
50056
50058
50042
50016
50084
50106
50094
50070
49846
49979
49373
49944
49419
49491
49177
49789
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
6
0
5
2
11
4
113
0
74
135
112
102
The exact numbers in this output are not important. If the ratios RXERR/RXBYTES and TXERR/TXBYTES are
both less than 0.02, then the test was sucessful.
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154
Cyclades-PR4000
APPENDIX B. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
General Specifications
The Cyclades-PR4000 power requirements, environmental conditions and physical specifications are listed in the
table below.
Power Requirements
Input voltage range
115 to 230 VAC. Some models have an
external switch to select between 115 and
230 VAC. Models with a universal power
supply have an input voltage range of 110-
240 VAC.
Input frequency range
Power (base unit)
50/60 Hz, single phase
250W
Environmental Conditions
Operating temperature
Relative humidity
32o to 112o F (0o to 44o Celsius)
5% to 95%, non-condensing
Altitude
Operating 10,000 feet max. (3000 m)
Physical Specifications
External dimensions
Weight (base unit only)
17”W x 8.5”D x 3.5”H
3.0 Kg (6.6 pounds)
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155
Cyclades-PR4000
External Interfaces
Console Port
An RS-232 DTE port is provided for communication with a configuration terminal. A maximum speed of 115.2kbps
is supported on this port. Use a straight-through cable to connect to DCE devices (modems, for example). Use a
cross-cable to connect to a DTE device (terminal, host computer, etc). The pinout diagram is shown below.
CONSOLE PORT
Pin
1
2
RS-232 Signal
RTS
DTR
1
8
3
TX
4
5
6
Ground
CTS
RX
7
8
DCD
DSR
FIGURE B.1 CONSOLE PORT - RS-232 INTERFACE WITH AN RJ-45 FEMALE CONNECTOR
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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Ethernet Port
The PR3000 Ethernet port meets IEEE I802.3 physical specifications. It provides a single Ethernet interface and
supports 10Base-T (Unshielded Twisted Pair) on a standard RJ-45 female connector.
ETHERNET PORT
Pin
1
2
3
4
Ethernet Signal
TPTX+
TPTX-
TPRX+
N.C.
1
8
5
N.C.
6
TPRX-
N.C.
N.C.
7
8
FIGURE B.2 ETHERNET PORT - RJ-45 FEMALE CONNECTOR
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157
Cyclades-PR4000
T1 and E1
Both the T1 and E1 interfaces use an 8-pin RJ-48C female connector.
T1/E1 Interface
Pin
1
2
Signal
RXTIP
RXRING
N.C.
3
4
5
6
TXTIP
TXRING
N.C.
7
N.C.
8
N.C.
FIGURE B.3 T1 OR E1 - RJ-48C FEMALE CONNECTOR
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158
Cyclades-PR4000
Cables
Please refer to chapter 2, What is in the Box, to see which cables are provided with the PR4000 and which cables
are optional.
Straight-Through Cable
Straight-Through Cable
DB-25 Male
Cyclades Router
DB-25 Male
DCE / DTE
Signal Pin
Pin Signal
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
TxClk_DTE 15
RxClk 17
DTR 20
15 TxClk_DTE
17 RxClk
20 DTR
RI 22
TxClk_DCE 24
22 RI
24 TxClk_DCE
FIGURE B.4 PINOUT DIAGRAM OF THE STRAIGHT CABLE - DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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Cyclades-PR4000
Cross Cable
Cross Cable
DB-25 Male
Signal Pin
DB-25 Male
Pin Signal
PGnd
TxD
RxD
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
20
1
3
2
4
5
7
8
20
6
PGnd
RxD
TxD
RTS
RTS
CTS
Gnd
DCD
DTR
CTS
Gnd
DCD
DTR
DSR
RxD V.35 + (B)
DSR
TxD V.35 + (B)
6
13
11
14
12
24
17
15
19
25
16
21
13
18
11
13
12
14
15
17
24
16
25
19
18
23
21
RxD V.35 + (B)
TxD V.35 - (A)
RxD V.35 - (A)
TxClk_DTE (A)
TxD V.35 + (B)
RxD V.35 - (A)
TxD V.35 - (A)
TxD V.35 - (A)
RxClk
TxClk DCE
TxClk_DCE V.35 + (B)
RxClk V.35 + (B)
TxClk DTE V.35 - (B)
TxClk_DCE V.35 - (A)
RxClk V.35 - (A)
RxClk
TxClk_DCE
TxClk_DTE V.35 + (B)
RxClk V.35 + (B)
TxClk DCE V.35 - (B)
TxClk_DTE V.35 - (A)
RxClk V.35 - (A)
TxClk DCE V.35 - (A)
TxClk DTE V.35 - (A)
FIGURE B.5 PINOUT DIAGRAM OF THE CROSS CABLE - DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
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160
Cyclades-PR4000
Router-MD / V.35 Cable
DB-25 Male
DB-25 Male
Cyclades Router
Telebrás CSU/DSU
DB-25 Male
Signal
Pin
Pin
PGnd
RTS
CTS
1
5
7
9
- A
- C
- D
- E
1
4
5
6
DSR
Gnd
DCD
13 - B
10 - F
15 - S
7
8
TxD/V.35 (B)
TxD/V.35 (A)
RxD/V.35 (B)
RxD/V.35 (A)
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (B)
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (A)
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (B)
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (A)
RxClk/V.35 (A)
RxClk/V.35 (B)
11
12
13
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
2
- P
17 - T
- R
16 - AA
- Y
4
DB-25 Male
3
24 - W
11 - U
6
- V
19 - X
FIGURE B.6 ROUTER MD / V.35 CABLE - DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
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161
Cyclades-PR4000
DB-25 to M.34 Adapter
Female
Retention
Screw
DB-25 Female
Signal Pin
M.34 Male
Pin Signal
PGnd
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
1
4
5
6
7
8
A
C
D
E
B
F
PGnd
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
DCD
DCD
Male
Retention
Screw
TxD/V.35 (B) 11
TxD/V.35 (A) 12
RxD/V.35 (B) 13
S
P
T
TxD (B)
TxD (A)
RxD (B)
RxD (A)
Female
Retention
Screw
RxD/V.35 (A) 14
R
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (B) 16
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (A) 18
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (B) 19
DTR 20
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (A) 21
RxClk V.35 (A) 23
RxClk V.35 (B) 25
AA TxClk_DTE (B)
Y
W
H
U
V
TxClk_DTE (A)
TxClk_DCE (B)
DTR
TxClk_DCE (A)
RxClk (A)
RxClk (B)
X
FIGURE B.7 DB-25 TO M.34 ADAPTER
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Cyclades-PR4000
Cross Cable for Testing the T1/E1 Ports
Please see appendix A for a description of the use of this cable.
Loopback Cable
RJ-48C
RJ-48C
RxTip 1
RxRing 2
TxTip 4
4 TxTip
5 TxRing
1 RxTip
2 RxRing
TxRing 5
FIGURE B.8 PINOUT DIAGRAM OF THE CROSS CABLE FOR TESTS, RJ-48C MALE TO RJ-48C MALE
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163
Cyclades-PR4000
ISO 2110 Standard Cable
DB-25 Male
DB-25 Male
Cyclades Router
V.35 Modem -
ISO 2110 Standard
DB-25 Male
Signal
Pin
Pin
PGnd
RTS
CTS
DSR
Gnd
1
4
5
6
7
8
- A
- C
- D
- E
- B
- F
1
4
5
6
7
8
DCD
TxD/V.35 (B)
TxD/V.35 (A)
RxD/V.35 (B)
RxD/V.35 (A)
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (B)
TxClk_DTE/V.35 (A)
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (B)
TxClk_DCE/V.35 (A)
RxClk/V.35 (B)
RxClk/V.35 (A)
14 - S
- P
16 - T
- R
12 - AA
15 - Y
11 - W
24 - U
17 - V
11
12
13
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
2
3
DB-25 Male
9
- X
FIGURE B.9 PINOUT DIAGRAM OF THE ISO 2110 STANDARD CABLE- DB-25 MALE TO DB-25 MALE
Appendix B - Hardware Specifications
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Cyclades-PR4000
E1 / DB-15 Cable
RJ-45 Male
DB-15 Male
Pin
Pin
1
2
4
5
3
11
1
9
B. 10 PINOUT OF THE E1 / DB-15 CABLE - RJ-45 MALE TO DB-15 MALE
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165
Cyclades-PR4000
APPENDIX C CONFIGURATION WITHOUT A CONSOLE
When a terminal or PC is not available for use as a console, the router has a special feature that allows configuration
of the Ethernet interface from any PC on the LAN. The router “adopts” the destination IP address of the first non-
UDP packet received from the LAN and accepts the connection. (After configuration of the Ethernet interface,
with or without a console, the remaining configuration can be done via telnet.)
It is recommended that a console be used for the initial configuration of the router, due to the
hardware and software diagnostic messages given on the console screen. If a console is not
available, follow the instructions in this appendix to configure the Ethernet interface.
Requirements
The router must be set to the factory default. If the router is being moved from one location to another, the
configuration should be reset using the menu option ADMIN =>LOAD CONFIGURATION =>FACTORY DEFAULTS
before the router is moved.
Procedure
1 Edit the ARP table of the PC in the LAN and associate the MAC address of the router (affixed to the underside
of the router) to the IP address for the interface. In Unix and Microsoft Windows systems, the command to
manipulate the ARP table is something similar to arp -s <IP address> <MAC address>. In Unix, type “man
arp” for help. In Microsoft Windows, type “arp /?”for information about this command.
2 Telnet to the IP address specified above. The router will receive the packet because of the modified ARP
table and use the IP address for its Ethernet interface.
3 The new IP address is saved only in run memory. The configuration must be explicitly saved to flash using
the menu option ADMIN =>WRITE CONFIGURATION =>TO FLASH. Do this now.
4 The Ethernet and other interfaces can now be configured using the telnet session established.
If the connection fails or if the link goes down before the IP address is saved to flash, a console must be used.
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Cyclades-PR4000
APPENDIX D INSTALLATION OF ADDITIONAL DIGITAL MODEMS
The purpose of this appendix is to describe the correct procedure for the installation of the digital modem board in
the PR4000. When the PR4000 is purchased with modems, the modems are installed at the factory. This chapter
should be read ONLY when modems are purchased at a later date.
The modems are extremely sensitive to static electricity, (more so than RAM), and should be handled with caution.
The body carries static electricity and if the person installing the board is not correctly grounded, the modem
board could suffer irreversible damage. Please follow the instructions outlined below carefully to avoid damaging
the board.
Step One:
Unplug the PR4000 from the power source and remove the power cord. Remove all cables connecting the PR4000
to other devices.
Step Two:
Carry the PR4000 to a workbench or table with an anti-static surface and wrist-strap. If a workbench of this type
is not available, use the wrist strap sent with the modems (a wrist-strap is not included for all countries due to
differences between electrical installations). The directions should be followed carefully. Please note that the
wrist-strap should not be connected to the PR4000 because it is no longer plugged in and thus no longer connected
to ground.
Step Three:
Remove the four top screws and the eight screws on the bottom edges of the PR4000, as shown in the figure.
167
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Cyclades-PR4000
Step Four:
Attach the wrist-strap to your wrist.
.
Step Five:
Remove the PR4000’s cover. Be careful to not touch any components inside the PR4000’s case, as they also can
be damaged by static electricity.
Cyclades - PR4000
LCD Display_
100Base-T
RX
Port
1
TX
Link
Port
2
Collision
Ethernet
10Base-T
1
Menu
Select
Ethernet
2
10Base-T/ 100Base-T
Cover
Base
168
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Cyclades-PR4000
Step Six:
Open the clamps on the slot where the board will be installed, as shown in the figure.
Clamp
Slot
The slots are numbered from 0 to 7. The software does not depend on the board being installed in a particular
slot, but installing the first board in slot 0, the second in slot 1, and so on makes the installation of each succeeding
board easier. It is important that each board be handled as few times as possible.
Step Seven:
Confirm that the wrist-strap is grounded. Remove the modem board from its anti-static packaging, being careful
to not touch the components or metal parts of the board (see the figure).
169
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Step Eight:
Insert the board carefully into the slot, aligning the indentations in the board with the guides of the slot. Forcing the
board or pushing it in at an angle can damage the board and the slot.
Step Nine:
Push the board into the slot until the clamps close around the board.
Clamp
Slot
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Step Ten:
Replace the PR4000’s cover and replace the screws. Now you can remove the wrist-strap.
Step Eleven:
Reconnect the PR4000’s cables, including the console cable. Start up the terminal program used to access the
PR4000. Plug in the power cable and turn the PR4000 on. When the PR4000 boots, the following messages
should appear (two boards are shown in this example):
DSP Cards Detected . . . . . . . . . . . . OK
8-DSP CARD on DIMM 1
8-DSP CARD on DIMM 2
Loading modem 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16 . . . done
If there is a problem with the board or if the messages shown above (for the correct number of modems) do not
appear, call Cyclades’ Technical Support.
The board should be connected to the PR4000 only by its presence in the slot. The terminals on the
opposite side of the board are not intended to be used for a connection.
171
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Index
B
Examples
connection via modem 37
remote access server 30
Menu
controller menu
Bandwidth Reservation 132
PR4000 52
C
controller menu, with signaling 57
E1/T1 interface configuration menu
with signaling 64
F
Cables
Flash Memory 20
Framing 17
console 13
SWAN 14
without signaling 55
Menu Navigation 18
Modem Status 149
Mounting Kit 13
Multilink
CyROS multilink 64
CAS Signaling Mode 62
CCS Signaling Mode 59
Connection to an Internet Access Provider
H
Hardware Specifications 155
Hot Keys
esc - moving between menus 20
L - list current configuration 20
Hunting Groups 16
37
Cyclades
ftp site 11
telephones 11
CyROS
menus 18
what is...? 8
multichassis, multilink PPP (MCPPP) 64
multilink PPP (MLPPP) 64
I
N
Icons 10
IP Bridges 47
IP Filter Rules 123
ISDN Switch Type 16
ISDN-PRI, see E1 and T1 Interfaces, with
signaling
NAT 37, 43, 117
Navigation 18
Network Address Translation, see NAT
Not Synchronized Status 149
D
Dialing Method 17
Download
of the router configuration 36
O
Open Shortest Path First, see OSPF
OSPF 96
areas 97
autonomous system 97
virtual links 102
L
E
LEDs 147
Line Coding 17
Lucent Portmaster 3 64
E1 and T1 Interfaces
channelized T1/E1 53
fractional T1/E1 53
full T1/E1 53
with signaling 57
lan-to-lan wizard 74
RAS wizard 73
M
P
Manuals
for this product 8
Memory, flash 20
Ping Application 149
Printing the configuration 36
Provisioning the T1/E1 Dialup Lines 15
terminal server wizard 72
without signaling 52
Index
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Cyclades-PR4000
R
U
Radius Server 34
Reserved IP Addresses 117
RIP
interface configuration 95
Routing Protocol
RIP, see RIP
Using CyROS menus 18
V
Version
of CyROS
newest, via ftp 8
of manual
Rules Lists 123
Run Configuration 20
newest, via ftp 8
W
S
Wizards, Configuration 35
Saving Changes
to flash 20
to flash at a later time 20
to run configuration 20
Service Prioritization 133
Signaling Method 17
Signaling Protocols 15
SNMP
and IP accounting 116
Static Routes 42
SWAN Expansion Card 14
SWAN Interface 49
testing 150
Syslog 149
T
T1 Interface, see E1 and T1 Interfaces
Technical Support 11
Telephone Numbers 11
Tests of Modems & Interfaces 150
Text Conventions 10
Traffic Rule Lists 132
Traffic Shaping 132
Troubleshooting 147
Index
173
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Cyclades Australia
Phone: +61 7 3279 4320
Fax: +61 7 3279 4393
www.au.cyclades.com
Cyclades South America
Phone: 55-11-5033-3333
Fax: 55-11-5033-3388
www.cyclades.com.br
Cyclades Corporation
41829 Albrae Street
Fremont, CA 94538 - USA
Phone: (510) 770-9727
Fax: (510) 770-0355
www.cyclades.com
Cyclades Italy
Phone: +39 329 0990451
Cyclades Philippines
Phone: (632) 813-0353
Fax: (632) 655-2610
www.ph.cyclades.com
Cyclades UK
Cyclades Germany
Phone: +49 (0)81 22 90 99-90
Fax: +49 (0)81 22 90 999-33
www.cyclades.de
Phone: +44 1724 277179
Fax: +44 1724 279981
www.uk.cyclades.com
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