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ES4524D
ES4548D
24/48-Port
Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Management Guide
e-mail: [email protected]
tel: 08-52 400 700 fax: 08-520 18121
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Management Guide
ES4524D Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Layer 2 Switch
with 20 10/100/1000BASE-T (RJ-45) Ports,
and 4 Gigabit Combination Ports (RJ-45/SFP)
ES4548D Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Layer 2 Switch
with 44 10/100/1000BASE-T (RJ-45) Ports,
and 4 Gigabit Combination Ports (RJ-45/SFP)
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ES4524D
ES4548D
F0.0.0.4 E112006-CS-R01
149100030400A
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Contents
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Section I: Getting Started
This section provides an overview of the switch, and introduces some basic
concepts about network switches. It also describes the basic settings required to
access the management interface.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Initial Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
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Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Introduction
This switch provides a broad range of features for Layer 2 switching. It includes a
management agent that allows you to configure the features listed in this manual.
The default configuration can be used for most of the features provided by this
switch. However, there are many options that you should configure to maximize the
switch’s performance for your particular network environment.
Key Features
Table 1-1 Key Features
Feature
Description
Configuration Backup Backup to TFTP server
and Restore
Authentication
Console, Telnet, web – User name / password, RADIUS, TACACS+
Web – HTTPS
Telnet – SSH
SNMP v1/2c - Community strings
SNMP version 3 – MD5 or SHA password
Port – IEEE 802.1X, MAC address filtering
Access Control Lists
DHCP Client
DNS
Supports up to 32 ACLs, 96 MAC rules, 96 IP rules, and 96 IPv6 rules
Supported
Proxy service
Port Configuration
Rate Limiting
Port Mirroring
Port Trunking
Speed and duplex mode and flow control
Input and output rate limiting per port
One or more ports mirrored to single analysis port
Supports up to 24 trunks using either static or dynamic trunking (LACP)
Supported
Broadcast Storm
Control
Address Table
Up to 8K MAC addresses in the forwarding table, 1024 static MAC addresses
Supports IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, management, and QoS
IP Version 4 and 6
IEEE 802.1D Bridge
Supports dynamic data switching and addresses learning
Store-and-Forward
Switching
Supported to ensure wire-speed switching while eliminating bad frames
Spanning Tree
Algorithm
Supports standard STP, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple
Spanning Trees (MSTP)
Virtual LANs
Up to 256 using IEEE 802.1Q, port-based, protocol-based, private VLANs, and
802.1Q tunneling (QinQ)
1-1
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Introduction
1
Table 1-1 Key Features (Continued)
Description
Feature
Traffic Prioritization
Default port priority, traffic class map, queue scheduling, IP Precedence, or
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP), and TCP/UDP Port
Qualify of Service
Multicast Filtering
Switch Clustering
Supports Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
Supports IGMP snooping and query
Supports up to 36 member switches in a cluster
Description of Software Features
The switch provides a wide range of advanced performance enhancing features.
Flow control eliminates the loss of packets due to bottlenecks caused by port
saturation. Broadcast storm suppression prevents broadcast traffic storms from
engulfing the network. Untagged (port-based), tagged, and protocol-based VLANs,
plus support for automatic GVRP VLAN registration provide traffic security and
efficient use of network bandwidth. CoS priority queueing ensures the minimum
delay for moving real-time multimedia data across the network. While multicast
filtering provides support for real-time network applications. Some of the
management features are briefly described below.
Configuration Backup and Restore – You can save the current configuration
settings to a file on a TFTP server, and later download this file to restore the switch
configuration settings.
Authentication – This switch authenticates management access via the console
port, Telnet or web browser. User names and passwords can be configured locally or
can be verified via a remote authentication server (i.e., RADIUS or TACACS+).
Port-based authentication is also supported via the IEEE 802.1X protocol. This
protocol uses Extensible Authentication Protocol over LANs (EAPOL) to request
user credentials from the 802.1X client, and then uses the EAP between the switch
and the authentication server to verify the client’s right to access the network via an
authentication server (i.e., RADIUS server).
Other authentication options include HTTPS for secure management access via the
web, SSH for secure management access over a Telnet-equivalent connection,
SNMP Version 3, IP address filtering for SNMP/web/Telnet management access,
and MAC address filtering for port access.
Access Control Lists – ACLs provide packet filtering for IP frames (based on
address, protocol, TCP/UDP port number or TCP control code) or any frames
(based on MAC address or Ethernet type). ACLs can by used to improve
performance by blocking unnecessary network traffic or to implement security
controls by restricting access to specific network resources or protocols.
1-2
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Description of Software Features
1
Port Configuration – You can manually configure the speed and duplex mode, and
flow control used on specific ports, or use auto-negotiation to detect the connection
settings used by the attached device. Use the full-duplex mode on ports whenever
possible to double the throughput of switch connections. Flow control should also be
enabled to control network traffic during periods of congestion and prevent the loss
of packets when port buffer thresholds are exceeded. The switch supports flow
control based on the IEEE 802.3x standard.
Rate Limiting – This feature controls the maximum rate for traffic transmitted or
received on an interface. Rate limiting is configured on interfaces at the edge of a
network to limit traffic into or out of the network. Traffic that falls within the rate limit is
transmitted, while packets that exceed the acceptable amount of traffic are dropped.
Port Mirroring – The switch can unobtrusively mirror traffic from any port to a
monitor port. You can then attach a protocol analyzer or RMON probe to this port to
perform traffic analysis and verify connection integrity.
Port Trunking – Ports can be combined into an aggregate connection. Trunks can
be manually set up or dynamically configured using IEEE 802.3-2005 (formerly
IEEE 802.3ad) Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). The additional ports
dramatically increase the throughput across any connection, and provide
redundancy by taking over the load if a port in the trunk should fail. The switch
supports up to 24 trunks.
Broadcast Storm Control – Broadcast suppression prevents broadcast traffic from
overwhelming the network. When enabled on a port, the level of broadcast traffic
passing through the port is restricted. If broadcast traffic rises above a pre-defined
threshold, it will be throttled until the level falls back beneath the threshold.
Static Addresses – A static address can be assigned to a specific interface on this
switch. Static addresses are bound to the assigned interface and will not be moved.
When a static address is seen on another interface, the address will be ignored and
will not be written to the address table. Static addresses can be used to provide
network security by restricting access for a known host to a specific port.
IEEE 802.1D Bridge – The switch supports IEEE 802.1D transparent bridging. The
address table facilitates data switching by learning addresses, and then filtering or
forwarding traffic based on this information. The address table supports up to 8K
addresses.
Store-and-Forward Switching – The switch copies each frame into its memory
before forwarding them to another port. This ensures that all frames are a standard
Ethernet size and have been verified for accuracy with the cyclic redundancy check
(CRC). This prevents bad frames from entering the network and wasting bandwidth.
To avoid dropping frames on congested ports, the switch provides 0.75 MB for frame
buffering. This buffer can queue packets awaiting transmission on congested
networks.
1-3
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Introduction
1
Spanning Tree Algorithm – The switch supports these spanning tree protocols:
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP, IEEE 802.1D) – This protocol provides loop detection.
When there are multiple physical paths between segments, this protocol will choose
a single path and disable all others to ensure that only one route exists between any
two stations on the network. This prevents the creation of network loops. However, if
the chosen path should fail for any reason, an alternate path will be activated to
maintain the connection.
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP, IEEE 802.1w) – This protocol reduces the
convergence time for network topology changes to about 3 to 5 seconds, compared
to 30 seconds or more for the older IEEE 802.1D STP standard. It is intended as a
complete replacement for STP, but can still interoperate with switches running the
older standard by automatically reconfiguring ports to STP-compliant mode if they
detect STP protocol messages from attached devices.
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP, IEEE 802.1s) – This protocol is a direct
extension of RSTP. It can provide an independent spanning tree for different VLANs.
It simplifies network management, provides for even faster convergence than RSTP
by limiting the size of each region, and prevents VLAN members from being
segmented from the rest of the group (as sometimes occurs with IEEE 802.1D STP).
Virtual LANs – The switch supports up to 256 VLANs. A Virtual LAN is a collection
of network nodes that share the same collision domain regardless of their physical
location or connection point in the network. The switch supports tagged VLANs
based on the IEEE 802.1Q standard. Members of VLAN groups can be dynamically
learned via GVRP, or ports can be manually assigned to a specific set of VLANs.
This allows the switch to restrict traffic to the VLAN groups to which a user has been
assigned. By segmenting your network into VLANs, you can:
• Eliminate broadcast storms which severely degrade performance in a flat network.
• Simplify network management for node changes/moves by remotely configuring
VLAN membership for any port, rather than having to manually change the network
connection.
• Provide data security by restricting all traffic to the originating VLAN.
• Use private VLANs to restrict traffic to pass only between data ports and the uplink
ports, thereby isolating adjacent ports within the same VLAN, and allowing you to
limit the total number of VLANs that need to be configured.
• Use protocol VLANs to restrict traffic to specified interfaces based on protocol type.
IEEE 802.1Q Tunneling (QinQ) – This feature is designed for service providers
carrying traffic for multiple customers across their networks. QinQ tunneling is used
to maintain customer-specific VLAN and Layer 2 protocol configurations even when
different customers use the same internal VLAN IDs. This is accomplished by
inserting Service Provider VLAN (SPVLAN) tags into the customer’s frames when
they enter the service provider’s network, and then stripping the tags when the
frames leave the network.
1-4
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Description of Software Features
1
Traffic Prioritization – This switch prioritizes each packet based on the required
level of service, using eight priority queues with strict or Weighted Round Robin
Queuing. It uses IEEE 802.1p and 802.1Q tags to prioritize incoming traffic based on
input from the end-station application. These functions can be used to provide
independent priorities for delay-sensitive data and best-effort data.
This switch also supports several common methods of prioritizing layer 3/4 traffic to
meet application requirements. Traffic can be prioritized based on the priority bits in
the IP frame’s Type of Service (ToS) octet or the number of the TCP/UDP port.
When these services are enabled, the priorities are mapped to a Class of Service
value by the switch, and the traffic then sent to the corresponding output queue.
Quality of Service – Differentiated Services (DiffServ) provides policy-based
management mechanisms used for prioritizing network resources to meet the
requirements of specific traffic types on a per-hop basis. Each packet is classified
upon entry into the network based on access lists, IP Precedence or DSCP values,
or VLAN lists. Using access lists allows you select traffic based on Layer 2, Layer 3,
or Layer 4 information contained in each packet. Based on network policies, different
kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding.
Multicast Filtering – Specific multicast traffic can be assigned to its own VLAN to
ensure that it does not interfere with normal network traffic and to guarantee
real-time delivery by setting the required priority level for the designated VLAN. The
switch uses IGMP Snooping and Query to manage multicast group registration.
Switch Clustering – Switches can be grouped together in a “cluster” to enable
centralized management through a single unit. This enables switches to be grouped
and managed together regardless of physical location or switch type, as long as they
are connected to the same local network.
1-5
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Introduction
1
System Defaults
The switch’s system defaults are provided in the configuration file
“Factory_Default_Config.cfg.” To reset the switch defaults, this file should be set as
The following table lists some of the basic system defaults.
Table 1-2 System Defaults
Function
Parameter
Default
Console Port
Connection
Baud Rate
auto
Data bits
8
Stop bits
1
Parity
none
Local Console Timeout
Privileged Exec Level
0 (disabled)
Authentication
Username “admin”
Password “admin”
Normal Exec Level
Username “guest”
Password “guest”
Enable Privileged Exec from Normal Password “super”
Exec Level
RADIUS Authentication
TACACS Authentication
802.1X Port Authentication
HTTPS
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
80
SSH
Port Security
IP Filtering
Web Management
HTTP Server
HTTP Port Number
HTTP Secure Server
HTTP Secure Port Number
Enabled
443
1-6
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System Defaults
1
Table 1-2 System Defaults (Continued)
Function
Parameter
Default
SNMP
SNMP Agent
Enabled
Community Strings
“public” (read only)
“private” (read/write)
Traps
Authentication traps: enabled
Link-up-down events: enabled
SNMP V3
View: defaultview
Group: public (read only); private (read/write)
Port Configuration
Admin Status
Auto-negotiation
Flow Control
Enabled
Enabled
Disabled
Rate Limiting
Port Trunking
Input and output limits
Static Trunks
LACP (all ports)
Status
Disabled
None
Disabled
Broadcast Storm
Protection
Enabled (all ports)
500 packets per second
Broadcast Limit Rate
Status
Spanning Tree
Algorithm
Enabled, RSTP
(Defaults: All values based on IEEE 802.1w)
Fast Forwarding (Edge Port)
Aging Time
Disabled
Address Table
Virtual LANs
300 seconds
Default VLAN
1
PVID
1
Acceptable Frame Type
Ingress Filtering
All
Disabled
Switchport Mode (Egress Mode)
GVRP (global)
Hybrid: tagged/untagged frames
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
GVRP (port interface)
QinQ Tunneling
1-7
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Introduction
1
Table 1-2 System Defaults (Continued)
Function
Parameter
Default
Traffic Prioritization
Ingress Port Priority
Queue Mode
0
WRR
Weighted Round Robin
Queue: 0 1 2 3 4
5
6
7
Weight: 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
IP Precedence Priority
IP DSCP Priority
IP Port Priority
Management. VLAN
IP Address
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
IP Settings
Router Redundancy
Multicast Filtering
Any VLAN configured with an IP address
0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
DHCP
255.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
Client: Enabled
Disabled
Disabled
DNS
BOOTP
IGMP Snooping
Snooping: Enabled
Querier: Disabled
System Log
Status
Enabled
Messages Logged
Messages Logged to Flash
Event Handler
Clock Synchronization
Status
Levels 0-7 (all)
Levels 0-3
SMTP Email Alerts
SNTP
Enabled (but no server defined)
Disabled
Switch Clustering
Enabled
Commander
Disabled
1-8
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Chapter 2: Initial Configuration
Connecting to the Switch
Configuration Options
The switch includes a built-in network management agent. The agent offers a variety
of management options, including SNMP, RMON and a web-based interface. A PC
may also be connected directly to the switch for configuration and monitoring via a
command line interface (CLI).
Note: An IPv4 address for this switch is obtained via DHCP by default. To change this
The switch’s HTTP web agent allows you to configure switch parameters, monitor
port connections, and display statistics using a standard web browser such as
Netscape version 6.2 and higher or Microsoft IE version 5.0 and higher. The switch’s
web management interface can be accessed from any computer attached to the
network.
The CLI program can be accessed by a direct connection to the RS-232 serial
console port on the switch, or remotely by a Telnet connection over the network.
The switch’s management agent also supports SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol). This SNMP agent permits the switch to be managed from
any system in the network using network management software such as
HP OpenView.
The switch’s web interface, CLI configuration program, and SNMP agent allow you
to perform the following management functions:
• Set user names and passwords
• Set an IP interface for a management VLAN
• Configure SNMP parameters
• Enable/disable any port
• Set the speed/duplex mode for any port
• Configure the bandwidth of any port by limiting input or output rates
• Control port access through IEEE 802.1X security or static address filtering
• Filter packets using Access Control Lists (ACLs)
• Configure up to 256 IEEE 802.1Q VLANs
• Enable GVRP automatic VLAN registration
• Configure IGMP multicast filtering
• Upload and download system firmware via TFTP
• Upload and download switch configuration files via TFTP
• Configure Spanning Tree parameters
• Configure Class of Service (CoS) priority queuing
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Initial Configuration
2
• Configure up to 32 static or LACP trunks per switch
• Enable port mirroring
• Set broadcast storm control on any port
• Display system information and statistics
Required Connections
The switch provides an RS-232 serial port that enables a connection to a PC or
terminal for monitoring and configuring the switch. A null-modem console cable is
provided with the switch.
Attach a VT100-compatible terminal, or a PC running a terminal emulation program
to the switch. You can use the console cable provided with this package, or use a
null-modem cable that complies with the wiring assignments shown in the
Installation Guide.
To connect a terminal to the console port, complete the following steps:
1. Connect the console cable to the serial port on a terminal, or a PC running
terminal emulation software, and tighten the captive retaining screws on the
DB-9 connector.
2. Connect the other end of the cable to the RS-232 serial port on the switch.
3. Make sure the terminal emulation software is set as follows:
• Select the appropriate serial port (COM port 1 or COM port 2).
• Set to any of the following baud rates: 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200
(Note: Set to 9600 baud if want to view all the system initialization messages.).
• Set the data format to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity.
• Set flow control to none.
• Set the emulation mode to VT100.
• When using HyperTerminal, select Terminal keys, not Windows keys.
console configuration options.
2. Once you have set up the terminal correctly, the console login screen will be
displayed.
For a description of how to use the CLI, see “Using the Command Line Interface” on
page 31-1. For a list of all the CLI commands and detailed information on using the
Remote Connections
Prior to accessing the switch’s onboard agent via a network connection, you must
first configure it with a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway using a
console connection, DHCP or BOOTP protocol.
An IPv4 address for this switch is obtained via DHCP by default. To manually
configure this address or enable dynamic address assignment via DHCP or BOOTP,
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Basic Configuration
2
Note: This switch supports four concurrent Telnet/SSH sessions.
After configuring the switch’s IP parameters, you can access the onboard
configuration program from anywhere within the attached network. The onboard
configuration program can be accessed using Telnet from any computer attached to
the network. The switch can also be managed by any computer using a web
browser (Internet Explorer 5.0 or above, or Netscape 6.2 or above), or from a
network computer using SNMP network management software.
Note: The onboard program only provides access to basic configuration functions. To
access the full range of SNMP management functions, you must use
SNMP-based network management software.
Basic Configuration
Console Connection
The CLI program provides two different command levels — normal access level
(Normal Exec) and privileged access level (Privileged Exec). The commands
available at the Normal Exec level are a limited subset of those available at the
Privileged Exec level and allow you to only display information and use basic
utilities. To fully configure the switch parameters, you must access the CLI at the
Privileged Exec level.
Access to both CLI levels are controlled by user names and passwords. The switch
has a default user name and password for each level. To log into the CLI at the
Privileged Exec level using the default user name and password, perform these
steps:
1. To initiate your console connection, press <Enter>. The “User Access
Verification” procedure starts.
2. At the Username prompt, enter “admin.”
3. At the Password prompt, also enter “admin.” (The password characters are not
displayed on the console screen.)
4. The session is opened and the CLI displays the “Console#” prompt indicating
you have access at the Privileged Exec level.
Setting Passwords
Note: If this is your first time to log into the CLI program, you should define new
passwords for both default user names using the “username” command, record
them and put them in a safe place.
Passwords can consist of up to 8 alphanumeric characters and are case sensitive.
To prevent unauthorized access to the switch, set the passwords as follows:
1. Open the console interface with the default user name and password “admin” to
access the Privileged Exec level.
2. Type “configure” and press <Enter>.
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Initial Configuration
2
3. Type “username guest password 0 password,” for the Normal Exec level, where
password is your new password. Press <Enter>.
4. Type “username admin password 0 password,” for the Privileged Exec level,
where password is your new password. Press <Enter>.
Username: admin
Password:
CLI session with the 24/48 L2/L4 GE Switch is opened.
To end the CLI session, enter [Exit].
Console#configure
Console(config)#username guest password 0 [password]
Console(config)#username admin password 0 [password]
Console(config)#
Setting an IP Address
You must establish IP address information for the switch to obtain management
access through the network. This can be done in either of the following ways:
Manual — You have to input the information, including IP address and subnet mask.
If your management station is not in the same IP subnet as the switch, you will also
need to specify the default gateway router.
Dynamic — The switch sends IP configuration requests to BOOTP or DHCP
address allocation servers on the network.
Manual Configuration
You can manually assign an IP address to the switch. You may also need to specify
a default gateway that resides between this device and management stations that
exist on another network segment. Valid IP addresses consist of four decimal
numbers, 0 to 255, separated by periods. Anything outside this format will not be
accepted by the CLI program.
Note: An IPv4 address for this switch is obtained via DHCP by default.
Assigning an IPv4 Address
Before you can assign an IP address to the switch, you must obtain the following
information from your network administrator:
• IP address for the switch
• Network mask for this network
• Default gateway for the network
To assign an IPv4 address to the switch, complete the following steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
2. Type “ip address ip-address netmask,” where “ip-address” is the switch IP
address and “netmask” is the network mask for the network. Press <Enter>.
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Basic Configuration
2
3. Type “exit” to return to the global configuration mode prompt. Press <Enter>.
4. To set the IP address of the default gateway for the network to which the switch
belongs, type “ip default-gateway gateway,” where “gateway” is the IP address
of the default gateway. Press <Enter>.
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.0
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.254
Console(config)#
Assigning an IPv6 Address
There are several ways to manually configure IPv6 addresses. This section
describes how to configure a “link local” address for connectivity within the local
subnet only, and another option that allows you to specify a “global unicast” address
by first configuring a network prefix for use on a multi-segment network, and then
configuring the host address portion of the address.
An IPv6 prefix or address must be formatted according to RFC 2373 “IPv6
Addressing Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal values. One
double colon may be used to indicate the appropriate number of zeros required to fill
the undefined fields. For detailed information on the other ways to assign IPv6
Link Local Address — All link-local addresses must be configured with a prefix of
FE80. Remember that this address type makes the switch accessible over IPv6 for
all devices attached to the same local subnet only. Also, if the switch detects that the
address you configured conflicts with that in use by another device on the subnet, it
will stop using the address in question, and automatically generate a link local
address that does not conflict with any other devices on the local subnet.
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Initial Configuration
2
To configure an IPv6 link local address for the switch, complete the following steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
2. Type “ipv6 address” followed by up to 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal
values for the ipv6-address similar to that shown in the example, followed by
the “link-local” command parameter. Then press <Enter>.
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ipv6 address FE80::260:3EFF:FE11:6700
link-local
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show ipv6 interface
Vlan 1 is up
IPv6 is enable.
Link-local address:
FE80::260:3EFF:FE11:6700/64
Global unicast address(es):
Joined group address(es):
FF01::1/16
FF02::1/16
FF02::1:FF11:6700/104
MTU is 1500 bytes.
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1.
ND retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds
Console#
Address for Multi-segment Network — Before you can assign an IPv6 address to the
switch that will be used to connect to a multi-segment network, you must obtain the
following information from your network administrator:
• Prefix for this network
• IP address for the switch
• Default gateway for the network
For most networks that encompass several different subnets, it’s easier to first
define a network prefix, and then configure the host address for the switch. An IPv6
network prefix is composed of an IPv6-address and prefix length. The prefix length
is the number of bits (from the left) of the prefix that form the network address, and is
expressed as a decimal number. For example, all IPv6 address that start with the
first byte of 73 (hexadecimal) could be expressed as 73:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/8 or 73::/8.
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Basic Configuration
2
To generate an IPv6 global unicast address for the switch using a general network
prefix, complete the following steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “ipv6 general prefix
prefix-name ipv6-prefix/prefix-length,” where the “prefix-name” is a label
identifying the network segment, “ipv6-prefix” specifies the high-order bits of the
network address, and “prefix length” indicates the actual number of bits used in
the network prefix. Press <Enter>.
2. From the global configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
3. From the interface prompt, type “ipv6 address prefix-name ipv6-address/
prefix-length,” where “prefix-length” indicates the address bits used to form the
network portion of the address. (The network address starts from the left of the
general prefix and should encompass some of the ipv6-address bits.) The
remaining bits are assigned to the host interface. Press <Enter>.
4. Type “exit” to return to the global configuration mode prompt. Press <Enter>.
5. To set the IP address of the IPv6 default gateway for the network to which the
switch belongs, type “ipv6 default-gateway gateway,” where “gateway” is the
IPv6 address of the default gateway. Press <Enter>.
Console(config)#ipv6 general-prefix rd 2001:DB8:2222::/48
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ipv6 address rd 0:0:0:7272::72/64
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)ipv6 default-gateway
2001:DB8:2222:7272::254
Console(config)end
Console#show ipv6 interface
Vlan 1 is up
IPv6 is enable.
Link-local address:
FE80::200:E8FF:FE90:0/64
Global unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:2222:7272::72, subnet is 2001:DB8:2222:7272::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF01::1/16
FF02::1/16
FF02::1:FF72:64/104
FF02::1:FF90:0/104
MTU is 1500 bytes.
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1.
ND retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds
Console#show ipv6 default-gateway
ipv6 default gateway: 2001:DB8:2222:7272::254
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Initial Configuration
2
Dynamic Configuration
Obtaining an IPv4 Address
If you select the “bootp” or “dhcp” option, IP will be enabled but will not function until
a BOOTP or DHCP reply has been received. You therefore need to use the “ip dhcp
restart” command to start broadcasting service requests. Requests will be sent
periodically in an effort to obtain IP configuration information. (BOOTP and DHCP
values can include the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.)
If the “bootp” or “dhcp” option is saved to the startup-config file (step 6), then the
switch will start broadcasting service requests as soon as it is powered on.
To automatically configure the switch by communicating with BOOTP or DHCP
address allocation servers on the network, complete the following steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
2. At the interface-configuration mode prompt, use one of the following commands:
• To obtain IP settings via DHCP, type “ip address dhcp” and press <Enter>.
• To obtain IP settings via BOOTP, type “ip address bootp” and press <Enter>.
3. Type “end” to return to the Privileged Exec mode. Press <Enter>.
4. Type “ip dhcp restart” to begin broadcasting service requests. Press <Enter>.
5. Wait a few minutes, and then check the IP configuration settings by typing the
“show ip interface” command. Press <Enter>.
6. Then save your configuration changes by typing “copy running-config
startup-config.” Enter the startup file name and press <Enter>.
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ip address dhcp
Console(config-if)#end
Console#ip dhcp restart
Console#show ip interface
IP address and netmask: 192.168.1.54 255.255.255.0 on VLAN 1,
and address mode: DHCP
Console#copy running-config startup-config
Startup configuration file name []: startup
\Write to FLASH Programming.
\Write to FLASH finish.
Success.
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Basic Configuration
2
Obtaining an IPv6 Address
Link Local Address — There are several ways to dynamically configure IPv6
addresses. The simplest method is to automatically generate a “link local” address
(identified by an address prefix of FE80). This address type makes the switch
accessible over IPv6 for all devices attached to the same local subnet.
To generate an IPv6 link local address for the switch, complete the following steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
2. Type “ipv6 enable” and press <Enter>.
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ipv6 enable
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show ipv6 interface
Vlan 1 is up
IPv6 is enable.
Link-local address:
FE80::200:E8FF:FE90:0/64
Global unicast address(es):
Joined group address(es):
FF01::1/16
FF02::1/16
FF02::1:FF90:0/104
MTU is 1500 bytes.
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1.
ND retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds
Console#
Address for Multi-segment Network — To generate an IPv6 address that can be
used in a network containing more than one subnet, the switch can be configured to
automatically generate a unique host address based on the local subnet address
prefix received in router advertisement messages. (DHCP for IPv6 will also be
supported in future software releases.)
To dynamically generate an IPv6 host address for the switch, complete the following
steps:
1. From the Global Configuration mode prompt, type “interface vlan 1” to access
the interface-configuration mode. Press <Enter>.
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Initial Configuration
2
2. From the interface prompt, type “ipv6 address autoconfig” and press <Enter>.
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ipv6 address autoconfig
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show ipv6 interface
Vlan 1 is up
IPv6 is enable.
Link-local address:
FE80::212:CFFF:FE0B:4600/64
Global unicast address(es):
2005::212:CFFF:FE0B:4600, subnet is 2005:0:0:0::/64
3FFE:501:FFFF:100:212:CFFF:FE0B:4600, subnet is
3FFE:501:FFFF:100::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF01::1/16
FF02::1/16
FF02::1:FF0B:4600/104
MTU is 1500 bytes.
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1.
ND retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds
Console#
Enabling SNMP Management Access
The switch can be configured to accept management commands from Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP) applications such as HP OpenView. You
can configure the switch to (1) respond to SNMP requests or (2) generate SNMP
traps.
When SNMP management stations send requests to the switch (either to return
information or to set a parameter), the switch provides the requested data or sets the
specified parameter. The switch can also be configured to send information to
SNMP managers (without being requested by the managers) through trap
messages, which inform the manager that certain events have occurred.
The switch includes an SNMP agent that supports SNMP version 1, 2c, and 3
clients. To provide management access for version 1 or 2c clients, you must specify
a community string. The switch provides a default MIB View (i.e., an SNMPv3
construct) for the default “public” community string that provides read access to the
entire MIB tree, and a default view for the “private” community string that provides
read/write access to the entire MIB tree. However, you may assign new views to
version 1 or 2c community strings that suit your specific security requirements (see
Community Strings (for SNMP version 1 and 2c clients)
Community strings are used to control management access to SNMP version 1 and
2c stations, as well as to authorize SNMP stations to receive trap messages from
the switch. You therefore need to assign community strings to specified users, and
set the access level.
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Basic Configuration
2
The default strings are:
• public - with read-only access. Authorized management stations are only able to
retrieve MIB objects.
• private - with read-write access. Authorized management stations are able to both
retrieve and modify MIB objects.
To prevent unauthorized access to the switch from SNMP version 1 or 2c clients, it is
recommended that you change the default community strings.
To configure a community string, complete the following steps:
1. From the Privileged Exec level global configuration mode prompt, type
“snmp-server community string mode,” where “string” is the community access
string and “mode” is rw (read/write) or ro (read only). Press <Enter>. (Note that
the default mode is read only.)
2. To remove an existing string, simply type “no snmp-server community string,”
where “string” is the community access string to remove. Press <Enter>.
Console(config)#snmp-server community admin rw
Console(config)#snmp-server community private
Console(config)#
Note: If you do not intend to support access to SNMP version 1 and 2c clients, we
recommend that you delete both of the default community strings. If there are no
community strings, then SNMP management access from SNMP v1 and v2c
clients is disabled.
Trap Receivers
You can also specify SNMP stations that are to receive traps from the switch. To
configure a trap receiver, use the “snmp-server host” command. From the Privileged
Exec level global configuration mode prompt, type:
“snmp-server host host-address community-string
[version {1 | 2c | 3 {auth | noauth | priv}}]”
where “host-address” is the IP address for the trap receiver, “community-string”
specifies access rights for a version 1/2c host, or is the user name of a version 3
host, “version” indicates the SNMP client version, and “auth | noauth | priv” means
that authentication, no authentication, or authentication and privacy is used for v3
clients. Then press <Enter>. For a more detailed description of these parameters,
each type of SNMP client.
Console(config)#snmp-server host 10.1.19.23 batman
Console(config)#snmp-server host 10.1.19.98 robin version 2c
Console(config)#snmp-server host 10.1.19.34 barbie version 3 auth
Console(config)#
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Initial Configuration
2
Configuring Access for SNMP Version 3 Clients
To configure management access for SNMPv3 clients, you need to first create a
view that defines the portions of MIB that the client can read or write, assign the view
to a group, and then assign the user to a group. The following example creates one
view called “mib-2” that includes the entire MIB-2 tree branch, and then another view
that includes the IEEE 802.1d bridge MIB. It assigns these respective read and read/
write views to a group call “r&d” and specifies group authentication via MD5 or SHA.
In the last step, it assigns a v3 user to this group, indicating that MD5 will be used for
authentication, provides the password “greenpeace” for authentication, and the
password “einstien” for encryption.
Console(config)#snmp-server view mib-2 1.3.6.1.2.1 included
Console(config)#snmp-server view 802.1d 1.3.6.1.2.1.17 included
Console(config)#snmp-server group r&d v3 auth mib-2 802.1d
Console(config)#snmp-server user steve group r&d v3 auth md5
greenpeace priv des56 einstien
Console(config)#
For a more detailed explanation on how to configure the switch for access from
Managing System Files
The switch’s flash memory supports three types of system files that can be managed
by the CLI program, web interface, or SNMP. The switch’s file system allows files to
be uploaded and downloaded, copied, deleted, and set as a start-up file.
The three types of files are:
• Configuration — This file type stores system configuration information and is
created when configuration settings are saved. Saved configuration files can be
selected as a system start-up file or can be uploaded via TFTP to a server for
backup. The file named “Factory_Default_Config.cfg” contains all the system
default settings and cannot be deleted from the system. If the system is booted with
the factory default settings, the switch will also create a file named “startup1.cfg”
that contains system settings for initialization. The configuration settings from the
factory defaults configuration file are copied to this file, which is then used to boot
information.
• Operation Code — System software that is executed after boot-up, also known as
run-time code. This code runs the switch operations and provides the CLI and web
information.
• Diagnostic Code — Software that is run during system boot-up, also known as
POST (Power On Self-Test).
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Managing System Files
2
Due to the size limit of the flash memory, the switch supports only two operation
code files. However, you can have as many diagnostic code files and configuration
files as available flash memory space allows. The switch has a total of 32 Mbytes of
flash memory for system files.
In the system flash memory, one file of each type must be set as the start-up file.
During a system boot, the diagnostic and operation code files set as the start-up file
are run, and then the start-up configuration file is loaded.
Note that configuration files should be downloaded using a file name that reflects the
contents or usage of the file settings. If you download directly to the running-config,
the system will reboot, and the settings will have to be copied from the
running-config to a permanent file.
Saving Configuration Settings
Configuration commands only modify the running configuration file and are not
saved when the switch is rebooted. To save all your configuration changes in
nonvolatile storage, you must copy the running configuration file to the start-up
configuration file using the “copy” command.
New startup configuration files must have a name specified. File names on the
switch are case-sensitive, can be from 1 to 31 characters, must not contain slashes
(\ or /), and the leading letter of the file name must not be a period (.). (Valid
characters: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, “.”, “-”, “_”)
There can be more than one user-defined configuration file saved in the switch’s
flash memory, but only one is designated as the “startup” file that is loaded when the
switch boots. The copy running-config startup-config command always sets the
new file as the startup file. To select a previously saved configuration file, use the
boot system config:<filename> command.
The maximum number of saved configuration files depends on available flash
memory, with each configuration file normally requiring less than 20 kbytes. The
amount of available flash memory can be checked by using the dir command.
To save the current configuration settings, enter the following command:
1. From the Privileged Exec mode prompt, type “copy running-config
startup-config” and press <Enter>.
2. Enter the name of the start-up file. Press <Enter>.
Console#copy running-config startup-config
Startup configuration file name []: startup
\Write to FLASH Programming.
\Write to FLASH finish.
Success.
Console#
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Initial Configuration
2
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Section II: Switch Management
This section describes the basic switch features, along with a detailed description of
how to configure each feature via a web browser, and a brief example for the
Command Line Interface.
Configuring the Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Basic System Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Setting an IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Managing System Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Console Port Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Telnet Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Configuring Event Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Setting the System Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Configuring Port Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
Port Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
Creating Trunk Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
Broadcast Storm Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1
Configuring Port Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
Configuring Rate Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1
Address Table Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1
VLAN Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1
Configuring Private VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1
Class of Service Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1
Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1
Multicast Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1
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Switch Management
Switch Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-1
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Chapter 3: Configuring the Switch
Using the Web Interface
This switch provides an embedded HTTP web agent. Using a web browser you can
configure the switch and view statistics to monitor network activity. The web agent
can be accessed by any computer on the network using a standard web browser
(Internet Explorer 5.0 or above, or Netscape 6.2 or above).
Note: You can also use the Command Line Interface (CLI) to manage the switch over a
serial connection to the console port or via Telnet. For more information on using
Prior to accessing the switch from a web browser, be sure you have first performed
the following tasks:
1. Configure the switch with a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway
using an out-of-band serial connection, BOOTP or DHCP protocol. (See “Setting
2. Set user names and passwords using an out-of-band serial connection. Access
to the web agent is controlled by the same user names and passwords as the
3. After you enter a user name and password, you will have access to the system
configuration program.
Notes: 1. You are allowed three attempts to enter the correct password; on the third
failed attempt the current connection is terminated.
2. If you log into the web interface as guest (Normal Exec level), you can view
the configuration settings or change the guest password. If you log in as
“admin” (Privileged Exec level), you can change the settings on any page.
3. If the path between your management station and this switch does not pass
through any device that uses the Spanning Tree Algorithm, then you can set
the switch port attached to your management station to fast forwarding (i.e.,
enable Admin Edge Port) to improve the switch’s response time to
management commands issued through the web interface. See “Configuring
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Configuring the Switch
3
Navigating the Web Browser Interface
To access the web-browser interface you must first enter a user name and
password. The administrator has Read/Write access to all configuration parameters
and statistics. The default user name and password “admin” is used for the
administrator.
Home Page
When your web browser connects with the switch’s web agent, the home page is
displayed as shown below. The home page displays the Main Menu on the left side
of the screen and System Information on the right side. The Main Menu links are
used to navigate to other menus, and display configuration parameters and
statistics.
Figure 3-1 Home Page
Note: The examples in this chapter are based on the ES4524D. Other than the number
of fixed ports, there are no other differences between the ES4524D and ES4548D.
The panel graphics for both switch types are shown on the following page.
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Navigating the Web Browser Interface
3
Configuration Options
Configurable parameters have a dialog box or a drop-down list. Once a configuration
change has been made on a page, be sure to click on the Apply button to confirm
the new setting. The following table summarizes the web page configuration
buttons.
Table 3-1 Web Page Configuration Buttons
Button
Apply
Action
Sets specified values to the system.
Revert
Cancels specified values and restores current values prior to
pressing “Apply.”
Help
Links directly to web help.
Notes: 1. To ensure proper screen refresh, be sure that Internet Explorer 5.x is
configured as follows: Under the menu “Tools / Internet Options / General /
Temporary Internet Files / Settings,” the setting for item “Check for newer
versions of stored pages” should be “Every visit to the page.”
2. When using Internet Explorer 5.0, you may have to manually refresh the
screen after making configuration changes by pressing the browser’s refresh
button.
Panel Display
The web agent displays an image of the switch’s ports. The Mode can be set to
display different information for the ports, including Active (i.e., up or down), Duplex
(i.e., half or full duplex), or Flow Control (i.e., with or without flow control). Clicking on
ES4524D
ES4548D
Figure 3-2 Front Panel Indicators
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Configuring the Switch
3
Main Menu
Using the onboard web agent, you can define system parameters, manage and
control the switch, and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The following
table briefly describes the selections available from this program.
Table 3-2 Switch Main Menu
Menu
Description
Page
System
System Information
Provides basic system description, including contact information
Switch Information
Shows the number of ports, hardware/firmware version
numbers, and power status
Bridge Extension
IP Configuration
IPv6 Configuration
IPv6 Configuration
IPv6 General Prefix
IPv6 Neighbor
Jumbo Frames
File Management
Copy Operation
Delete
Shows the bridge extension parameters
Sets the IPv4 address for management access
Configures IPv6 interface addresses and static neighbors
Configures IPv6 interface address and protocol settings
Configures IPv6 general prefix for network portion of addresses
Configures IPv6 neighbor discover protocol and static neighbors
Enables support for jumbo frames
Allows the transfer and copying files
Allows deletion of files from the flash memory
Sets the startup file
Set Startup
Line
Console
Sets console port connection parameters
Sets Telnet connection parameters
Telnet
Log
Logs
Sends error messages to a logging process
Stores and displays error messages
System Logs
Remote Logs
SMTP
Configures the logging of messages to a remote logging process
Sends an SMTP client message to a participating server
Renumbers the units in the stack
Renumbering
Reset
Restarts the switch
SNTP
Configuration
Configures SNTP client settings, including a specified list of
servers
Clock Time Zone
Sets the local time zone for the system clock
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Navigating the Web Browser Interface
3
Table 3-2 Switch Main Menu (Continued)
Menu
Description
Page
SNMP
Configuration
Configures community strings and related trap functions
Enables or disables SNMP
Agent Status
SNMPv3
Engine ID
Remote Engine ID
Users
Sets the SNMP v3 engine ID
Sets the SNMP v3 engine ID on a remote device
Configures SNMP v3 users
Remote Users
Groups
Configures SNMP v3 users on a remote device
Configures SNMP v3 groups
Views
Configures SNMP v3 views
Security
User Accounts
Authentication Settings
HTTPS Settings
SSH
Configures user names, passwords, and access levels
Configures authentication sequence, RADIUS and TACACS
Configures secure HTTP settings
Settings
Configures Secure Shell server settings
Host-Key Settings
Port Security
Generates the host key pair (public and private)
Configures per port security, including status, response for
security breach, and maximum allowed MAC addresses
802.1X
Port authentication
Information
Configuration
Port Configuration
Statistics
Displays global configuration settings
Configures global configuration parameters
Sets the authentication mode for individual ports
Displays protocol statistics for the selected port
ACL
Configuration
Port Binding
IP Filter
Configures packet filtering based on IP or MAC addresses
Binds a port to the specified ACL
Configures IP addresses that are allowed management access
Port
Port Information
Displays port connection status
Displays trunk connection status
Configures port connection settings
Configures trunk connection settings
Trunk Information
Port Configuration
Trunk Configuration
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Configuring the Switch
3
Table 3-2 Switch Main Menu (Continued)
Menu
Description
Page
Trunk Membership
LACP
Configuration
Aggregation Port
Specifies ports to group into static trunks
Allows ports to dynamically join trunks
Configures parameters for link aggregation group members
Port Counters Information Displays statistics for LACP protocol messages
Port Internal Information Displays settings and operational state for the local side
Port Neighbors Information Displays settings and operational state for the remote side
Port Broadcast Control
Trunk Broadcast Control
Mirror Port Configuration
Rate Limit
Sets the broadcast storm threshold for each port
Sets the broadcast storm threshold for each trunk
Sets the source and target ports for mirroring
Input Port Configuration
Sets the input rate limit for each port
Input Trunk Configuration Sets the input rate limit for each trunk
Output Port Configuration Sets the output rate limit for each port
Output Trunk Configuration Sets the output rate limit for each trunk
Port Statistics
Address Table
Static Addresses
Dynamic Addresses
Address Aging
Spanning Tree
STA
Lists Ethernet and RMON port statistics
Displays entries for interface, address or VLAN
Displays or edits static entries in the Address Table
Sets timeout for dynamically learned entries
Information
Displays STA values used for the bridge
Configuration
Configures global bridge settings for STP, RSTP and MSTP
Displays individual port settings for STA
Port Information
Trunk Information
Port Configuration
Trunk Configuration
MSTP
Displays individual trunk settings for STA
Configures individual port settings for STA
Configures individual trunk settings for STA
VLAN Configuration
Port Information
Trunk Information
Configures priority and VLANs for a spanning tree instance
Displays port settings for a specified MST instance
Displays trunk settings for a specified MST instance
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Navigating the Web Browser Interface
3
Table 3-2 Switch Main Menu (Continued)
Menu
Port Configuration
Trunk Configuration
VLAN
Description
Page
Configures port settings for a specified MST instance
Configures trunk settings for a specified MST instance
802.1Q VLAN
GVRP Status
Enables GVRP VLAN registration protocol
Enables QinQ tunneling mode
802.1Q Tunnel Status
Basic Information
Current Table
Displays information on the VLAN type supported by this switch
Shows the current port members of each VLAN and whether or
not the port is tagged or untagged
Static List
Used to create or remove VLAN groups
Modifies the settings for an existing VLAN
Static Table
Static Membership by Port Configures membership type for interfaces, including tagged,
untagged or forbidden
Port Configuration
Trunk Configuration
Tunnel Configuration
Specifies default PVID and VLAN attributes
Specifies default trunk VID and VLAN attributes
Adds ports to a QinQ tunnel
Tunnel Trunk Configuration Adds trunks to a QinQ tunnel
Private VLAN
Status
Enables or disables the private VLAN
Configures the private VLAN
Link Status
Protocol VLAN
Configuration
Port Configuration
Creates a protocol group, specifying the supported protocols
Maps a protocol group to a VLAN
NA
Priority
Default Port Priority
Default Trunk Priority
Traffic Classes
Sets the default priority for each port
Sets the default priority for each trunk
Maps IEEE 802.1p priority tags to output queues
Enables/disables traffic class priorities (not implemented)
Sets queue mode to strict priority or Weighted Round-Robin
Configures Weighted Round Robin queueing
Traffic Classes Status
Queue Mode
Queue Scheduling
IP Precedence/
DSCP Priority Status
Globally selects IP Precedence or DSCP Priority, or disables
both.
IP Precedence Priority
Sets IP Type of Service priority, mapping the precedence tag to
a class-of-service value
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Configuring the Switch
3
Table 3-2 Switch Main Menu (Continued)
Menu
Description
Page
IP DSCP Priority
Sets IP Differentiated Services Code Point priority, mapping a
DSCP tag to a class-of-service value
IP Port Priority Status
IP Port Priority
Globally enables or disables IP Port Priority
Sets TCP/UDP port priority, defining the socket number and
associated class-of-service value
QoS
DiffServ
Class Map
Configure QoS classification criteria and service policies
Creates a class map for a type of traffic
Policy Map
Service Policy
Creates a policy map for multiple interfaces
Applies a policy map defined to an ingress port
IGMP Snooping
IGMP Configuration
Enables multicast filtering; configures parameters for multicast
query
Multicast Router
Port Information
Displays the ports that are attached to a neighboring multicast
router for each VLAN ID
Static Multicast Router
Port Configuration
Assigns ports that are attached to a neighboring multicast router
IP Multicast Registration
Table
Displays all multicast groups active on this switch, including
multicast IP addresses and VLAN ID
IGMP Member Port Table
Indicates multicast addresses associated with the selected
VLAN
DNS
General Configuration
Enables DNS; configures domain name and domain list; and
specifies IP address of name servers for dynamic lookup
Static Host Table
Cache
Configures static entries for domain name to address mapping
Displays cache entries discovered by designated name servers
Cluster
Configuration
Globally enables clustering for the switch
Adds switch Members to the cluster
Member Configuration
Member Information
Candidate Information
Displays cluster Member switch information
Displays network Candidate switch information
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Chapter 4: Basic System Settings
This chapter describes the basic functions required to set up management access to
the switch, display or upgrade operating software, or reset the system.
Displaying System Information
You can easily identify the system by displaying the device name, location and
contact information.
Field Attributes
• System Name – Name assigned to the switch system.
• Object ID – MIB II object ID for switch’s network management subsystem.
• Location – Specifies the system location.
• Contact – Administrator responsible for the system.
• System Up Time – Length of time the management agent has been up.
These additional parameters are displayed for the CLI.
• System Description – Brief description of device type.
• MAC Address – The physical layer address for this switch.
• Web Server – Shows if management access via HTTP is enabled.
• Web Server Port – Shows the TCP port number used by the web interface.
• Web Secure Server – Shows if management access via HTTPS is enabled.
• Web Secure Server Port – Shows the TCP port used by the HTTPS interface.
• Telnet Server – Shows if management access via Telnet is enabled.
• Telnet Server Port – Shows the TCP port used by the Telnet interface.
• Authentication Login – Shows the user login authentication sequence.
• Jumbo Frame – Shows if jumbo frames are enabled.
• POST Result – Shows results of the power-on self-test
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Basic System Settings
4
Web – Click System, System Information. Specify the system name, location, and
contact information for the system administrator, then click Apply. (This page also
includes a Telnet button that allows access to the Command Line Interface via Telnet.)
Figure 4-1 System Information
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Displaying Switch Hardware/Software Versions
4
CLI – Specify the hostname, location and contact information.
Console(config)#hostname R&D 5
Console(config)#snmp-server location WC 9
Console(config)#snmp-server contact Ted
Console(config)#exit
Console#show system
SystemDescription:24/48L2/L4IPV4/IPV6GESwitch
System OID String: 1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95
System Information
System Up Time:
System Name:
0 days, 1 hours, 28 minutes, and 0.51 seconds
R&D 5
System Location:
System Contact:
MAC Address (Unit1):
Web Server:
Web Server Port:
Web Secure Server:
WC 9
Ted
00-12-34-56-78-9A
Enabled
80
Enabled
Web Secure Server Port: 443
Telnet Server:
Enable
Telnet Server Port:
Authentication Login:
Jumbo Frame:
23
Local RADIUS None
Disabled
POST Result:
DUMMY Test 1 ................. PASS
DRAM Test .................... PASS
Timer Test ................... PASS
PCI Device 1 Test ............ PASS
I2C Bus Initialization ....... PASS
Switch Int Loopback Test ..... PASS
Fan Speed Test ............... PASS
Done All Pass.
Console#
Displaying Switch Hardware/Software Versions
Use the Switch Information page to display hardware/firmware version numbers for
the main board and management software, as well as the power status of the
system.
Field Attributes
Main Board
• Serial Number – The serial number of the switch.
• Number of Ports – Number of built-in ports.
• Hardware Version – Hardware version of the main board.
• Internal Power Status – Displays the status of the internal power supply.
Management Software
• EPLD Version – Version number of EEPROM Programmable Logic Device.
• Loader Version – Version number of loader code.
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Basic System Settings
4
• Boot-ROM Version – Version of Power-On Self-Test (POST) and boot code.
• Operation Code Version – Version number of runtime code.
• Role – Shows that this switch is operating as Master or Slave.
These additional parameters are displayed for the CLI.
• Unit ID – Unit number in stack.
• Redundant Power Status – Displays the status of the redundant power supply.
Web – Click System, Switch Information.
Figure 4-2 Switch Information
CLI – Use the following command to display version information.
Console#show version
Unit 1
Serial Number:
Hardware Version:
EPLD Version:
Number of Ports:
Main Power Status:
1.02
24
Up
Redundant Power Status: Not present
Agent (Master)
Unit ID:
1
Loader Version:
Boot ROM Version:
0.0.0.2
0.0.0.2
Operation Code Version: 0.0.0.4
Console#
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Displaying Bridge Extension Capabilities
4
Displaying Bridge Extension Capabilities
The Bridge MIB includes extensions for managed devices that support Multicast
Filtering, Traffic Classes, and Virtual LANs. You can access these extensions to
display default settings for the key variables.
Field Attributes
• Extended Multicast Filtering Services – This switch does not support the filtering
of individual multicast addresses based on GMRP (GARP Multicast Registration
Protocol).
• Traffic Classes – This switch provides mapping of user priorities to multiple traffic
• Static Entry Individual Port – This switch allows static filtering for unicast and
• VLAN Learning – This switch uses Independent VLAN Learning (IVL), where each
port maintains its own filtering database.
• Configurable PVID Tagging – This switch allows you to override the default Port
VLAN ID (PVID used in frame tags) and egress status (VLAN-Tagged or
• Local VLAN Capable – This switch does not support multiple local bridges outside
of the scope of 802.1Q defined VLANs.
• GMRP – GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network devices to
register endstations with multicast groups. This switch does not support GMRP; it
uses the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) to provide automatic
multicast filtering.
Web – Click System, Bridge Extension.
Figure 4-3 Displaying Bridge Extension Configuration
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Basic System Settings
4
CLI – Enter the following command.
Console#show bridge-ext
Max support VLAN numbers:
Max support VLAN ID:
256
4093
Extended multicast filtering services: No
Static entry individual port:
VLAN learning:
Yes
IVL
Configurable PVID tagging:
Local VLAN capable:
Traffic classes:
Global GVRP status:
GMRP:
Yes
No
Enabled
Disabled
Disabled
Console#
Configuring Support for Jumbo Frames
The switch provides more efficient throughput for large sequential data transfers by
supporting jumbo frames up to 9216 bytes. Compared to standard Ethernet frames
that run only up to 1.5 KB, using jumbo frames significantly reduces the per-packet
overhead required to process protocol encapsulation fields.
Command Usage
To use jumbo frames, both the source and destination end nodes (such as a
computer or server) must support this feature. Also, when the connection is
operating at full duplex, all switches in the network between the two end nodes must
be able to accept the extended frame size. And for half-duplex connections, all
devices in the collision domain would need to support jumbo frames.
Command Attributes
Jumbo Packet Status – Configures support for jumbo frames. (Default: Disabled)
Web – Click System, Jumbo Frames. Enable or disable support for jumbo frames,
and click Apply.
Figure 4-4 Configuring Support for Jumbo Frames
CLI – This example enables jumbo frames globally for the switch.
Console(config)#jumbo frame
Console(config)#
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Renumbering the Stack
4
Renumbering the Stack
If the units are no longer numbered sequentially after several topology changes or
failures, you can reset the unit numbers using the “Renumbering” command. Just
remember to save the new configuration settings to a startup configuration file prior
to powering off the stack Master.
Note: This switch does not support stacking.
Command Usage
• The startup configuration file maps configuration settings to each switch in the
stack based on the unit identification number. You should therefore remember to
save the current configuration after renumbering the stack.
• For a line topology, the stack is numbered from top to bottom, with the first unit in
the stack designated at unit 1. For a ring topology, the Master unit taken as the top
of the stack and is numbered as unit 1, and all other units are numbered
sequentially down through the ring.
Web – Click System, Renumbering.
Figure 4-5 Renumbering the Stack
CLI – This example renumbers all units in the stack.
Console#switch all renumber
Console#
Resetting the System
Web – Click System, Reset. Click the Reset button to restart the switch. When
prompted, confirm that you want reset the switch.
Figure 4-6 Resetting the System
CLI – Use the reload command to restart the switch.
Console#reload
System will be restarted, continue <y/n>?
Note: When restarting the system, it will always run the Power-On Self-Test.
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Basic System Settings
4
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Chapter 5: Setting an IP Address
This chapter describes how to configure an IPv4 interface for management access
over the network. This switch supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and can be managed
through either of these address types. For information on configuring the switch with
an IPv6 address, see “Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)” on page 5-4.
Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 4)
The IPv4 address for the switch is obtained via DHCP by default. To manually
configure an address, you need to change the switch’s default settings to values that
are compatible with your network. You may also need to a establish a default
gateway between the switch and management stations that exist on another
network segment.
You can manually configure a specific IP address, or direct the device to obtain an
address from a BOOTP or DHCP server. Valid IP addresses consist of four decimal
numbers, 0 to 255, separated by periods. Anything other than this format will not be
accepted by the CLI program.
Command Attributes
• Management VLAN – ID of the configured VLAN (1-4093). By default, all ports on
the switch are members of VLAN 1. However, the management station can be
attached to a port belonging to any VLAN, as long as that VLAN has been assigned
an IP address.
• IP Address Mode – Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual
configuration (Static), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), or Boot
Protocol (BOOTP). If DHCP/BOOTP is enabled, IP will not function until a reply has
been received from the server. Requests will be broadcast periodically by the
switch for an IP address. (DHCP/BOOTP values can include the IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway.)
• IP Address – Address of the VLAN to which the management station is attached.
Valid IP addresses consist of four numbers, 0 to 255, separated by periods.
(Default: 0.0.0.0)
• Subnet Mask – This mask identifies the host address bits used for routing to
specific subnets. (Default: 255.0.0.0)
• Gateway IP Address – IP address of the gateway router between the switch and
management stations that exist on other network segments. (Default: 0.0.0.0)
• MAC Address – The physical layer address for this switch.
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Setting an IP Address
5
Manual Configuration
Web – Click System, IP Configuration. Select the VLAN through which the
management station is attached, set the IP Address Mode to “Static,” Enter the IP
address, subnet mask and gateway, then click Apply.
Figure 5-1 IPv4 Interface Configuration - Manual
CLI – Specify the management interface, IP address and default gateway.
Console#config
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ip address 10.1.0.253 255.255.255.0
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#ip default-gateway 10.1.0.254
Console(config)#
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 4)
5
Using DHCP/BOOTP
If your network provides DHCP/BOOTP services, you can configure the switch to be
dynamically configured by these services.
Web – Click System, IP Configuration. Specify the VLAN to which the management
station is attached, set the IP Address Mode to DHCP or BOOTP. Click Apply to
save your changes. Then click Restart DHCP to immediately request a new
address. Note that the switch will also broadcast a request for IP configuration
settings on each power reset.
Figure 5-2 IPv4 Interface Configuration - DHCP
Note: If you lose your management connection, make a console connection to the
switch and enter “show ip interface” to determine the new switch address.
CLI – Specify the management interface, and set the IP address mode to DHCP or
BOOTP, and then enter the “ip dhcp restart” command.
Console#config
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ip address dhcp
Console(config-if)#end
Console#ip dhcp restart
Console#show ip interface
IP Address and Netmask: 192.168.0.100 255.255.255.0 on VLAN 1,
Address Mode:
Console#
DHCP
Renewing DCHP – DHCP may lease addresses to clients indefinitely or for a
specific period of time. If the address expires or the switch is moved to another
network segment, you will lose management access to the switch. In this case, you
can reboot the switch or submit a client request to restart DHCP service via the CLI.
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Setting an IP Address
5
Web – If the address assigned by DHCP is no longer functioning, you will not be
able to renew the IP settings via the web interface. You can only restart DHCP
service via the web interface if the current address is still available.
CLI – Enter the following command to restart DHCP service.
Console#ip dhcp restart
Console#
Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
This section describes how to configure an IPv6 interface for management access
over the network. This switch supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and can be managed
through either of these address types. For information on configuring the switch with
an IPv4 address, see “Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 4)” on page 5-1.
Configuring an IPv6 Address
IPv6 includes two distinct address types – link-local unicast and global unicast. A
link-local address makes the switch accessible over IPv6 for all devices attached to
the same local subnet. Management traffic using this kind of address cannot be
passed by any router outside of the subnet. A link-local address is easy to set up,
and may be useful for simple networks or basic troubleshooting tasks. However, to
connect to a larger network with multiple segments, the switch must be configured
with a global unicast address. Both link-local and global unicast address types can
either be manually configured or dynamically assigned.
Command Usage
• All IPv6 addresses must be formatted according to RFC 2373 “IPv6 Addressing
Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal values. One double
colon may be used in the address to indicate the appropriate number of zeros
required to fill the undefined fields.
• The switch must always be configured with a link-local address. Therefore any
configuration process that enables IPv6 functionality, or assigns a global unicast
address to the switch, will also automatically generate a link-local unicast address.
The prefix length for a link-local address is fixed at 64 bits, and the host portion of
the default address is based on the modified EUI-64 (Extended Universal Identifier)
form of the interface identifier (i.e., the physical MAC address). Alternatively, you
can manually configure the link-local address by entering the full address with the
network prefix FE80.
• To connect to a larger network with multiple subnets, you must configure a global
unicast address. There are several alternatives to configuring this address type:
- The global unicast address can be automatically configured by taking the
network prefix from router advertisements observed on the local interface, and
using the modified EUI-64 form of the interface identifier to automatically create
the host portion of the address.
- It can be manually configured by specifying the entire network prefix and prefix
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
5
length, and using the EUI-64 form of the interface identifier to automatically
create the low-order 64 bits in the host portion of the address.
- You can also manually configure the global unicast address by entering the full
address and prefix length.
- Or you can include a general prefix for the network portion of the address (as
When using this method, remember that the prefix length specified on the IPv6
Configuration page must include both the length of the general prefix and any
contiguous bits (from the left of the specified address) that are added to the
general prefix to form the extended network portion of the address.
• You can configure multiple IPv6 global unicast addresses per interface, but only
one link-local address per interface.
• If a duplicate link-local address is detected on the local segment, this interface is
disabled and a warning message displayed on the console. If a duplicate global
unicast address is detected on the network, the address is disabled on this
interface and a warning message displayed on the console.
Command Attributes
• (Management) VLAN – ID of the configured VLAN (1-4093). By default, all ports
on the switch are members of VLAN 1. However, the management station can be
attached to a port belonging to any VLAN, as long as that VLAN has been assigned
an IP address.
• IPv6 Enabled – Enables IPv6 on an interface. Note that when an explicit address
is assigned to an interface, IPv6 is automatically enabled, and cannot be disabled
until all assigned addresses have been removed.
• IPv6 Default Gateway – Sets the IPv6 address of the default next hop router.
- An IPv6 default gateway must be defined if the management station is located
in a different IPv6 segment.
- An IPv6 default gateway can only be successfully set when a network interface
that directly connects to the gateway has been configured on the switch.
• IPv6 MTU – Sets the size of the maximum transmission unit (MTU) for IPv6
packets sent on an interface. (Range: 1280-65535 bytes, Default: 1500 bytes)
- IPv6 routers do not fragment IPv6 packets forwarded from other routers.
However, traffic originating from an end-station connected to an IPv6 router may
be fragmented.
- All devices on the same physical medium must use the same MTU in order to
operate correctly.
- IPv6 must be enabled on an interface before the MTU can be set.
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Setting an IP Address
5
IP Address
• Auto Configuration – Enables stateless autoconfiguration of IPv6 addresses on
an interface and enables IPv6 functionality on the interface. The network portion of
the address is based on prefixes received in IPv6 router advertisement messages,
and the host portion is automatically generated using the modified EUI-64 form of
the interface identifier (i.e., the switch’s MAC address).
- If the router advertisements have the “other stateful configuration” flag set, the
switch will attempt to acquire other non-address configuration information (such
as a default gateway).
• Manual Configuration – Manually configures an IPv6 address.
• IPv6 Address – An IPv6 address can be configured in any of these ways:
- A link-local address can be manually configured by specifying the entire
address in the IPv6 Address field, and selecting the Address Type “Link
Local.” The network prefix length is fixed at 64 bits and cannot be changed.
- A global unicast address can be configured by specifying the network prefix
and the length of the prefix (in the IPv6 Address and Prefix Length fields), and
then selecting the Address Type “EUI-64” to automatically create the host
portion of the address in the low order 64 bits based on the modified EUI-64
interface identifier.
- A global unicast address can be manually configured by specifying the full
address and network prefix length (in the IP Address and Prefix Length fields),
and selecting the Address Type “Global.”
- A global unicast address can also be set by selecting a preconfigured general
prefix for the network portion of the address from the Based on General Prefix
scroll-down list and marking the check box next to this field to enable your
then specifying the address (in the IPv6 Address field) and the full network
prefix length which includes the general prefix and any contiguous bits from
the left of the address that are appended to the network prefix (in the Prefix
Length field).
• Prefix Length – A decimal value indicating how many contiguous bits (from the
left) of the address comprise the prefix (i.e., the network portion of the address).
When used with a general network prefix to configure a global unicast address,
this length includes both that specified by the general prefix and any contiguous
prefix bits (from the left of the specified address) that exceed the length of the
general prefix. If the prefix length specified by this parameter is shorter than the
general prefix, then the length of the general prefix takes precedence.
• Based on General Prefix – Defines a general prefix for the network segment of
When configuring a global unicast address based on a general network prefix,
the Prefix Length includes both that specified by the general prefix and any
number of subsequent prefix bits that exceed the length of the general prefix.
Therefore, depending on the value specified by the Prefix Length, some of the
address bits entered in the IPv6 Address field may be appended to the general
prefix. However, if the Prefix Length is shorter than the general prefix, then the
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
5
length of the general prefix takes precedence, and some of the address bits
entered in the IPv6 Address field will be ignored.
• Address Type – Defines the address type configured for this interface.
• Link Local – Configures an IPv6 link-local address.
- The address prefix must be FE80.
- You can configure only one link-local address per interface.
- The specified address replaces a link-local address that was automatically
generated for the interface.
• EUI-64 (Extended Universal Identifier) – Configures an IPv6 address for an
interface using an EUI-64 interface ID in the low order 64 bits.
- When using EUI-64 format for the low-order 64 bits in the host portion of the
address, the value entered in the IPv6 Address field includes the network
portion of the address, and the value in the Prefix Length field indicates how
many contiguous bits (from the left) of the address comprise the prefix (i.e.,
the network portion of the address). Note that the value specified in the IPv6
Address field may include some of the high-order host bits if the specified
prefix length is less than 64 bits. If the specified prefix length exceeds 64
bits, then the bits used in the network portion of the address will take
precedence over the interface identifier.
- IPv6 addresses are 16 bytes long, of which the bottom 8 bytes typically form
a unique host identifier based on the device’s MAC address. The EUI-64
specification is designed for devices that use an extended 8-byte MAC
address. For devices that still use a 6-byte MAC address (also known as
EUI-48 format), it must be converted into EUI-64 format by inverting the
universal/local bit in the address and inserting the hexadecimal number
FFFE between the upper and lower three bytes of the MAC address.
For example, if a device had an EUI-48 address of 28-9F-18-1C-82-35, the
global/local bit must first be inverted to meet EUI-64 requirements (i.e., 1 for
globally defined addresses and 0 for locally defined addresses), changing
28 to 2A. Then the two bytes FFFE are inserted between the OUI (i.e.,
organizationally unique identifier, or company identifier) and the rest of the
address, resulting in a modified EUI-64 interface identifier of
2A-9F-18-FF-FE-1C-82-35.
- This host addressing method allows the same interface identifier to be used
on multiple IP interfaces of a single device, as long as those interfaces are
attached to different subnets.
• Global – Configures an IPv6 global unicast address based on values entered
in the IPv6 Address and Prefix Length fields.
- Auto Detect – System will automatically detect the address type according to
the address/prefix entered in the IPv6 Address field.
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Setting an IP Address
5
Current Address Table
• IPv6 Address – IPv6 address assigned to this interface.
In addition to the unicast addresses assigned to an interface, a node is required to
join the all-nodes multicast addresses FF01::1 and FF02::1 for all IPv6 nodes
within scope 1 (interface-local) and scope 2 (link-local), respectively.
FF01::1/16 is the transient node-local multicast address for all attached IPv6
nodes, and FF02::1/16 is the link-local multicast address for all attached IPv6
nodes. The node-local multicast address is only used for loopback transmission of
multicast traffic. Link-local multicast addresses cover the same types as used by
link-local unicast addresses, including all nodes (FF02::1), all routers (FF02::2),
and solicited nodes (FF02::1:FFXX:XXXX) as described below.
A node is also required to compute and join the associated solicited-node multicast
addresses for every unicast and anycast address it is assigned. IPv6 addresses
that differ only in the high-order bits, e.g. due to multiple high-order prefixes
associated with different aggregations, will map to the same solicited-node
address, thereby reducing the number of multicast addresses a node must join. In
this example, FF02::1:FF90:0/104 is the solicited-node multicast address which is
formed by taking the low-order 24 bits of the address and appending those bits to
the prefix.
Note that the solicited-node multicast address (link-local scope FF02) is used to
resolve the MAC addresses for neighbor nodes since IPv6 does not support the
broadcast method used by the Address Resolution Protocol in IPv4.
• Prefix Length – This field includes the prefix length, address type (Global,
Link-local, Multicast), and configuration method if manually set.
• Address Type – Global, Link-local or Multicast.
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
5
Web – Click System, IPv6 Configuration, IPv6 Configuration. Set the IPv6 default
gateway, specify the VLAN to configure, enable IPv6, and set the MTU. Then enter a
global unicast or link-local address and click Add IPv6 Address.
Figure 5-3 IPv6 Interface Configuration
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Setting an IP Address
5
CLI – This example configures an IPv6 gateway, specifies the management
interface, configures a global unicast address, and then sets the MTU.
Console#config
Console(config)ipv6 default-gateway 2009:DB9:2229::240
Console(config)#interface vlan 1
Console(config-if)#ipv6 address rd 7279::79/64
Console(config-if)#ipv6 mtu 1280
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show ipv6 default-gateway
ipv6 default gateway: 2009:DB9:2229::240
Console#show ipv6 interface
Vlan 1 is up
IPv6 is enable.
Link-local address:
FE80::200:E8FF:FE90:0/64
Global unicast address(es):
2009:DB9:2229::79, subnet is 2009:DB9:2229:0::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF01::1/16
FF02::1/16
FF02::1:FF00:79/104
FF02::1:FF90:0/104
MTU is 1280 bytes.
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1.
ND retransmit interval is 1000 milliseconds
Console#show ipv6 mtu
MTU
Since
Destination Address
1400
00:04:21 5000:1::3
1280
00:04:50 FE80::203:A0FF:FED6:141D
Console#
Configuring an IPv6 General Network Prefix
The IPv6 General Prefix page is used to configure general prefixes that are
the network address portion of an interface address.
Command Usage
• Prefixes may contain zero-value fields or end in zeros.
• A general prefix holds a short prefix that indicates the high-order bits used in the
network portion of the address. Longer, more specific, prefixes can be based on
the general prefix to specify any number of subnets. When the general prefix is
changed, all of the more specific prefixes based on this prefix will also change.
Command Attributes
• General Prefix Name – The label assigned to the general prefix.
• Prefix Value – The high-order bits of the network address segment assigned to the
general prefix. The prefix must be formatted according to RFC 2373 “IPv6
Addressing Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal values. One
double colon may be used in the address to indicate the appropriate number of
zeros required to fill the undefined fields.
• Prefix Length – A decimal value indicating how many of the contiguous bits (from
the left) of the address comprise the prefix (i.e., the network portion of the address).
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
5
Web – Click System, IPv6 Configuration, IPv6 General Prefix. Click Add to open the
editing fields for a prefix entry. Enter a name for the general prefix, the value for the
general prefix, and the prefix length. Then click Add to enable the entry.
Figure 5-4 IPv6 General Prefix Configuration
CLI – This example creates a general network prefix of 2009:DB9:2229::/48.
Console(config)#ipv6 general-prefix rd 2009:DB9:2229::/48
Console(config)#end
Console#show ipv6 general-prefix
IPv6 general prefix: rd
2009:DB9:2229::/48
Console#
Configuring the Neighbor Detection Protocol and Static
Entries
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol supersedes IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol in
IPv6 networks. IPv6 nodes on the same network segment use Neighbor Discovery
to discover each other's presence, to determine each other's link-layer addresses, to
find routers and to maintain reachability information about the paths to active
neighbors. The key parameters used to facilitate this process are the number of
attempts made to verify whether or not a duplicate address exists on the same
network segment, and the interval between neighbor solicitations used to verify
reachability information.
Command Attributes
Protocol Settings
• VLAN – VLAN ID (Range: 1-4093)
• IPv6 ND DAD Attempts – The number of consecutive neighbor solicitation
messages sent on an interface during duplicate address detection. (Range: 0-600,
Default: 1)
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Setting an IP Address
5
- Configuring a value of 0 disables duplicate address detection.
- Duplicate address detection determines if a new unicast IPv6 address already
exists on the network before it is assigned to an interface.
- Duplicate address detection is stopped on any interface that has been
suspended, all unicast IPv6 addresses assigned to that interface are placed in a
“pending” state. Duplicate address detection is automatically restarted when the
interface is administratively re-activated.
- An interface that is re-activated restarts duplicate address detection for all
unicast IPv6 addresses on the interface. While duplicate address detection is
performed on the interface’s link-local address, the other IPv6 addresses remain
in a “tentative” state. If no duplicate link-local address is found, duplicate address
detection is started for the remaining IPv6 addresses.
- If a duplicate address is detected, it is set to “duplicate” state, and a warning
message is sent to the console. If a duplicate link-local address is detected, IPv6
processes are disabled on the interface. If a duplicate global unicast address is
detected, it is not used. All configuration commands associated with a duplicate
address remain configured while the address is in “duplicate” state.
- If the link-local address for an interface is changed, duplicate address detection
is performed on the new link-local address, but not for any of the IPv6 global
unicast addresses already associated with the interface.
Current Neighbor Cache Table
• IPv6 Address – IPv6 address of neighbor device.
• Age – The time since the address was verified as reachable (in minutes). A static
entry is indicated by the value “Permanent.”
• Link-layer Address – Physical layer MAC address.
•
State – The current state for an entry.
The following states are used for dynamic entries:
- INCMP (Incomplete) - Address resolution is being carried out on the entry.
A neighbor solicitation message has been sent to the multicast address of the
target, but it has not yet returned a neighbor advertisement message.
- REACH (Reachable) - Positive confirmation was received within the last
ReachableTime interval that the forward path to the neighbor was functioning.
While in REACH state, the device takes no special action when sending packets.
- STALE - More than the ReachableTime interval has elapsed since the last
positive confirmation was received that the forward path was functioning. While
in STALE state, the device takes no action until a packet is sent.
- DELAY - More than the ReachableTime interval has elapsed since the last
positive confirmation was received that the forward path was functioning. A
packet was sent within the last DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME interval. If no
reachability confirmation is received within this interval after entering the DELAY
state, the switch will send a neighbor solicitation message and change the state
to PROBE.
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Setting the Switch’s IP Address (IP Version 6)
5
- PROBE - A reachability confirmation is actively sought by resending neighbor
solicitation messages every RetransTimer interval until confirmation of
reachability is received.
- ???? - Unknown state.
The following states are used for static entries:
- INCMP (Incomplete) -The interface for this entry is down.
- REACH (Reachable) - The interface for this entry is up. Reachability detection
is not applied to static entries in the IPv6 neighbor discovery cache.
• VLAN – VLAN interface from which the address was reached.
Adding Static Neighbors (IPv6 Neighbor -- Add)
• IPv6 Address – The IPv6 address of a neighbor device that can be reached
through one of the network interfaces configured on this switch. You can specify
either a link-local or global unicast address formatted according to RFC 2373 “IPv6
Addressing Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal values. One
double colon may be used in the address to indicate the appropriate number of
zeros required to fill the undefined fields.
• VLAN – VLAN ID (Range: 1-4093)
• Hardware Address – The 48-bit MAC layer address for the neighbor device. This
address must be formatted as six hexadecimal pairs separated by hyphens.
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Setting an IP Address
5
Web – Click System, IPv6 Configuration, IPv6 ND Neighbor. To configure the
Neighbor Detection protocol settings, select a VLAN interface, set the number of
attempts allowed for duplicate address detection, set the interval for neighbor
solicitation messages, and click Apply. To configure static neighbor entries, click
Add, fill in the IPv6 address, VLAN interface and hardware address. Then click Add.
Figure 5-5 IPv6 Neighbor Detection and Neighbor Cache
CLI – This example maps a static entry for a global unicast address to a MAC
address.
Console(config)#ipv6 general-prefix rd 2009:DB9:2229::/48
Console(config)#ipv6 neighbor 2009:0DB9::49A vlan 1
30-65-14-01-11-87
Console(config)#end
Console#show ipv6 neighbors
IPv6 Address
2009:DB9:2229::77
Console#
Age
Link-layer Addr
State
Vlan
Permanent 30-65-14-01-11-87 REACH
1
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Chapter 6: Managing System Files
This chapter describes how to upgrade the switch operating software, save and
restore switch configuration files, and set the system start-up files.
Managing Firmware
You can upload/download firmware to or from a TFTP server. By saving runtime
code to a file on a TFTP server, that file can later be downloaded to the switch to
restore operation. You can also set the switch to use new firmware without
overwriting the previous version. You must specify the method of file transfer, along
with the file type and file names as required.
Command Attributes
• File Transfer Method – The firmware copy operation includes these options:
- file to file – Copies a file within the switch directory, assigning it a new name.
- file to tftp – Copies a file from the switch to a TFTP server.
- tftp to file – Copies a file from a TFTP server to the switch.
- file to unit – Copies a file from this switch to another unit in the stack.
- unit to file – Copies a file from another unit in the stack to this switch.
• TFTP Server IP Address – The IP address of a TFTP server.
• File Type – Specify opcode (operational code) to copy firmware.
• File Name – The file name should not contain slashes (\ or /), the leading letter of
the file name should not be a period (.), and the maximum length for file names on
the TFTP server is 127 characters or 31 characters for files on the switch.
(Valid characters: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, “.”, “-”, “_”)
• Source/Destination Unit – Stack unit. (Range: Always 1)
Note: Up to two copies of the system software (i.e., the runtime firmware) can be stored
in the file directory on the switch. The currently designated startup version of this
file cannot be deleted.
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Managing System Files
6
Downloading System Software from a Server
When downloading runtime code, you can specify the destination file name to
replace the current image, or first download the file using a different name from the
current runtime code file, and then set the new file as the startup file.
Web – Click System, File Management, Copy Operation. Select “tftp to file” as the
file transfer method, enter the IP address of the TFTP server, set the file type to
“opcode,” enter the file name of the software to download, select a file on the switch
to overwrite or specify a new file name, then click Apply. If you replaced the current
firmware used for startup and want to start using the new operation code, reboot the
system via the System/Reset menu.
Figure 6-1 Copy Firmware
If you download to a new destination file, go to the File Management, Set Start-Up
menu, mark the operation code file used at startup, and click Apply. To start the new
firmware, reboot the system via the System/Reset menu.
Figure 6-2 Setting the Startup Code
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Managing Firmware
6
To delete a file select System, File Management, Delete. Select the file name from
the given list by checking the tick box and click Apply. Note that the file currently
designated as the startup code cannot be deleted.
Figure 6-3 Deleting Files
CLI – To download new firmware form a TFTP server, enter the IP address of the
TFTP server, select “config” as the file type, then enter the source and destination
file names. When the file has finished downloading, set the new file to start up the
system, and then restart the switch.
To start the new firmware, enter the “reload” command or reboot the system.
Console#copy tftp file
TFTP server ip address: 10.1.0.19
Choose file type:
1. config: 2. opcode: <1-2>: 2
Source file name: V1.0.0.28.bix
Destination file name: V10028
\Write to FLASH Programming.
-Write to FLASH finish.
Success.
Console#config
Console(config)#boot system opcode:V10028
Console(config)#exit
Console#reload
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Managing System Files
6
Saving or Restoring Configuration Settings
You can upload/download configuration settings to/from a TFTP server. The
configuration file can be later downloaded to restore the switch’s settings.
Command Attributes
• File Transfer Method – The configuration copy operation includes these options:
- file to file – Copies a file within the switch directory, assigning it a new name.
- file to running-config – Copies a file in the switch to the running configuration.
- file to startup-config – Copies a file in the switch to the startup configuration.
- file to tftp – Copies a file from the switch to a TFTP server.
- running-config to file – Copies the running configuration to a file.
- running-config to startup-config – Copies the running config to the startup config.
- running-config to tftp – Copies the running configuration to a TFTP server.
- startup-config to file – Copies the startup configuration to a file on the switch.
- startup-config to running-config – Copies the startup config to the running config.
- startup-config to tftp – Copies the startup configuration to a TFTP server.
- tftp to file – Copies a file from a TFTP server to the switch.
- tftp to running-config – Copies a file from a TFTP server to the running config.
- tftp to startup-config – Copies a file from a TFTP server to the startup config.
- file to unit – Copies a file from this switch to another unit in the stack.
- unit to file – Copies a file from another unit in the stack to this switch.
• TFTP Server IP Address – The IP address of a TFTP server.
• File Type – Specify config (configuration) to copy configuration settings.
•
File Name — The configuration file name should not contain slashes (\ or /), the
leading letter of the file name should not be a period (.), and the maximum length
for file names on the TFTP server is 127 characters or 31 characters for files on
the switch. (Valid characters: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, “.”, “-”, “_”)
• Source/Destination Unit – Stack unit. (Range: Always 1)
Note: The maximum number of user-defined configuration files is limited only by
available flash memory space.
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Saving or Restoring Configuration Settings
6
Downloading Configuration Settings from a Server
You can download the configuration file under a new file name and then set it as the
startup file, or you can specify the current startup configuration file as the destination
file to directly replace it. Note that the file “Factory_Default_Config.cfg” can be
copied to the TFTP server, but cannot be used as the destination on the switch.
Web – Click System, File Management, Copy Operation. Choose “tftp to
startup-config” or “tftp to file,” and enter the IP address of the TFTP server. Specify
the name of the file to download, select a file on the switch to overwrite or specify a
new file name, and then click Apply.
Figure 6-4 Downloading Configuration Settings for Start-Up
If you download to a new file name using “tftp to startup-config” or “tftp to file,” the file
is automatically set as the start-up configuration file. To use the new settings, reboot
the system via the System/Reset menu. You can also select any configuration file as
the start-up configuration by using the System/File Management/Set Start-Up page.
Figure 6-5 Setting the Startup Configuration Settings
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Managing System Files
6
CLI – Enter the IP address of the TFTP server, specify the source file on the server,
set the startup file name on the switch, and then restart the switch.
Console#copy tftp startup-config
TFTP server ip address: 192.168.1.19
Source configuration file name: config-1
Startup configuration file name [] : startup
\Write to FLASH Programming.
-Write to FLASH finish.
Success.
Console#reload
To select another configuration file as the start-up configuration, use the boot
system command and then restart the switch.
Console#config
Console(config)#boot system config: startup
Console(config)#exit
Console#reload
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Chapter 7: Console Port Settings
You can access the onboard configuration program by attaching a VT100
compatible device to the switch’s serial console port. Management access through
the console port is controlled by various parameters, including a password, timeouts,
and basic communication settings. These parameters can be configured via the web
or CLI interface.
Command Attributes
• Login Timeout – Sets the interval that the system waits for a user to log into the
CLI. If a login attempt is not detected within the timeout interval, the connection is
terminated for the session. (Range: 0 - 300 seconds; Default: 0)
• Exec Timeout – Sets the interval that the system waits until user input is detected.
If user input is not detected within the timeout interval, the current session is
terminated. (Range: 0 - 65535 seconds; Default: 0 seconds)
• Password Threshold – Sets the password intrusion threshold, which limits the
number of failed logon attempts. When the logon attempt threshold is reached, the
system interface becomes silent for a specified amount of time (set by the Silent
Time parameter) before allowing the next logon attempt. (Range: 0-120; Default: 3
attempts)
• Silent Time – Sets the amount of time the management console is inaccessible
after the number of unsuccessful logon attempts has been exceeded.
(Range: 0-65535; Default: 0)
• Data Bits – Sets the number of data bits per character that are interpreted and
generated by the console port. If parity is being generated, specify 7 data bits per
character. If no parity is required, specify 8 data bits per character. (Default: 8 bits)
• Parity – Defines the generation of a parity bit. Communication protocols provided
by some terminals can require a specific parity bit setting. Specify Even, Odd, or
None. (Default: None)
• Speed – Sets the terminal line’s baud rate for transmit (to terminal) and receive
(from terminal). Set the speed to match the baud rate of the device connected to
the serial port. (Range: 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, or 115200 baud, Auto;
Default: Auto)
• Stop Bits – Sets the number of the stop bits transmitted per byte.
(Range: 1-2; Default: 1 stop bit)
1
• Password – Specifies a password for the line connection. When a connection is
started on a line with password protection, the system prompts for the password.
If you enter the correct password, the system shows a prompt. (Default: No
password)
• Login1 – Enables password checking at login. You can select authentication by a
single global password as configured for the Password parameter, or by
passwords set up for specific user-name accounts. (Default: Local)
1. CLI only.
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Console Port Settings
7
Web – Click System, Line, Console. Specify the console port connection parameters
as required, then click Apply.
Figure 7-1 Configuring the Console Port
CLI – Enter Line Configuration mode for the console, then specify the connection
parameters as required. To display the current console port settings, use the show
line command from the Normal Exec level.
Console(config)#line console
Console(config-line)#login local
Console(config-line)#password 0 secret
Console(config-line)#timeout login response 0
Console(config-line)#exec-timeout 0
Console(config-line)#password-thresh 5
Console(config-line)#silent-time 60
Console(config-line)#databits 8
Console(config-line)#parity none
Console(config-line)#speed auto
Console(config-line)#stopbits 1
Console(config-line)#end
Console#show line console
Console configuration:
Password threshold: 5 times
Interactive timeout: Disabled
Login timeout:
Silent time:
Baudrate:
Disabled
60
auto
8
Databits:
Parity:
Stopbits:
none
1
Console#
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Chapter 8: Telnet Settings
You can access the onboard configuration program over the network using Telnet
(i.e., a virtual terminal). Management access via Telnet can be enabled/disabled and
other various parameters set, including the TCP port number, timeouts, and a
password. These parameters can be configured via the web or CLI interface.
Command Attributes
• Telnet Status – Enables or disables Telnet access to the switch.
(Default: Enabled)
• Telnet Port Number – Sets the TCP port number for Telnet on the switch.
(Default: 23)
• Login Timeout – Sets the interval that the system waits for a user to log into the
CLI. If a login attempt is not detected within the timeout interval, the connection is
terminated for the session. (Range: 0 - 300 seconds; Default: 300 seconds)
• Exec Timeout – Sets the interval that the system waits until user input is detected.
If user input is not detected within the timeout interval, the current session is
terminated. (Range: 0 - 65535 seconds; Default: 600 seconds)
• Password Threshold – Sets the password intrusion threshold, which limits the
number of failed logon attempts. When the logon attempt threshold is reached, the
system interface becomes silent for a specified amount of time (set by the Silent
Time parameter) before allowing the next logon attempt.
(Range: 0-120; Default: 3 attempts)
1
• Password – Specifies a password for the line connection. When a connection is
started on a line with password protection, the system prompts for the password.
If you enter the correct password, the system shows a prompt. (Default: No
password)
• Login1 – Enables password checking at login. You can select authentication by a
single global password as configured for the Password parameter, or by
passwords set up for specific user-name accounts. (Default: Local)
Web – Click System, Line, Telnet. Specify the connection parameters for Telnet
access, then click Apply.
1. CLI only.
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Telnet Settings
8
Figure 8-1 Configuring the Telnet Interface
CLI – Enter Line Configuration mode for a virtual terminal, then specify the
connection parameters as required. To display the current virtual terminal settings,
use the show line command from the Normal Exec level.
Console(config)#line vty
Console(config-line)#login local
Console(config-line)#password 0 secret
Console(config-line)#timeout login response 300
Console(config-line)#exec-timeout 600
Console(config-line)#password-thresh 3
Console(config-line)#end
Console#show line vty
VTY configuration:
Password threshold: 3 times
Interactive timeout: 600 sec
Login timeout:
Console#
300 sec
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Chapter 9: Configuring Event Logging
The switch allows you to control the logging of error messages, including the type of
events that are recorded in switch memory, logging to a remote System Log (syslog)
server, and displays a list of recent event messages.
System Log Configuration
The system allows you to enable or disable event logging, and specify which levels
are logged to RAM or flash memory.
Severe error messages that are logged to flash memory are permanently stored in
the switch to assist in troubleshooting network problems. Up to 4096 log entries can
be stored in the flash memory, with the oldest entries being overwritten first when the
available log memory (256 kilobytes) has been exceeded.
The System Logs page allows you to configure and limit system messages that are
logged to flash or RAM memory. The default is for event levels 0 to 3 to be logged to
flash and levels 0 to 7 to be logged to RAM.
Command Attributes
• System Log Status – Enables/disables the logging of debug or error messages to
the logging process. (Default: Enabled)
• Flash Level – Limits log messages saved to the switch’s permanent flash memory
for all levels up to the specified level. For example, if level 3 is specified, all
messages from level 0 to level 3 will be logged to flash. (Range: 0-7, Default: 3)
Table 9-1 Logging Levels
Level
Severity Name
Debug
Description
7
6
5
4
3
2
Debugging messages
Informational
Notice
Informational messages only
Normal but significant condition, such as cold start
Warning conditions (e.g., return false, unexpected return)
Error conditions (e.g., invalid input, default used)
Warning
Error
Critical
Critical conditions (e.g., memory allocation, or free memory
error - resource exhausted)
1
0
Alert
Immediate action needed
System unusable
Emergency
* There are only Level 2, 5 and 6 error messages for the current firmware release.
• RAM Level – Limits log messages saved to the switch’s temporary RAM memory
for all levels up to the specified level. For example, if level 7 is specified, all
messages from level 0 to level 7 will be logged to RAM. (Range: 0-7, Default: 7)
Note: The Flash Level must be equal to or less than the RAM Level.
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Configuring Event Logging
9
Web – Click System, Logs, System Logs. Specify System Log Status, set the level of
event messages to be logged to RAM and flash memory, then click Apply.
Figure 9-1 System Logs
CLI – Enable system logging and then specify the level of messages to be logged to
RAM and flash memory. Use the show logging command to display the current
settings.
Console(config)#logging on
Console(config)#logging history ram 0
Console(config)#
Console#show logging ram
Syslog logging:
Disabled
History logging in RAM: level emergencies
Console#
Remote Log Configuration
The Remote Logs page allows you to configure the logging of messages that are
sent to syslog servers or other management stations. You can also limit the event
messages sent to only those messages at or above a specified level.
Command Attributes
• Remote Log Status – Enables/disables the logging of debug or error messages
to the remote logging process. (Default: Disabled)
• Logging Facility – Sets the facility type for remote logging of syslog messages.
There are eight facility types specified by values of 16 to 23. The facility type is
used by the syslog server to dispatch log messages to an appropriate service.
The attribute specifies the facility type tag sent in syslog messages. (See RFC
3164.) This type has no effect on the kind of messages reported by the switch.
However, it may be used by the syslog server to process messages, such as sorting
or storing messages in the corresponding database. (Range: 16-23, Default: 23)
• Logging Trap – Limits log messages that are sent to the remote syslog server for
all levels up to the specified level. For example, if level 3 is specified, all messages
from level 0 to level 3 will be sent to the remote server. (Range: 0-7, Default: 7)
• Host IP List – Displays the list of remote server IP addresses that will receive
syslog messages. The maximum number of host IP addresses allowed is five.
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Remote Log Configuration
9
• Host IP Address – Specifies a new server IP address to add to the Host IP List.
Web – Click System, Logs, Remote Logs. To add an IP address to the Host IP List,
type the new IP address in the Host IP Address box, and then click Add. To delete
an IP address, click the entry in the Host IP List, and then click Remove.
Figure 9-2 Remote Logs
CLI – Enter the syslog server host IP address, choose the facility type and set the
logging trap.
Console(config)#logging host 10.1.0.9
Console(config)#logging facility 23
Console(config)#logging trap 4
Console(config)#logging trap
Console(config)#exit
Console#show logging trap
Syslog logging:
Enabled
REMOTELOG status:
Disabled
REMOTELOG facility type:
REMOTELOG level type:
local use 7
Warning conditions
REMOTELOG server ip address: 10.1.0.9
REMOTELOG server ip address: 0.0.0.0
REMOTELOG server ip address: 0.0.0.0
REMOTELOG server ip address: 0.0.0.0
REMOTELOG server ip address: 0.0.0.0
Console#
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Configuring Event Logging
9
Displaying Log Messages
Use the Logs page to scroll through the logged system and event messages. The
switch can store up to 2048 log entries in temporary random access memory (RAM;
i.e., memory flushed on power reset) and up to 4096 entries in permanent flash
memory.
Web – Click System, Log, Logs.
Figure 9-3 Displaying Logs
CLI – This example shows the event message stored in RAM.
Console#show log ram
[1] 00:01:30 2001-01-01
"VLAN 1 link-up notification."
level: 6, module: 5, function: 1, and event no.: 1
[0] 00:01:30 2001-01-01
"Unit 1, Port 1 link-up notification."
level: 6, module: 5, function: 1, and event no.: 1
Console#
Sending Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Alerts
To alert system administrators of problems, the switch can use SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) to send email messages when triggered by logging events of a
specified level. The messages are sent to specified SMTP servers on the network
and can be retrieved using POP or IMAP clients.
Command Attributes
• Admin Status – Enables/disables the SMTP function. (Default: Enabled)
• Email Source Address – Sets the email address used for the “From” field in alert
messages. You may use a symbolic email address that identifies the switch, or the
address of an administrator responsible for the switch.
trigger alert messages. All events at this level or higher will be sent to the
configured email recipients. For example, using Level 7 will report all events from
level 7 to level 0. (Default: Level 7)
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Sending Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Alerts
9
• SMTP Server List – Specifies a list of up to three recipient SMTP servers. The
switch attempts to connect to the other listed servers if the first fails. Use the New
SMTP Server text field and the Add/Remove buttons to configure the list.
• Email Destination Address List – Specifies the email recipients of alert
messages. You can specify up to five recipients. Use the New Email Destination
Address text field and the Add/Remove buttons to configure the list.
Web – Click System, Log, SMTP. Enable SMTP, specify a source email address,
and select the minimum severity level. To add an IP address to the SMTP Server
List, type the new IP address in the SMTP Server field and click Add. To delete an IP
address, click the entry in the SMTP Server List and click Remove. Specify up to five
email addresses to receive the alert messages, and click Apply.
Figure 9-4 Enabling and Configuring SMTP Alerts
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Configuring Event Logging
9
CLI – Enter the IP address of at least one SMTP server, set the syslog severity level
to trigger an email message, and specify the switch (source) and up to five recipient
(destination) email addresses. Enable SMTP with the logging sendmail command
to complete the configuration. Use the show logging sendmail command to display
the current SMTP configuration.
Console(config)#logging sendmail host 192.168.1.4
Console(config)#logging sendmail level 3
Console(config)#logging sendmail source-email
Console(config)#logging sendmail destination-email
Console(config)#logging sendmail
Console(config)#exit
Console#show logging sendmail
SMTP servers
-----------------------------------------------
1. 192.168.1.4
SMTP minimum severity level: 4
SMTP destination email addresses
-----------------------------------------------
SMTP source email address: [email protected]
SMTP status:
Console#
Enabled
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Chapter 10: Setting the System Clock
Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) allows the switch to set its internal clock
based on periodic updates from a time server (SNTP or NTP). Maintaining an
accurate time on the switch enables the system log to record meaningful dates and
times for event entries. You can also manually set the clock using the CLI. (See
“calendar set” on page 39-5.) If the clock is not set, the switch will only record the
time from the factory default set at the last bootup.
When the SNTP client is enabled, the switch periodically sends a request for a time
update to a configured time server. You can configure up to three time server IP
addresses. The switch will attempt to poll each server in the configured sequence.
Configuring SNTP
You can configure the switch to send time synchronization requests to time servers.
Command Attributes
• SNTP Client – Configures the switch to operate as an SNTP client. This requires
at least one time server to be specified in the SNTP Server field. (Default: Disabled)
• SNTP Poll Interval – Sets the interval between sending requests for a time update
from a time server. (Range: 16-16384 seconds; Default: 16 seconds)
• SNTP Server – Sets the IP address for up to three time servers. The switch
attempts to update the time from the first server, if this fails it attempts an update
from the next server in the sequence.
Web – Select SNTP, Configuration. Modify any of the required parameters, and click
Apply.
Figure 10-1 SNTP Configuration
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Setting the System Clock
10
CLI – This example configures the switch to operate as an SNTP client and then
displays the current time and settings.
Console(config)#sntp client
Console(config)#sntp poll 16
Console(config)#sntp server 10.1.0.19 137.82.140.80 128.250.36.2
Console(config)#exit
Console#show sntp
Current time: Jan 6 14:56:05 2004
Poll interval: 60
Current mode: unicast
SNTP status : Enabled
SNTP server 10.1.0.19 137.82.140.80 128.250.36.2
Current server: 128.250.36.2
Console#
Setting the Time Zone
SNTP uses Coordinated Universal Time (or UTC, formerly Greenwich Mean Time,
or GMT) based on the time at the Earth’s prime meridian, zero degrees longitude. To
display a time corresponding to your local time, you must indicate the number of
hours and minutes your time zone is east (before) or west (after) of UTC.
Command Attributes
• Current Time – Displays the current time.
• Name – Assigns a name to the time zone. (Range: 1-29 characters)
• Hours (0-13) – The number of hours before/after UTC.
• Minutes (0-59) – The number of minutes before/after UTC.
• Direction – Configures the time zone to be before (east) or after (west) UTC.
Web – Select SNTP, Clock Time Zone. Set the offset for your time zone relative to
the UTC, and click Apply.
Figure 10-2 Clock Time Zone
CLI - This example shows how to set the time zone for the system clock.
Console(config)#clock timezone Dhaka hours 6 minute 0 after-UTC
Console#
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Chapter 11: Simple Network Management
Protocol
This chapter describes how to configure the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP) on the switch.
SNMP Overview
SNMP is a communication protocol designed specifically for managing devices on a
network. Equipment commonly managed with SNMP includes switches, routers and
host computers. SNMP is typically used to configure these devices for proper
operation in a network environment, as well as to monitor them to evaluate
performance or detect potential problems.
Managed devices supporting SNMP contain software, which runs locally on the
device and is referred to as an agent. A defined set of variables, known as managed
objects, is maintained by the SNMP agent and used to manage the device. These
objects are defined in a Management Information Base (MIB) that provides a
standard presentation of the information controlled by the agent. SNMP defines both
the format of the MIB specifications and the protocol used to access this information
over the network.
The switch includes an onboard agent that supports SNMP versions 1, 2c, and 3.
This agent continuously monitors the status of the switch hardware, as well as the
traffic passing through its ports. A network management station can access this
information using software such as HP OpenView. Access to the onboard agent
from clients using SNMP v1 and v2c is controlled by community strings. To
communicate with the switch, the management station must first submit a valid
community string for authentication.
Access to the switch using from clients using SNMPv3 provides additional security
features that cover message integrity, authentication, and encryption; as well as
controlling user access to specific areas of the MIB tree.
The SNMPv3 security structure consists of security models, with each model having
it’s own security levels. There are three security models defined, SNMPv1,
SNMPv2c, and SNMPv3. Users are assigned to “groups” that are defined by a
security model and specified security levels. Each group also has a defined security
access to set of MIB objects for reading and writing, which are known as “views.”
The switch has a default view (all MIB objects) and default groups defined for
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
security models v1 and v2c. The following table shows the security models and
levels available and the system default settings.
Table 11-1 SNMPv3 Security Models and Levels
Model Level
Group
Read View Write View Notify View Security
v1
noAuthNoPriv public
defaultview none
none
Community string only
(read only)
noAuthNoPriv private
v1
defaultview defaultview none
Community string only
(read/write)
v1
noAuthNoPriv user defined user defined user defined user defined Community string only
v2c
noAuthNoPriv public
(read only)
defaultview none
none
Community string only
Community string only
v2c
noAuthNoPriv private
(read/write)
defaultview defaultview none
v2c
v3
noAuthNoPriv user defined user defined user defined user defined Community string only
noAuthNoPriv user defined user defined user defined user defined A user name match only
v3
AuthNoPriv
user defined user defined user defined user defined Provides user
authentication via MD5 or
SHA algorithms
v3
AuthPriv
user defined user defined user defined user defined Provides user
authentication via MD5 or
SHA algorithms and data
privacy using DES 56-bit
encryption
Note: The predefined default groups and view can be deleted from the system. You can
then define customized groups and views for the SNMP clients that require access.
Enabling the SNMP Agent
Enables SNMPv3 service for all management clients (i.e., versions 1, 2c, 3).
Command Attributes
SNMP Agent Status – Enables SNMP on the switch.
Web – Click SNMP, Agent Status. Enable the SNMP Agent by marking the Enabled
checkbox, and click Apply.
Figure 11-1 Enabling the SNMP Agent
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Setting Community Access Strings
11
CLI – The following example enables SNMP on the switch.
Console(config)#snmp-server
Console(config)#
Setting Community Access Strings
You may configure up to five community strings authorized for management access
by clients using SNMP v1 and v2c. All community strings used for IP Trap Managers
should be listed in this table. For security reasons, you should consider removing the
default strings.
Command Attributes
• SNMP Community Capability – The switch supports up to five community strings.
• Current – Displays a list of the community strings currently configured.
• Community String – A community string that acts like a password and permits
access to the SNMP protocol.
Default strings: “public” (read-only access), “private” (read/write access)
Range: 1-32 characters, case sensitive
• Access Mode – Specifies the access rights for the community string:
- Read-Only – Authorized management stations are only able to retrieve MIB
objects.
- Read/Write – Authorized management stations are able to both retrieve and
modify MIB objects.
Web – Click SNMP, Configuration. Add new community strings as required, select
the access rights from the Access Mode drop-down list, then click Add.
Figure 11-2 Configuring SNMP Community Strings
CLI – The following example adds the string “spiderman” with read/write access.
Console(config)#snmp-server community spiderman rw
Console(config)#
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
Specifying Trap Managers and Trap Types
Traps indicating status changes are issued by the switch to specified trap managers.
You must specify trap managers so that key events are reported by this switch to
your management station (using network management platforms such as HP
OpenView). You can specify up to five management stations that will receive
authentication failure messages and other trap messages from the switch.
Command Usage
• If you specify an SNMP Version 3 host, then the “Trap Manager Community String”
is interpreted as an SNMP user name. If you use V3 authentication or encryption
options (authNoPriv or authPriv), the user name must first be defined in the
privacy password will not exist, and the switch will not authorize SNMP access for
the host. However, if you specify a V3 host with the no authentication (noAuth)
option, an SNMP user account will be automatically generated, and the switch will
authorize SNMP access for the host.
• Notifications are issued by the switch as trap messages by default. The recipient
of a trap message does not send a response to the switch. Traps are therefore not
as reliable as inform messages, which include a request for acknowledgement of
receipt. Informs can be used to ensure that critical information is received by the
host. However, note that informs consume more system resources because they
must be kept in memory until a response is received. Informs also add to network
traffic. You should consider these effects when deciding whether to issue
notifications as traps or informs.
To send an inform to a SNMPv2c host, complete these steps:
2.Enable trap informs as described in the following pages.
To send an inform to a SNMPv3 host, complete these steps:
2.Enable trap informs as described in the following pages.
Command Attributes
• Trap Manager Capability – This switch supports up to five trap managers.
• Current – Displays a list of the trap managers currently configured.
• Trap Manager IP Address – IP address of a new management station to receive
notification messages.
• Trap Manager Community String – Specifies a valid community string for the
new trap manager entry. Though you can set this string in the Trap Managers table,
we recommend that you define this string in the SNMP Configuration page (for
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Specifying Trap Managers and Trap Types
11
Version 1 or 2c clients), or define a corresponding “User Name” in the SNMPv3
Users page (for Version 3 clients). (Range: 1-32 characters, case sensitive)
• Trap UDP Port – Specifies the UDP port number used by the trap manager.
• Trap Version – Indicates if the user is running SNMP v1, v2c, or v3. (Default: v1)
• Trap Security Level – When trap version 3 is selected, you must specify one of
the following security levels. (Default: noAuthNoPriv)
- noAuthNoPriv – There is no authentication or encryption used in SNMP
communications.
- AuthNoPriv – SNMP communications use authentication, but the data is not
encrypted (only available for the SNMPv3 security model).
- AuthPriv – SNMP communications use both authentication and encryption (only
available for the SNMPv3 security model).
• Trap Inform – Notifications are sent as inform messages. Note that this option is
only available for version 2c and 3 hosts. (Default: traps are used)
- Timeout – The number of seconds to wait for an acknowledgment before
resending an inform message. (Range: 0-2147483647 centiseconds;
Default: 1500 centiseconds)
- Retry times – The maximum number of times to resend an inform message if
the recipient does not acknowledge receipt. (Range: 0-255; Default: 3)
1
• Enable Authentication Traps – Issues a notification message to specified IP
trap managers whenever authentication of an SNMP request fails.
(Default: Enabled)
• Enable Link-up and Link-down Traps1 – Issues a notification message
whenever a port link is established or broken. (Default: Enabled)
1. These are legacy notifications and therefore when used for SNMP Version 3 hosts, they must
be enabled in conjunction with the corresponding entries in the Notification View
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
Web – Click SNMP, Configuration. Enter the IP address and community string for
each management station that will receive trap messages, specify the UDP port,
SNMP trap version, trap security level (for v3 clients), trap inform settings (for v2c/v3
clients), and then click Add. Select the trap types required using the check boxes for
Authentication and Link-up/down traps, and then click Apply.
Figure 11-3 Configuring SNMP Trap Managers
CLI – This example adds a trap manager and enables authentication traps.
Console(config)#snmp-server host 10.1.19.23 private version 2c
udp-port 162
Console(config)#snmp-server enable traps authentication
Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
To configure SNMPv3 management access to the switch, follow these steps:
1. If you want to change the default engine ID, do so before configuring other
SNMP parameters.
2. Specify read and write access views for the switch MIB tree.
3. Configure SNMP user groups with the required security model (i.e., SNMP v1,
v2c or v3) and security level (i.e., authentication and privacy).
4. Assign SNMP users to groups, along with their specific authentication and
privacy passwords.
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
11
Setting a Local Engine ID
An SNMPv3 engine is an independent SNMP agent that resides on the switch. This
engine protects against message replay, delay, and redirection. The engine ID is
also used in combination with user passwords to generate the security keys for
authenticating and encrypting SNMPv3 packets.
A local engine ID is automatically generated that is unique to the switch. This is
referred to as the default engine ID. If the local engineID is deleted or changed, all
SNMP users will be cleared. You will need to reconfigure all existing users.
A new engine ID can be specified by entering 1 to 26 hexadecimal characters. If less
than 26 characters are specified, trailing zeroes are added to the value. For
example, the value “1234” is equivalent to “1234” followed by 22 zeroes.
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Engine ID. Enter an ID of up to 26 hexadecimal
characters and then click Save.
Figure 11-4 Setting the SNMPv3 Engine ID
CLI – This example sets an SNMPv3 engine ID.
Console(config)#snmp-server engine-id local 12345abcdef
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp engine-id
Local SNMP engineID: 8000002a8000000000e8666672
Local SNMP engineBoots: 1
Console#
Specifying a Remote Engine ID
To send inform messages to an SNMPv3 user on a remote device, you must first
specify the engine identifier for the SNMP agent on the remote device where the
user resides. The remote engine ID is used to compute the security digest for
authenticating and encrypting packets sent to a user on the remote host.
SNMP passwords are localized using the engine ID of the authoritative agent. For
informs, the authoritative SNMP agent is the remote agent. You therefore need to
configure the remote agent’s SNMP engine ID before you can send proxy requests
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
The engine ID can be specified by entering 1 to 26 hexadecimal characters. If less
than 26 characters are specified, trailing zeroes are added to the value. For
example, the value “1234” is equivalent to “1234” followed by 22 zeroes.
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Remote Engine ID. Enter an ID of up to 26
hexadecimal characters and then click Save.
Figure 11-5 Setting an Engine ID
CLI – This example specifies a remote SNMPv3 engine ID.
Console(config)#snmp-server engineID remote 54321 192.168.1.19
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp engine-id
Local SNMP engineID: 8000002a8000000000e8666672
Local SNMP engineBoots: 1
Remote SNMP engineID
80000000030004e2b316c54321
Console#
IP address
192.168.1.19
Configuring SNMPv3 Users
Each SNMPv3 user is defined by a unique name. Users must be configured with a
specific security level and assigned to a group. The SNMPv3 group restricts users to
a specific read, write, or notify view.
Command Attributes
• User Name – The name of user connecting to the SNMP agent. (Range: 1-32
characters)
• Group Name – The name of the SNMP group to which the user is assigned.
(Range: 1-32 characters)
• Security Model – The user security model; SNMP v1, v2c or v3.
• Security Level – The security level used for the user:
- noAuthNoPriv – There is no authentication or encryption used in SNMP
communications. (This is the default for SNMPv3.)
- AuthNoPriv – SNMP communications use authentication, but the data is not
encrypted (only available for the SNMPv3 security model).
- AuthPriv – SNMP communications use both authentication and encryption (only
available for the SNMPv3 security model).
• Authentication Protocol – The method used for user authentication. (Options:
MD5, SHA; Default: MD5)
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
11
• Authentication Password – A minimum of eight plain text characters is required.
• Privacy Protocol – The encryption algorithm use for data privacy; only 56-bit DES
is currently available.
• Privacy Password – A minimum of eight plain text characters is required.
• Actions – Enables the user to be assigned to another SNMPv3 group.
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Users. Click New to configure a user name. In the
New User page, define a name and assign it to a group, then click Add to save the
configuration and return to the User Name list. To delete a user, check the box next
to the user name, then click Delete. To change the assigned group of a user, click
Change Group in the Actions column of the users table and select the new group.
Figure 11-6 Configuring SNMPv3 Users
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
CLI – Use the snmp-server user command to configure a new user name and
assign it to a group.
Console(config)#snmp-server user chris group r&d v3 auth md5
greenpeace priv des56 einstien
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp user
EngineId: 80000034030001f488f5200000
User Name: chris
Authentication Protocol: md5
Privacy Protocol: des56
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
Console#
Configuring Remote SNMPv3 Users
Each SNMPv3 user is defined by a unique name. Users must be configured with a
specific security level and assigned to a group. The SNMPv3 group restricts users to
a specific read and a write view.
To send inform messages to an SNMPv3 user on a remote device, you must first
specify the engine identifier for the SNMP agent on the remote device where the
user resides. The remote engine ID is used to compute the security digest for
authenticating and encrypting packets sent to a user on the remote host. (See
Command Attributes
• User Name – The name of user connecting to the SNMP agent. (Range: 1-32
characters)
• Group Name – The name of the SNMP group to which the user is assigned.
(Range: 1-32 characters)
• Engine ID – The engine identifier for the SNMP agent on the remote device where
the remote user resides. Note that the remote engine identifier must be specified
before you configure a remote user. (See “Specifying a Remote Engine ID” on
• Remote IP – The Internet address of the remote device where the user resides.
• Security Model – The user security model; SNMP v1, v2c or v3. (Default: v1)
• Security Level – The security level used for the user:
- noAuthNoPriv – There is no authentication or encryption used in SNMP
communications. (This is the default for SNMPv3.)
- AuthNoPriv – SNMP communications use authentication, but the data is not
encrypted (only available for the SNMPv3 security model).
- AuthPriv – SNMP communications use both authentication and encryption (only
available for the SNMPv3 security model).
• Authentication Protocol – The method used for user authentication. (Options:
MD5, SHA; Default: MD5)
• Authentication Password – A minimum of eight plain text characters is required.
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
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• Privacy Protocol – The encryption algorithm use for data privacy; only 56-bit DES
is currently available.
• Privacy Password – A minimum of eight plain text characters is required.
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Remote Users. Click New to configure a user name.
In the New User page, define a name and assign it to a group, then click Add to save
the configuration and return to the User Name list. To delete a user, check the box
next to the user name, then click Delete.
Figure 11-7 Configuring Remote SNMPv3 Users
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
CLI – Use the snmp-server user command to configure a new user name and
assign it to a group.
Console(config)#snmp-server user mark group r&d remote 192.168.1.19 v3
auth md5 greenpeace priv des56 einstien
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp user
No user exist.
SNMP remote user
EngineId: 80000000030004e2b316c54321
User Name: mark
Authentication Protocol: none
Privacy Protocol: none
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
Console#
Configuring SNMPv3 Groups
An SNMPv3 group sets the access policy for its assigned users, restricting them to
specific read, write, and notify views. You can use the pre-defined default groups or
create new groups to map a set of SNMP users to SNMP views.
Command Attributes
• Group Name – The name of the SNMP group. (Range: 1-32 characters)
• Model – The group security model; SNMP v1, v2c or v3.
• Level – The security level used for the group:
- noAuthNoPriv – There is no authentication or encryption used in SNMP
communications.
- AuthNoPriv – SNMP communications use authentication, but the data is not
encrypted (only available for the SNMPv3 security model).
- AuthPriv – SNMP communications use both authentication and encryption (only
available for the SNMPv3 security model).
• Read View – The configured view for read access. (Range: 1-64 characters)
• Write View – The configured view for write access. (Range: 1-64 characters)
• Notify View – The configured view for notifications. (Range: 1-64 characters)
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
11
Table 11-2 Supported Notification Messages
Object Label
RFC 1493 Traps
newRoot
Object ID
Description
1.3.6.1.2.1.17.0.1
The newRoot trap indicates that the sending
agent has become the new root of the Spanning
Tree; the trap is sent by a bridge soon after its
election as the new root, e.g., upon expiration of
the Topology Change Timer immediately
subsequent to its election.
topologyChange
1.3.6.1.2.1.17.0.2
A topologyChange trap is sent by a bridge when
any of its configured ports transitions from the
Learning state to the Forwarding state, or from
the Forwarding state to the Discarding state. The
trap is not sent if a newRoot trap is sent for the
same transition.
SNMPv2 Traps
coldStart
1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.1
1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.2
1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.3
A coldStart trap signifies that the SNMPv2 entity,
acting in an agent role, is reinitializing itself and
that its configuration may have been altered.
warmStart
A warmStart trap signifies that the SNMPv2
entity, acting in an agent role, is reinitializing
itself such that its configuration is unaltered.
*
A linkDown trap signifies that the SNMP entity,
acting in an agent role, has detected that the
ifOperStatus object for one of its communication
links is about to enter the down state from some
other state (but not from the notPresent state).
This other state is indicated by the included
value of ifOperStatus.
linkDown
*
1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.4
1.3.6.1.6.3.1.1.5.5
A linkUp trap signifies that the SNMP entity,
acting in an agent role, has detected that the
ifOperStatus object for one of its communication
links left the down state and transitioned into
some other state (but not into the notPresent
state). This other state is indicated by the
included value of ifOperStatus.
linkUp
*
An authenticationFailure trap signifies that the
SNMPv2 entity, acting in an agent role, has
received a protocol message that is not properly
authenticated. While all implementations of the
SNMPv2 must be capable of generating this
trap, the snmpEnableAuthenTraps object
indicates whether this trap will be generated.
authenticationFailure
RMON Events (V2)
risingAlarm
1.3.6.1.2.1.16.0.1
1.3.6.1.2.1.16.0.2
The SNMP trap that is generated when an alarm
entry crosses its rising threshold and generates
an event that is configured for sending SNMP
traps.
fallingAlarm
The SNMP trap that is generated when an alarm
entry crosses its falling threshold and generates
an event that is configured for sending SNMP
traps.
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
Table 11-2 Supported Notification Messages (Continued)
Object Label
Object ID
Description
Private Traps -
swPowerStatus
ChangeTrap
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.1 This trap is sent when the power state changes.
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.17 This trap is sent when the fan fails.
swFanFailureTrap
swFanRecoverTrap
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.18 This trap is sent when the fan failure has
recovered.
swPortSecurityTrap
swIpFilterRejectTrap
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.36 This trap is sent when a port is intruded.
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.40 This trap is sent when an incorrect IP address is
rejected by the IP Filter.
swSmtpConnFailure
Trap
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.41 This trap is triggered if the SMTP system cannot
open a connection to the mail server
successfully.
swMainBoardVer
MismatchNotificaiton
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.56 This trap is sent when the slave board version is
mismatched with the master board version. This
trap binds two objects, the first object indicates
the master version, whereas the second
represents the slave version.
swModuleVer
MismatchNotificaiton
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.57 This trap is sent when the slide-in module
version is mismatched with the main board
version.
swThermalRising
Notification
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.58 This trap is sent when the temperature exceeds
the switchThermalActionRisingThreshold.
swThermalFalling
Notification
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.59 This trap is sent when the temperature falls below
the switchThermalActionFallingThreshold.
swModuleInsertion
Notificaiton
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.60 This trap is sent when a module is inserted.
swModuleRemoval
Notificaiton
1.3.6.1.4.1.259.6.10.95.2.1.0.61 This trap is sent when a module is removed.
* These are legacy notifications and therefore must be enabled in conjunction with the corresponding traps on the
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
11
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Groups. Click New to configure a new group. In the
New Group page, define a name, assign a security model and level, and then select
read, write, and notify views. Click Add to save the new group and return to the
Groups list. To delete a group, check the box next to the group name, then click
Delete.
Figure 11-8 Configuring SNMPv3 Groups
CLI – Use the snmp-server group command to configure a new group, specifying
the security model and level, and restricting MIB access to defined read and write
views.
Console(config)#snmp-server group secure-users v3 priv read defaultview
write defaultview notify defaultview
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp group
.
.
.
Group Name: secure-users
Security Model: v3
Read View: defaultview
Write View: defaultview
Notify View: defaultview
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
Console#
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Simple Network Management Protocol
11
Setting SNMPv3 Views
SNMPv3 views are used to restrict user access to specified portions of the MIB tree.
The predefined view “defaultview” includes access to the entire MIB tree.
Command Attributes
• View Name – The name of the SNMP view. (Range: 1-64 characters)
• View OID Subtrees – Shows the currently configured object identifiers of branches
within the MIB tree that define the SNMP view.
• Edit OID Subtrees – Allows you to configure the object identifiers of branches
within the MIB tree. Wild cards can be used to mask a specific portion of the OID
string.
• Type – Indicates if the object identifier of a branch within the MIB tree is included
or excluded from the SNMP view.
Web – Click SNMP, SNMPv3, Views. Click New to configure a new view. In the New
View page, define a name and specify OID subtrees in the switch MIB to be included
or excluded in the view. Click Back to save the new view and return to the SNMPv3
Views list. For a specific view, click on View OID Subtrees to display the current
configuration, or click on Edit OID Subtrees to make changes to the view settings. To
delete a view, check the box next to the view name, then click Delete.
Figure 11-9 Configuring SNMPv3 Views
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Configuring SNMPv3 Management Access
11
CLI – Use the snmp-server view command to configure a new view. This example
view includes the MIB-2 interfaces table, and the wildcard mask selects all index
entries.
Console(config)#snmp-server view ifEntry.a 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1.*
included
Console(config)#exit
Console#show snmp view
View Name: ifEntry.a
Subtree OID: 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.1.*
View Type: included
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
View Name: readaccess
Subtree OID: 1.3.6.1.2
View Type: included
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
View Name: defaultview
Subtree OID: 1
View Type: included
Storage Type: nonvolatile
Row Status: active
Console#
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Simple Network Management Protocol
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Chapter 12: User Authentication
This chapter describes how to configure the switch to authenticate users logging into
the system for management access using local or remote authentication methods.
The switch provides secure network management access using the following
options:
• User Accounts – Manually configure management access rights for users.
• Authentication Settings – Use remote authentication to configure access rights.
• HTTPS Settings – Provide a secure web connection.
• SSH Settings – Provide a secure shell (for secure Telnet access).
• IP Filter – Filters management access to the web, SNMP or Telnet interface.
Configuring User Accounts
The guest only has read access for most configuration parameters. However, the
administrator has write access for all parameters governing the onboard agent. You
should therefore assign a new administrator password as soon as possible, and
store it in a safe place.
The default guest name is “guest” with the password “guest.” The default
administrator name is “admin” with the password “admin.”
Command Attributes
• Account List – Displays the current list of user accounts and associated access
levels. (Defaults: admin, and guest)
• New Account – Displays configuration settings for a new account.
- User Name – The name of the user.
(Maximum length: 8 characters; maximum number of users: 16)
- Access Level – Specifies the user level.
(Options: Normal and Privileged)
- Password – Specifies the user password.
(Range: 0-8 characters plain text, case sensitive)
• Change Password – Sets a new password for the specified user.
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User Authentication
12
Web – Click Security, User Accounts. To configure a new user account, enter the
user name, access level, and password, then click Add. To change the password for
a specific user, enter the user name and new password, confirm the password by
entering it again, then click Apply.
Figure 12-1 User Accounts
CLI – Assign a user name to access-level 15 (i.e., administrator), then specify the
password.
Console(config)#username bob access-level 15
Console(config)#username bob password 0 smith
Console(config)#
Configuring Local/Remote Logon Authentication
Use the Authentication Settings menu to restrict management access based on
specified user names and passwords. You can manually configure access rights on
the switch, or you can use a remote access authentication server based on RADIUS
or TACACS+ protocols.
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) and Terminal Access
Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) are logon authentication
protocols that use software running on a central server to control access to
RADIUS-aware or TACACS- aware devices on the network. An authentication
server contains a database of multiple user name/password pairs with associated
privilege levels for each user that requires management access to the switch.
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Configuring Local/Remote Logon Authentication
12
console
Web
Telnet
1. Client attempts management access.
2. Switch contacts authentication server.
3. Authentication server challenges client.
4. Client responds with proper password or key.
5. Authentication server approves access.
6. Switch grants management access.
RADIUS/
TACACS+
server
RADIUS uses UDP while TACACS+ uses TCP. UDP only offers best effort delivery,
while TCP offers a connection-oriented transport. Also, note that RADIUS encrypts
only the password in the access-request packet from the client to the server, while
TACACS+ encrypts the entire body of the packet.
Command Usage
• By default, management access is always checked against the authentication
database stored on the local switch. If a remote authentication server is used, you
must specify the authentication sequence and the corresponding parameters for
the remote authentication protocol. Local and remote logon authentication control
management access via the console port, web browser, or Telnet.
• RADIUS and TACACS+ logon authentication assign a specific privilege level for
each user name/password pair. The user name, password, and privilege level
must be configured on the authentication server.
• You can specify up to three authentication methods for any user to indicate the
authentication sequence. For example, if you select (1) RADIUS, (2) TACACS and
(3) Local, the user name and password on the RADIUS server is verified first. If the
RADIUS server is not available, then authentication is attempted using the
TACACS+ server, and finally the local user name and password is checked.
Command Attributes
• Authentication – Select the authentication, or authentication sequence required:
- Local – User authentication is performed only locally by the switch.
- Radius – User authentication is performed using a RADIUS server only.
- TACACS – User authentication is performed using a TACACS+ server only.
- [authentication sequence] – User authentication is performed by up to three
authentication methods in the indicated sequence.
• RADIUS Settings
- Global – Provides globally applicable RADIUS settings.
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User Authentication
12
- ServerIndex – Specifies one of five RADIUS servers that may be configured.
The switch attempts authentication using the listed sequence of servers. The
process ends when a server either approves or denies access to a user.
- Server IP Address – Address of authentication server. (Default: 10.1.0.1)
- Server Port Number – Network (UDP) port of authentication server used for
authentication messages. (Range: 1-65535; Default: 1812)
- Secret Text String – Encryption key used to authenticate logon access for
client. Do not use blank spaces in the string. (Maximum length: 48 characters)
- Number of Server Transmits – Number of times the switch tries to authenticate
logon access via the authentication server. (Range: 1-30; Default: 2)
- Timeout for a reply – The number of seconds the switch waits for a reply from
the RADIUS server before it resends the request. (Range: 1-65535; Default: 5)
• TACACS Settings
- Server IP Address – Address of the TACACS+ server. (Default: 10.11.12.13)
- Server Port Number – Network (TCP) port of TACACS+ server used for
authentication messages. (Range: 1-65535; Default: 49)
- Secret Text String – Encryption key used to authenticate logon access for
client. Do not use blank spaces in the string. (Maximum length: 48 characters)
Note: The local switch user database has to be set up by manually entering user names
Web – Click Security, Authentication Settings. To configure local or remote
authentication preferences, specify the authentication sequence (i.e., one to three
methods), fill in the parameters for RADIUS or TACACS+ authentication if selected,
and click Apply.
Figure 12-2 Authentication Server Settings
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Configuring HTTPS
12
CLI – Specify all the required parameters to enable logon authentication.
Console(config)#authentication login radius
Console(config)#radius-server port 181
Console(config)#radius-server key green
Console(config)#radius-server retransmit 5
Console(config)#radius-server timeout 10
Console(config)#radius-server 1 host 192.168.1.25
Console(config)#exit
Console#show radius-server
Remote RADIUS server configuration:
Global settings:
Communication key with RADIUS server: *****
Server port number:
Retransmit times:
Request timeout:
181
5
10
Server 1:
Server IP address: 192.168.1.25
Communication key with RADIUS server: *****
Server port number: 181
Retransmit times: 5
Request timeout: 10
Console#config
Console(config)#authentication login tacacs
Console(config)#tacacs-server host 10.20.30.40
Console(config)#tacacs-server port 200
Console(config)#tacacs-server key green
Console(config)#exit
Console#show tacacs-server
Server IP address:
10.20.30.40
Communication key with tacacs server: *****
Server port number:
Console(config)#
200
Configuring HTTPS
You can configure the switch to enable the Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTPS) over the Secure Socket Layer (SSL), providing secure access (i.e., an
encrypted connection) to the switch’s web interface.
Command Usage
• Both the HTTP and HTTPS service can be enabled independently on the switch.
However, you cannot configure both services to use the same UDP port.
• If you enable HTTPS, you must indicate this in the URL that you specify in your
browser: https://device[:port_number]
• When you start HTTPS, the connection is established in this way:
- The client authenticates the server using the server’s digital certificate.
- The client and server negotiate a set of security protocols to use for the
connection.
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User Authentication
12
- The client and server generate session keys for encrypting and decrypting data.
• The client and server establish a secure encrypted connection.
A padlock icon should appear in the status bar for Internet Explorer 5.x or above
and Netscape 6.2 or above.
• The following web browsers and operating systems currently support HTTPS:
Table 12-1 HTTPS System Support
Web Browser
Operating System
Internet Explorer 5.0 or later
Windows 98,Windows NT (with service pack 6a),
Windows 2000, Windows XP
Netscape 6.2 or later
Windows 98,Windows NT (with service pack 6a),
Windows 2000, Windows XP, Solaris 2.6
Command Attributes
• HTTPS Status – Allows you to enable/disable the HTTPS server feature on the
switch.
(Default: Enabled)
•
Change HTTPS Port Number – Specifies the UDP port number used for HTTPS/
SSL connection to the switch’s web interface. (Default: Port 443)
Web – Click Security, HTTPS Settings. Enable HTTPS and specify the port number,
then click Apply.
Figure 12-3 HTTPS Settings
CLI – This example enables the HTTP secure server and modifies the port number.
Console(config)#ip http secure-server
Console(config)#ip http secure-port 441
Console(config)#
Replacing the Default Secure-site Certificate
When you log onto the web interface using HTTPS (for secure access), a Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate appears for the switch. By default, the certificate that
Netscape and Internet Explorer display will be associated with a warning that the
site is not recognized as a secure site. This is because the certificate has not been
signed by an approved certification authority. If you want this warning to be replaced
by a message confirming that the connection to the switch is secure, you must
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Configuring HTTPS
12
obtain a unique certificate and a private key and password from a recognized
certification authority.
Note: For maximum security, we recommend you obtain a unique Secure Sockets Layer
certificate at the earliest opportunity. This is because the default certificate for the
switch is not unique to the hardware you have purchased.
When you have obtained a unique certificate file and a private key file, place them
on your TFTP server and use either the web interface or the CLI to download them
to the switch using the provided private key password.
Note: The switch must be reset for the new certificate to be activated.
Command Attributes
• TFTP Server IP Address – The IP address of a TFTP server.
• Source Certificate File Name – The file name of the unique certificate file as
provided by the recognized certification authority.
• Source Private File Name – The file name of the private key file as provided by
the recognized certification authority.
•
The private key assword as provided by the recognized
Private Password –
certification authority.
Web – Click Security, HTTPS Settings. Specify the IP address of the TFTP server,
the certificate and priate key file names, and the private key password. Click Copy
Certificate.
Figure 12-4 Copy HTTPS Certificate
CLI – Use the following command to replace the default (unrecognized) HTTPS
certificate with an authorized one:
Console#copy tftp https-certificate
TFTP server ip address: <server ip-address>
Source certificate file name: <certificate file name>
Source private file name: <private key file name>
Private password: <password for private key>
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User Authentication
12
Configuring the Secure Shell
The Berkley-standard includes remote access tools originally designed for Unix
systems. Some of these tools have also been implemented for Microsoft Windows
and other environments. These tools, including commands such as rlogin (remote
login), rsh (remote shell), and rcp (remote copy), are not secure from hostile attacks.
The Secure Shell (SSH) includes server/client applications intended as a secure
replacement for the older Berkley remote access tools. SSH can also provide
remote management access to this switch as a secure replacement for Telnet.
When the client contacts the switch via the SSH protocol, the switch generates a
public-key that the client uses along with a local user name and password for access
authentication. SSH also encrypts all data transfers passing between the switch and
SSH-enabled management station clients, and ensures that data traveling over the
network arrives unaltered.
Note that you need to install an SSH client on the management station to access the
switch for management via the SSH protocol.
Note: The switch supports both SSH Version 1.5 and 2.0 clients.
Command Usage
The SSH server on this switch supports both password and public key
authentication. If password authentication is specified by the SSH client, then the
password can be authenticated either locally or via a RADIUS or TACACS+ remote
authentication server, as specified on the Authentication Settings page
configure authentication keys on both the client and the switch as described in the
following section. Note that regardless of whether you use public key or password
authentication, you still have to generate authentication keys on the switch (SSH
Host Key Settings) and enable the SSH server (Authentication Settings).
To use the SSH server, complete these steps:
1. Generate a Host Key Pair – On the SSH Host Key Settings page, create a host
public/private key pair.
2. Provide Host Public Key to Clients – Many SSH client programs automatically
import the host public key during the initial connection setup with the switch.
Otherwise, you need to manually create a known hosts file on the management
station and place the host public key in it. An entry for a public key in the known
hosts file would appear similar to the following example:
10.1.0.54 1024 35 15684995401867669259333946775054617325313674890836547254
15020245593199868544358361651999923329781766065830956 10825913212890233
76546801726272571413428762941301196195566782 59566410486957427888146206
519417467729848654686157177393901647793559423035774130980227370877945452
4083971752646358058176716709574804776117
3. Import Client’s Public Key to the Switch – Use the copy tftp public-key
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Configuring the Secure Shell
12
client’s granted management access to the switch. (Note that these clients must
be configured locally on the switch via the User Accounts page as described on
page 12-1.) The clients are subsequently authenticated using these keys. The
current firmware only accepts public key files based on standard UNIX format as
shown in the following example for an RSA key:
1024 35 1341081685609893921040944920155425347631641921872958921143173880
055536161631051775940838686311092912322268285192543746031009371877211996
963178136627741416898513204911720483033925432410163799759237144901193800
609025394840848271781943722884025331159521348610229029789827213532671316
29432532818915045306393916643 [email protected]
4. Set the Optional Parameters – On the SSH Settings page, configure the optional
parameters, including the authentication timeout, the number of retries, and the
server key size.
5. Enable SSH Service – On the SSH Settings page, enable the SSH server on the
switch.
6. Authentication – One of the following authentication methods is employed:
Password Authentication (for SSH v1.5 or V2 Clients)
a.The client sends its password to the server.
b.The switch compares the client's password to those stored in memory.
c.If a match is found, the connection is allowed.
Note:To use SSH with only password authentication, the host public key must still be
given to the client, either during initial connection or manually entered into the
known host file. However, you do not need to configure the client’s keys.
Public Key Authentication – When an SSH client attempts to contact the switch,
the SSH server uses the host key pair to negotiate a session key and encryption
method. Only clients that have a private key corresponding to the public keys
stored on the switch can access it. The following exchanges take place during
this process:
Authenticating SSH v1.5 Clients
a.The client sends its RSA public key to the switch.
b.The switch compares the client's public key to those stored in memory.
c.If a match is found, the switch uses its secret key to generate a random
256-bit string as a challenge, encrypts this string with the user’s public key,
and sends it to the client.
d.The client uses its private key to decrypt the challenge string, computes the
MD5 checksum, and sends the checksum back to the switch.
e.The switch compares the checksum sent from the client against that
computed for the original string it sent. If the two checksums match, this
means that the client's private key corresponds to an authorized public key,
and the client is authenticated.
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User Authentication
12
Authenticating SSH v2 Clients
a.The client first queries the switch to determine if DSA public key
authentication using a preferred algorithm is acceptable.
b.If the specified algorithm is supported by the switch, it notifies the client to
proceed with the authentication process. Otherwise, it rejects the request.
c.The client sends a signature generated using the private key to the switch.
d.When the server receives this message, it checks whether the supplied key is
acceptable for authentication, and if so, it then checks whether the signature
is correct. If both checks succeed, the client is authenticated.
Note: The SSH server supports up to four client sessions. The maximum number of
client sessions includes both current Telnet sessions and SSH sessions.
Generating the Host Key Pair
A host public/private key pair is used to provide secure communications between an
SSH client and the switch. After generating this key pair, you must provide the host
public key to SSH clients and import the client’s public key to the switch as
described in the preceding section (Command Usage).
Field Attributes
• Public-Key of Host-Key – The public key for the host.
- RSA: The first field indicates the size of the host key (e.g., 1024), the second
field is the encoded public exponent (e.g., 65537), and the last string is the
encoded modulus.
- DSA: The first field indicates that the encryption method used by SSH is based
on the Digital Signature Standard (DSS). The last string is the encoded modulus.
• Host-Key Type – The key type used to generate the host key pair (i.e., public and
private keys). (Range: RSA, DSA, Both: Default: Both)
The SSH server uses RSA or DSA for key exchange when the client first
establishes a connection with the switch, and then negotiates with the client to
select either DES (56-bit) or 3DES (168-bit) for data encryption.
Note:The switch uses only RSA Version 1 for SSHv1.5 clients and DSA Version 2 for
SSHv2 clients.
• Save Host-Key from Memory to Flash – Saves the host key from RAM (i.e.,
volatile memory to flash memory). Otherwise, the host key pair is stored to RAM
by default. Note that you must select this item prior to generating the host-key pair.
• Generate – This button is used to generate the host key pair. Note that you must
first generate the host key pair before you can enable the SSH server on the SSH
Server Settings page.
• Clear – This button clears the host key from both volatile memory (RAM) and
non-volatile memory (Flash).
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Configuring the Secure Shell
12
Web – Click Security, SSH, Host-Key Settings. Select the host-key type from the
drop-down box, select the option to save the host key from memory to flash (if
required) prior to generating the key, and then click Generate.
Figure 12-5 SSH Host-Key Settings
CLI – This example generates a host-key pair using both the RSA and DSA
algorithms, stores the keys to flash memory, and then displays the host’s public keys.
Console#ip ssh crypto host-key generate
Console#ip ssh save host-key
Console#show public-key host
Host:
RSA:
1024 65537 127250922544926402131336514546131189679055192360076028653006761
82409690947448320102524878965977592168322225584652387791546479807396314033
86925793105105765212243052807865885485789272602937866089236841423275912127
60325919683697053439336438445223335188287173896894511729290510813919642025
190932104328579045764891
DSA:
ssh-dssAAAAB3NzaC1kc3MAAACBAN6zwIqCqDb3869jYVXlME1sHL0EcE/Re6hlasfEthIwmj
hLY4O0jqJZpcEQUgCfYlum0Y2uoLka+Py9ieGWQ8f2gobUZKIICuKg6vjO9XTs7XKc05xfzkBi
KviDa+2OrIz6UK+6vFOgvUDFedlnixYTVo+h5v8r0ea2rpnO6DkZAAAAFQCNZn/x17dwpW8RrV
DQnSWw4Qk+6QAAAIEAptkGeB6B5hwagH4gUOCY6i1TmrmSiJgfwO9OqRPUMbCAkCC+uzxatOo7
drnIZypMx+Sx5RUdMGgKS+9ywsa1cWqHeFY5ilc3lDCNBueeLykZzVS+RS+azTKIk/zrJh8GLG
Nq375R55yRxFvmcGIn/Q7IphPqyJ3o9MK8LFDfmJEAAACAL8A6tESiswP2OFqX7VGoEbzVDSOI
RTMFy3iUXtvGyQAOVSy67Mfc3lMtgqPRUOYXDiwIBp5NXgilCg5z7VqbmRm28mWc5a//f8TUAg
PNWKV6W0hqmshQdotVzDR1e+XKNTZj0uTwWfjO5Kytdn4MdoTHgrbl/DMdAfjnte8MZZs=
Console#
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User Authentication
12
Configuring the SSH Server
The SSH server includes basic settings for authentication.
Field Attributes
• SSH Server Status – Allows you to enable/disable the SSH server on the switch.
(Default: Disabled)
• Version – The Secure Shell version number. Version 2.0 is displayed, but the
switch supports management access via either SSH Version 1.5 or 2.0 clients.
• SSH Authentication Timeout – Specifies the time interval in seconds that the
SSH server waits for a response from a client during an authentication attempt.
(Range: 1 to 120 seconds; Default: 120 seconds)
• SSH Authentication Retries – Specifies the number of authentication attempts
that a client is allowed before authentication fails and the client has to restart the
authentication process. (Range: 1-5 times; Default: 3)
• SSH Server-Key Size – Specifies the SSH server key size. (Range: 512-896 bits;
Default: 768)
- The server key is a private key that is never shared outside the switch.
- The host key is shared with the SSH client, and is fixed at 1024 bits.
Web – Click Security, SSH, Settings. Enable SSH and adjust the authentication
parameters as required, then click Apply. Note that you must first generate the host
key pair on the SSH Host-Key Settings page before you can enable the SSH server.
Figure 12-6 SSH Server Settings
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Filtering IP Addresses for Management Access
12
CLI – This example enables SSH, sets the authentication parameters, and displays
the current configuration. It shows that the administrator has made a connection via
SHH, and then disables this connection.
Console(config)#ip ssh server
Console(config)#ip ssh timeout 100
Console(config)#ip ssh authentication-retries 5
Console(config)#ip ssh server-key size 512
Console(config)#end
Console#show ip ssh
SSH Enabled - version 2.0
Negotiation timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3
Server key size: 768 bits
Console#show ssh
Information of secure shell
Session Username Version Encrypt method Negotiation state
------- -------- ------- -------------- -----------------
0
admin
2.0
cipher-3des
session-started
Console#disconnect 0
Console#
Filtering IP Addresses for Management Access
You can create a list of up to 16 IP addresses or IP address groups that are allowed
management access to the switch through the web interface, SNMP, or Telnet.
Command Usage
• The management interfaces are open to all IP addresses by default. Once you add
an entry to a filter list, access to that interface is restricted to the specified
addresses.
• If anyone tries to access a management interface on the switch from an invalid
address, the switch will reject the connection, enter an event message in the
system log, and send a trap message to the trap manager.
• IP address can be configured for SNMP, web and Telnet access respectively. Each
of these groups can include up to five different sets of addresses, either individual
addresses or address ranges.
• When entering addresses for the same group (i.e., SNMP, web or Telnet), the
switch will not accept overlapping address ranges. When entering addresses for
different groups, the switch will accept overlapping address ranges.
• You cannot delete an individual address from a specified range. You must delete
the entire range, and reenter the addresses.
• You can delete an address range just by specifying the start address, or by
specifying both the start address and end address.
Command Attributes
• Web IP Filter – Configures IP address(es) for the web group.
• SNMP IP Filter – Configures IP address(es) for the SNMP group.
• Telnet IP Filter – Configures IP address(es) for the Telnet group.
• IP Filter List – IP address which are allowed management access to this interface.
• Start IP Address – A single IP address, or the starting address of a range.
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User Authentication
12
• End IP Address – The end address of a range.
Web – Click Security, IP Filter. Enter the IP addresses or range of addresses that
are allowed management access to an interface, and click Add IP Filtering Entry.
Figure 12-7 IP Filter
CLI – This example restricts management access for Telnet clients.
Console(config)#management telnet-client 192.168.1.19
Console(config)#management telnet-client 192.168.1.25 192.168.1.30
Console(config)#exit
Console#show management all-client
Management IP Filter
HTTP-Client:
Start IP address
End IP address
-----------------------------------------------
SNMP-Client:
Start IP address
End IP address
-----------------------------------------------
TELNET-Client:
Start IP address
End IP address
-----------------------------------------------
1. 192.168.1.19
2. 192.168.1.25
192.168.1.19
192.168.1.30
Console#
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Chapter 13: Configuring Port Security
Port security is a feature that allows you to configure a switch port with one or more
device MAC addresses that are authorized to access the network through that port.
When port security is enabled on a port, the switch stops learning new MAC
addresses on the specified port when it has reached a configured maximum
number. Only incoming traffic with source addresses already stored in the dynamic
or static address table will be accepted as authorized to access the network through
that port. If a device with an unauthorized MAC address attempts to use the switch
port, the intrusion will be detected and the switch can automatically take action by
disabling the port and sending a trap message.
To use port security, specify a maximum number of addresses to allow on the port
and then let the switch dynamically learn the <source MAC address, VLAN> pair for
frames received on the port. Note that you can also manually add secure addresses
the maximum number of MAC addresses the selected port will stop learning. The
MAC addresses already in the address table will be retained and will not age out.
Any other device that attempts to use the port will be prevented from accessing the
switch.
Command Usage
• A secure port has the following restrictions:
- It cannot be used as a member of a static or dynamic trunk.
- It should not be connected to a network interconnection device.
• The default maximum number of MAC addresses allowed on a secure port is zero.
You must configure a maximum address count from 1 - 1024 for the port to allow
access.
• If a port is disabled (shut down) due to a security violation, it must be manually
Command Attributes
• Port – Port number.
• Action – Indicates the action to be taken when a port security violation is detected:
- None: No action should be taken. (This is the default.)
- Trap: Send an SNMP trap message.
- Shutdown: Disable the port.
- Trap and Shutdown: Send an SNMP trap message and disable the port.
• Security Status – Enables or disables port security on the port. (Default: Disabled)
• Max MAC Count – The maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learned
on a port. (Range: 0 - 1024, where 0 means disabled)
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Configuring Port Security
13
Web – Click Security, Port Security. Set the action to take when an invalid address is
detected on a port, mark the checkbox in the Status column to enable security for a
port, set the maximum number of MAC addresses allowed on a port, and click Apply.
Figure 13-1 Port Security
CLI – This example selects the target port, sets the port security action to send a
trap and disable the port, specifies a maximum address count, and then enables
port security for the port.
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/5
Console(config-if)#port security action trap-and-shutdown
Console(config-if)#port security max-mac-count 20
Console(config-if)#port security
Console(config-if)#
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Chapter 14: Configuring 802.1X Port
Authentication
Network switches can provide open and easy access to network resources by
simply attaching a client PC. Although this automatic configuration and access is a
desirable feature, it also allows unauthorized personnel to easily intrude and
possibly gain access to sensitive network data.
The IEEE 802.1X (dot1x) standard defines a port-based access control procedure
that prevents unauthorized access to a network by requiring users to first submit
credentials for authentication. Access to all switch ports in a network can be
centrally controlled from a server, which means that authorized users can use the
same credentials for authentication from any point within the network.
802.1x
client
1. Client attempts to access a switch port.
2. Switch sends client an identity request.
3. Client sends back identity information.
RADIUS
4. Switch forwards this to authentication server.
server
5. Authentication server challenges client.
6. Client responds with proper credentials.
7. Authentication server approves access.
8. Switch grants client access to this port.
This switch uses the Extensible Authentication Protocol over LANs (EAPOL) to
exchange authentication protocol messages with the client, and a remote RADIUS
authentication server to verify user identity and access rights. When a client (i.e.,
Supplicant) connects to a switch port, the switch (i.e., Authenticator) responds with
an EAPOL identity request. The client provides its identity (such as a user name) in
an EAPOL response to the switch, which it forwards to the RADIUS server. The
RADIUS server verifies the client identity and sends an access challenge back to the
client. The EAP packet from the RADIUS server contains not only the challenge, but
the authentication method to be used. The client can reject the authentication
method and request another, depending on the configuration of the client software
and the RADIUS server. The authentication method must be MD5. (TLS, TTLS and
PEAP will be supported in future releases.) The client responds to the appropriate
method with its credentials, such as a password or certificate. The RADIUS server
verifies the client credentials and responds with an accept or reject packet. If
authentication is successful, the switch allows the client to access the network.
Otherwise, network access is denied and the port remains blocked.
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Configuring 802.1X Port Authentication
14
The operation of dot1x on the switch requires the following:
• The switch must have an IP address assigned.
• The IP address of the RADIUS server must be specified.
• 802.1X must be enabled globally for the switch.
• Each switch port that will be used must be set to dot1x “Auto” mode.
• Each client that needs to be authenticated must have dot1x client software
installed and properly configured.
• The RADIUS server and 802.1X client support EAP. (The switch only supports
EAPOL in order to pass the EAP packets from the server to the client.)
• The RADIUS server and client also have to support the same EAP authentication
type – MD5. (Some clients have native support in Windows, otherwise the dot1x
client must support it.)
Displaying 802.1X Global Settings
The 802.1X protocol provides port authentication.
Command Attributes
802.1X System Authentication Control – The global setting for 802.1X.
Web – Click Security, 802.1X, Information.
Figure 14-1 802.1X Global Information
CLI – This example shows the default global setting for 802.1X.
Console#show dot1x
Global 802.1X Parameters
system-auth-control: enable
802.1X Port Summary
Port Name Status
Operation Mode
Single-Host
Single-Host
Mode
ForceAuthorized
ForceAuthorized
Authorized
n/a
n/a
1/1
disabled
disabled
1/2
.
.
.
802.1X Port Details
802.1X is disabled on port 1/1
.
.
.
802.1X is disabled on port 24
Console#
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Configuring 802.1X Global Settings
14
Configuring 802.1X Global Settings
The 802.1X protocol provides port authentication. The 802.1X protocol must be
enabled globally for the switch system before port settings are active.
Command Attributes
802.1X System Authentication Control – Sets the global setting for 802.1X.
(Default: Disabled)
Web – Select Security, 802.1X, Configuration. Enable 802.1X globally for the switch,
and click Apply.
Figure 14-2 802.1X Global Configuration
CLI – This example enables 802.1X globally for the switch.
Console(config)#dot1x system-auth-control
Console(config)#
Configuring Port Settings for 802.1X
When 802.1X is enabled, you need to configure the parameters for the
authentication process that runs between the client and the switch (i.e.,
authenticator), as well as the client identity lookup process that runs between the
switch and authentication server. These parameters are described in this section.
Command Attributes
• Status – Indicates if authentication is enabled or disabled on the port.
(Default: Disabled)
• Operation Mode – Allows single or multiple hosts (clients) to connect to an
802.1X-authorized port. (Range: Single-Host, Multi-Host; Default: Single-Host)
• Max Count – The maximum number of hosts that can connect to a port when the
Multi-Host operation mode is selected. (Range: 1-1024; Default: 5)
• Mode – Sets the authentication mode to one of the following options:
- Auto – Requires a dot1x-aware client to be authorized by the authentication
server. Clients that are not dot1x-aware will be denied access.
- Force-Authorized – Forces the port to grant access to all clients, either
dot1x-aware or otherwise. (This is the default setting.)
- Force-Unauthorized – Forces the port to deny access to all clients, either
dot1x-aware or otherwise.
• Re-authentication – Sets the client to be re-authenticated after the interval
specified by the Re-authentication Period. (Default: Disabled)
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Configuring 802.1X Port Authentication
14
• Max Request – Sets the maximum number of times the switch port will retransmit
an EAP request packet to the client before it times out the authentication session.
(Range: 1-10; Default 2)
• Quiet Period – Sets the time that a switch port waits after the Max Request count
has been exceeded before attempting to acquire a new client. (Range: 1-65535
seconds; Default: 60 seconds)
• Re-authentication Period – Sets the time period after which a connected client
must be re-authenticated. (Range: 1-65535 seconds; Default: 3600 seconds)
• TX Period – Sets the time period during an authentication session that the switch
waits before re-transmitting an EAP packet. (Range: 1-65535; Default: 30 seconds)
• Authorized –
- Yes – Connected client is authorized.
- No – Connected client is not authorized.
- Blank – Displays nothing when dot1x is disabled on a port.
• Supplicant – Indicates the MAC address of a connected client.
• Trunk – Indicates if the port is configured as a trunk port.
Web – Click Security, 802.1X, Port Configuration. Modify the parameters required,
and click Apply.
Figure 14-3 802.1X Port Configuration
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Configuring Port Settings for 802.1X
14
CLI – This example sets the 802.1X parameters on port 2. For a description of the
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/2
Console(config-if)#dot1x port-control auto
Console(config-if)#dot1x re-authentication
Console(config-if)#dot1x max-req 5
Console(config-if)#dot1x timeout quiet-period 40
Console(config-if)#dot1x timeout re-authperiod 5
Console(config-if)#dot1x timeout tx-period 40
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show dot1x
Global 802.1X Parameters
system-auth-control: enable
802.1X Port Summary
Port Name Status
Operation Mode
Single-Host
Single-Host
Mode
ForceAuthorized
Auto
Authorized
yes
yes
1/1
disabled
1/2
.
enabled
.
.
1/23
1/24
disabled
disabled
Single-Host
Single-Host
ForceAuthorized
ForceAuthorized
n/a
n/a
802.1X Port Details
802.1X is disabled on port 1/1
802.1X is enabled on port 1/2
reauth-enabled:
reauth-period:
quiet-period:
tx-period:
Disable
3600
60
30
supplicant-timeout:
server-timeout:
reauth-max:
30
10
2
max-req:
2
Status
Authorized
Operation mode
Max count
Single-Host
5
Port-control
Supplicant
Current Identifier
Auto
00-e0-29-94-34-65
7
Authenticator State Machine
State
Authenticated
Reauth Count
0
Backend State Machine
State
Idle
Request Count
Identifier(Server)
0
6
Reauthentication State Machine
State
Initialize
.
.
.
.
802.1X is disabled on port 1/24
Console#
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Configuring 802.1X Port Authentication
14
Displaying 802.1X Statistics
This switch can display statistics for dot1x protocol exchanges for any port.
Table 14-1 802.1X Statistics
Parameter
Description
Rx EAPOL Start
Rx EAPOL Logoff
Rx EAPOL Invalid
The number of EAPOL Start frames that have been received by this Authenticator.
The number of EAPOL Logoff frames that have been received by this Authenticator.
The number of EAPOL frames that have been received by this Authenticator in
which the frame type is not recognized.
Rx EAPOL Total
The number of valid EAPOL frames of any type that have been received by this
Authenticator.
Rx EAP Resp/Id
The number of EAP Resp/Id frames that have been received by this Authenticator.
Rx EAP Resp/Oth
The number of valid EAP Response frames (other than Resp/Id frames) that have
been received by this Authenticator.
Rx EAP LenError
The number of EAPOL frames that have been received by this Authenticator in
which the Packet Body Length field is invalid.
Rx Last EAPOLVer
Rx Last EAPOLSrc
Tx EAPOL Total
The protocol version number carried in the most recently received EAPOL frame.
The source MAC address carried in the most recently received EAPOL frame.
The number of EAPOL frames of any type that have been transmitted by this
Authenticator.
Tx EAP Req/Id
The number of EAP Req/Id frames that have been transmitted by this Authenticator.
Tx EAP Req/Oth
The number of EAP Request frames (other than Rq/Id frames) that have been
transmitted by this Authenticator.
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Displaying 802.1X Statistics
14
Web – Select Security, 802.1X, Statistics. Select the required port and then click
Query. Click Refresh to update the statistics.
Figure 14-4 802.1X Port Statistics
CLI – This example displays the dot1x statistics for port 4.
Console#show dot1x statistics interface ethernet 1/4
Eth 1/4
Rx: EAPOL
EAPOL
Logoff
0
EAPOL
Invalid
0
EAPOL
Total
1007
EAP
Resp/Id Resp/Oth LenError
672
EAP
EAP
Start
2
0
0
Last
EAPOLVer
1
Last
EAPOLSrc
00-00-E8-98-73-21
Tx: EAPOL
Total
EAP
Req/Id
1005
EAP
Req/Oth
0
2017
Console#
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Configuring 802.1X Port Authentication
14
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Chapter 15: Access Control Lists
Access Control Lists (ACL) provide packet filtering for IPv4 frames (based on
address, protocol, Layer 4 protocol port number or TCP control code), IPv6 frames
(based on address, next header type, or flow label), or any frames (based on MAC
address or Ethernet type). To filter incoming packets, first create an access list, add
the required rules, and then bind the list to a specific port.
Overview
An ACL is a sequential list of permit or deny conditions that apply to IP addresses,
MAC addresses, or other more specific criteria. This switch tests ingress packets
against the conditions in an ACL one by one. A packet will be accepted as soon as it
matches a permit rule, or dropped as soon as it matches a deny rule. If no rules
match, the packet is accepted.
Command Usage
The following restrictions apply to ACLs:
• Each ACL can have up to 96 rules.
• The maximum number of ACLs is 32.
• The maximum number of rules that can be bound to the ports is 96 for each of the
following list types: MAC ACLs, IP ACLs (including Standard and Extended ACLs),
IPv6 Standard ACLs, and IPv6 Extended ACLs. For the ES4524D, all ports share
this quota. For the ES4548D, ports 1-24 share a quota of 96 rules, and ports 25-50
share another quota of 96 rules (since there are two switch chips in this system).
The order in which active ACLs are checked is as follows:
1. User-defined rules in IP and MAC ACLs for ingress ports are checked in parallel.
2. Rules within an ACL are checked in the configured order, from top to bottom.
3. If the result of checking an IP ACL is to permit a packet, but the result of a MAC
ACL on the same packet is to deny it, the packet will be denied (because the
decision to deny a packet has a higher priority for security reasons). A packet will
also be denied if the IP ACL denies it and the MAC ACL accepts it.
Setting an ACL Name and Type
Use the ACL Configuration page to designate the name and type of an ACL.
Command Attributes
• Name – Name of the ACL. (Maximum length: 16 characters)
• Type – There are three filtering modes:
• IP Standard: IPv4 ACL mode that filters packets based on the source IPv4
address.
• IP Extended: IPv4 ACL mode that filters packets based on source or
destination IPv4 address, as well as protocol type and protocol port number. If
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Access Control Lists
15
the “TCP” protocol is specified, then you can also filter packets based on the
TCP control code.
• IPv6 Standard: IPv6 ACL mode that filters packets based on the source IPv6
address.
• IPv6 Extended: IPv6 ACL mode that filters packets based on the destination IP
address, as well as the type of the next header and the flow label (i.e., a request
for special handling by IPv6 routers).
• MAC: MAC ACL mode that filters packets based on the source or destination
MAC address and the Ethernet frame type (RFC 1060).
Web – Click Security, ACL, Configuration. Enter an ACL name in the Name field,
select the list type (IP Standard, IP Extended, MAC, IPv6 Standard, IPv6 Extended),
and click Add to open the configuration page for the new list.
Figure 15-1 Selecting ACL Type
CLI – This example creates a standard IP ACL named bill.
Console(config)#access-list ip standard bill
Console(config-std-acl)#
Configuring a Standard IPv4 ACL
Command Attributes
• Action – An ACL can contain any combination of permit or deny rules.
• Address Type – Specifies the source IP address. Use “Any” to include all possible
addresses, “Host” to specify a specific host address in the Address field, or “IP” to
specify a range of addresses with the Address and SubMask fields. (Options: Any,
Host, IP; Default: Any)
• IP Address – Source IP address.
• Subnet Mask – A subnet mask containing four integers from 0 to 255, each
separated by a period. The mask uses 1 bits to indicate “match” and 0 bits to
indicate “ignore.” The mask is bitwise ANDed with the specified source IP address,
and compared with the address for each IP packet entering the port(s) to which this
ACL has been assigned.
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Configuring an Extended IPv4 ACL
15
Web – Specify the action (i.e., Permit or Deny). Select the address type (Any, Host,
or IP). If you select “Host,” enter a specific address. If you select “IP,” enter a subnet
address and the mask for an address range. Then click Add.
Figure 15-2 ACL Configuration - Standard IPv4
CLI – This example configures one permit rule for the specific address 10.1.1.21
and another rule for the address range 168.92.16.x – 168.92.31.x using a bitmask.
Console(config-std-acl)#permit host 10.1.1.21
Console(config-std-acl)#permit 168.92.16.0 255.255.240.0
Console(config-std-acl)#
Configuring an Extended IPv4 ACL
Command Attributes
• Action – An ACL can contain any combination of permit or deny rules.
• Source/Destination Address Type – Specifies the source or destination IP
address. Use “Any” to include all possible addresses, “Host” to specify a specific
host address in the Address field, or “IP” to specify a range of addresses with the
Address and SubMask fields. (Options: Any, Host, IP; Default: Any)
• Source/Destination IP Address – Source or destination IP address.
• Source/Destination Subnet Mask – Subnet mask for source or destination
• Service Type – Packet priority settings based on the following criteria:
• Precedence – IP precedence level. (Range: 0-7)
• TOS – Type of Service level. (Range: 0-15)
• DSCP – DSCP priority level. (Range: 0-63)
• Protocol – Specifies the protocol type to match as TCP, UDP or Others, where
others indicates a specific protocol number (0-255). (Options: TCP, UDP, Others;
Default: TCP)
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Access Control Lists
15
• Source/Destination Port – Source/destination port number for the specified
protocol type. (Range: 0-65535)
• Source/Destination Port Bit Mask – Decimal number representing the port bits
to match. (Range: 0-65535)
• Control Code – Decimal number (representing a bit string) that specifies flag bits
in byte 14 of the TCP header. (Range: 0-63)
• Control Code Bit Mask – Decimal number representing the code bits to match.
The control bitmask is a decimal number (for an equivalent binary bit mask) that is
applied to the control code. Enter a decimal number, where the equivalent binary
bit “1” means to match a bit and “0” means to ignore a bit. The following bits may
be specified:
• 1 (fin) – Finish
• 2 (syn) – Synchronize
• 4 (rst) – Reset
• 8 (psh) – Push
• 16 (ack) – Acknowledgement
• 32 (urg) – Urgent pointer
For example, use the code value and mask below to catch packets with the
following flags set:
• SYN flag valid, use control-code 2, control bitmask 2
• Both SYN and ACK valid, use control-code 18, control bitmask 18
• SYN valid and ACK invalid, use control-code 2, control bitmask 18
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Configuring an Extended IPv4 ACL
15
Web – Specify the action (i.e., Permit or Deny). Specify the source and/or
destination addresses. Select the address type (Any, Host, or IP). If you select
“Host,” enter a specific address. If you select “IP,” enter a subnet address and the
mask for an address range. Set any other required criteria, such as service type,
protocol type, or TCP control code. Then click Add.
Figure 15-3 ACL Configuration - Extended IPv4
CLI – This example adds three rules:
1. Accept any incoming packets if the source address is in subnet 10.7.1.x. For
example, if the rule is matched; i.e., the rule (10.7.1.0 & 255.255.255.0) equals
the masked address (10.7.1.2 & 255.255.255.0), the packet passes through.
2. Allow TCP packets from class C addresses 192.168.1.0 to any destination
address when set for destination TCP port 80 (i.e., HTTP).
3. Permit all TCP packets from class C addresses 192.168.1.0 with the TCP control
code set to “SYN.”
Console(config-ext-acl)#permit 10.7.1.1 255.255.255.0 any
Console(config-ext-acl)#permit tcp 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 any
destination-port 80
Console(config-ext-acl)#permit tcp 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 any
control-flag 2 2
Console(config-std-acl)#
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Access Control Lists
15
Configuring a MAC ACL
Command Attributes
• Action – An ACL can contain any combination of permit or deny rules.
• Source/Destination Address Type – Use “Any” to include all possible addresses,
“Host” to indicate a specific MAC address, or “MAC” to specify an address range
with the Address and Bitmask fields. (Options: Any, Host, MAC; Default: Any)
• Source/Destination MAC Address – Source or destination MAC address.
• Source/Destination MAC Bit Mask – Hexidecimal mask for source or destination
MAC address.
• VID – VLAN ID. (Range: 1-4093)
• VID Bit Mask – VLAN bitmask. (Range: 1-4093)
• Ethernet Type – This option can only be used to filter Ethernet II formatted
packets. (Range: 600-fff hex.)
A detailed listing of Ethernet protocol types can be found in RFC 1060. A few of the
more common types include 0800 (IP), 0806 (ARP), 8137 (IPX).
• Ethernet Type Bit Mask – Protocol bitmask. (Range: 600-fff hex.)
• Packet Format – This attribute includes the following packet types:
• Any – Any Ethernet packet type.
• Untagged-eth2 – Untagged Ethernet II packets.
• Untagged-802.3 – Untagged Ethernet 802.3 packets.
• Tagged-eth2 – Tagged Ethernet II packets.
• Tagged-802.3 – Tagged Ethernet 802.3 packets.
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Configuring a Standard IPv6 ACL
15
Web – Specify the action (i.e., Permit or Deny). Specify the source and/or
destination addresses. Select the address type (Any, Host, or MAC). If you select
“Host,” enter a specific address (e.g., 11-22-33-44-55-66). If you select “MAC,” enter
a base address and a hexidecimal bitmask for an address range. Set any other
required criteria, such as VID, Ethernet type, or packet format. Then click Add.
Figure 15-4 ACL Configuration - MAC
CLI – This rule permits packets from any source MAC address to the destination
address 00-e0-29-94-34-de where the Ethernet type is 0800.
Console(config-mac-acl)#permit any host 00-e0-29-94-34-de
ethertype 0800
Console(config-mac-acl)#
Configuring a Standard IPv6 ACL
Command Attributes
• Action – An ACL can contain any combination of permit or deny rules.
• Source Address Type – Specifies the source IP address. Use “Any” to include all
possible addresses, “Host” to specify a specific host address in the Address field,
or “IPv6-prefix” to specify a range of addresses. (Options: Any, Host, IPv6-prefix;
Default: Any)
• Source IPv6 Address – The address must be formatted according to RFC 2373
“IPv6 Addressing Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal
values. One double colon may be used in the address to indicate the appropriate
number of zeros required to fill the undefined fields.
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Access Control Lists
15
• Source Prefix-Length – A decimal value indicating how many contiguous bits
(from the left) of the address comprise the prefix (i.e., the network portion of the
address).
Web – Specify the action (i.e., Permit or Deny). Select the address type (Any, Host,
or IPv6-prefix). If you select “Host,” enter a specific address. If you select
“IPv6-prefix,” enter a subnet address and the prefix length. Then click Add.
Figure 15-5 ACL Configuration - Standard IPv6
CLI – This example configures one permit rule for the specific address
2009:DB9:2229::79 and another rule for addresses with the network prefix
2009:DB9:2229:5::/64.
Console(config-std-ipv6-acl)#permit host 2009:DB9:2229::79
Console(config-std-ipv6-acl)#permit 2009:DB9:2229:5::/64
Console(config-std-ipv6-acl)#
Configuring an Extended IPv6 ACL
Command Attributes
• Action – An ACL can contain any combination of permit or deny rules.
• Destination Address Type – Specifies the destination IP address. Use “Any” to
include all possible addresses, or “IPv6-prefix” to specify a range of addresses.
(Options: Any, IPv6-prefix; Default: Any)
• Destination IP Address – The address must be formatted according to RFC 2373
“IPv6 Addressing Architecture,” using 8 colon-separated 16-bit hexadecimal
values. One double colon may be used in the address to indicate the appropriate
number of zeros required to fill the undefined fields. (The switch only checks the
first 64 bits of the destination address.)
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Configuring an Extended IPv6 ACL
15
• Destination Prefix-Length – A decimal value indicating how many contiguous bits
(from the left) of the address comprise the prefix (i.e., the network portion of the
address).
• Next Header – Identifies the type of header immediately following the IPv6 header.
(Range: 0-255)
Optional internet-layer information is encoded in separate headers that may be
placed between the IPv6 header and the upper-layer header in a packet. There are
a small number of such extension headers, each identified by a distinct Next
Header value. IPv6 supports the values defined for the IPv4 Protocol field in RFC
1700, and includes these commonly used headers:
0 : Hop-by-Hop Options (RFC 2460)
6 : TCP Upper-layer Header (RFC 1700)
17: UDP Upper-layer Header (RFC 1700)
43: Routing (RFC 2460)
44: Fragment (RFC 2460)
51: Authentication (RFC 2402)
50: Encapsulating Security Payload (RFC 2406)
60: Destination Options (RFC 2460)
• DSCP – DSCP priority level. (Range: 0-63)
• Flow Label – A label for packets belonging to a particular traffic “flow” for which
the sender requests special handling by IPv6 routers, such as non-default quality
of service or “real-time” service (see RFC 2460). (Range: 0-16777215)
A flow label is assigned to a flow by the flow's source node. New flow labels must
be chosen pseudo-randomly and uniformly from the range 1 to FFFFF
hexadecimal. The purpose of the random allocation is to make any set of bits within
the Flow Label field suitable for use as a hash key by routers, for looking up the
state associated with the flow.
A flow identifies a sequence of packets sent from a particular source to a particular
(unicast or multicast) destination for which the source desires special handling by
the intervening routers. The nature of that special handling might be conveyed to
the routers by a control protocol, such as a resource reservation protocol, or by
information within the flow's packets themselves, e.g., in a hop-by-hop option. A
flow is uniquely identified by the combination of a source address and a non-zero
flow label. Packets that do not belong to a flow carry a flow label of zero.
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Access Control Lists
15
Web – Specify the action (i.e., Permit or Deny). Select the address type (Any or
IPv6-prefix). If you select “IPv6-prefix,” enter a subnet address and prefix length. Set
any other required criteria, such as next header, DSCP, or flow label. Then click Add.
Figure 15-6 ACL Configuration - Extended IPv6
CLI – This example adds three rules:
1. Accepts any incoming packets for the destination 2009:DB9:2229::79/48.
2. Allows packets to any destination address when the DSCP value is 5.
3. Allows any packets sent to the destination 2009:DB9:2229::79/48 when the flow
label is 43.
Console(config-ext-ipv6-acl)#permit 2009:DB9:2229::79/48
Console(config-ext-ipv6-acl)#permit any dscp 5
Console(config-ext-ipv6-acl)#permit 2009:DB9:2229::79/48 flow-label 43
Console(config-ext-ipv6-acl)#
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Binding a Port to an Access Control List
15
Binding a Port to an Access Control List
After configuring the Access Control Lists (ACL), you should bind them to the ports
that need to filter traffic. You can only bind a port to one ACL for each basic type –
IPv4 ingress, MAC ingress, and IPv6 ingress.
Command Usage
• This switch supports ACLs for ingress filtering only.
Command Attributes
• Port – Fixed port, SFP module, or XFP module. (Range: 1-24/48)
• IP – Specifies the IPv4 ACL to bind to a port.
• MAC – Specifies the MAC ACL to bind to a port.
• IPv6 – Specifies the IPv6 ACL to bind to a port.
• IN – ACL for ingress packets.
• ACL Name – Name of the ACL.
Web – Click Security, ACL, Port Binding. Mark the Enable field for the port you want
to bind to an ACL for ingress traffic, select the required ACL from the drop-down list,
then click Apply.
Figure 15-7 ACL Port Binding
CLI – This examples assigns an IP and MAC ingress ACL to port 1, and an IP
ingress ACL to port 2.
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/1
Console(config-if)#ip access-group tom in
Console(config-if)#mac access-group jerry in
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/2
Console(config-if)#ip access-group tom in
Console(config-if)#
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Access Control Lists
15
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Chapter 16: Port Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure switch ports and display the current
connection status.
Displaying Connection Status
You can use the Port Information or Trunk Information pages to display the current
connection status, including link state, speed/duplex mode, flow control, and
auto-negotiation.
Field Attributes (Web)
• Name – Interface label.
• Type – Indicates the port type. (1000BASE-T or SFP)
• Admin Status – Shows if the interface is enabled or disabled.
• Oper Status – Indicates if the link is Up or Down.
• Speed Duplex Status – Shows the current speed and duplex mode.
(Auto, or fixed choice)
• Flow Control Status – Indicates the type of flow control currently in use.
(IEEE 802.3x, Back-Pressure or None)
• Autonegotiation – Shows if auto-negotiation is enabled or disabled.
1
• Media Type – Shows the forced/preferred port type to use for combination ports
21-24 (ES4524D) or 45-48 (ES4548D). (Copper-Forced, SFP-Forced,
SFP-Preferred-Auto)
• Trunk Member1 – Shows if port is a trunk member.
2
• Creation – Shows if a trunk is manually configured or dynamically set via LACP.
Web – Click Port, Port Information or Trunk Information.
Figure 16-1 Port - Port Information
1. Port Information only.
2. Trunk Information only.
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Port Configuration
16
Field Attributes (CLI)
Basic information:
• Port type – Indicates the port type. (1000BASE-T or SFP)
• MAC address – The physical layer address for this port. (To access this item on
Configuration:
• Name – Interface label.
• Port admin – Shows if the interface is enabled or disabled (i.e., up or down).
•
Speed-duplex – Shows the current speed and duplex mode. (Auto, or fixed choice)
• Capabilities – Specifies the capabilities to be advertised for a port during
auto-negotiation. (To access this item on the web, see “Configuring Interface
Connections” on page 3-48.) The following capabilities are supported.
• 10half - Supports 10 Mbps half-duplex operation
• 10full - Supports 10 Mbps full-duplex operation
• 100half - Supports 100 Mbps half-duplex operation
• 100full - Supports 100 Mbps full-duplex operation
• 1000full - Supports 1000 Mbps full-duplex operation
• Sym - Transmits and receives pause frames for flow control
• FC - Supports flow control
• Broadcast storm – Shows if broadcast storm control is enabled or disabled.
• Broadcast storm limit – Shows the broadcast storm threshold.
(500 - 262143 packets per second)
• Flow control – Shows if flow control is enabled or disabled.
• LACP – Shows if LACP is enabled or disabled.
• Port security – Shows if port security is enabled or disabled.
• Max MAC count – Shows the maximum number of MAC address that can be
learned by a port. (0 - 1024 addresses)
• Port security action – Shows the response to take when a security violation is
detected. (shutdown, trap, trap-and-shutdown)
• Media type – Shows the forced/preferred port type to use for combination ports
21-24 (ES4524D) or 45-48 (ES4548D). (copper forced, SFP forced, SFP preferred
auto)
Current status:
• Link status – Indicates if the link is up or down.
• Port operation status – Provides detailed information on port state.
(Displayed only when the link is up.).
• Operation speed-duplex – Shows the current speed and duplex mode.
• Flow control type – Indicates the type of flow control currently in use.
(IEEE 802.3x, Back-Pressure or none)
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Displaying Connection Status
16
CLI – This example shows the connection status for Port 5.
Console#show interfaces status ethernet 1/5
Information of Eth 1/13
Basic information:
Port type:
Mac address:
Configuration:
Name:
1000T
00-30-F1-D4-73-A5
Port admin:
Speed-duplex:
Capabilities:
Broadcast storm:
Up
Auto
10half, 10full, 100half, 100full, 1000full
Enabled
Broadcast storm limit: 500 packets/second
Flow control:
LACP:
Port security:
Max MAC count:
Port security action:
Media type:
Disabled
Disabled
Disabled
0
None
None
Current status:
Link status:
Down
Operation speed-duplex: 1000full
Flow control type: None
Console#
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Port Configuration
16
Configuring Interface Connections
You can use the Port Configuration or Trunk Configuration page to enable/disable an
interface, set auto-negotiation and the interface capabilities to advertise, or manually
fix the speed and duplex mode.
Command Attributes
• Name – Allows you to label an interface. (Range: 1-64 characters)
• Admin – Allows you to manually disable an interface. You can disable an interface
due to abnormal behavior (e.g., excessive collisions), and then reenable it after the
problem has been resolved. You may also disable an interface for security
reasons.
• Speed/Duplex – Allows you to manually set the port speed and duplex mode
(i.e., with auto-negotiation disabled).
• Autonegotiation (Port Capabilities) – Allows auto-negotiation to be enabled/
disabled. When auto-negotiation is enabled, you need to specify the capabilities to
be advertised. When auto-negotiation is disabled, you can force the settings for
speed, duplex mode, and flow control. The following capabilities are supported.
- 10half - Supports 10 Mbps half-duplex operation
- 10full - Supports 10 Mbps full-duplex operation
- 100half - Supports 100 Mbps half-duplex operation
- 100full - Supports 100 Mbps full-duplex operation
- 1000full - Supports 1 Gbps full-duplex operation
(Default: Autonegotiation enabled; Advertised capabilities for
RJ-45: 1000BASE-T – 10half, 10full, 100half, 100full, 1000full;
SFP: 1000BASE-SX/LX/LH – 1000full)
• Media Type – Shows the forced/preferred port type to use for the combination
ports. (ES4524D: Ports 21-24; ES4548D: Ports 45-48)
- Copper-Forced - Always uses the built-in RJ-45 port.
-
-
SFP-Forced - Always uses the SFP port (even if module is not installed).
SFP-Preferred-Auto - Uses SFP port if both combination types are functioning
and the SFP port has a valid link.
• Trunk – Indicates if a port is a member of a trunk. To create trunks and select port
Note: Auto-negotiation must be disabled before you can configure or force the interface
to use the Speed/Duplex Mode.
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Configuring Interface Connections
16
Web – Click Port, Port Configuration or Trunk Configuration. Modify the required
interface settings, and click Apply.
Figure 16-2 Port - Port Configuration
CLI – Select the interface, and then enter the required settings.
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/13
Console(config-if)#description RD SW#13
Console(config-if)#shutdown
.
Console(config-if)#no shutdown
Console(config-if)#no negotiation
Console(config-if)#speed-duplex 100half
.
Console(config-if)#negotiation
Console(config-if)#capabilities 100half
Console(config-if)#capabilities 100full
Console(config-if)#capabilities flowcontrol
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/21
Console(config-if)#media-type copper-forced
Console(config-if)#
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Port Configuration
16
Showing Port Statistics
You can display standard statistics on network traffic from the Interfaces Group and
Ethernet-like MIBs, as well as a detailed breakdown of traffic based on the RMON
MIB. Interfaces and Ethernet-like statistics display errors on the traffic passing
through each port. This information can be used to identify potential problems with
the switch (such as a faulty port or unusually heavy loading). RMON statistics
provide access to a broad range of statistics, including a total count of different
frame types and sizes passing through each port. All values displayed have been
accumulated since the last system reboot, and are shown as counts per second.
Statistics are refreshed every 60 seconds by default.
Note: RMON groups 2, 3 and 9 can only be accessed using SNMP management
software such as HP OpenView.
Table 16-1 Port Statistics
Parameter
Description
Interface Statistics
Received Octets
The total number of octets received on the interface, including framing
characters.
Received Unicast Packets
Received Multicast Packets
Received Broadcast Packets
Received Discarded Packets
The number of subnetwork-unicast packets delivered to a higher-layer
protocol.
The number of packets, delivered by this sub-layer to a higher (sub-)layer,
which were addressed to a multicast address at this sub-layer.
The number of packets, delivered by this sub-layer to a higher (sub-)layer,
which were addressed to a broadcast address at this sub-layer.
The number of inbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even
though no errors had been detected to prevent their being deliverable to a
higher-layer protocol. One possible reason for discarding such a packet
could be to free up buffer space.
Received Unknown Packets
Received Errors
The number of packets received via the interface which were discarded
because of an unknown or unsupported protocol.
The number of inbound packets that contained errors preventing them
from being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
Transmit Octets
The total number of octets transmitted out of the interface, including
framing characters.
Transmit Unicast Packets
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted to a subnetwork-unicast address, including those that were
discarded or not sent.
Transmit Multicast Packets
Transmit Broadcast Packets
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted, and which were addressed to a multicast address at this
sub-layer, including those that were discarded or not sent.
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted, and which were addressed to a broadcast address at this
sub-layer, including those that were discarded or not sent.
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Showing Port Statistics
16
Table 16-1 Port Statistics (Continued)
Description
Parameter
Transmit Discarded Packets
The number of outbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even
though no errors had been detected to prevent their being transmitted.
One possible reason for discarding such a packet could be to free up
buffer space.
Transmit Errors
The number of outbound packets that could not be transmitted because of
errors.
Etherlike Statistics
Alignment Errors
Late Collisions
The number of alignment errors (missynchronized data packets).
The number of times that a collision is detected later than 512 bit-times
into the transmission of a packet.
FCS Errors
A count of frames received on a particular interface that are an integral
number of octets in length but do not pass the FCS check. This count does
not include frames received with frame-too-long or frame-too-short error.
Excessive Collisions
A count of frames for which transmission on a particular interface fails due
to excessive collisions. This counter does not increment when the
interface is operating in full-duplex mode.
Single Collision Frames
Internal MAC Transmit Errors
Multiple Collision Frames
Carrier Sense Errors
The number of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is
inhibited by exactly one collision.
A count of frames for which transmission on a particular interface fails due
to an internal MAC sublayer transmit error.
A count of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is
inhibited by more than one collision.
The number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or never
asserted when attempting to transmit a frame.
SQE Test Errors
A count of times that the SQE TEST ERROR message is generated by the
PLS sublayer for a particular interface.
Frames Too Long
A count of frames received on a particular interface that exceed the
maximum permitted frame size.
Deferred Transmissions
Internal MAC Receive Errors
A count of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a particular
interface is delayed because the medium was busy.
A count of frames for which reception on a particular interface fails due to
an internal MAC sublayer receive error.
RMON Statistics
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to lack of
resources.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets), and had either an FCS
or alignment error.
Received Bytes
Collisions
Total number of bytes of data received on the network. This statistic can
be used as a reasonable indication of Ethernet utilization.
The best estimate of the total number of collisions on this Ethernet
segment.
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Port Configuration
16
Table 16-1 Port Statistics (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Received Frames
Broadcast Frames
The total number of frames (bad, broadcast and multicast) received.
The total number of good frames received that were directed to the
broadcast address. Note that this does not include multicast packets.
Multicast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed to this
multicast address.
CRC/Alignment Errors
Undersize Frames
The number of CRC/alignment errors (FCS or alignment errors).
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets long
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise well
formed.
Oversize Frames
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise well
formed.
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in length
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and had either an FCS
or alignment error.
64 Bytes Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and
transmitted that were 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits but
including FCS octets).
65-127 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and
transmitted where the number of octets fall within the specified range
(excluding framing bits but including FCS octets).
128-255 Byte Frames
256-511 Byte Frames
512-1023 Byte Frames
1024-1518 Byte Frames
1519-1536 Byte Frames
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Port Configuration
16
CLI – This example shows statistics for port 12.
Console#show interfaces counters ethernet 1/12
Ethernet 1/12
Iftable stats:
Octets input: 868453, Octets output: 3492122
Unicast input: 7315, Unitcast output: 6658
Discard input: 0, Discard output: 0
Error input: 0, Error output: 0
Unknown protos input: 0, QLen output: 0
Extended iftable stats:
Multi-cast input: 0, Multi-cast output: 17027
Broadcast input: 231, Broadcast output: 7
Ether-like stats:
Alignment errors: 0, FCS errors: 0
Single Collision frames: 0, Multiple collision frames: 0
SQE Test errors: 0, Deferred transmissions: 0
Late collisions: 0, Excessive collisions: 0
Internal mac transmit errors: 0, Internal mac receive errors: 0
Frame too longs: 0, Carrier sense errors: 0
Symbol errors: 0
RMON stats:
Drop events: 0, Octets: 4422579, Packets: 31552
Broadcast pkts: 238, Multi-cast pkts: 17033
Undersize pkts: 0, Oversize pkts: 0
Fragments: 0, Jabbers: 0
CRC align errors: 0, Collisions: 0
Packet size <= 64 octets: 25568, Packet size 65 to 127 octets: 1616
Packet size 128 to 255 octets: 1249, Packet size 256 to 511 octets: 1449
Packet size 512 to 1023 octets: 802, Packet size 1024 to 1518 octets: 871
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Chapter 17: Creating Trunk Groups
You can create multiple links between devices that work as one virtual, aggregate
link. A port trunk offers a dramatic increase in bandwidth for network segments
where bottlenecks exist, as well as providing a fault-tolerant link between two
switches. You can create up to 24 trunks for the ES4548D, and 12 trunks for the
ES4524D.
The switch supports both static trunking and dynamic Link Aggregation Control
Protocol (LACP). Static trunks have to be manually configured at both ends of the
link, and the switches must comply with the Cisco EtherChannel standard. On the
other hand, LACP configured ports can automatically negotiate a trunked link with
LACP-configured ports on another device. You can configure any number of ports
on the switch as LACP, as long as they are not already configured as part of a static
trunk. If ports on another device are also configured as LACP, the switch and the
other device will negotiate a trunk link between them. If an LACP trunk consists of
more than eight ports, all other ports will be placed in a standby mode. Should one
link in the trunk fail, one of the standby ports will automatically be activated to
replace it.
Command Usage
Besides balancing the load across each port in the trunk, the other ports provide
redundancy by taking over the load if a port in the trunk fails. However, before
making any physical connections between devices, use the web interface or CLI to
specify the trunk on the devices at both ends. When using a port trunk, take note of
the following points:
• Finish configuring port trunks before you connect the corresponding network
cables between switches to avoid creating a loop.
• You can create up to 24 trunks on a switch, with up to eight ports per trunk.
• The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports.
• When configuring static trunks on switches of different types, they must be
compatible with the Cisco EtherChannel standard.
• The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner,
including communication mode (i.e., speed, duplex mode and flow control), VLAN
assignments, and CoS settings.
• Any of the Gigabit ports on the front panel can be trunked together, including ports
of different media types.
• All the ports in a trunk have to be treated as a whole when moved from/to, added
or deleted from a VLAN.
• STP, VLAN, and IGMP settings can only be made for the entire trunk.
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Creating Trunk Groups
17
Statically Configuring a Trunk
Command Usage
• When configuring static trunks, you may not be
able to link switches of different types,
depending on the manufacturer’s
statically
configured
implementation. However, note that the static
trunks on this switch are Cisco EtherChannel
compatible.
active
links
• To avoid creating a loop in the network, be sure
you add a static trunk via the configuration
interface before connecting the ports, and also
disconnect the ports before removing a static
trunk via the configuration interface.
Command Attributes
• Member List (Current) – Shows configured trunks (Trunk ID, Unit, Port).
• New – Includes entry fields for creating new trunks.
- Trunk – Trunk identifier. (Range: 1-24)
- Unit – Stack unit. (Range: Always 1)
- Port – Port identifier. (Range: 1-24/48)
Web – Click Port, Trunk Membership. Enter a trunk ID of 1-24 in the Trunk field,
select any of the switch ports from the scroll-down port list, and click Add. After you
have completed adding ports to the member list, click Apply.
Figure 17-1 Static Trunk Configuration
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Setting a Load-Balance Mode for Trunks
17
CLI – This example creates trunk 1 with ports 9 and 10. Just connect these ports to
two static trunk ports on another switch to form a trunk.
Console(config)#interface port-channel 1
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/9
Console(config-if)#channel-group 1
Console(config-if)#exit
Console(config)#interface ethernet 1/10
Console(config-if)#channel-group 1
Console(config-if)#end
Console#show interfaces status port-channel 1
Information of Trunk 1
Basic information:
Port type:
1000T
Mac address:
Configuration:
Name:
00-30-F1-D4-73-A2
Port admin:
Up
Speed-duplex:
Capabilities:
Flow control:
Port security:
Max MAC count:
Current status:
Created by:
Auto
10half, 10full, 100half, 100full, 1000full
Disabled
Disabled
0
User
Up
Link status:
Port operation status: Up
Operation speed-duplex: 1000full
Flow control type:
Member Ports: Eth1/9, Eth1/10,
Console#
None
Setting a Load-Balance Mode for Trunks
When incoming data frames are fowarded through the switch to a trunk, the switch
must determine to which port link in the trunk an outgoing frame should be sent. To
maintain the frame sequence of traffic flows between devices in the network, the
switch also needs to ensure that frames in each “conversation” are mapped to the
same trunk link. To achieve this requirement and to distribute a balanced load
across all links in a trunk, the switch uses an algorithm based on frame source or
destination addresses to calculate an output link number in the trunk. However,
depending on the device to which a trunk is connected and traffic flows in the
network, this load-balance algorithm may result in traffic being distributed mostly on
one port in a trunk.
To ensure that the switch traffic load is distributed evenly across all links in a trunk,
the source or destination addresses used in the load-balance calculation can be
selected to provide the best result for trunk connections. The switch provides six
load-balancing modes:
• Source MAC Address: All traffic with the same source MAC address is output on
the same link in a trunk. This mode works best for switch-to-switch trunk links
where traffic through the switch is received from many different hosts.
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