Sony ISSUE 3 User Manual

The Sony Guide to  
CCTV  
Issue  
3
this is not a rehearsal.  
Introduction  
In recent years...  
there has been no shortage of innovations in the CCTV  
industry with manufacturers competing to better meet  
the needs of crime prevention. Most visibly, more  
surveillance cameras have appeared in more public areas  
than ever before, proving their effectiveness and generating  
interest in maximising the benefits of operating a surveillance  
system.  
The bewildering choice of different equipment and the desire for practical  
knowledge in this area demonstrates that, as with most disciplines, a little research  
into the subject will yield higher quality decisions and an improved cost/benefit  
ratio. It is intended that this Guide should assist you to ask the right questions and  
direct you towards the best possible solution.  
The generalised use of crime statistics, of which there are many varieties, conceal  
the fact that every situation is different and requires a tailored approach. Most  
businesses, for example, take an economic approach to the use of security measures  
how much will a system cost and how much loss will it prevent? An often quoted  
but nevertheless true precept is that businesses, particularly retail, often  
underestimate the true extent of losses. The importance of conducting a detailed audit  
and survey before even considering technology cannot be over-emphasised.  
Where CCTV is used in town centre schemes, the principal objective is to  
improve the quality of life for the inhabitants by reducing actual and perceived  
crime. Continuing Government support for video surveillance in public areas reflects  
the value of a properly specified scheme and its place in providing information for a  
measured police response.  
To be an effective deterrent, the system must provide actual as well as  
theoretical results and be introduced as one part of an overall crime prevention  
initiative. Where this ‘system credibility’ has been established, the greatest benefits  
have been derived.  
Included in this Guide are some examples of highly credible surveillance  
schemes where the users have achieved the maximum benefit from their systems,  
together with detailed background information on the selection and operation of  
CCTV. We have also included information about how new technology is offering  
higher levels of performance in video surveillance than ever before.  
Brian Kelly,  
Marketing Manager, CCTV & Components  
Sony Broadcast & Professional UK  
1
case study  
Sony gives Newham  
a clearer picture  
Newham District Council has the largest local authority CCTV control room in  
the country, monitoring over 200 cameras in the heart of London’s East End.  
Recently, it has installed additional Sony Trinitron colour video monitors, bringing  
the total in the system to 73 screens. As well as fighting crime, the system is used  
for traffic surveillance, including monitoring a new bus lane system, controlling  
vandalism, general council activity and ensuring local authority response to  
maintenance problems.  
The Newham Control Room is also the first in the country to use facial  
recognition technology and has recently acquired a Sony Mavica digital camera.  
The camera is being used in the prevention of doorstep fraud to build up a  
database of employees for the production of ID cards.  
The new colour video monitors – nine SSM-20N5E  
and two SSM-14N5E – were chosen for their  
clarity and sharpness of picture – particularly  
suited to surveillance monitoring. The  
Trinitron CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), which  
has upgraded resolution from a typical  
250 to 600 lines, gives a markedly  
crisper and more stable image. The  
face of the Trinitron is based on the  
shape of a cylinder rather than a sphere  
ensuring that not only is the geometry of  
the image more accurate, but operator  
eye-fatigue is reduced.  
Operations Manager Bob Lack explains: The  
Council has a policy of making the best use of the technology currently available  
and with the help of optimum funding obtained through the CCTV Challenge  
scheme and support from local businesses, we have invested £2 million in the last  
four years.  
We already had 54 Sony SSM-20 and eight SSM-14 monitors in the system,  
some of which were installed when the control room was first set up five years  
ago. As the control room monitors are never switched off, durability has also been  
an important factor.”  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
case study  
Underground  
Security  
Expanded  
The latest phase in London Underground’s  
multi-million pound refurbishment programme  
includes the installation of 60 Sony CCTV  
cameras at three of South London's busiest  
central stations: Brixton, Pimlico and Vauxhall.  
Part of an integrated passenger security system, pictures from the cameras at all  
three stations can be selected and received at a specially built control room at the  
Brixton station where Sony S-VHS time-lapse VCRs are located, providing real-time  
recording when necessary.  
At Vauxhall and Pimlico, individual control rooms are also equipped with two  
Sony recorders set in real-time mode, which receive pictures from their own  
station cameras.  
The SSC-DC50P CCD colour cameras are line-fed, simplifying installation by using  
a single coaxial cable to send both video and sync signals. Chosen for their high  
degree of resolution and identification capability, the cameras are located on  
platforms, in passages and ticket halls as well as close to the new Help Points where  
customers can communicate with London Underground staff (or with British  
Transport Police).  
As British Transport Police Public Affairs Manager, Simon Lubin explains, crime on  
the Underground has reduced by 22 per cent since 1990 with one important  
contributing factor being the installation of CCTV throughout the system.  
CCTV is a vital weapon in the police armoury helping to prevent and deter crime,  
as well as to detect it. Our customer surveys show that CCTV also reassures people  
travelling and is an important investment by London Underground in passenger and  
staff security.  
Officers are using CCTV daily as a key investigative tool to trace and confirm  
identities of suspects, as well as to obtain evidence for presentation in court. If it is  
to perform those functions effectively, picture quality has to be as high as possible.”  
The SSC-DC50P cameras use digital signal processing and Sony HyperHAD  
technology to achieve high quality pictures in the most demanding circumstances.  
3
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
case study  
Daewoo savings  
with Sony PMS  
In the face of rising manned guarding costs, Daewoo Cars has installed a new  
remote surveillance alternative – a monitoring codec from Sony.  
Daewoo was spending over £1 million a year on manned guarding services for its  
25 forecourt and showroom sites until a remote video monitoring service  
introduced a complete design, commissioning and monitoring package based  
around remote CCTV surveillance.  
Daewoo's brief was to protect  
vehicles and premises while  
allowing customers free access to  
the forecourt even after showroom  
hours. At the same time there had  
to be an obvious deterrent and the  
means to identify criminal activity  
and summon assistance.  
Key to the effective running of  
the system has been a pilot of the  
Sony PMS 400/500 at Daewoo’s  
Slough showroom.  
The Sony Codec is designed to  
control CCTV equipment and  
transmit information from any  
number of remote sites, in the form  
of high quality pictures and audio,  
to a central point using a dial-up  
ISDN telephone line. The use of the  
ISDN line eliminates the  
considerable costs associated with  
the laying of cables for  
transmission, such as fibre optics.  
Any suspicious activity on a  
Daewoo forecourt or in the  
showroom, such as attempts to steal car radios, trim or wheels, can now be quickly  
identified, confirmed and acted upon from the central monitoring station.  
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4
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
case study  
Farsight Chooses  
the HSR-1P  
One of the UKs largest remote video monitoring  
companies has chosen the Sony HSR-1P to replace  
its existing complement of time-lapse video recorders and multiplexers.  
On a weekly basis Farsight (UK) Ltd, based in Peterborough, makes and receives in  
excess of 20,000 video patrols/alarms from its diverse mix of clients situated  
throughout the UK.  
Farsight is currently using two HSR-1P digital surveillance recorders and 40  
DV270 tapes to meet all its recording requirements. Farsight Operations Manager,  
Paul Dadford, explains: Traditionally, all video was recorded to VCR. However, as  
each video receiver requires a VCR and at least 30 tapes, retrieving video data from  
archive was a time-consuming, inefficient and labour-intensive task.”  
Farsight’s R&D department was therefore tasked to provide a recording solution  
that would reduce the time taken to retrieve archive video and reduce the overall  
effort required to manage video recording across 14 video receivers.  
Four digital surveillance recorders were chosen for evaluation. Only the HSR-1P  
provided a complete integrated solution with the digital recording cached to hard  
disk and then copied to the integral DV tape.  
Paul Bromley, Farsight IT Manager, says the HSR can be linked with Sony’s PMS  
video transmission system, allowing both units to be controlled from one software  
platform giving a totally integrated solution. The use of DV technology gives the  
HSR-1P an impressive storage capability. The system is easy to use, compact and  
extremely robust.”  
The integration of the DV tape also had unexpected benefits, in that software  
written at Farsight to log the incoming and outgoing video patrols, now controls the  
HSR-1P directly, enabling retrieval of archive video footage in minutes instead of  
hours as was the case with the old VCR recording system.  
Instead of wading through banks and banks of video cassette tapes, I only have  
to enter the time and date in search mode and the incident is immediately retrieved.  
Additionally, the unique Sony water-mark on every recorded frame gives our client  
base a guarantee that no digitally stored information has been tampered with.  
The introduction of the HSR-1P has enabled us to provide better quality video  
recording for our clients while at the same time reduce the overall work required to  
administer a complex video recording system.”  
5
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
What is Closed Circuit  
Television?  
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a television system which operates on a  
closed loop’ basis. Unlike broadcast television, which is available to anyone  
with a suitable receiver, CCTV pictures are only available to those directly  
connected to the loop.  
Colour Video Monitor  
Video Out  
(Coaxial cable)  
DC12 V  
DC12 V  
AC outlet  
power supply  
CCTV was first used in the 1950s and has since become an essential element in  
any professional security system.  
In most installations, the loop is a physical link – a cable which carries the  
picture from the camera to the viewer. With very few exceptions, the pictures are  
transmitted as a composite video signal at 75ohms, 1 volt peak-to-peak. Where  
very high resolution (>400TV lines) is required, some equipment offers a Y/C facility  
where the luminance signal (Y) and the chrominance (C) is divided. Over long  
distances, for example in Town Centre systems, fibre optic transmission has  
become popular. Where this option is too expensive, ISDN offers a cost-effective  
alternative for event-driven surveillance systems.  
As well as the full range of property protection and control applications, CCTV  
offers benefits in many other areas, for example:  
Assisting police authorities in the monitoring of traffic flow and the  
implementation of prompt action in case of accidents and other emergencies  
Supporting process industry managers as they control the flow of work, identify  
production bottlenecks and take corrective action  
Monitoring of hostile environments that are not accessible to man, i.e. nuclear  
reactors, furnaces, etc.  
.
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
When and where  
should it be used?  
Security and surveillance are the most accepted applications for CCTV  
systems. With the use of CCTV, managers and supervisors can control risks  
and minimise costs efficiently and with the minimum of disruption.  
Security applications  
As well as acting as an effective deterrent, CCTV helps managers to monitor:  
Access to secure areas  
Unauthorised activities  
Theft or criminal damage  
Personal safety  
Surveillance applications  
CCTV has many applications in public safety:  
Traffic control  
Alarm Verification  
Crowd control  
Insurance claim assessment  
Public access  
Staff control  
Car park security  
Shopping precinct security  
Industrial process control  
Benefits  
CCTV offers increased efficiency and the faster  
detection of problems. As a result, its benefits include:  
Reduced security running costs  
Faster response to problems  
Increased peace of mind  
Simplicity and reliability  
Improved quality of environment for owners, operators and the public  
Easier identification of suspects  
Increased management control  
7
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Light  
The human eye and the camera lens operate on completely different lines.  
Although the human eye adjusts automatically to various light conditions,  
the camera is inherently less flexible.  
In a CCTV system, lighting has to be ‘designed in’ from the beginning if the best  
results are to be obtained. The type of lighting used, and the correct positioning, are  
vital to maximum security.  
Everyday white light’ is actually a mixture of colours of different frequencies.  
CCTV is more receptive to certain colour combinations than others. The best results  
are usually obtained by matching the spectral response of the camera to the light  
illuminating the scene.  
The amount of light reflected from an object determines how ‘bright’ it appears.  
Here are some typical reflective figures:  
Asphalt  
Foliage  
Concrete  
5%  
10-20%  
25-30%  
Red Brick 35%  
Snow 95%  
These figures relate to the minimum level of lighting required for security purposes  
to everyday light. It can easily be seen that today’s CCTV technology will give good  
results under very low light levels. Sony Exwave’ cameras can operate in colour as  
low as 0.8Lux (F1.2) without switching to monochrome or reducing frame rate.  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Light  
LUX*  
DESCRIPTION  
50,000  
British summer sunshine  
5,000  
500  
300  
50  
Overcast sky  
Well lit office  
Minimum for easy reading  
Passageway/outside working area  
Good main road lighting  
Sunset  
15  
10  
5
Typical side road lighting  
Minimum security risk lighting  
Twilight  
2
1
0.3  
0.1  
0.001  
0.0001  
Clear full moon  
Typical moonlight/cloudy sky  
Typical starlight  
Poor starlight  
*Metric unit of measurement of light.  
9
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Light  
Backlight Compensation  
It is also important to consider whether there are bright spots in the picture such as  
car headlights which can make identification of the vehicle registration or model  
impossible.  
This can also be a major problem where it is necessary to identify persons who  
are moving from bright daylight into artificial light. Very often this will result in the  
subject becoming an unidentifiable silhouette. The problem is exacerbated where  
bright spots in the images cause vertical smearing.  
The answer is to specify a camera which has effective backlight compensation.  
This can be operated automatically by Smart Control within the camera or, where  
the position of the subject is pre-determined, can be pre-selected.  
It is helpful to be able to see how effective the backlight compensation is before  
making final camera selection.  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Choosing a  
Camera  
The camera is the ‘eye’ of a CCTV  
system and at its core lies CCD  
(charge coupled device) technology.  
The CCD is comprised of about 500,000 light sensitive cells called picture elements  
(pixels) which convert the light falling onto its surface into an electrical signal. The  
performance of the camera, and ultimately the surveillance system, is more  
dependent upon the quality of the CCD than any of the other camera components.  
Currently, the popular formats are:  
Half-inch  
High performance for high sensitivity and low noise  
Most popular and ideal for a wide range of applications  
A more recent development  
Third-inch  
Quarter-inch  
Benefits of CCD Technology  
Long Life  
Produced with a design life of up to 10 years  
Shock Resistant  
Size and Weight  
Spectral Response  
Much more rugged than older tube technology  
Have enabled the miniaturisation of cameras  
Responsive in the near infra red area  
Pixels (Picture Elements)  
Total Pixels  
This is the total number of pixels on the CCD faceplate.  
They are not all usable  
Active Pixels  
This is the real figure giving the number of pixels  
that are actually in use  
11  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Choosing a Camera  
Sensitivity  
Colour cameras generally perform less well in low light than monochrome cameras,  
all other things being equal. Sensitivity is usually measured by reference to the lux  
level at which a camera can produce an image (see page 9).  
The lux valuation, although usually referred to as a metric unit of measurement  
of light, is very often applied subjectively to the ability of a camera to produce  
images.  
Comparisons based on the lux levels given by different manufacturers do not  
usually lead to a valid determination. A more valid comparison can be made where  
the F-stop of the lens is also quoted together with the video level, although the best  
solution is to make a live visual evaluation of the cameras under consideration.  
i) Lux level at the face plate  
This measures how the camera performs when all light falls directly on the chip  
faceplate. Whilst technically valid, this never actually happens. You cannot get a  
picture unless you use a lens and the lens cuts down the available light.  
ii) At the lens  
This is closer to the specification we are looking for because it goes some way to  
describing the specification in real life.  
Which lens?  
The lower the ‘F’ number of the lens used the better the result. For example:  
Camera one quotes 0.8 lux full video with an F1.0 lens  
Camera two quotes 0.8 lux full video with an F1.2 lens  
Camera two is the more sensitive camera as it quotes 1 lux with a slower F1.2  
lens. With the faster F1.0 lens, it would probably give a full video signal at only  
0.6lux.  
Colour Rendition  
Any assessment of a camera’s operating capabilities should include how accurately  
it can reproduce colour. If, for example, a target subject is dressed in a brown  
jacket and blue trousers it will not be helpful for the police if they are looking at a  
CCTV image of a person apparently wearing an orange jacket and turquoise  
trousers. This will also have severe limitations on the evidential value of such an  
image. Cameras offering better colour rendition will have both auto and selectable  
white balance to handle varying lighting conditions.  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Choosing a Camera  
Camera Resolution  
The higher the resolution the sharper the picture. The best resolution available at  
present for CCD cameras is approaching 750 horizontal lines (TV lines) (3-CCD,  
DXC-950P) and 500 vertical lines.  
Resolution is not necessarily the key decision point. Low resolution CCTV, which  
is usually lower cost, is often perfectly adequate and the final choice depends on  
the combination of camera features and build quality together with site conditions  
and available funds. As a general rule, a high resolution is preferable in low light  
levels and when identification of points of fine detail are required.  
Sony ExwaveHAD CCD Technology  
A key question to consider is whether colour or black and white cameras should be  
selected. Not many people now watch black and white television in their homes – a  
colour picture is easier to interpret, provides more information and is more natural  
than a monochrome one.  
In surveillance applications, the split currently between colour and monochrome  
is about 50/50. In recent years, the price difference between the two has  
diminished. The principal limiting factor against the use of colour cameras has been  
the ability of colour cameras to operate effectively in poorly lit areas.  
To meet this demand for colour images in low light, manufacturers have  
13  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Choosing a Camera  
developed a range of  
solutions, the most  
Hyper HAD CCD  
Ineffective area  
popular of which include  
hybrid cameras that  
operate in colour when  
lighting is adequate,  
switching to monochrome  
as darkness falls. Some  
cameras operate in low  
light by reducing the  
number of frames  
Transfer register  
Exwave HAD CCD  
Hole accumulated layer  
captured to produce a  
brighter picture although  
this causes problems  
when there is movement  
within the image.  
Sony has developed a  
more radical approach by  
improving the sensitivity  
of the CCD chip. On Chip  
Lens technology (OCL)  
increases the surface  
area and sensitivity of the  
CCD by locating a microlens on each pixel which results in more light being  
collected on the photosensitive layer. This technology has been developed most  
recently with the introduction of the ExwaveHAD CCD which has a highly advanced  
OCL structure. The result of these developments is a degree of sensitivity that can  
handle twilight light levels while still producing accurate colour images even with  
rapidly moving objects.  
Smear is caused by the leakage of light onto the vertical shift register, creating  
a vertical bar across the image which can render it useless and is a common  
problem with cameras in low light or where there are bright spots in the picture.  
With ExwaveHAD, this leakage is reduced because the improvement in the  
structure of the CCD minimises the undesirable reflection of light onto its surface.  
As a result, smear is reduced to a minimal level of -120dB – comparable to the  
frame interline transfer CCDs commonly used in broadcast cameras.  
Sony now produces both colour and monochrome cameras which benefit from  
the advanced technology of ExwaveHAD technology.  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Selecting the  
Correct Lens  
The quality of the lens is vital in determining the quality of the final image.  
The basic optical characteristics of a lens are the focal length (in zoom lenses  
the focal length range) or angle of coverage, and the aperture range. Well  
look at these two characteristics together with a third important  
characteristic, the format.  
Focal Length (F)  
The focal length represents the distance from the optical centre of the lens to the  
point at which the image is in sharpest focus and where the pick-up device in the  
CCTV camera is located.  
The focal length determines the angle of coverage of the lens. The longer the  
focal length, the narrower the angle of coverage and the shorter the focal length,  
the wider the angle of coverage.  
One particular angle of coverage produces a picture very similar to that seen by  
the human eye. A lens giving this angle is called a ‘normal’ lens. The focal length of  
a normal lens is approximately equal to the diagonal of the picture area. For  
example, for a 2/3 inch camera, the normal lens would have a focal length of  
16mm. A 1/2 inch camera would have a normal lens of 12.5mm and a 1/3 inch  
camera, an 8mm normal lens.  
A focal length shorter than a normal  
focal length produces a wide angle  
view. A longer focal length  
produces a telephoto image.  
Some lenses have variable  
focal lengths and are called  
zoom lenses.  
d
F
Basic Lens  
F = Focal Length  
d = Lens Diameter or Aperture  
f = Lens Stop Expressed as a ratio  
of Focal Length to Aperture  
F
d
f =  
15  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Selecting the Correct Lens  
Aperture range  
The aperture is the clear opening in the centre of the lens that allows light to pass  
to the pick-up device.  
The aperture size is described in relation to the focal length (F). Thus the  
aperture is specified by an F number. If the lens has a focal length of 50mm and if  
the diameter of the clear opening of the lens is 25mm, then the lens is said to have  
an aperture of F:2 (50mm divided by 25mm = 2). A 50mm lens with an aperture of  
F:2 has the same light gathering ability as a 150mm F:2 lens but the glass  
components will be more complex in order to achieve the telephoto effect.  
Most CCTV lenses have a built-in mechanism called an iris. This allows the  
aperture to be changed to accommodate varying light levels. The largest aperture  
setting is often used to define the maximum light gathering capability of the lens,  
the lens speed. A lens with a maximum aperture of F:1.6 is referred to as an F:1.6  
lens and is said to be faster’ than, say, an F:4.2 or F:8 lens.  
The iris setting of the lens is numbered from the largest F stop down to the  
smallest F stop. CCTV systems are rarely installed in situations where light levels  
are constant, so lenses with automatic iris adjustment are important components of  
most systems.  
Focus set to 20m.  
Lens f = 1.4  
Depth of Field  
Depth of Field  
Lens f = 5.6  
Depth of Field  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Selecting the Correct Lens  
Another characteristic of lenses is the ‘depth of field’ (see illustration). If a lens is  
focused on an object there will be a certain area of sharp focus in front of and  
behind the object. The depth of this area of sharp focus is controlled by three  
factors: the focal length of the lens, the distance from the lens to the object  
and the F stop.  
Lens Format  
The lens format relates to the camera format, 1/3 inch, 1/2 inch, 2/3 inch.  
There are two lens mounting systems. Most CCTV cameras have a Cmount,  
although many now use a CS’ mount. ‘Cmount cameras are not able to use CS’  
lenses, however adaptors are available.  
To avoid the complexities of lenses with automatic irises, manufacturers have  
developed electronic shutters’. These achieve the same light adjustment with  
simpler, fixed iris lenses. The CCD iris common to most Sony CCTV cameras  
automatically controls image exposure by electronically adjusting the incoming  
light levels.  
Cameras with Built-in Lens  
Some cameras are now available with a built-in lens. Sony manufactures a 1/3 inch  
colour camera with an integral 5.4mm - 64.8mm zoom lens (SSC-CX34P) which  
can be used in place of the conventional camera and motorised lens set-up. This  
saves installation time and the resultant set-up is lighter, allowing the use of more  
compact camera housing and pan and tilt head.  
17  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Which Monitor?  
A control room operator may be required to view images on a bank of  
monitors for prolonged periods. As the effectiveness of the surveillance  
system is crucially dependent upon the degree to which the operator can  
remain alert and avoid fatigue, correct monitor selection is vital.  
The monitor converts the video signal generated by the camera back into a visual  
image. It consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) and a number of signal processing  
circuits.  
These circuits separate the ‘luminance’ part of the signal from the ‘sync signals’.  
The luminance signal is routed to an amplifier, which boosts the signal to a level  
that can be used by the CRT. The sync signals are split onto horizontal (H) pulses  
and vertical (V) pulses. These in turn are amplified and modified so that they can  
control the vertical and horizontal deflection of the final picture.  
Where the video signal is being looped through the monitor to another piece of  
equipment (for example, another monitor or video recorder), it is important to  
ensure that the system is correctly terminated. Some monitors will do this  
automatically, but others have a switch located at the rear. This should be set  
according to whether the signal is being looped out of the monitor – High  
Impedance – or is terminating, in which case it should set to 75 ohms.  
The last item of equipment in the system should be set to 75 ohms if it does not  
auto terminate. Video signals usually travel over coaxial cable, which has  
impedance of 75 ohms. The best and most efficient transfer of the video signal  
from camera to monitor is when the camera, cable and monitor all have all the  
same impedance values. Contrast levels can be improved where a DC clamp facility  
is incorporated into the monitor. This can usually be selected via a switch at the  
rear of the unit.  
Monitor sizes  
Monitor size is designated by the length of a diagonal line measured from one  
corner of the viewing screen to the opposite corner. Thus a 9-inch monitor refers to  
a 9-inch diagonal picture tube. Sizes typically used in CCTV include 9, 12, 14, 17,  
21 and 27 inches with different manufacturers offering different variants.  
The choice of size depends in part on the distance between the viewer and  
monitor.  
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The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Which Monitor?  
CCTV monitors may be  
free standing,  
Monitor Size  
Typical Viewing Distance  
9˝  
suspended from a wall  
or ceiling, or rack  
12˝  
17˝  
21˝  
mounted. Wall and  
ceiling mounts allow the  
monitor to be rotated  
and tilted for viewing  
from different angles.  
5´  
10´  
15´  
Monitor costs  
Why does a 17-inch black and white CCTV monitor cost more than the equivalent  
black and white TV? The answer is that the CCTV monitor has specialist features  
and characteristics. For example, the average TV set has around 300 lines of  
resolution while the CCTV monitor would normally have over 700 lines. The CCTV  
monitor also has regulated power supply to maintain performance during power  
fluctuations, an isolation transformer and a fast acting automatic frequency control  
(AFC) loop to reduce radio frequency interference.  
Colour monitors  
Colour monitors are also available in a similar range of sizes. These monitors  
usually accept only composite colour signals, although where very high quality  
images are required, monitors with a Y/C (luminance and chrominance) input  
should be used.  
Two principal types of colour CRTs are currently in use: the shadow mask CRT  
and the Trinitron. The face of the shadow mask type is based on the shape of a  
sphere, whereas the Trinitron is based on  
the shape of a cylinder. This means that  
the Trinitron is curved only in the horizontal  
plane providing an image which is more  
geometrically accurate and which reduces  
operator eye-fatigue caused by reflected  
light from above. Close examination of the  
shadow mask CRT reveals how the image  
is constructed from dots or ellipsoids  
whereas the Trinitron images consist of  
continuous stripes resulting in a cleaner  
and more stable image.  
19  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Transmission of  
Video Signals  
A CCTV signal contains a wide range of frequencies from around 30 hertz to  
around 10 Megahertz. As a result special circuits are required to cope with  
the wide band-width if signal quality is to be maintained during transmission.  
Because signals from CCTV cameras often have to travel long distances to reach  
the control centre, the choice of transmission medium depends upon the particular  
installation and its requirements.  
Coaxial Cable  
P.V.C. Outer Protective Sheath  
Braided Copper Outer’ Screen  
Polythene Insulation  
Inner’ Copper Conductor  
Coaxial Cables  
The most widely used cable is the coaxial type. It should have characteristic  
impedance of 75 ohms and be of a high quality. The cable consists of an inner’  
solid copper conductor or twisted copper wires surrounded by a flexible insulating  
material such as polythene. It is recommended that for CCTV a solid polythene type  
coaxial should be used to give maximum high frequency performance. The outer’  
conductor consists of a copper braid wound around the insulation. To protect the  
cable from moisture and damage, it is covered with a tough PVC sheath.  
Sony CCTV cameras can be powered via the Triple Multiplex transmission  
system, to ensure maximum ease of installation. With this system, the video signal  
from the camera, the sync signal and the DC power are all supplied via a single  
coaxial cable.  
The Sony system also allows for cable lengths of more than 600 metres without  
any loss of image quality.  
.
20  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Transmission of Video Signals  
Twisted Pair  
An alternative to the use of coaxial cable is the ‘twisted pair cable’. A twisted pair  
cable is known as a balanced’ cable and can be similar to telephone wires. Most of  
the same considerations apply to twisted pair as apply to the coaxial but there are  
some expectations. The twisted pair system will accept the standard 75 ohms, 1  
volt composite video signal and convert it to a balanced video signal of 2 volts  
with an output impedance of 50 to 150 ohms to suit the particular twisted pair  
being used.  
The approach is relatively inexpensive and can transmit over longer distances  
than conventional coaxial cable. The major disadvantage is that transmitter and  
receiver units are required for every video signal source. This is because units such  
as monitors which process base band video signals will not accept the balanced  
twisted pair type of transmission.  
Fibre Optics  
Fibre optic transmission of video signals is now widely used within the CCTV  
industry, most particularly on large projects such as town centres. Optical fibres are  
fine strands of glass with a high quality of optical transparency which act as wave  
guides for light beams. They have lower transmission losses than conventional  
cables and are virtually immune to electrical interference.  
Developments in laser technology have made optical fibre a useful means of  
video transmission. The video signal modulates the laser beam, which is then  
transmitted through the fibre. Picture quality remains excellent over distances  
greater than 50km.  
ISDN Transmission  
An increasingly popular method of transmitting video signals is to use ISDN. This is  
a digital phone line which transmits video signals at 128 kilo bits per second. The  
signals are encoded at site, transmitted across the telephone network, and then  
decoded at the monitoring centre. These systems are event driven which means  
that they only transmit video when an event has occurred – for example a break-in  
at a property activates a PIR which then causes the transmitter to dial the  
monitoring centre which can then take appropriate action.  
These systems do not provide live video images because of bandwidth  
constraints but some systems, like the Sony PMS-500 Codec, can transmit up to 15  
frames per second. The PMS-500 can also transmit and receive full duplex audio,  
together with data signals for control of telemetry and other remote devices via the  
RS232 and RS485 communication ports.  
21  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Transmission of Video Signals  
Personal Computer  
Local  
Remote  
RS232C  
ISDN  
PMS-400P/500P  
PMS-400P/500P  
These devices facilitate a flexible range of applications and are increasingly being  
manufactured to international standards H.320 & H.261 (ITU-T recommendation).  
.
22  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Video Switching  
and Multiplexing  
If a system consists of a single camera and monitor, then a switching device  
will not be required. It would not, of course, be practical or desirable in a  
multi-camera system to have a monitor for every camera. In these cases, a  
switcher will enable the video signal from several cameras to be viewed on  
just one monitor.  
Time Lapse VCR  
(ex. SVT-L230P)  
Video Camera 1  
Video OUT  
(coaxial cable)  
Video OUT  
Video IN  
Video INPUT  
1 to 16  
SW OUT  
Rec  
PB  
IN  
OUT  
Alarm IN  
Alarm OUT  
Mon 1 OUT  
YS-DX316P/  
DX216E  
Colour Video Monitor  
(ex. SSM-20N5E)  
Video OUT  
(coaxial cable)  
Video Camera 16  
Mon 2 OUT  
Colour Video Monitor  
(ex. SSM-20N5E)  
Switchers  
Manual switchers are the most basic form. Here, the operator selects the camera  
they wish to view. Automatic switchers are the most popular versions. These run a  
sequence of displays in the order that the operator selects. The operator can also  
hold one particular camera if he wishes to observe some relevant activity, can skip  
channels if they do not at that time require monitoring, and adjust the dwell time  
for each camera. Automatic switchers also normally have an alarm programming  
option which can override any manual settings.  
23  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Video Switching and Multiplexing  
Multiplexers  
Multiplexers are a more functionally useful way of handling a multi-camera system.  
Like a switcher, several cameras (usually up to 16) can be connected to the  
multiplexer. A single field or frame from each camera is successively output via the  
multiplexer onto a video recording. Playback would take place again via the  
multiplexer which would decode the recording to the monitor.  
So, for example, if four cameras were connected to the multiplexer, on playback,  
the particular camera to be reviewed would be selected and an updated image  
produced every 0.87 seconds (Sony YS-DX316P and SVT-5050P). The more  
cameras that are recorded onto one tape, the fewer images per camera are  
captured – if eight cameras were connected, that refresh rate would extend to one  
image every 1.73 seconds.  
In the majority of cases, these types of refresh rates provide sufficient  
information to enable incidents to be reviewed effectively. Problems may arise if the  
video recorder is a time-lapse machine recording many cameras over long periods.  
For example, if 16 cameras were recorded over 72 hours you would have to wait  
9.87 seconds for the image from each camera to be updated. It is therefore  
important to ensure that an acceptable ratio of cameras to multiplexers/VCRs is  
utilised.  
Duplex multiplexers can display in multi-picture mode at the same time as  
recording, as above. Simplex multiplexers can either record or display, but cannot  
do both simultaneously.  
.
24  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
CCTV Systems Control  
While the majority of cameras are installed in a fixed position, in order for the  
operator to be able to follow an incident it can be very useful to have the  
facility to pan, tilt and zoom the camera.  
This is achieved by the use of a mechanical pan and tilt head on which the camera  
is mounted and a zoom lens which are controlled remotely by telemetry signals. As  
in most instances the camera will be fitted outdoors and therefore it will be  
necessary to use a housing which will protect it from the elements or to use a  
dome camera.  
Telemetry  
There are two types of electronic telemetry: one uses a twisted pair, where long  
distances are involved; the second uses coaxial cable – in fact, the same cable that  
carries the video signal. The basic form of telemetry control system uses digital  
techniques to produce a pulse code modulated (PCM) signal. This is a signal which  
has a series of 16 pulses and, depending upon the function required (pan/tilt or  
zoom), sends the appropriate pulses to a receiver which interprets them and carries  
out the function.  
Housings and Enclosures  
These protect the CCTV camera/lens assembly. Used in both internal and external  
applications, housings also protect against dust, vandalism and extreme weather  
conditions.  
Many different housings are available with accessories, such as thermostatically  
controlled viewing windows, sunshields, blowers for hot environments and heaters  
for use in extreme cold.  
Domes  
Domes operate in much the same way as a conventional pan, tilt and zoom camera  
except that they are generally more compact and have the added advantage of  
being discreet – both aesthetically and for the purpose of surveillance. It is not  
usually possible to see in which direction the camera within the dome is directed.  
Conventional housings score over domes in terms of robustness and there is less  
chance of the optical distortion created by the spherical dome cover.  
25  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Recording  
While a proportion of surveillance systems are continuously monitored, these  
are in the minority. The majority of systems are not actively monitored and,  
even when they are, in most cases, the images are still recorded.  
The underlying principle to be considered in relation to the recording of images is  
that they may ultimately be required as evidence in criminal proceedings. Despite  
sometimes poor quality recordings, many spectacular successes have recently  
been achieved in the detection and conviction of serious offenders, thanks to the  
existence of recording material.  
Analogue Recording  
The preferred medium for recording and storing activity has been, and still is, VHS  
videotape, usually recorded on a time-lapse video cassette recorder (VCR). These  
machines are very similar to domestic video recorders but have extended record  
and playback facilities, time and date encoding and alarm inputs.  
The extended recording facility is achieved by reducing the frequency of fields  
that are recorded, thereby extending the recording period of the tape. The number  
of fields is further reduced when the VCR is recording multiple cameras from, for  
example, a multiplexer.  
VHS VCRs record around 300 TV lines horizontal resolution in monochrome and  
240 TV lines in colour. The requirement to record higher resolution images has led  
to an increase in the use of Super-VHS VCRs which record about 400 TV lines.  
These are recommended where it is intended to record vehicle registration  
numbers or other fine points of detail.  
VCRs have many moving parts which require regular service to maintain  
performance. For this reason, it is recommended that VCRs are serviced once a  
year.  
Digital Recording  
Increasing demand for higher quality, more flexibility and lower maintenance has  
encouraged manufacturers to develop recording equipment which more closely  
matches the needs of surveillance systems.  
This new technology is based on digital processing and storage and, in most  
cases, produces higher quality images than analogue systems. Greatly increased  
storage capacity also allows higher picture refresh rates and selectable resolution  
modes. Camera inputs are multiplexed, stored on a hard disk and, periodically  
.
26  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Recording  
DV Tape Drive  
DV Signal Transfer  
Hard Disk Drive  
HSR-1P Recording Process  
archived to Digital Video (DV) tape. Resolution modes of up to 500 TV lines can be  
accessed which are simply not possible on conventional analogue VCRs.  
The evidential value of digital recording has been considered by a distinguished  
committee of Law Lords who have concluded that the same procedural  
requirements which apply to analogue recording are also applicable to this more  
recent technology.  
Video Printers  
A useful part of larger systems – a printer can produce hard copy images either  
from live or recorded cameras.  
27  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Sony CCTV Products  
Colour CCD Cameras  
SSC-DC50/54/58AP  
SSC-DC10/14/18P  
SSC-C104/8P  
ExwaveHAD, half-inch, 470 TVL, 0.8Lux  
Third-inch, 470 TVL, 1.7Lux  
Third-inch, 330 TVL, 1.2Lux  
SSC-CX34P  
Third-inch, 470 TVL, c/w 12x motorised  
zoom lens  
Monochrome CCD Cameras  
SSC-M370CE  
Half-inch, 570 TVL, 0.3Lux  
Third inch, 570 TVL, 0.25Lux  
ExwaveHAD, third-inch, 570 TVL  
Third-inch, 380 TVL, 0.1Lux  
SPT-M304/308CE  
SPT-M320/324/328CE  
SPT-M122/4/8CE  
.
28  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Sony CCTV Products  
Colour Video Monitors  
SSM-14N5E  
Trinitron,14-inch, 600 TVL, Y/C and audio  
SSM-20N5E  
Trinitron, 20-inch, 600 TVL, Y/C and audio  
Trinitron, 9-inch, 250 TVL  
SSM-9040P  
Monochrome Video Monitors  
SSM-930CE  
9-inch, 750 TVL, DC clamp  
SSM-125CE  
12-inch, 750 TVL, DC clamp and dual  
inputs  
SSM-175CE  
17-inch, 850 TVL, DC clamp and dual  
inputs  
SSM-Q177CE  
17-inch, 850 TVL, built in quad processor and  
sequential switcher  
29  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Sony CCTV Products  
Time-Lapse Video Recorders  
SVT-124P  
24-hour compact VHS  
SVT-1000P  
72-hour VHS, RS-232C option  
SVT-L230P  
72/96 hour VHS, RealAction’,  
RS232C option  
SVT-5050P  
SVT-S3050P  
SVT-RS1A  
SVT-RM10  
TPK-Series  
960-hour VHS, RS232C option  
168-hour Super-VHS, RS-232C option  
RS-232C Interface Board  
Wired Remote Control  
10,000 hour service kits for all VCRs  
ISDN Transmission  
PMS-500P  
Transmitter/receiver codec  
Transmitter codec  
PMS-400P  
.
30  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Sony CCTV Products  
Digital Surveillance Recorder  
HSR-1P  
DV-based, up to 6,480,000 image storage  
capacity, built-in 16 channel multiplexer  
Multiplexers  
YS-SX210CE  
YS-SX310P  
YS-DX216CE  
YS-DX316P  
Mono, simplex, 10 channel  
Colour, simplex, 10 channel  
Mono, duplex, 16 channel  
Colour, duplex, 16 channel  
Quad  
YS-Q440P  
Colour, 4 channel  
31  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Basic CCTV Terminology  
APC  
CCTV  
Adaptive Picture Control. VCR function which  
automatically detects the condition of the  
recording head and the video tape and then  
sets the optimum record head current to  
prevent over-modulation.  
A Closed Circuit Television System which is  
for private purposes only, and not for public or  
general broadcasting.  
CODEC  
Short for coder/decoder. An ISDN transmission  
system designed to the international  
teleconferencing standard, H.320.  
AGC  
Automatic Gain control. Usually a switchable  
circuit that allows the camera to provide a  
useable’ picture during low light levels. You  
can generally tell when the circuit is operating  
because the picture appears to be grainy.  
CONTINUOUS STRIPE PHOSPHORS  
Method employed within Trinitron monitors to  
increase brightness and resolution over  
conventional dot pattern CRTs.  
AMBIENT LIGHT  
C MOUNT  
Lighting level that is normal for a certain area.  
It generally does not alter. It also can mean  
the background light level of a certain area.  
The industry standard type of screw threaded  
lens mount.  
CS MOUNT  
Same thread as C-mount.  
APERTURE CORRECTION  
Switchable correction circuit which sharpens  
the image of a picture electronically.  
COMPOSITE VIDEO  
1. A video signal in which the luminance and  
chrominance components have been combined  
(encoded) as in NTSC, PAL or SECAM.  
2. A video signal obtained by combining parts  
of at least two video signals, for example by  
keying or matting.  
AUTO IRIS  
Causes the aperture of a lens to automatically  
adjust to varying light levels, thus providing a  
constant picture.  
BNC  
Commonly used video connector for  
composite video.  
CROSS TALK  
Electrical interference caused by  
electromagnetic or electrostatic couplings  
from nearby conductors or external sources. It  
can also refer to interference between two or  
more signals in close proximity within a  
bandpass.  
BALANCING LINE  
A circuit for transmission of video signals  
which are equal in voltage, but of opposite  
polarity.  
BANDWIDTH  
A value which expresses the difference  
between the upper and lower limits through a  
range of frequencies.  
CRT  
Cathode Ray Tube. Means by which the  
picture is displayed on a monitor.  
BLACK LEVEL  
dB  
A measurement of a video signal that  
matches a specified maximum limit for black  
peaks in the picture.  
Decibel, a ration of input power. It is also a  
measurement of sound levels.  
DARK CURRENT  
Leakage signal from a CCD sensor in the  
absence of incident light.  
CCD  
Charge Coupled Device. The latest technology  
for imaging devices. There are two main  
types: Interline transfer and Interframe  
transfer.  
DARK NOISE  
Noise caused by the random nature of the  
dark current.  
.
32  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
Basic CCTV Terminology  
DEPTH OF FIELD  
HAD SENSOR  
The distance between the furthest and  
nearest points at the same level of definition  
within a certain view.  
An improved type of semi-conductor sensor  
which gives cameras a better smear and  
noise performance.  
DIGITAL VIDEO  
HDR  
A video storage media using 5:1  
compression method.  
Hard Disk Recorder. A device which  
captures images to hard disk.  
DWELL TIME  
HSR  
Amount of time that a sequential switcher  
allows between the viewing of the different  
cameras connected to it.  
Hybrid Surveillance Recording. A combination  
of hard disk and Digital Video in one recording  
machine which greatly increase the storage  
capacity over HDR.  
EXWAVEHAD  
Trademark of latest Sony Hole Accumulated  
Diode charge coupled device.  
HYPER HAD  
An improved version of the Sony HAD sensor,  
using on-chip lens technology to provide  
increased sensitivity.  
ELECTRONIC SHUTTER  
CCD iris which eliminates the need for an  
auto iris lens. The CCD iris automatically  
controls the light intensity by adjusting the  
electronic shutter speed.  
IMAGE INTENSIFIER  
Device which uses photo multiplier  
technology to amplify the available light to  
increase the sensitivity of a camera.  
FRAME  
A single television or film image. In European  
television, 25 frames per second is used to  
give an illusion of continuous movement.  
Each frame in TV is normally two fields.  
ISDN  
Integrated Services Digital Network. Digital  
phone line with transmission speeds of up to  
128Kb per second. Used with PMS video  
transmission systems.  
FOCAL LENGTH  
Distance from the optical centre of a lens to  
the focal plane. Generally referred to in  
millimetres.  
INFRA-RED  
A range of frequencies just below the  
visible spectrum. Can be used for the  
transmission of information or for providing  
additional illumination for cameras.  
FOCAL POINT  
Point at which light passing through a lens  
is concentrated.  
INTERLACE 2:1  
Scanning process for reducing the image  
flicker consisting of successively scanned  
lines which adjacent lines belong to  
different fields.  
F STOP  
Figure given of the ratio between a lens  
aperture and its length.  
GAMMA  
LINE FED CAMERA  
See Triple Multiplex.  
Unit of measurement for one amount of  
contrast in an image.  
LINE LOCK  
Method of synchronising AC powered  
cameras.  
GENLOCK  
A means of locking a video source to a  
second video source or reference signal.  
LUX  
GROUNDLOOP  
Metric unit of measurement of light.  
A condition that occurs when two or more  
grounded points in an electrical system  
develop a conductive loop between them.  
MEGASTREAM  
A network (normally fibre optic) allowing  
the transmission of data at 1Mbits per second  
or faster.  
33  
For more information contact the Sony Business Information Centre: 01932 816340  
Basic CCTV Terminology  
MECHANICAL FOCUS  
Focusing of a camera lens or pick-up device  
by mechanical means.  
wavelengths of light. Typically between the  
ultra violet and infra-red spectrum.  
SYNC GENERATOR  
MONOCHROME  
Device that produces a synchronisation signal.  
Black and white picture comprising of a  
number of levels of grey scales.  
SUPER-VHS  
VCR recording system that enables recording  
of 400 TV lines horizontal resolution as  
compared with ordinary VHS of 240 TV lines.  
MULTIPLEX  
Method of transmitting or recording many  
video signals at the same time.  
TELEMETRY  
ND  
Electronic method of controlling functions,  
such as pan, tilt, zoom, focus, generally via  
coaxial cable or a twisted pair of fibre optic.  
Neutral Density. Filter which is positioned on  
the rear of the lens, enabling the camera to  
operate in difficult lighting conditions, by  
widening its operating parameters.  
TIME LAPSE  
Video cassette recorder which allows the  
compression of real time recordings onto tape  
using time lapse mode. Can be up to 960  
hours onto a single hour tape.  
PEAK TO PEAK  
Value between the maximum positive and  
negative points on a waveform.  
PIXEL  
TRINITRON CRT  
A word derived from Picture Element. This is  
the smallest unique point of digital video  
image. In digital video, a picture is divided up  
into thousands of Pixels, each specified by  
luminance, chrominance and position  
information.  
Cathode Ray Tube which is completely flat in  
the vertical plane to enable better monitor  
image geometry.  
TRIPLE MULTIPLEX  
A transmission of video, sync and DC power  
over a single coaxial cable.  
REAL ACTION RECORDING  
VERTICAL PHASE  
Feature on some AC cameras to adjust line  
lock and synchronise multi-camera system.  
High density VCR recording which provides  
three times as many fields as conventional  
time-lapse VCRs.  
VHS  
RESOLUTION  
Video Home System domestic video recorder  
format giving 240 TV lines horizontal resolution.  
The definition of a TV picture in terms of the  
finest detail that can be recorded and played  
back.  
WATERMARKING  
Technical method of ensuring the integrity of  
images recorded digitally.  
RS232/485  
Serial Interface commonly used to commu-  
nicate between different control equipment.  
WHITE BALANCE  
Term which only applies to colour cameras.  
Where white is the reference to determine all  
other colours in the visible spectrum.  
SMART CONTROL  
Developed by Sony in 1994, this digital  
technology allows Sony cameras to  
automatically adjust iris, gain, white balance  
and flicker to external lighting conditions.  
Y/C  
Method of separating and transmitting video  
signals divided into Chrominance C (colour)  
and Luminance Y (brightness) for higher  
resolution and quality. Usually employed  
between multiplexer/recorder/monitor.  
SEQUENCE SWITCHER  
A switcher that displays camera pictures in a  
set order and dwell time, predetermined by  
the user.  
ZOOM RATIO  
SPECTRAL RESPONSE  
Term where the lens has moveable elements.  
For example it is generally defined as 6:1 or  
10:1 (i.e. 12.5 – 75mm or 10 – 100mm)  
This is the response of the light sensing  
(charge coupled) device to different  
.
34  
The Sony Guide to CCTV Issue 3  
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CTVG 3  
The Sony Guide to CCTV  
Issue 3  
Written by: Brian Kelly  
Edited by: Carey Green  
Designed by: Peter Courtley  
Sony Publications Manager: Jackie Cook  
Sony Broadcast & Professional UK  
A Division of Sony United Kingdom Limited  
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