TELEDYNE
HASTINGS
INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
200/202 SERIES
FLOWMETERS/CONTROLLERS
I S O 9 0 0 1
C E R T I F I E D
Table of Contents
1.
GENERAL INFORMATION....................................................................................................................................4
1.1.
FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................................4
SPECIFICATIONS HFM-200*.................................................................................................................................5
SPECIFICATIONS HFC-202*..................................................................................................................................5
OPTIONAL 4-20 MA CURRENT OUTPUT ...............................................................................................................6
OTHER ACCESSORIES...........................................................................................................................................6
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.5.1. Hastings Power supplies.................................................................................................................................6
1.5.2. Interconnecting Cables...................................................................................................................................7
2.
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION.....................................................................................................................8
2.1.
RECEIVING INSPECTION .......................................................................................................................................8
POWER REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................................8
OUTPUT SIGNAL...................................................................................................................................................8
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS...............................................................................................................................9
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.4.1. Standard Configuration ..................................................................................................................................9
2.4.2. LFE Configuration .........................................................................................................................................9
2.5.
2.6.
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS...............................................................................................................................10
OPERATION........................................................................................................................................................11
2.6.1. Operating Conditions ...................................................................................................................................11
2.6.2. Zero Check...................................................................................................................................................12
2.6.3. High Pressure Operation ..............................................................................................................................12
2.6.4. Blending of Gases ........................................................................................................................................12
2.7.
OPERATION WITH EXTERNAL DEVICES ..............................................................................................................12
2.7.1. Operation with a Hastings power supply......................................................................................................12
2.7.2. Operation with a Power Supply other than a Hastings.................................................................................13
2.7.3. Operation with an external sensor (Fig. 2.2) ...............................................................................................14
2.7.4. Response to Command Changes ..................................................................................................................14
2.8.
2.9.
RANGE CHANGING.............................................................................................................................................15
VALVE-OVERRIDE CONTROL.............................................................................................................................15
3.
4.
THEORY OF OPERATION ...................................................................................................................................16
3.1.
OVERALL FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................16
SENSOR..............................................................................................................................................................16
ELECTRONICS ....................................................................................................................................................17
SHUNT ...............................................................................................................................................................17
VALVE ...............................................................................................................................................................18
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
MAINTENANCE......................................................................................................................................................19
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
AUTHORIZED MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................................................19
TROUBLESHOOTING ...........................................................................................................................................19
ADJUSTMENTS ..............................................................................................................................................20
4.3.1. Calibration Procedure: (Figure 4.1)..............................................................................................................20
4.3.2. Miscellaneous adjustments...........................................................................................................................21
4.4.
END CAP REMOVAL...........................................................................................................................................21
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD REPLACEMENT..........................................................................................................21
SENSOR REPLACEMENT .....................................................................................................................................21
ORIFICE CHANGES .............................................................................................................................................21
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.7.1. HFC-202 Orifice ..........................................................................................................................................22
5.
WARRANTY AND REPAIR ..................................................................................................................................24
5.1.
5.2.
WARRANTY REPAIR POLICY ..............................................................................................................................24
NON-WARRANTY REPAIR POLICY .....................................................................................................................24
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1. General Information
The Hastings HFM-200 mass flow meter and HFC-202 flow controller are designed to accurately
measure and control mass flow over the range of 10 sccm to 30 slm, without corrections or
compensations for gas pressure and temperature with an accuracy of better than ±1% FS. Hastings mass
flow instruments do not require any periodic maintenance under normal operating conditions with clean
gases. No damage will occur from the use of moderate overpressures (~500 psi/3.45MPa) or overflows.
Instruments are normally calibrated with the appropriate standard calibration gas (nitrogen) then a
correction factor is used to adjust the output for the intended gas.
1.1. Features
•
LINEAR BY DESIGN. The HFM-200/HFC-202 series is inherently linear (no linearization
circuitry is employed). Should recalibration in the field be desired (a calibration standard is
required), the customer needs to simply set the zero and span points. There will be no appreciable
linearity change of the instrument when the flowing gas is changed.
•
•
•
MODULAR SENSOR. The HFM-200/HFC-202 series incorporates a removable/replaceable
sensor module. Field repairs to units can be achieved with a minimum of production line downtime.
METER SETTLING TIME. Changes in flow rate for the HFM-200 are detected in less than 2
seconds when using the fast-response circuitry.
LOW TEMPERATURE DRIFT. The temperature coefficient of span for the HFM-200/HFC-
202 series is typically less than 0.05% of full scale/°C from 15-45°C. The temperature coefficient of
zero is typically less than 0.1 % of reading/°C from 0-50°C.
•
CURRENT LOOP. The 4-20 mA option gives the user the advantages of a current loop output to
minimize environmental noise pickup.
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1.2. Specifications HFM-200*
Accuracy1 and Linearity ........................................................................................................................±1% F.S.
Repeatability .....................................................................................................................................±0.05% F.S.
Standard Pressure Rating ....................................................................................................................... 500 psig
Pressure Coefficient.............................................................................. -0.0067%/psi (0 - 1000 psig N2) typical
High-Pressure Option ................................................................................................... Proof tested to 1500 psig
Leak Integrity ..................................................................................................................................< 1x10-9 sccs
Temperature Coefficient .................................................................................. Zero ±0.035% FS/°C (0 - 60°C)
........................................................................................................................ Span ±0.05% RDG/°C (0 - 60°C)
STP .........................................................................................................................................0°C and 760 Torr
Power (±15 Volt flow meter) .................................................................. ±(14-16) VDC @ ±30 mA (< 1 Watt)
Power (24 Volt flow meter).......................................................................................(14 - 32) VDC < 1.9 Watts
Flow Signal ................................................................................. (inherently linear) 0 - 5.00 VDC or 4 - 20 mA
Wetted Material2 .........................................................................................316 SS, Viton®, 82/18 Au/Ni Braze,
................................................................................................................................................ Trace Silver Solder
Connector ....................................................................................... 15-pin subminiature D / (9-pin for 24 Volt)
Fittings ..............................................................................................................¼ in. Swagelok®, others available
Weight (approx.) ......................................................................................................................... 1.8 lb (0.82 kg)
1.3. Specifications HFC-202*
Accuracy1 and Linearity .........................................................................................................................±1% F.S.
Repeatability......................................................................................................................................±0.05% F.S.
Std. Pressure Rating ................................................................................................................................ 500 psig
High Pressure Option ................................................................................................... Proof tested to 1500 psig
Pressure Coefficient .............................................................................. -0.0067%/psi (0 - 1000 psig N2) typical
Control Valve DP* ................................................................................................................ per customer order
Leak Integrity ..................................................................................................................................< 1x10-9 sccs
Temperature Coefficient 3 ............................................................................... Zero ±0.035% FS/°C (0 - 60°C)
........................................................................................................................ Span ±0.05% RDG/°C (0 - 60°C)
STP .........................................................................................................................................0°C and 760 Torr
Power (±15 Volt controller)................................................. ±(14 - 16) VDC @ +60 mA/-185 mA (< 3 Watts)
Power (24 Volt controller)........................................................................................ (14 - 32) VDC < 4.2 Watts
Flow Signal ................................................................................. (inherently linear) 0 - 5.00 VDC or 4 - 20 mA
Command Signal ...................................................................................................... 0 - 5.00 VDC or 4 - 20 mA
Wetted Material2 ..................................................................................................316 SS, 302 SS, Nickel, Viton,
.................................................................................................82/18 Au/Ni Braze, Trace Silver Solder, Kalrez®
Connector ....................................................................................... 15-pin subminiature D / (9-pin for 24 Volt)
Fittings ................................................................................................................¼ in. Swagelok, others available
Weight (approx.) ......................................................................................................................... 1.8 lb (0.82 kg)
1 Stated accuracy is for nitrogen or other gas specific calibration and using this gas only.
2 Other materials are available. Viton is the standard O-ring option.
* Specifications may vary for instruments with ranges greater than 10 slpm.
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1.4. Optional 4-20 mA Current Output
An option to the standard 0 - 5 VDC output is the 4 - 20 mA current output that is proportional to
flow. The 4 - 20 mA signal is produced from the 0 - 5 VDC output of the flow meter. The current loop
output is useful for remote applications where pickup noise could substantially affect the stability of the
voltage output or long cable runs where cable resistance would cause a voltage signal to decay.
The current loop signal replaces the voltage output on pin 6 of the DA-15 connector (pin 2 of DE-9 24
Volt). The current loop is sourced internally from the +15 VDC supply and must be returned to the
signal supply common after (pin 5 [±15 VDC] or pin 8 [24 VDC]) passing through the monitoring
circuitry to complete the loop. The load must be between 0 and 600 Ohm.
The 4-20 mA I/O option can accept a current input for flow controllers. The 0-5 VDC command
signal on pin 14 / (pin 3 for 24 Volts) can be replaced by a 4 - 20mA command signal. The loop presents
an impedance of 50 Ohms and is returned to the signal common. On the 24 Volt units, the signal
common will need to be tied to the power supply common external to the flow controller to complete the
loop since the signal common is galvanically isolated internally from the supply common. This line must
be current limited (< 50 mA) to prevent short circuit currents from damaging the receiving circuit in the
flow controller.
24 Volt Supply
±15 Volt Supply
1.5. Other Accessories
1.5.1. Hastings Power supplies
Hastings Power Pod power supply/display units are available in one and four channel versions. They
convert 100, 115 or 230 VAC to the ±15 VDC required to operate the flow meter and provide a digital
indication of the flow rate. Interface terminals for the retransmission of the flow meter analog output
signal are located on the rear of the panel.
The Power Pod 100 and 400 models are built with controllers in mind but will work with meters as well.
The Model 40 is for flow meters only. Throughout this manual, when reference is made to a power
supply, it is assumed the customer is using a Hastings power supply. Hastings PowerPod-100 and
PowerPod-400 power supplies are CE marked, but the Model 40 does not meet CE standards at this
time. The Model 40 and PowerPod-100 are not compatible with 4 – 20 mA analog signals. With the
PowerPod 400, individual channels’ input signals, as well as their commands, become 4 – 20 mA
compatible when selected. The PowerPod-400 also sports a Totalizer feature. More information about
series.htm
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1.5.2. Interconnecting Cables
Cables are available from Hastings, in various lengths, to connect from the 15 pin "D" connector on the
back of the Power Pod directly to any of the 200 series and 300 series flow instruments (including digital
versions). More information about the available cables can be found in the Power Pod 400 bulletin on
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2. Installation and Operation
This section contains the steps necessary to install a new flow meter/controller into operation as quickly
and easily as possible. Please read the following thoroughly before attempting to install the instrument.
2.1. Receiving Inspection
Carefully unpack the Hastings HFM-200/HFC-202 series instrument and any accessories that have also
been ordered. Inspect for any obvious signs of damage to the shipment. Immediately advise the carrier
who delivered the shipment if any damage is suspected. Check each component shipped with the packing
list. Insure that all parts are present (i.e., Flowmeter, power supply, cables, etc.). Optional equipment or
accessories will be listed separately on the packing list. There may also be one or more OPT-options on
the packing list. These normally refer to special ranges or special gas calibrations. They may also refer to
special helium leak tests, or high pressure tests. In most cases, these are not separate parts, but special
options or modifications built into the flow meter.
2.2. Power Requirements
The HFM-200/HFC-202 series (bipolar 15 Volt version) require ±15 VDC @ ±30 mA / 1 Watt
(HFM-200) +60 mA, -185 mA / 3 Watts (HFC-202) for proper operation. The supply voltage should
be sufficiently regulated to no more than 50 mV ripple. The supply voltage can vary from 14.0 to 16.0
VDC. Surge suppressors are recommended to prevent power spikes reaching the instrument. The
Hastings power supplies described in Section 1.4.1 satisfy these power requirements.
The HFM-200/HFC-202 series (24 Volt version) require 14 - 32 VDC @ 1.9 Watts (HFM-200) and
4.2 Watts (HFC-202) for proper operation. The supply voltage should be reasonably regulated as power
supply ripple may propagate to the output. The supply common is galvanically isolated from the signal
common such that this instrument can be powered from a bipolar 15 Volt supply using only the positive
and negative output terminal (30 Volts). Surge suppressors are recommended to prevent power spikes
reaching the instrument.
Attempting to operate the 24 volt versionfor any significant length of time
Warning:
at a voltage less than the specified minimimum voltage will cause
the internal DC-DC convertors to fail.
The HFM-200/HFC-202 series instruments have an integral 5 VDC reference source. This stable
voltage is on pin 15 of the DA-15 connector (pin 1 of the DE-9 for 24 Volt) and may be used for the
command voltage.
2.3. Output Signal
The standard output of the flow meter is a 0-5 VDC signal proportional to the flow rate. In the
Hastings power supplies, the output is routed to the display and is also available at the terminals on the
rear panel. If a Hastings supply is not used, the output is available on pin 6 of the DA-15 connector (pin
2 of the DE-9 for 24 Volt) and is referenced to pin 5 (pin 8 for 24 Volt). It is recommended that the load
resistance be no less that 2kΩ. If the optional 4-20 mA output is used, the load impedance must be
selected in accordance with Section 1.3.
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2.4. Mechanical Connections
2.4.1. Standard Configuration
The flow meter may be mounted in any position as long as the direction of gas flow through the
instrument follows the arrow marked on the bottom of the flow meter case label. The preferred
orientation is with the inlet and outlet fittings in a horizontal plane (if operating with a dense gas or at high
pressures the instrument must be installed horizontally). When mounted in a different orientation the
instrument should be re-zeroed at zero flow with the system pressurized to the expected operating
pressure.
The smallest of the internal passageways in the HFM-200/HFC-202 series is the diameter of the sensor
tube, which is 0.0125” (0.31 mm), so the instrument requires adequate filtering of the gas supply to
prevent blockage or clogging of the tube.
The pressure regulator and the plumbing upstream must be of sufficient size to minimize changes in the
upstream pressure. When switching from full flow to zero flow, the inlet pressure of the instrument
should rise to no more that 30% above the inlet pressure at full flow. In general, high capacity regulators
and large internal diameter plumbing help to make the system more stable. The pressure drop between
the regulator and the instrument due to line resistance should be minimized. The differential pressure
across a meter should be less than 6” of H2O at maximum flow. Controllers may have much higher
differential pressures depending upon the size of the installed orifice.
There are two 8-32 threaded holes, located on the bottom of the base that can be used to secure it to a
mounting bracket, if desired (screws provided). Other holes for special mounting can be added to the
end cap as desired.
The standard inlet and outlet fittings for the 200/202 are 0.25” and 0.125” Swagelok (optional VCR or
VCO fittings). The O-rings for the end cap and the sensor are Viton (optional Kalrez or Neoprene). It is
suggested that all connections be checked for leaks after installation. This can be done by pressurizing the
instrument (do not exceed 500 psig unless the Flowmeter is specifically rated for higher pressures) and
applying a diluted soap solution to the flow connections.
2.4.2. LFE Configuration
The installation of a Laminar Flow Element (LFE) in a flow
circuit requires sufficient conductance before entering and after
exiting the LFE sensor taps to allow the flow to fully develop with
a minimum of turbulence. This provides the best conditions for
accurate sampling of the flow by the sensor branch (See Theory
of Operation). Please note that, for laminar flow elements whose
diameter is less than 3”, the inlet and outlet taps of the sensor
circuit are 1.5” from the ends of an 8” LFE. Laminar flow
elements whose diameter is 3” or greater, have inlets and outlets
sensor taps 2.5” from the ends of a 10” LFE. These distances
may be taken into account and treated as part of the following
rule-of-thumb:
1) an upstream flow tube length of 5 times, or greater,
the diameter of the selected LFE before the sensor inlet tap.
2) a downstream tube length of 1 time, or greater, the diameter of the selected LFE after the sensor
inlet tap.
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EXAMPLE:
Suppose a 4” LFE is selected. The length of 4” diameter tubing or pipe, upstream of
the sensor inlet tap, will be a minimum of 20“. The minimum length of 4” tubing or
pipe downstream from the sensor outlet tap will be 4”. The length of additional 4”
inlet tubing required for the 4” LFE is 20” – 2.5” = 17.5”. The additional length of 4”
tubing required for the outlet side of the 4” LFE is 4” – 2.5” = 1.5”. This brings the
overall length of the assembly to 19”.
Tubular configurations upstream or downstream that involve conical shapes or optimized expansion
nozzles will reduce the length of tubing required for flow straightening, but the actual length necessary
will be a function of that geometrical shape. Testing of that configuration will be necessary for each
application. The same is true for screen meshes or flow straighteners.
2.5. Electrical Connections
If a power supply from Hastings Instruments is used with a ±15 Volt version of the HFM-200/HFC-
202, installation consists of connecting the HFM-200/HFC-202 series cable (#AF-8AM) from the “D”
connector on the rear of the power supply to the “D” connector on the top of the flow meter. If a
different power supply is used, follow the instructions below when connecting the flow meter.
Bipolar (±15 Volt) Power Supply to Bipolar Connections
Connecting the HFM-200/HFC-202 series flow
meters with anything other the prescribed cables and
power supplies discussed above, can severely
damage the instrument and void the warranty. The
figure to the left shows the schematic layout for
connecting the instrument to an appropriate ±15
Volt power supply.
The power supply used must be meet the power
requirements delineated in section 2.2 (Power
Requirements) above. If a bipolar supply is required
the voltages must be referenced to a common
ground.
Connect -15 VDC to pin 9 of the DA-15
connector and +15 VDC to pin 11. Pins 5 and 12
are both commons and they must be connected
together and to the ground connection at the power
supply. Do not connect them together at the flow
controller as the resulting crosstalk could result in
flow instabilities.
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24 Volt Connections
Refer to the diagram to the right when connecting 24
Volt units.
Connect the positive lead of the power supply to pin
7 of the DE-9 connector and negative lead to pin 4.
The supply input is diode protected such that reversing
the input polarity will not damage the instrument.
The power supply is galvanically isolated from all other
pins.
General Connection Notes
Pin 7 of the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 9 of the DE-9 (24
Volt) is the case ground. It should be connected to the
cable shield if available and to the AC ground to the
power supply.
Pin 6 of the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 2 of the DE-9 (24
Volt) is the output signal from the flow controller. This
output will be 0 – 5 VDC/(4 - 20 mA), 5 VDC/20 mA
being 100% of rated or full flow. Pin 14 of the DA-15
(15 Volt), Pin 3 of the DE-9 (24 Volt) is the command
input. This should be a 0 – 5 VDC or (4 - 20 mA)
signal and must be free of spikes or other electrical
noise, as these will generate false flow commands that
the controller would attempt to adjust flow. Pin 15 of
the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 1 of the DE-9 (24 Volt) is a
regulated +5.00VDC output reference that is normally adjusted to 5.01VDC so that the user can achieve
full scale command set point. The reference is designed to provide the command signal for pin 14 by
connecting one end of a potentiometer to the voltage reference and the other end to ground. The center
lead would then be connected to setpoint input.
If a valve override switch is not desired, the unit is ready for use at this time. If the override switch is
desired, connect the center pin of a single pole, three-position switch with the center off position to pin 8
of the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 6 of the DE-9 (24 Volt). Connect a voltage source >10 VDC to one end of
the switch, and negative voltage to the other end. This will result in the valve being full open when the
positive is supplied to the override pin, off when the negative voltage is supplied and auto-control when
there is no connection to the valve override pin (OPEN-AUTO-CLOSE). This setup will be adequate for
most purposes, but there will be a small delay for capacitors to charge between switch operation and
control override.
2.6. Operation
The standard instrument output is a 0 - 5 VDC out and the signal is proportional to the flow i.e.,
0
Volts = zero flow and 5 Volts = 100% of rated flow. The 4 - 20 mA option is also proportional to flow, 4
mA = zero flow and 20 mA = 100% of rated flow. It is suggested that all connections be checked for leaks
after installation. This can be done by pressurizing the instrument (do not exceed 500 psig unless the
instrument is specifically rated for higher pressures) and applying a diluted soap solution to the
connections.
2.6.1. Operating Conditions
For proper operation, the combination of ambient temperature and gas temperature must be such that
the flow meter temperature remains between 0 and 60°C. The most accurate measurement of flow will
be obtained if the flow meter is zeroed at operating temperature as temperature shifts result in some zero
offset. The HFM-201/HFC-203 series is intended for use in non-condensing environments only.
Condensate or any other liquids which enter the flow meter may destroy its electronic components.
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2.6.2. Zero Check
Turn the power supply on if not already energized. Allow for a 1 hour warm-up. Stop all flow through
the instrument and wait 2 minutes. Caution: Do not assume that all metering valves completely shut off
the flow. Even a slight leakage will cause an indication on the meter and an apparent zero shift. For the
standard 0 - 5 VDC output, adjust the zero potentiometer located on the lower outlet side of the flow
meter until the meter indicates zero. For the optional 4 - 20 mA output, adjust the zero potentiometer so
that the meter indicates slightly more than 4 mA, i.e. 4.03 to 4.05 mA. This slight positive adjustment
ensures that the 4-20 mA current loop transmitter is not in the cut-off region. The error induced by this
adjustment is approximately 0.3% of full scale. This zero should be checked periodically during normal
operation. Zero adjustment is required if there is a change in ambient temperature, or vertical orientation
of the flow meter/controller.
2.6.3. High Pressure Operation
When operating at high pressure, the increased density of gas will cause natural convection to flow
through the sensor tube if the instrument is not mounted in a level position. This natural convection flow
will be proportional to the system pressure. This will be seen as a shift in the zero flow output that is
directly proportional to the system pressure.
2.6.4. Blending of Gases
In the blending of two gases, it is possible to maintain a fixed ratio of one gas to another. In this case,
the output of one flow controller is used as the reference voltage for the set point potentiometer of a
second flow controller. The set point potentiometer then provides a control signal that is proportional to
the output signal of the first flow controller, and hence, controls the flow rate of the second gas as a
percentage of the flow rate of the first gas.
EXAMPLE: Flow controller A has 0 - 100 slpm range with a 5.00 Volt output at full scale. Flow
controller B has 0 - 10 slpm range with a 5.00 Volt output at full scale. If flow controller A is set at 80
slpm, its output voltage would be 4.00 Volts (80 slpm/100 slpm x 5.00 Volts = 4.00 Volts). If the output
signal from flow controller A is connected to the command potentiometer of flow controller B, it then
becomes a variable reference voltage for flow controller B proportional to the flow rate of flow controller
A.
If the set point potentiometer of flow controller B is set at 50% of full scale, and the reference voltage
from flow controller A is 4.00, then the command signal going to flow controller B would be 2.00 Volts
(4.00 Volts x 50.0% = 2.00 Volts). The flow of gas through flow controller B is then controlled at 4 slpm
(2.00 Volts/5.00 Volts x 10 slpm = 4 slpm).
The ratio of the two gases is 20:1 (80 slpm/4 slpm). The % mixture of gas A is 95.2 (80 slpm/84 slpm
and the % mixture of gas B is 4.8% (4 slpm/84 slpm).
Should the flow of flow controller A drop to 78 slpm, flow controller B would drop to 3.9 slpm, hence
maintaining the same ratio of the mixture. (78 slpm/100 slpm x 5 Volts = 3.90 Volts x 50% = 1.95 Volts;
1.95 Volts /5.00 v x 10 slpm = 3.9 slpm; 78 slpm: 3.9 slpm = 20:1)
2.7. Operation with External Devices
2.7.1. Operation with a Hastings power supply.
There are two controls for each flow controller connected to a Hastings power supply. A switch labeled
“OPEN; AUTO; CLOSED” (valve override THPS 400 only) and a potentiometer labeled
“COMMAND”. For normal operation, the valve override switch will be in the “AUTO” position. The
“CLOSE” position removes all power from the valve, shutting off flow regardless of the command pot
setting. The “OPEN” position applies full available valve voltage to the valve, causing it to open,
regardless of the command pot setting. The “OPEN” position is useful for purging systems. It is
recommended that the valve override switch not be left in this position for extended periods of time, with
no flow through the controller, as a small positive zero shift may be observed.
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The “COMMAND” pot adjusts the Analog command signal sent to the flow controller. The setting for
each controller connected to the power supply can be observed. (Depending on how the power supply
was set up, the display could indicate in flow units or percent of full scale).
Hastings Power Supply Feature Guide
Feature
Model 40 Power Pod 100 Power Pod 400
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Digital Readout
±15 Volts
Analog Outputs
Controller
9
9
Analog Control
Front Panel Override
Totalizer
9
9
9
9
9
9
4 -20 mA
9
Ratio Control
Alarms
9
9
9
9
Multi-Channel Display
Conversion Factors
Communications
9
RS232
RS232/RS485
2.7.2. Operation with a Power Supply other than a Hastings
The flow controller must be connected to the power source as specified in section 2.6. In general, a 0 -
5 VDC command signal proportional to the intended flow (0 Volts = zero flow; 5 Volts = 100% of rated
flow) must be applied to pin 14 of the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 3 of the DE-9 (24 Volt) connector. A 0 - 5
VDC signal proportional to the flow rate through the instrument will be present on pin 6 of the DA-15
(15 Volt), Pin 2 of the DE-9 (24 Volt) connector. The control mode is selected via pin 8 of the DA-15
(15 Volt), Pin 6 of the DE-9 (24 Volt) connector. Apply > 10 Volts for full open, < 0 Volts for closed
and allow the override to float for flow proportional to the command voltage. Refer to your power supply
manual for the specifics of implementing these parameters.
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2.7.3. Operation with an external sensor (Fig. 2.2)
In some instances, it might be desirable to use an external
Fig 2.2
sensor to provide process information to the control circuitry
in the flow controller. For example, you might want to
control the pressure in a vacuum system by adjusting the
rate at which the system is backfilled with a gas. The new,
enhanced HFC series of flow controllers have provision for
accepting a 0 – 5 VDC (or 0 - 10 VDC) output from an
external sensor at pin 13 of the DA-15 (15 Volt), Pin 1 of
the DE-9 (24 Volt) connector. To activate this feature, the
cover of the HFC must be removed to gain access to the
electronics card and move a jumper.
For the 15 Volt units, JP1 is a three pin jumper block
located just below the “D” connector. In the normal
operating mode, the jumper covers the bottom two pins. To
select “External Sensor”, move the jumper to the upper two
pins. This swaps the flow input to the controller circuit
from the flow meter output to pin 13 of the “DA-15”
connector.
For the 24 Volt units JP6 is a six pin jumper block located
Fig 2.3
just to the right of the sensor connector. Pin 1 is in the lower
right corner. There are three jumpers installed horizontally.
The bottom jumper ties the flow output to the valve control
circuit and the middle jumper ties Pin 1 of the DE-9 connector
to reference voltage circuit. Remove both of the lower two
jumpers and reinstall one jumper vertically between the outside
two pins (pins 1 & 3). This will tie Pin 1 of the DE-9
connector to the valve control circuit and allow the controller to
maintain the external process variable equal to the desired
setpoint. The 5 Volt reference is not available in this
configuration.
JP6
Normal
External
Variable
2.7.4. Response to Command Changes
The response of the control circuit to changes to the command signal is set at the factory for fast, stable
response. If excessive overshoot is present, the response can be slowed removing the jumper labeled
“JP4,” located in the center of PC-828 for the 15 Volt units or by removing the top jumper of JP6 for the
24 Volt boards (located to the right of the sensor connector.
The fastest response to command changes is obtained when JP4/(JP6) is covered by the jumper. This
setup allows large overshoot and undershoot in the actual flow rate while the control circuit is establishing
control at the new command point. A slower response to command changes is obtained when JP4/JP6 is
not covered by a jumper. This setup results in no overshoot or undershoot in the actual flow rate as the
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controller circuit establishes control at the new command point. This jumper does not affect the system
gain and will not dampen out oscillations.
To adjust the response, you need a means of producing a step change in the command voltage from
10% of full scale to 100% of full scale. Follow the steps outlined below:
1) Cover the pins of JP4/JP6 with a jumper. (see fig. 2.2 & fig 2.3)
2) Set the command voltage to 10% of full scale. Allow the flow to stabilize.
3) Step change the command voltage to 100%, and observe the flow through the controller. If the
overshoot is too large, remove the jumper. Reset the command voltage to 10%, and allow the
controller to stabilize.
4) To prevent loss of the unused jumper, place it over one pin only on JP4/JP6.
2.8. Range Changing
The range of the flow controller can be changed in the field if recalibration facilities are available. The flow
controller may require a different orifice, which can be purchased separately from the factory. A listing of the
orifices available and their flow rates can be found in Section 5.0. The instructions to change the flow range can
be found in Section 4.6.
2.9. Valve-Override Control
The valve override control line provides a method to override the loop controller and open or close the
valve regardless of the flow or command signals. During normal operation this line must be allowed to
float freely. This will allow the loop control to open and close the valve as it requires. If the valve
override line is forced high (> +10 Volts) the valve will be forced full open. If the valve-override line is
forced negative (< 0 Volts) the valve will be forced closed.
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3. Theory of Operation
This section contains a functional description of Hastings flow controllers. Detailed schematics and
parts lists can be obtained by contacting Hastings using the contact information found at the end of this
document. In this section and other sections throughout this manual, when a power supply is mentioned,
it is assumed that the customer has a Hastings Power Supply. These sections are not applicable if another
type of power supply is used.
3.1. Overall Functional
Description
The Hastings flow controller consists
of a sensor, electronic circuitry, a shunt
and a valve. The sensor measures the
flow rate from 0 to 10 sccm of the gas to
be metered. The shunt divides the flow
such that the flow through the sensor is a
precise percentage of the flow through
the shunt. The flow through the sensor
and the shunt is always laminar. The
circuit board amplifies the sensor output
and uses this output to control the valve
position. The valve is an automatic
metering solenoid type; its height off the
seat is controlled by the voltage in its
coil. All of these components working
together result in a fast, stable flow
Figure 3.1
controller.
3.2. Sensor
The Hastings HFM-200/HFC-202 series operates on a unique thermal electric principle whereby a
metallic capillary tube is heated uniformly by a resistance winding attached to the midpoint of the
capillary (see Figure 3.1). Thermocouples TC-1 and TC-2 are welded at equal distances from the
midpoint and develop equal outputs at zero flow.
When flow occurs through the
tubing, heat is transferred from
Figure 3.2
the tube to the gas on the inlet
side, and from the gas back to
the tube on the outlet side
creating an asymmetrical
temperature distribution (see
Figure 3.2). The thermocouples
sense this decrease and increase
in the capillary tube temperature
and produce a millivolt output
signal proportional to that
change.
For a constant power input,
the differential thermocouple
output is a function of the mass
flow rate and the heat capacity
of the gas. Since the heat
capacity of many gases is
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relatively constant over wide ranges of temperature and pressure, the flow meter may be calibrated
directly in mass units for those gases. Changes in gas composition usually only require application of a
simple multiplier to the air calibration to account for the difference in heat capacity and thus the flow
meter is capable of measuring a wide variety of gases. The HFM sensor measures approximately 10 sccm,
full scale flow.
3.3. Electronics
The Hastings HFM-200/HFC-202 series uses a thermal flow sensor to measure through a capillary
tube, which is a fixed percentage of the total flow through the instrument. This sensor develops an
output signal proportional to flow which is approximately 1 mV full scale magnitude. This signal is
amplified by the meter circuitry until it is 0-5.00 VDC. This 5 Volt output is sent back to the power
supply and to the flow meter circuitry, if applicable. At the power supply the 5 Volt output is sent to the
terminals on the back and to the decoding circuitry in the display which converts it to a 3-digit output.
The controller circuitry utilizes the command and the flow voltages as input signals. The 0-5VDC
command signal is subtracted from the 0-5VDC flow signal creating an error signal. This signal is
amplified and causes the solenoid valve to move. The amount and direction of the movement is
dependent upon the value and the sign of the error signal, and tends to minimize the error signal.
3.4. Shunt
Measurement of flow rates higher than the 10 sccm full scale is achieved by dividing the flow with a
fixed ratio shunting arrangement, as is illustrated in Figure 3.3. This is accomplished by placing the
measuring capillary tube parallel with one or more dimensionally similar channels, called a laminar flow
element (LFE). Therefore, the
sensor only needs to heat the gas
passing through the capillary tube
resulting in low power
requirements, while retaining all the
mass measuring characteristics.
The HFM-200/HFC-202 series
has two possible shunts. The low
range shunt consists of tubes
inserted into a cylindrical base.
This shunt is adjustable for ranges
from 0-10 sccm to 0-250 sccm (see
Figure 3.4). The medium range
shunt consists of a corrugated
stainless steel ribbon wound into a
Figure 3.3
coil and fused. It is adjustable from
0-0.25 slm to 0-25 slm ranges.
Figure 3.4
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3.5. Valve
The control valve is an “automatic metering solenoid” valve. While most solenoids operate in either the
fully open or fully closed state, the automatic metering solenoid valve is designed to control flow (see
Figure 3.5). A spring, connected to the plunger assembly, holds a magnetic plunger tightly against an
orifice to shut off flow. The magnetic plunger is surrounded by an electrical coil which, when energized
with electrical current, lifts the plunger off the orifice and allows flow to pass between the orifice and the
plunger seat. Controlling the current through the coil controls the distance between the orifice and the
plunger seat, effectively controlling the flow through the valve. This current is controlled by a feedback
loop that matches the transducer output with the command voltage.
Figure 3.5
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4. Maintenance
This section contains service and calibration information. Some portions of the instrument are delicate.
Use extreme care when servicing the flow controller.
4.1. Authorized Maintenance
With proper care in installation and use, the flow controller will require little or no maintenance. If
maintenance does become necessary, most of the instrument can be cleaned or repaired in the field.
Some procedures may require recalibration. Do not attempt these procedures unless facilities are
available. Entry into the sensor or tampering with the printed circuit board will void the warranty. Do
not perform repairs on these assemblies while unit is still under warranty.
4.2. Troubleshooting
SYMPTOM: Override CLOSE function is enabled but flow remains or 0.00 VDC is commanded and
flow remains.
CAUSE: Orifice out of adjustment or faulty op-amp
ACTION: Check the valve voltage between pins 2 & 12 on the 15-pin D-connector for 15 Volt units and
Pins 5 & 8 on the DE-9 connector for 24 Volts. If the voltage is less than 3.00 VDC, then turn the orifice
clockwise until flow stops.
SYMPTOM: Output of unit is proportional to flow but extremely small and not correctable by span pot.
CAUSE: Sensor is not being heated.
ACTION: Unplug connector J1. Check the following resistance: The resistance between pins 2 & 3 of
the sensor should be approximately 2500 Ohms (see Figure 3.1 on page 8). The resistance between pins
1 & 4 should be approximately 2.3 Ohms. The resistance between pins 2 & 3 and the base of the sensor
should be essentially infinite. If not, replace the sensor unit. If sensor reads O.K., check the voltage
output on pins 2 & 3 of the jack in the board. If it does not read approximately 22 VDC then replace
regulator U2 (U3 on 24 Volt board).
SYMPTOM: Sensor has proper resistance readings, but little or no output with flow.
CAUSE: Plugged sensor.
ACTION: Shut off gas supply and power supply. Remove cover and PC board from unit. Remove
sensor assembly and examine. If sensor has evidence of plugging, clean or replace as applicable
SYMPTOM: Flow controller oscillates.
CAUSE: Flow controller not adjusted for the dynamics of the flow system.
ACTION: Check upstream and downstream pressures. The gas supply regulator should not have
excessive lockup when flow shuts off. Also ensure that there is not a large drop in pressure between the
regulator and the instrument due to line resistance. Oscillations can also be caused if a large flow
restriction is pneumatically close to the downstream end of the flow controller. The differential pressure
across the unit must be between 10-50 psig.
SYMPTOM: Little or no flow, even with Valve Override OPEN enabled.
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CAUSE: Plugged orifice.
ACTION: Verify the presence of a 10-50 psig pressure across the instrument. If present, shut off gas
supply and power supply. Remove orifice per Section 4.9. Examine orifice. If plugged, clean or replace
as applicable. Reassemble valve.
SYMPTOM: Flow meter reads other than 0.00 VDC with no flow, or there is a small flow when flow
meter reads 0.00 VDC.
CAUSE: ZERO potentiometer is out of adjustment.
ACTION: Shut off all flow. Adjust ZERO potentiometer until output reads 0.00 VDC.
SYMPTOM: Flow meter out of calibration and nonlinear.
CAUSE: Leaks in gas inlet or outlet fittings.
ACTION: Check all fittings for leaks by placing soap solution on all fittings between gas supply and final
destination of gas. Check flow meter for leaks. Replace “O” rings if required or recalibrate as necessary.
4.3. ADJUSTMENTS
4.3.1. Calibration Procedure: (Figure 4.1)
5) NOTE: Steps 5 and 6, adjusting the SPAN pot and performing a calibration run, will require the use
of a calibration reference.
1) Connect power cable to D connector as specified in Section
2.7. Allow instrument to warm up for 30 minutes with 10%
flow and instrument in AUTO position.
2) After the warm up period, set the flow to zero and insure
that, indeed, there is zero flow. Wait for 2 minutes.
3) Set ZERO (R13 on 15 Volt / R20 for 24 Volt) potentiometer
for 0.000 VDC output.
4) Turn on gas supply to inlet of instrument. Use the Valve
Override CLOSE feature or, if Valve Override is
Figure 4.1
unavailable, give the controller a command of zero. Adjust
the orifice underneath the controller to obtain zero flow. If
the Valve Override feature was used to close the valve, set it
to AUTO. Ensure that full range flow can still be obtained
at minimum inlet pressure.
5) NOTE: Perform this step only if a calibrated flow reference
is available. Set command to 100%. Adjust SPAN (R18 on
15 Volt / R2 for 24 Volt) pot until the flow reference reads
full scale flow (5.000 VDC).
6) Record flow meter and flow reference outputs for flow rates of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%.
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4.3.2. Miscellaneous adjustments
Periodically, during normal operation, the ZERO should be checked and adjusted when required. If the
instrument is not shutting completely off when the Valve Override CLOSE function is active, or a
command of zero flow has been given, then the orifice may require approximately 1/8 turn clockwise.
4.4. End Cap Removal
The end cap on the inlet side must be removed to gain access to the filter or shunt assembly. First shut
off the supply of gas to the instrument. Disconnect the Swagelok fitting on the inlet and outlet sides of
the transducer, and remove it from the system plumbing. Remove the four hex bolts holding the end cap
to the instrument (see Figure 4.1). Carefully remove the end cap, filter, wave spring (if present) and
shunt, noting their order and proper orientation. The shunt can be severely damaged if dropped.
Examine the filter and shunt. If either is dirty or blocked, clean or replace as applicable. Reassembly is
the reverse of the removal procedure. Recalibration of the HFC is necessary.
4.5. Printed Circuit Board Replacement
In the unlikely event that the PC board fails, it is easily removed from the instrument and replaced with
a spare to minimize instrument downtime. Replacement of the PC board will require the instrument to
be recalibrated per Section 4.3.1.
Unplug the power cable from the top of the transducer. Remove the two jackscrews next to the “D”
connector and the two screws on the sides of the cover. Lift off the cover and unplug the four-wire
sensor plug and the two wire valve plug, noting their orientation prior to removal.
Remove the screw that holds the PC board to the sensor. Troubleshoot or replace as applicable.
Installation is the reverse of the above procedure. Recalibrate if any components were changed or if any
potentiometers were adjusted.
4.6. Sensor Replacement
If the sensor fails or becomes plugged it can be removed. Remove the cover and the PC board per
Section 4.5 above. Remove the three bolts holding the sensor to the instrument base. Remove the sensor
from the base noting the two O-rings (Parker 2-005, V884-75) between the sensor and the base. If the
sensor is plugged it can be cleaned by running a fine wire (approximately 0.008" diameter) through the
tube. If sensor needs replacement, obtain another from the factory and install it. Ensure that O-rings are
clean and intact. Install O-rings on seating surface, then carefully place sensor over O-rings and tighten
down the three screws evenly. Replacement of sensor will require recalibration per Section 4.3.1.
4.7. Orifice Changes
The orifice may require replacement if a large flow
range change is desired, if changing to a gas that has a
specific gravity significantly different than the original
gas, if a large change in the differential pressures across
the valve is desired or in the event that a small orifice
becomes plugged. Replacement orifices can be acquired
from the factory. The diameter of the orifice can be
calculated using the following procedure:
Orifice Changes:
A) Determine the minimum expected upstream
pressure (Pu) in absolute pressure units (add
atmospheric pressure – 14.7 psia) and the maximum
expected downstream pressure (Pd) in absolute pressure
units for full flow conditions.
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B) If Pu >2Pd, use formula 1; otherwise use formula 2.
C) Use a consistent set of units for pressure, flow, and density (i.e all lengths, masses, times in the same
units, cm, ft, kg, sec etc.) 1 liter/minute = 1.667 x 10-5 m3/sec, 1 gm/liter = 1 kg/m3, 1 psia = 6895
kg/m*sec2, 1 Pa = 1 kg/m*sec2,
D) This formula provides approximate results that tend to be undersized because it neglects pressure
drops internal to the flow controller, compressible gas effects and temperature effects. Multiply the result
by ≈1.5 to get the expected minimum orifice size that can reliably pass the desired flows at the expected
pressures.
Where:
Formula 1:
Formula 2:
σ Q 2
P − P
8ρ0 P
Q2 σ 16ρ0 P
0
4
D =
0
π 2
4
D =
(
)
P 2
P
π 2
d
u
d
γ
u
D
Q
= Orifice Diameter
= Flow rate in standard volumetric unit (slm, sccm, scfh)
P0 = Standard Pressure (760 Torr, 101.325 kpa)
Pu = Upstream pressure in absolute units (use minimum expected value)
Pd = Downstream pressure in absolute units (use maximum expected value)
γ
= Ratio of specific heats, ≈ 1.2 for monatomic gases, 1.4 otherwise
= Density of gas @ standard pressure and temperature of flow unit
= Pi (3.1415…)
ρ0
π
σ
= Specific gravity of gas (ratio of gas density to density of air)
Choose the available orifice with the closest diameter that is larger than the calculated diameter. Orifice
diameters (inches) available are 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.007, 0.014, 0.032, 0.042, 0.052, 0.070. Contact
factory to order new orifice.
As an example, if the maximum controlled flow will be 10 slm of air with an upstream pressure of 50
psig and exhausting to atmospheric pressure the minimum orifice diameter calculated from the previous
equation would be 0.0225 inches. The next larger orifice that has a diameter of 0.032 inches should be
installed.
4.7.1. HFC-202 Orifice
To change the orifice in the HFC-202 series, turn the instrument upside-down and turn the orifice
counterclockwise with a 9/64" Allen wrench until it stops coming out. Then grasp the exposed orifice end
and pull it straight out. See Figure 4.2.
Prior to reinstallation of the orifice, inspect the two O-rings mounted on it for damage. Replace if cut or
gouged.
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Lubricate the O-rings slightly with a silicone based grease, and the threads with anti-galling compound.
Push the orifice into its hole and screw it in until it is flush with the instrument base. Apply pressure to
the inlet side of the instrument.
Enable the Valve Override CLOSE function or unplug the instrument. Screw the orifice in a few more
turns until the flow through the instrument stops, then turn it an additional 1/4 turn clockwise.
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5. Warranty and Repair
5.1. Warranty Repair Policy
Hastings Instruments warrants this product for a period of one year from the date of shipment to be free
from defects in material and workmanship. This warranty does not apply to defects or failures resulting
from unauthorized modification, misuse or mishandling of the product. This warranty does not apply to
batteries or other expendable parts, or to damage caused by leaking batteries or any similar occurrence.
This warranty does not apply to any instrument which has had a tamper seal removed or broken.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including any implied warranty as
to fitness for a particular use. Hastings Instruments shall not be liable for any indirect or consequential
damages.
Hastings Instruments, will, at its option, repair, replace or refund the selling price of the product if
Hastings Instruments determines, in good faith, that it is defective in materials or workmanship during the
warranty period. Defective instruments should be returned to Hastings Instruments, shipment prepaid,
together with a written statement of the problem and a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number.
Please consult the factory for your RMA number before returning any product for repair. Collect freight
will not be accepted.
5.2. Non-Warranty Repair Policy
Any product returned for a non-warranty repair must be accompanied by a purchase order, RMA form
and a written description of the problem with the instrument. If the repair cost is higher, you will be
contacted for authorization before we proceed with any repairs. If you then choose not to have the
product repaired, a minimum will be charged to cover the processing and inspection. Please consult the
factory for your RMA number before returning any product repair.
TELEDYNE HASTINGS INSTRUMENTS
804 NEWCOMBE AVENUE
HAMPTON, VIRGINIA 23669 U.S.A.
ATTENTION: REPAIR DEPARTMENT
TELEPHONE
TOLL FREE
FAX
(757) 723-6531
1-800-950-2468
(757) 723-3925
E MAIL
Repair Forms may be obtained from the “Information Request” section of the Hastings Instruments
web site.
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