Sharp Stud Sensor PW E500A User Manual

MODEL  
Oxford Dictionary of English  
Oxford Thesaurus of English  
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
Oxford Crossword Dictionary  
Oxford Puzzle Solver  
PW-E500A  
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY  
OPERATION MANUAL  
Page  
• Getting Started ........................................................ 3  
• Using the Oxford Dictionary of English ................ 15  
• Using the Oxford Thesaurus of English................ 18  
• Using the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations .......... 20  
• Using the Solver functions .................................... 23  
• Using the Super jump function ............................. 26  
• Using the History function .................................... 28  
• Using the Calculator function ............................... 29  
• Using the Converter function ................................ 30  
• Appendices ........................................................... 32  
• Introductions to the Dictionaries ........................... 35  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
CONTENTS  
Getting Started  
Using the Super jump function  
Using the PW-E500A for the first time .........................................................3  
Layout ...........................................................................................................6  
Basic operation .............................................................................................8  
Set-up menu ...............................................................................................12  
Inputting characters ....................................................................................13  
How to use the Super jump function ..........................................................26  
Using the History function  
How to use the History function .................................................................28  
Using the Calculator function  
Using the Oxford Dictionary of English  
Prior to initiating calculations .....................................................................29  
Calculation examples .................................................................................29  
Looking up a word (Filter search) ..............................................................15  
Phrase search.............................................................................................16  
Spellcheck function.....................................................................................16  
Further information .....................................................................................17  
Using the Converter function  
Currency converter .....................................................................................30  
Metric converter ..........................................................................................31  
Using the Oxford Thesaurus of English  
Looking up a word (Filter search) ..............................................................18  
Phrase search.............................................................................................19  
Further information .....................................................................................19  
Appendices  
Replacing the battery .................................................................................32  
Reset procedure if trouble occurs ..............................................................33  
Specifications .............................................................................................33  
Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................34  
Product support ..........................................................................................34  
Using the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
Searching by an author name (Filter search) ............................................20  
Keyword search ..........................................................................................21  
Random quote ............................................................................................22  
Further information .....................................................................................22  
Introductions to the Dictionaries  
Oxford Dictionary of English.......................................................................35  
Oxford Thesaurus of English ......................................................................48  
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations .................................................................53  
Using the Solver functions  
Crossword solver ........................................................................................23  
Puzzle solver ..............................................................................................24  
Anagram solver ...........................................................................................25  
2
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
6. Open the unit and press  
turn the power on.  
o
to  
Getting Started  
The LCD contrast screen will appear.  
• Should a different screen appear,  
follow the reset procedure on page  
33.  
Using the PW-E500A for the first time  
Be sure to perform the following operations before using the PW-E500A for the first  
time.  
• If the power cannot be turned on:  
1. Set the battery replacement switch on the bottom  
of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.  
• Make sure the battery replacement switch is placed at the ‘NORMAL  
OPERATION’ position, then press  
o
again.  
• If the power still cannot be switched on, try following steps 1 through 6 in the  
above procedure again.  
2. Remove the battery cover.  
7. Adjust the LCD contrast by using  
, and press  
[
]
e.  
The key sound on/off screen will  
appear.  
3. Insert the one battery. Make sure the battery  
polarity is correct.  
8. Select  
on/off.  
Y
or  
N
to turn the key sound  
The main menu screen will appear.  
4. Replace the battery cover.  
• The LCD contrast and the key sound  
settings can be adjusted later in the  
Set-up menu.  
5. Set the battery replacement switch to the  
‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position.  
3
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Turning the power on/off  
Backlight  
The power can be switched on by pressing the keys listed below.  
This product has a built-in backlight, which allows you to view the display and use  
To turn off the power, press  
o
.
the product even in low-light conditions. Pressing  
,
(Backlight) once illuminates  
the display until you have not pressed any keys for approx. 1 minute or press  
again.  
,
Key  
Display status upon start-up  
o
m
Restores the display as it was before the unit was switched off  
(Resume function).  
Note:  
• Use the backlight in low-light conditions. It will drain power from the operating  
batteries and significantly reduce battery life.  
The main menu screen appears.  
d
t
The input screen or menu screen of each dictionary appears (Direct-  
on function)  
• The backlight may remain on for less than 1 minute when  
is displayed.  
u
s
y
Key notation used in this manual  
• All keys are framed (A, for instance); exceptions are found in the Calculator  
section, where the numeral entries are shown with real numbers.  
• Keys are often assigned with more than one function. The appropriate key/  
function will be shown according to the input status.  
Auto power off function  
To save the battery, the PW-E500A will automatically turn its power off if no key  
operations are detected for a set period of time. The activation interval initial setting  
is 5 minutes, but it can be adjusted by following the directions on page 13.  
<Example 1>  
will be shown as either ‘  
<Example 2>  
will be shown as either ‘  
Q
G
’, ‘1’ or ‘1’ depending on the input status.  
To attach a commercially available strap  
’ or ‘  
+’ depending on the input status.  
A carrying strap can be attached, as shown in the picture below (strap not  
included).  
• The functions indicated with green typeface are second functions. Press and  
release , then press an appropriate key.  
^
Caution:  
<Example 1>  
• Do not swing the unit by the strap, or use excessive  
force to pull the strap. Doing so will cause a  
malfunction or hardware damage to the unit.  
^ l directs to press and release  
^ w directs to press and release  
^
^
, then press  
, then press  
l
w
(
f
(<  
).  
).  
Back of the unit  
4
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Data contained in the PW-E500A  
The dictionary data contained in this unit is based on the following dictionaries:  
• Oxford Dictionary of English 2e © Oxford University Press 2003  
• Oxford Thesaurus of English 2e © Oxford University Press 2004  
• Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 6e © Oxford University Press 2004  
• Oxford Crossword Dictionary © Oxford University Press 2005  
• Oxford Puzzle Solver © Oxford University Press 2005  
* All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a  
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior  
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by  
law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organiza-  
tion. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should  
be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press.  
• The data content of each Dictionary is mostly retained faithful to the original.  
However, some sections of the dictionary contents have had to be altered due to  
the limitations of the LCD display and for other reasons; these modifications have  
been implemented under the provisions of the publisher(s). In some rare cases,  
misspellings and/or mistypings may be found; these are ‘errors’ that have been  
retained unmodified from the source Dictionaries.  
Note:  
• For information on the contents of the dictionaries, see Introductions on pages  
35–57.  
• Some prefatory material and some appendix data included in the printed book of  
the dictionaries are not featured in this product.  
5
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Layout  
Display symbols  
Display  
(Refer to the next page for details)  
Dictionary/function  
selection keys  
Menu key  
Font size shift key  
Backlight key  
Power on/off key  
Backspace/Clear key  
2nd function key  
Utility keys for Dictionaries  
Escape key  
Page scroll keys  
Cursor keys  
Enter key  
6
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Key assignments  
Display symbols  
: Opens the input screen for the Oxford Dictionary of English  
This symbol will be displayed when the battery level is low. Promptly  
replace the old battery with a new one.  
: Opens the input screen for the Oxford Thesaurus of English  
: Opens the input screen for the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
: Opens the input screen for the spell checker  
: Opens the Solver functions menu  
Indicates that the key sound (beep) is set to ON.  
Indicates that  
^
has been pressed.  
These arrows suggest that more contents can be browsed by scrolling up/  
down the window.  
{ } : Press to scroll up/down per text row.  
< > : Press to scroll up/down per visible window.  
: Opens the history list of each Dictionary  
Note:  
: Brings up a ‘digest’ view of descriptions  
• In this manual, symbols are not shown in the display examples.  
: Launches a search for entries in the Oxford Dictionary of English or the  
Oxford Thesaurus of English matching a term selected in any detail view  
• Certain symbols may appear on the display only when the LCD contrast is set to  
dark. Please ignore these symbols as they are not used by this product.  
Operation guidance message  
: Selects a Note icon in the detail view  
A brief guidance message may appear at the bottom of the screen to help you  
utilise functions more effectively.  
: 2nd function key  
Activates the second function (printed in green above, below, or to the left  
of keys) assigned to the next key pressed.  
: Illuminates the display to view in low-light conditions.  
7
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Selecting a dictionary / function in the main menu  
Basic operation  
Inputting words for a dictionary search  
Press  
m.  
The main menu appears.  
In this section, the basic search operation is described. For details, refer to the  
manual chapter for each dictionary.  
• Select an item by its index number  
using the number keys (  
). The initial screen of the selected  
item appears.  
• The desired item can also be selected by using the { } [ ] keys,  
followed by pressing the key.  
1
through  
<Example>  
8
Find definitions of ‘convenience’ in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
1. Press  
d
to display the input  
e
screen for the Oxford Dictionary of  
English, then input ‘conven’. Entries  
starting with ‘conven’ are listed.  
2. Enter ‘i’ to narrow down the list further.  
If the desired word is found, then you  
do not need to type any more letters.  
3. While the ‘ ’ indication is visible on the left of ‘convenience’, press  
e.  
• Press  
• Press ^ l to list the headwords in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
Note:  
f
to return to the previous view.  
• Refer to the section ‘Inputting characters’ on page 13.  
To learn different searching methods from those above, refer to the manual  
chapter for each dictionary.  
8
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
List view: selecting an item; scrolling  
Filter search view: selecting an item; scrolling  
Press  
of the Oxford Dictionary of English, then  
press . The list view of the Oxford  
d
to display the initial screen  
Press  
d
, then type  
A
, and  
B.  
‘ab’ is entered, and words starting from  
‘ab’ listed.  
e
Dictionary of English appears.  
Selecting an item or a word  
Selecting each entry  
Use the corresponding number key to the index number on the left of each item, or  
Use } { to place the cursor (indicated as ‘ ’ on the left of the listed items) at  
use the  
the  
{
e
or  
key.  
}
key to place the cursor on the desired item, followed by pressing  
the desired entry, then press  
e. The detail view of the entry appears.  
Scrolling the view  
Scrolling the view  
Refer to the section ‘Scrolling the view’ in the previous section, ‘List view: selecting  
an item; scrolling’.  
’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left side of the screen, indicating that more  
information can be browsed by scrolling up/down the view.  
1) Press  
once.  
}
>
once to scroll down one text row. To scroll back one text row, press  
{
2) Press  
to scroll down a page. Press  
<
to scroll the page up.  
• Press and hold these keys to continuously scroll the lines/pages.  
9
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Detail view: scrolling  
Shifting the displayed character size (z)  
Press  
d
, then type  
A
, and  
e
.
Press the  
12 dot-based (vertical pixel resolution) or 9 dot-based characters can be selected.  
For instance, press to display the 12 dot characters to 9 dot characters.  
Press again to toggle back the displayed characters to 12 dot-base.  
z
key to shift the character size to be displayed.  
The detail view with definitions appears.  
z
z
Browsing contents above/below the screen  
’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left  
side of the screen, indicating that more  
information can be browsed by  
scrolling up/down the view. Use } {  
9 dot-based  
• The character size setting will be retained until the next time  
• The key is functional in the following views:  
12 dot-based (default)  
z
is pressed.  
or > <  
.
z
• The list view, detail view, filter search view or Quick view of each Dictionary  
• The Super jump window  
Scrolling up/down to the previous/next entry header  
Press ^ n to show the next entry header. To show the previous entry  
• The contents of the Note  
header, press ^ w  
.
• The character size setting is saved for each dictionary in both the list view  
(including filter search view and Quick view) and the detail view.  
Other useful keys  
f
:
Returns to the previous view  
Recalling the terms previously searched (h)  
^ b: Shows the input screen of each Dictionary or the initial display of a  
The history of up to 30 items in each dictionary is automatically stored, and can be  
recalled easily by selecting the word in the history list. (For more information, see  
page 28.)  
function  
^ l: Shows the list view starting from the previously displayed header  
10  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Listing a summary of detail view items (q)  
Browsing Notes (r)  
The Quick view function suppresses some examples and additional information,  
and lists out the main sections and senses (or quotations) from each detail view  
entry. Use this function to browse quickly through the summary of an entry.  
A Note icon (&) may appear in the detail view. This indicates that a note can  
be selected to view extra information (additional information, usage note, etc.) of  
the entry.  
<Example>  
Press  
icon will be selected, and use the } { ] [ keys to select the desired icon if  
necessary, then press to view the contents.  
To exit, press twice. The first push of the  
r
to select the icon. If more than one icon is visible, then the topmost  
1. In the detail view shown on page 10,  
e
press  
q.  
f
f
key closes the contents view,  
The Quick view screen appears.  
then the second deselects the icon.  
<Example>  
Browse the Note contents of ‘earth’ in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
1. Open the detail view of ‘earth’.  
2. While the relevant sense or section is on the screen, select the desired item by  
the index number. The detail view of the selected sense/section appears.  
• The symbol ‘ ’ in front of ‘earth’  
means that the word has a Note.  
• Press  
q
in the Quick view to display the detail view.  
2. Use the  
the view so that a Note icon will be  
visible.  
>
key or  
}
key to scroll down  
Searching a word on the screen (v)  
A word or jump icon ( ) in the detail view can be selected for searching. (For more  
information, see page 26.)  
3. Press  
r. The Note icon will be  
selected (reversed).  
4. Press  
e. The contents of the  
Note is displayed.  
11  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Note:  
Set-up menu  
• Using the  
r
key will display the following:  
Press  
m
to display the main menu,  
. The set-up menu appears.  
• Oxford Dictionary of English  
then press  
8
• Usage notes  
• Additional (boxed) information  
• Oxford Thesaurus of English  
• ‘Choose the Right Word’ and Confusables sections  
• Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
• The full set of quotations for the given author (see page 21)  
Select a desired item to change the setting.  
To delete the history list, see page 28.  
Setting the key sound on/off  
• Word Lists (extra items relevant to specific headwords) of the Oxford Thesaurus  
of English are indicated by the jump icon ( ). Use the Super jump function.  
The key sound (a short audible beep when a key is pressed) can be set to on or off.  
1. Press  
m
,
8
, then  
1, to toggle the key sound on or off.  
A splash message appears to indicate the change of setting, then the main  
menu will be displayed.  
12  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Setting the Auto power off activation time  
Inputting characters  
This product automatically turns its power off to save the battery. The turn-off time  
is set to five minutes by default.  
Methods of inputting characters are described in this section.  
Character entry  
1. Press  
m
,
8
, then  
2.  
A simple example of inputting characters is shown below.  
<Example>  
The Auto power off setting screen  
appears.  
Enter a word ‘clear’ for search.  
1. Press  
2. Type ‘clear’.  
On the keyboard, press  
d
to open the input screen of the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
2. Use the  
duration, then press  
{
,
}
,
[
e
and  
]
keys to place the check mark on the desired  
.
C
,
L
,
E,  
A
, then  
R.  
The time will be set, then the main menu will be displayed.  
Adjusting the LCD contrast  
Select this menu item to adjust the LCD contrast.  
Note:  
1. Press  
2. To adjust the LCD contrast, use the  
press to return to the main menu.  
m
,
8
, then  
3.  
• While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces (except in  
Crossword solver), hyphens, apostrophes, slashes, and periods.  
[
(Lighter) key or  
]
(Darker) key, then  
e
<Example>  
Starting Auto Demo mode  
Word  
fast food  
weak-kneed  
let's  
Entry for search  
fastfood  
weakkneed  
lets  
Activate the Auto demo for a guided tour through the key features of the product.  
1. Press  
• Press  
menu.  
m
,
8
, then  
5
, to start the Auto demo mode.  
f
or  
e
to end the Auto demo mode and return to the main  
either/or  
a.m.  
eitheror  
am  
13  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
• Convert uppercase letters to lowercase.  
Modifying entry  
<Example>  
Deleting unnecessary characters  
Word  
AC  
Entry for search  
<Example>  
ac  
uk  
1. Press  
d
to open the input screen of the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
UK  
2. Type ‘external’.  
• Spell out the numbers when applicable.  
<Example>  
Word  
4WD  
A5  
Entry for search  
fourwd  
3. While the cursor is at the end of the string, press  
(
three times to delete ‘nal’.  
afive  
4. Next, press  
cursor under the letter ‘t’.  
[
three times to move the  
• Enter ‘and’ instead of ‘&’.  
To enter ‘£’, place ‘l’ instead. Likewise, place ‘a’ for ‘@’ instead.  
• When searching for a word with accented characters (such as ‘ü’, ‘á’, etc.), enter  
their unaccented equivalents via the keypad (such as ‘u’, ‘a’, etc.).  
5. Press  
(
once to delete a character on the left of cursor. ‘x’ will be deleted.  
Adding characters  
<Example>  
6. In the above example, press  
N
to  
insert a letter ‘n’ on the left of the  
cursor. The search will be narrowed  
with the word ‘enter’.  
Note:  
• Press ^ b to delete all characters entered.  
14  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
To search for a different word, simply input a new spelling for the word, or  
press ^ b or to go to the dictionary's input screen.  
d
Using the Oxford Dictionary of  
English  
If there is no match found  
As you input the spelling of the desired  
word, the dictionary will narrow down the  
matching candidates. If the match is  
narrowed down to none (i.e. no word starting  
with the spelling is found in the Dictionary),  
the message ‘similar words’ appears.  
In this Dictionary, definitions of a word can be found by entering its spelling.You can  
also search specifically for phrases by entering one or more keywords in Phrase  
search.  
Looking up a word (Filter search)  
A definition of a word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.  
<Example>  
In this case, press  
e
to list the  
dictionary entries alphabetically after the entered spelling.  
Note about entering characters  
Find the definition of ‘advance’.  
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,  
apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 13 for details.  
1. Press  
Dictionary of English.  
d
to open the Oxford  
Note:  
The input screen appears.  
2. Input the spelling of ‘advance’.  
• The wildcard character ‘?’ must not be entered in the input field of the Dictionary.  
The wildcard character ‘?’ can be used in the Crossword solver (see page 23)  
and Random quote function (see page 22).  
As you type, candidates for matching  
narrow. If the desired word is found,  
then there is no need to type any more letters.  
• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field of the Dictionary. When  
searching words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to  
select the words from the list manually.  
3. While ‘ ’ appears on the left of ‘advance’, press  
word appears.  
e. The detail view of the  
Browsing Notes  
To browse contents on the next/previous page, press } { or > <. You  
may also find the Quick view function useful.  
When the  
&
icons appear in the detail view, a note can be selected and  
browsed. For details, refer to page 11–12.  
• If a word selected is a close derivative of a headword, it may not have its own  
definitions. In these cases, it is helpful to scroll up within the detail view to find  
the definitions of the headword itself.  
Note:  
• A headword with a Note is marked with an asterisk ( ).  
To search for a word in the detail view, use the Super jump function.  
In many cases, the  
&
icon only appears at the bottom of an entry, but  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
contains important information about usage of the headword as a whole. If unsure  
about usage, scroll down to the bottom of the entry to access any relevant notes.  
• Press ^ l to list the headwords in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
15  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Phrase search  
Spellcheck function  
To search for idioms or phrasal verbs, enter up to three words in the input field. The  
phrases containing ALL the entered words will be found.  
The spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query word is  
not known.  
<Example>  
<Example>  
Search for a phrase containing ‘take’ and ‘care’.  
You are not sure whether ‘liason’ or ‘liaison’ is correct.  
1. Press  
Press  
d
to open the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
1. Press  
of the spellcheck function.  
s
to open the input screen  
}
once to place the cursor at the ‘Phrase search’, then press  
e.  
The input screen of the Phrase search appears.  
2. Input ‘take’, press  
‘care’.  
}, followed by  
To input more than one word, input  
each word in the separate input field.  
Use the } { keys to move the  
cursor. Each input field can accommo-  
date up to 24 characters.  
2. Enter ‘liason’.  
3. Press  
e.  
A list of phrases containing the words appears.  
3. Press  
function.  
e
to initiate the spellcheck  
If no matching phrase is found, then a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be  
displayed.  
Words with similar spellings will be  
listed.  
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number key(s). The definition of  
the selected phrase is displayed.  
• While ‘Searching... Press [ENTER] to  
break’ is visible, press  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
e
to  
stop the search. Note that if the search is interrupted, the list of possible  
results may not include all the closest matches.  
• Press ^ l to list the index of phrases containing the words.  
To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press  
^
• If the word is typed with the correct spelling, it will appear at the top of the  
displayed list.  
b
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.  
• If two or more words with an identical spelling are found in the list, then the  
relevant headword will also be displayed, after an arrow symbol.  
16  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
4. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys (press  
1, in this  
example). The detail view with descriptions of the word is displayed.  
• If a word selected is not in its original form, and cannot be found as a  
headword, then the detail view of the word's original form will be displayed. It  
may be necessary to scroll down within the detail view to find the desired  
word form.  
• Press  
• Press ^ l to list the headwords in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
Note:  
f
to go back to the previous view.  
• Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.  
If the list of words does not appear as expected:  
• Searching words with particular spellings may take more time to complete than  
others.  
• If no word is given, a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be displayed,  
followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function. In this case you may wish  
to start the search again with a new spelling for the word.  
Further information  
For further information on using this dictionary, refer to the Introduction on pages  
35–48.  
17  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
To search for a word or jump icon ( ) in the detail view, use the Super jump  
function.  
Using the Oxford Thesaurus of  
English  
Input a word in this Thesaurus to find its synonyms, as well as antonyms and other  
related terms in the detail view.  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to list the headwords in the Oxford Thesaurus of English.  
To search for a different word, simply begin inputting a new word, or press  
^ b or  
t
to go to the input screen of the Oxford Thesaurus of  
English.  
If there is no match found  
Looking up a word (Filter search)  
Find a set of alternative words by inputting the spelling of a given word.  
<Example>  
The same view/message appears as for the Oxford Dictionary of English. See page  
15 for details.  
Note about entering characters  
Find a set of alternative words for ‘make’.  
1. Press  
Thesaurus of English.  
t
to open the Oxford  
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,  
apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 13 for details.  
The spelling input screen of the  
Thesaurus appears.  
Note:  
• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field. When searching words  
containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to select the words  
from the list manually.  
2. Input ‘make’.  
Browsing Notes  
As you type, options are narrowed. If  
the desired word is found, then you do  
not need to type any more letters.  
When the  
&
icons appear in the detail view, a note can be selected and  
browsed. For details, refer to page 11–12.  
3. While ‘ ’ appears on the left of ‘make’,  
press  
e. The detail view of the  
word ‘make’ appears.  
To browse contents on the next/  
previous page, press } { or  
>
<
. You may also find the Quick  
view function useful.  
18  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Phrase search  
Further information  
To search for idioms or phrasal verbs, enter up to three words in the input field. The  
phrases containing ALL the entered words will be found.  
For further information on using this thesaurus, refer to the Introduction on pages  
48–52.  
<Example>  
Search for a phrase containing ‘make’ and ‘up’, and find its synonyms.  
1. Press  
Press  
t
to open the Oxford Thesaurus of English.  
}
once to place the cursor at the ‘Phrase search’, then press  
e.  
The input screen of the Phrase search appears.  
2. Input ‘make’, press  
‘up’.  
}, followed by  
To input more than one word, input  
each word in the separate input field.  
Use the } { keys to move the  
cursor. Each input field can accommo-  
date up to 24 characters.  
3. Press  
e.  
A list of phrases containing the words appears.  
If no matching phrase is found, then a message ‘Not Found!’ will momentarily be  
displayed.  
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number key(s). The detail view  
of the selected phrase is displayed.  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to list the index of phrases containing the words.  
To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press  
^
b
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.  
19  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
To browse contents on the next/previous page, press } { or > <. You  
may also find the Quick view function useful.  
Using the Oxford Dictionary of  
Quotations  
Input an author’s surname in the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations to find his/her  
quotations. A search can also be initiated by keywords, or it is possible to display  
quotations at random.  
To search for a word in the detail view, or to search for an item indicated under  
the , use the Super jump function.  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to list the headings in the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.  
To search for a different word, simply begin inputting the spelling for the new  
word, or press ^ b or  
u
to go to the input screen of the Oxford  
Dictionary of Quotations.  
Searching by an author name (Filter search)  
Find a set of related quotations by inputting the spelling of an author.  
<Example>  
If there is no match found  
The matching headings narrow down as you type. If the match is narrowed down to  
none, a message ‘similar words’ will be displayed. Press  
that alphabetically follow the entered string.  
e
to list the headers  
List a set of quotations by ‘William Shakespeare’.  
1. Press  
u
to open the Oxford  
Dictionary of Quotations.  
Note about entering characters  
The name input screen of the Oxford  
Dictionary of Quotations appears.  
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,  
apostrophes, slashes, and periods. See page 13 for details.  
Note:  
• The names of collections or compilations, such as the ‘Bible’ or ‘Anonymous’, can  
be used for a search.  
2. Start to input the word ‘shakespeare’.  
As you type, the match narrows. If the  
desired word is found, then you do not  
need to type any more letters.  
• Instead of inputting an author's surname, you might wish to try entering his/her  
known pseudonym or nickname (see pages 55–57 for details).  
• Some authors may appear in a joint entry with a common co-author or associate,  
as well as their own individual entry. In these cases, the author's name is listed  
twice in search results, ordered according to the first name in the joint entry. The  
detail view automatically scrolls down so the search term is at the top - if this is  
part of a larger entry, the up arrow will appear top left.  
• In this example, the rows headed by  
‘ ’ contain subheadings within the  
entry for ‘William Shakespeare’.  
3. While ‘ ’ appears to the left of ‘William  
Shakespeare’, press  
e. The  
detail view of the entry ‘William  
Shakespeare’ appears.  
20  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
4. Select the desired quotation using the  
number keys (press , in this  
example). The details of the selected  
quotation appear.  
Keyword search  
2
The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations can accept up to three keywords for a search.  
The quotations containing ALL the entered keywords will be found.  
<Example>  
• The Quick view function cannot be  
activated from this screen.  
Find quotations that incorporate ‘man’ and ‘woman’.  
1. Press  
u
to open the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.  
• The name of the author and the Note icon (  
second row.  
&) will appear on the first or  
Press the  
}
key to place the cursor at the ‘Keyword search’, then press  
e
.
While the Note icon is visible on the screen, press  
r
and  
e
to  
view the full set of quotations of the author (the same result can be viewed by  
initiating the search by entering the name of the author).  
The input screen of the Keyword search appears.  
2. Input ‘man’, press the  
input ‘woman’.  
}
key, then  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to list the search results.  
Up to 24 characters can be entered in  
each input field. To jump the cursor  
from one input field to another, use the  
{ } keys.  
To initiate a new search, simply start typing, or press ^ b to go to the  
input screen of the keyword search.  
3. Press  
e.  
The search results of the Oxford  
Dictionary of Quotations are listed. If  
no match is found, a message ‘Not  
Found!’ will momentarily be displayed.  
Note:  
• The list consists of essential words in the quotations that include the given  
keyword. Even if more than two keywords are given, the list will consist of  
essential words in the quotations that include the first keyword.  
Singular and plural nouns must be searched for separately. Words such as ‘man’  
and ‘men’, as well as ‘lover’ and ‘lovers’, are to be searched as two different words.  
To search for compound words such as ‘Holy Ghost’, ‘middle class’, and ‘self-  
made’, modify the entry by eliminating space and hyphen (i.e. ‘holyghost’,  
‘middleclass’, and ‘selfmade’), to form a single keyword.  
21  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Random quote  
Random quote can be requested by pressing the  
?
at the initial screen of the  
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations or in the detail view of the author.  
<Example>  
1. Press  
u
to open the initial screen of the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.  
2. Press  
?
. A randomly selected  
quotation is displayed.  
• Press several times to  
?
sequentially initiate the Random  
quotes.  
• Press  
f
to return to the initial  
screen of the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.  
• The name of the author and the Note icon (  
second row.  
While the Note icon is visible on the screen, press  
&
) will appear on the first or  
and to  
r
e
view the full set of quotations of the author (the same result can be viewed by  
initiating the search by entering the name of the author).  
Further information  
For further information on using this dictionary, refer to the Introduction on pages  
53–57.  
22  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
A list of the lemmas with the given number and pattern of letters appears. In this  
example, the list would be the total number of 6-letter patterns consisting of a 2-  
letter and a 4-letter word (2, 4 (6) letters).  
Using the Solver functions  
To see other words/expressions with the same number(s) of letters, use  
to scroll up/down. Use ^ w or ^ n to jump to the  
previous or next pattern list.  
• Press to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to see the list of all patterns (e.g., 5 letters).  
To search for the available details of a word, use the Super jump function.  
<
or  
Crossword solver  
>
To search for words with incomplete spellings using the Oxford Crossword  
Dictionary, enter a wildcard character, ‘?’, anywhere a character is not known. Place  
the appropriate number of ‘?’ characters in the places of characters yet to be  
f
determined. To put a space between words, enter ^ i  
(
r
key).  
<Example>  
To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press ^ b  
to return to the input screen of the Crossword solver.  
Find a matching compound or expression for the pattern ‘go ????’.  
1. Press to open the Solver  
functions menu.  
y
Notes:  
2. Press  
solver.  
1
to open the Crossword  
• Unknown characters within single or multiple words can be replaced with  
question marks, ‘?’, as in ‘ma???n’ or ‘g? b???’.  
The Crossword solver's input screen  
appears.  
• Multiple word patterns up to a maximum of six words can be searched.  
• Up to a maximum of 25 letters can be searched for (not counting spaces).  
3. Type ‘go ????’ into the input field. To  
enter ‘ ????’, press ^ i to  
• The Crossword Dictionary database does not include regular inflections, so if  
your original search does not give you the required answer, try removing any  
final -s, -ed, or -ing, and search again.  
enter a space and  
?
four times.  
4. Press  
e
to start the search.  
A list of the wildcard matches appear.  
5. In the list, select a desired word using  
the number keys or press { } and  
e
.
23  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
4. Press  
select ‘wine and grape varieties’, and  
press twice.  
v
four times to  
Puzzle solver  
The Puzzle solver can be searched by category (such as names of writers, famous  
films, types of car, examples of plants, and a whole host of other useful categories)  
to find a word (clue word).  
e
A list of words in the ‘wine and grape  
varieties’ category appears, ordered  
first by word length, then alphabetically.  
This was incorporated to provide easy-to-find answers to general knowledge clues  
and quiz questions and thereby be useful while playing a wide variety of games.  
• Press  
f
to return to the previous view.  
<Example>  
• Press ^ l to list the category names.  
Find words related to ‘wine’.  
To search for the details of the selected word, use the Super jump function.  
1. Press  
y
and  
2
to open the  
To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press ^ b  
to return to the input screen of the Puzzle solver.  
Puzzle solver.  
5. Press  
to select ‘colours’, and then press  
twice.  
f
twice and press  
{
twice  
e
A list of words related to ‘colours’  
category appears.  
2. Type ‘wine’ into the input field.  
As you type, the number of matching  
list titles/items is narrowed down.  
• Press  
‘wine’.  
>
several times to find  
• The matching list items (in plain  
style) and list titles (in bold style) are  
listed.  
Note:  
• Some additional clue words are included in the index to aid access, without  
themselves being items in the list (e.g.monster’ links to the ‘mythical creatures’  
list).  
3. With ‘ ’ appearing on the left of ’wine’,  
press  
e.  
If there is no match found  
A list of category names related to  
‘wine’ (the clue word) appears.  
The same view/message appears as the Oxford Dictionary of English. See page 15  
for details.  
• Select the jump icon ( ) in the list  
using the Super jump function.  
• Press ^ l to list the clue words.  
24  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Entering characters  
Anagram solver  
When entering characters, exclude those such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes,  
slashes, and periods. See page 13 for details.  
A word or series of letters can be entered to find any matching anagrams found in  
the Oxford Crossword Dictionary.  
Note:  
<Example>  
• The wildcard character ‘?’ must not be entered into the input field of the Puzzle  
solver.  
Find anagrams for ‘dear’.  
1. Press  
y
and  
3
to open the  
The wildcard character ‘?’ can only be used in the Crossword solver (see page  
23) or the Random quote function (see page 22).  
Anagram solver, then type ‘dear’ into  
the input field.  
• Up to 24 characters can be entered into the input field of the Puzzle solver.  
When searching for words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the  
search and select the words from the list manually.  
2. Press  
e
to initiate the search.  
Up to 100 words may be displayed in  
the list.  
3. In the list of matches, use the number keys to select a word.  
A list of the lemmas with the given number of letters appears. In this example,  
the list would be the total number of words consisting of 4 letters.  
To see other words/expressions with the same number(s) of letters, use  
to scroll up/down. Use ^ w or ^ n to jump to the  
previous or next pattern list.  
• Press to return to the previous view.  
• Press ^ l to see the list of all patterns (e.g., 5 letters).  
<
or  
>
f
To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press ^ b  
to return to the input screen of the Anagram solver.  
Note  
• For the Anagram solver, not only single word but also multiword solutions will be  
offered - e.g. ‘gono’ finds ‘go on’ and ‘no go’ as well as ‘goon’.  
• The Crossword Dictionary database does not include regular inflections, so if  
your original search does not give you the required answer, try removing an -s,  
-ed, or -ing, and search again.  
25  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
5. Use the number keys to select a desired word in the list (press  
example).  
1
in this  
Using the Super jump function  
Use the Super jump function to select any word in the detail view of each dictionary,  
then initiate a search based on the selected word.  
The definition of the selected word is displayed in the Super jump window.  
• Press to go back to the previous view.  
• When ‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the left side of the window, } { or  
f
>
<
can be used to scroll the window.  
How to use the Super jump function  
<Example>  
6. Press  
of the selected word.  
e to jump to the definition  
The detail view of the selected word  
appears.  
Initiate a Super jump search via the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
1. In the Oxford Dictionary of English, show the detail view of the word ‘function’.  
• Press  
view.  
f
to display the previous  
2. Press  
v. The cursor  
appears to select the first word in the  
view.  
Note:  
• A Super jump search from any of the dictionaries will return matching entries  
in the following dictionaries:  
• Oxford Dictionary of English  
• Oxford Thesaurus of English  
3. Use the } { ] [ keys to move the cursor (and its selection of word) to a  
desired word.  
• For items marked with a jump icon ( ) found in the Oxford Dictionary of  
Quotations, the Oxford Thesaurus of English or the Solver functions, the  
Super jump executes a cross-reference upon selection.  
• The pressing of  
4. While the desired word is selected,  
press  
v
moves the cursor to the next.  
e
.
The Super jump window appears to  
display selectable items.  
• A list of matching words is displayed.  
If the selected word is in a variant or  
inflected form, the original spelling may be displayed instead.  
• If only one match is found, or if an item indicated by the jump icon ( ) is  
selected, then the description of the item will be displayed in the Super jump  
window instead.  
26  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Specifying a Dictionary to jump to  
In step 4 above, press  
Dictionary to jump to.  
d
or  
t
instead of pressing  
e, to specify the  
Note icon in the Super jump window  
When the Note icon appears in the Super jump window, press  
to view the contents.  
r
and  
e
About the detail view after the jump  
• The behaviour and function of the detail view is the same as the detail view after  
an ordinary search.  
• Press ^ b at the detail view to go back to the Dictionary's input screen.  
• A chain of multiple Super jump actions can be backtracked up to 10 times by  
pressing the  
f
key.  
27  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
• The items selected by the Random quote in the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
will also be added in the history.  
Using the History function  
Use the History function to recall a headword or phrase previously searched in the  
Dictionaries.  
Deleting a history item  
1. Display the history list on the screen.  
2. Use the  
}
or  
{
key to place the cursor on the word to be deleted. The reverse  
colour indicates the selected item.  
How to use the History function  
<Example>  
3. Press  
4. Press  
(
. A confirmation dialog for deletion appears.  
. The selected word is deleted.  
Y
Recall the search history in the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
1. Press  
2. Press  
d
to open the Oxford Dictionary of English.  
. The history view  
Deleting the history list of a Dictionary  
h
1. Press  
2. Press  
m
, then  
8
to open the Set-up menu.  
appears, with the most recent search  
placed at the top of the list.  
4
to select ‘Deleting history’.  
3. Use the number keys to select the history list you wish to delete. A confirmation  
dialog for deletion appears.  
When ‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the  
left side of the window, } { or  
>
<
can be used to scroll the window.  
To delete all history lists, select ‘ALL.  
3. Use the number keys to select a desired word in the list.  
The detail view of the selected word appears.  
Note:  
• Selecting ‘only DICT’ or ‘only THES’ will also delete the history list of each  
phrase search.  
4. Press  
Y. The selected history is deleted and the main menu appears.  
• Each Dictionary has its own history list. Additionally, phrase search history list of  
each of the Oxford Dictionary of English and the Oxford Thesaurus of English is  
made.  
• Solver functions (Crossword solver, Puzzle solver and Anagram solver) have no  
history list.  
To view the history list, press  
h
at the initial screen of each Dictionary,  
and the initial screen of each phrase search.  
Truncated words in the list are indicated with trailing ‘...at the end.  
• Each history list can contain up to 30 items. The oldest item will be deleted as  
item count exceeds 30.  
28  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Calculation examples  
Using the Calculator function  
The built-in calculator in the Electronic Dictionary can perform 12-digit arithmetic  
Example  
Operation  
Display  
–8.  
(–24) 4 – 2 =  
÷
! - 24  
/
4
-
2
=
34 + 57 =  
45 + 57 =  
34  
45  
+
57  
=
=
The second figure (57)  
becomes the constant.  
91.  
calculations with memory function. To access the Calculator function, press  
then to select ‘Calculator’.  
m
6
102.  
(Subtraction and division are performed in  
the same way as above.)  
Prior to initiating calculations  
68  
68  
×
×
25 =  
40 =  
68  
*
25  
40  
=
=
The first figure (68)  
1,700.  
2,720.  
20.  
• Before performing any calculation, press @ @ ^ b to clear the  
memory and the display.  
becomes the constant.  
To start a calculation with a negative number, place a subtraction sign by  
What is 10% of 200?  
200  
*
10  
%
pressing  
• If you wish to correct a wrong entry, press  
• In the calculation examples found in this section, indications and icons that may  
appear on the screen (‘=’, ‘M+’, ‘M–’, ‘+’, ‘–’, ‘ ’, and ‘÷’) are abbreviated or are  
not shown. These icons appear to show you the interim result of calculations. For  
example, the ‘=’ icon appears on the screen when or is pressed, while  
-
at the beginning of the calculation.  
What percentage is 9 of 36?  
9
/
36  
+
-
%
25.  
!
and re-enter the figure.  
200 + (200  
500 – (500  
(43)2 =  
×
×
10 %) =  
20 %) =  
200  
500  
10  
20  
%
220.  
%
400.  
×
4
8
* = = * =  
/ =  
4,096.  
1/8  
0.125  
M
125.  
M
=
%
icons such as ‘M+’ and ‘+’ appear after each corresponding key has been  
pressed.  
25  
×
÷
5 =  
3 =  
@ @ 25  
*
5
$
–) 84  
84  
68  
/
+
3
#
28.  
M
• An ‘M’ is shown when a value other than 0 is put in the memory. To clear the  
+) 68 + 17 =  
(Total) =  
17  
$
85.  
M
content of the memory, press  
also functions as  
@
twice. Note that the pressing of  
$
or  
#
=
.
@
182.  
M
• Press to enter ‘=’. To input ‘.(decimal point), press  
• An error message ‘E’ is displayed if:  
.
@ @ 12  
135 * @ =  
@ /  
@ @ ^ b  
+
14  
$
26.  
M
135  
×
(12 + 14) =  
5 =  
3,510.  
M
• the integer section of a calculation result exceeds 12 digits  
• the memory exceeds 12 digits  
(12 + 14)  
÷
5
=
5.2  
0.  
E
• an attempt is made to divide a number by zero.  
123456789098  
*
145  
=
123456789098  
×
145 =  
17.9012344192  
17.9012344192  
Press  
!
to clear the error condition.  
!
(17.9012344192  
×
1012 = 17901234419200)  
29  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
3. Use the { } keys to place the cursor at the desired input field, then input the  
currency name and its rate. In this example, press and input ‘0.7’.  
}
Using the Converter function  
• The currency name field of currency converter is temporarily pre-defined, as  
seen in the above example.  
The Converter function consists of two converters: the Currency converter, and the  
Metric converter.  
• When inputting the desired currency name, press ^ b to clear the  
input field and use no more than four letters. Use the [ ] keys to set the  
cursor on the left/right of the currently selected input field.  
Currency converter  
Setting a currency rate  
• In the left input field, enter the base currency name. In the input field on the  
right, place the currency name of which you wish to set the conversion rate.  
• Up to 10 digits (excluding the decimal point) can be entered in the currency  
rate input field.  
One conversion rate can be set.  
<Example>  
4. Press  
e. The currency name and its rate are set.  
Set the following rate: £1 =  
0.7  
1. Press m 7 1 to access the  
Currency converter.  
Converting currencies  
The conversion calculation can be performed using the previously set conversion  
rate.  
<Example>  
Convert  
1. Press m 7 1 to display the currency converter.  
2. Input ‘175’.You may input a simple formula, such as ‘35  
3. Press to execute the conversion from to £. The converted value of £250 is  
displayed.  
• Pressing  
of 122.5 will be displayed.  
• The and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.  
To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,  
175 to pounds (£) when setting the rate: £1 =  
0.7.  
2. Press  
currency name and rate appear.  
<. The input fields for the  
×
5 =’, instead.  
[
]
executes a £-to-  
conversion. In this case, the converted value  
or press  
conversion.  
• Press  
!
to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new  
f
to return to the Converter menu.  
30  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Units capable of being converted  
Metric converter  
Conversions between different units of measurement (length, mass, etc.) can be  
performed.  
The following conversion formulae can be utilised.  
length1:  
inch  
feet  
cm  
m
<Example>  
Convert 40 feet to metres.  
length2:  
length3:  
yard  
mile  
m
1. Press m 7 2 to access the Metric converter.  
2. Use { } to select ‘Converter  
[length2]’.  
length4:  
km  
g
weight1:  
ounce  
pound  
°F  
weight2:  
kg  
temperature:  
volume:  
°C  
pint  
mile2  
litre  
km2  
hectare  
surface area1:  
surface area2:  
3. Input ‘40’.You may input a simple formula, such as ‘25 + 15 =’, instead.  
acre  
4. Press  
• Press  
‘40’ will be taken as the metric value to be converted to feet.  
• The and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.  
To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,  
or press to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new  
conversion.  
• Use the  
• Press  
]
. The value in feet is converted to the metric value.  
[
to convert from the metric value to feet. In this case, the given value  
!
}
or  
{
key to select one of the other Metric converters.  
f
to return to the Converter menu.  
31  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
When to replace the battery  
Appendices  
Replace the battery immediately in the following cases:  
• When  
is displayed.  
Replacing the battery  
Battery used  
• When the message ‘Replace the battery’ appears upon turning the power on.  
Note:  
• If you do not follow the procedure describing battery replacement, the History  
list, as well as the Calculator's memory, may be cleared or altered. Also,  
Currency converter and the Set-up menu configurations may be reset.  
• Use only the specified alkaline battery.  
Type  
Size / Model  
Size “AAA” / LR03  
Quantity  
1
• When  
is displayed, the backlight will not operate.  
Alkaline battery  
Replacement procedure  
Precautions  
1. Switch off the power by pressing  
o.  
• Fluid from a leaking battery accidentally entering an eye could result in serious  
injury. Should this occur, wash with clean water and immediately consult a  
doctor.  
2. Set the battery replacement switch located on the  
bottom of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.  
3. Remove the battery cover.  
• Should fluid from a leaking battery come in contact with your skin or clothes,  
immediately wash with clean water.  
4. Remove the used battery and insert the one new  
battery. Make sure the battery polarity is correctly  
orientated.  
• If the product is not to be used for some time, to avoid damage to the unit from a  
leaking battery, remove it and store in a safe place.  
5. Replace the battery cover.  
• Do not leave an exhausted battery inside the product. It may leak and damage  
the product.  
6. Set the battery replacement switch to the ‘NORMAL  
OPERATION’ position.  
• Keep batteries out of the reach of children.  
7. Open the unit and press  
o
to turn the power on.  
• Incorrect handling of batteries may introduce risk of explosion.  
• Do not throw batteries into a fire as they may explode.  
• Make sure the new battery is the correct type before fitting.  
• When installing, orientate the battery correctly as indicated in the unit.  
The LCD contrast screen appears.  
• If the power cannot be switched on, try following steps 2 through 7 in the  
above procedure again. Should this fail, then follow the reset procedure on the  
following page.  
• The battery packaged with this product may be partially exhausted during the  
shipment and/or storage period, and may need to be replaced sooner than  
expected.  
8. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast, as well as to set  
the key sound on/off configuration (see steps 7 through 8 of the procedure on  
page 3).  
32  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Reset procedure if trouble occurs  
Specifications  
Model:  
Exposure to a strong physical shock or powerful electrical fields may render the  
keys inoperable, to the point that the power cannot be switched on. If such case is  
suspected, try following the procedure below.  
PW-E500A  
Product name:  
Display:  
Electronic Dictionary  
159  
×
80 dot matrix LCD  
Number of entries:  
• Oxford Dictionary of English:  
Approx. 355,000 words, phrases, and definitions  
Reset procedures  
1. Press the RESET switch located on the bottom of  
the unit, with the tip of a ball-point pen or similar  
object. Do not use an object with a breakable or  
sharp tip.  
• Oxford Thesaurus of English:  
Approx. 600,000 alternative and opposite words  
• Oxford Dictionary of Quotations:  
Approx. 20,000 quotations, comprehensively indexed  
Approx. 3,200 authors  
The message ‘Do you want to initialize?’ appears.  
• Oxford Crossword Dictionary:  
Over 150,000 words and expressions, from 1 to 6  
words in length  
2. Press  
Y
to initialize the unit.  
• A message ‘Initialized!’ is momentarily displayed, followed by the LCD contrast  
adjustment screen.  
• Oxford Puzzle Solver:  
50,000 items listed in over 500 categories  
• If  
N
is selected, then the unit will not be initialized.  
3. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast, as well as to set  
the key sound on/off configuration (see steps 7 through 8 of the procedure on  
page 3.)  
Calculator function:  
12-digit calculation of addition, subtraction,  
multiplication, division, percentage, memory  
calculation, etc.  
Note:  
Converter function:  
Power consumption:  
Operating temperature:  
Power supply:  
12-digit conversion of currency and measurement  
0.23 W  
The reset procedure will clear the History list, and Calculator's memory, as  
well as to reset the Currency converter and the Set-up menu configura-  
tions.To avoid these, you may press  
0°C - 40°C (32°F - 104°F)  
N
at step two of the above.  
1.5 V … (DC): Alkaline battery LR03 (size “AAA”)  
×
1
• After the  
o
N
key is pressed as described in the case above, or even when the  
key is pressed, the reset procedure may automatically be initiated due  
Battery life:  
• Approx. 200 hours  
If data is continuously displayed at 25°C (77°F)  
without backlight  
to the detection of corrupt data. If this occurs, the message ‘Initialized!’ will be  
displayed, followed by the LCD contrast screen. Follow the instructions to set the  
LCD contrast, as well as to set the key sound on/off configuration.  
• Approx. 70 hours  
If data is searched for 5 minutes and displayed for  
55 minutes per hour at 25°C (77°F) without backlight  
33  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
• Approx. 55 hours  
The key sound cannot be heard.  
If data is searched for 5 minutes and displayed for  
55 minutes with 2 minute backlight use per hour at  
25°C (77°F)  
• The key sound may be set to OFF. See page 12.  
The unit does not respond to a key press.  
Note: May vary according to various usage conditions  
• Press the RESET switch. See page 33.  
Weight (including battery): Approx. 156 g (0.35 lb)  
Dimensions (when closed): 125 mm (W)  
×
×
79.4 mm (D)  
×
16.8 mm (H)  
The unit shuts off automatically.  
4-29/32” (W)  
3-1/8” (D) 21/32” (H)  
×
• The Auto power off function is in action. The activation interval of the Auto  
power off function can be adjusted. See page 13.  
Accessories:  
Alkaline battery LR03 (size “AAA”)  
operation manual  
×
1,  
The desired word cannot be found.  
Troubleshooting  
• A variant form of the word may have been entered. Enter the original form.  
• Use the Spellcheck function to verify spellings.  
Refer to the list of possible symptoms, and solutions may be found here.  
The unit cannot be switched on.  
Product support  
• Check if the battery is not drained. See page 32.  
If you have read this operation manual, but you still require product support, you  
can:  
• Check the battery replacement switch; it should be set at the ‘NORMAL  
OPERATION’ position. See page 3.  
• Check the polarity of the battery. See page 3.  
Visit our web site  
• Verify the LCD contrast setting; the power may be switched on, but the  
message on the screen may not be visible. See page 13.  
• If the above settings appear normal, then press the RESET switch. See page  
33.  
Or Telephone  
08705 274277  
The backlight cannot be switched on.  
• Check if the battery is exhausted. See page 32.  
The screen is dark or light.  
• Adjust the LCD contrast. See page 13.  
34  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
nose  
CORE SENSE  
Introductions to the  
Dictionaries  
the part projecting above the mouth on the face of a person or animal,  
containing the nostrils and used for breathing and smelling.  
Oxford Dictionary of English  
Introduction  
SUBSENSE  
the sense of smell,  
especially a dog’s ability to  
track something by its scent: something:  
a dog with a keen nose. he has a nose for a  
good script.  
SUBSENSE  
figurative an instinctive  
talent for detecting  
SUBSENSE  
the aroma of a particular  
substance, especially  
wine.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English has been compiled according to principles which  
are quite different from those of traditional dictionaries. New types of evidence are  
now available in sufficient quantity to allow lexicographers to construct a picture of  
the language that is more accurate than has been possible before. The approach to  
structuring and organizing within individual dictionary entries has been rethought,  
as has the approach to the selection and presentation of information in every  
aspect of the dictionary: definitions, choice of examples, grammar, word histories,  
and every other category. New approaches have been adopted in response to a  
reappraisal of the workings of language in general and its relationship to the  
presentation of information in a dictionary in particular. The aim of this introduction  
is to give the user background information for using this dictionary and, in  
particular, to explain some of the thinking behind these new approaches.  
Within each part of speech the first definition given is the core sense. The general  
principle on which the senses in the Oxford Dictionary of English are organized is  
that each word has at least one core meaning, to which a number of subsenses  
may be attached. If there is more than one core sense (see below), this is  
introduced by a bold sense number. Core meanings represent typical, central uses  
of the word in question in modern standard English, as established by research on  
and analysis of the Oxford English Corpus and other citation databases. The core  
meaning is the one accepted by native speakers as the most literal and central in  
ordinary modern usage. This is not necessarily the same as the oldest meaning,  
because word meanings change over time. Nor is it necessarily the most frequent  
meaning, because sometimes the most frequently used modern sense of a word is  
a figurative one.  
Structure: Core Sense and Subsense  
The first part of speech is the primary one for that word: thus, for bag and balloon  
the senses of the noun are given before those for the verb, while for babble and  
bake the senses of the verb are given before those of the noun.  
The core sense also acts as a gateway to other, related subsenses. These  
subsenses are grouped under the core sense, each one being introduced by a solid  
square symbol.  
There is a logical relationship between each subsense and the core sense under  
which it appears. The organization of senses according to this logical relationship is  
designed to help the user, not only in being able to navigate the entry more easily  
and find relevant senses more readily, but also in building up an understanding of  
how senses in the language relate to one another and how the language is  
constructed on this model. The main types of relationship of core sense to  
subsense are as follows:  
35  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
(a) figurative extension of the core sense, e.g.  
(c) other extension or shift in meaning, retaining one or more  
elements of the core sense, e.g.  
HEADWORD: logjam  
CORE SENSE: a crowded mass of logs blocking a river.  
SUBSENSE: figurative a situation that seems irresolvable:  
HEADWORD: bamboo  
CORE SENSE: [mass noun] a giant woody grass which is grown chiefly in the  
tropics.  
EXAMPLE: the president can use his power to break the logjam over  
this issue.  
SUBSENSE: the hollow jointed stem of this plant, used as a cane or to make  
furniture and implements.  
SUBSENSE: figurative a backlog:  
EXAMPLE: keeping a diary may ease the logjam of work.  
HEADWORD: management  
CORE SENSE: the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.  
HEADWORD: bankrupt  
SUBSENSE: [treated as sing. or pl.] the people managing a company or  
organization, regarded collectively:  
CORE SENSE: (of a person or organization) declared in law as unable to pay  
their debts:  
EXAMPLE: management were extremely cooperative.  
SUBSENSE: figurative completely lacking in a particular good quality:  
EXAMPLE: their cause is morally bankrupt.  
HEADWORD: ambassador  
CORE SENSE: an accredited diplomat sent by a state as its permanent  
representative in a foreign country.  
(b) specialized case of the core sense, e.g.  
HEADWORD: ball1  
SUBSENSE: a representative or promoter of a specified activity:  
EXAMPLE: he is a good ambassador for the industry.  
CORE SENSE: a single throw, kick, or hit of the ball in a game, in particular:  
SUBSENSE: Cricket a delivery of the ball by the bowler to the batsman.  
Many entries have just one core sense. However some entries are more complex  
and have different strands of meaning, each constituting a core sense. In this case,  
each core sense is introduced by a bold sense number, and each potentially has its  
own block of subsenses relating to it.  
SUBSENSE: Baseball a pitch delivered outside the strike zone which the  
batter does not attempt to hit.  
HEADWORD: basement  
CORE SENSE: the floor of a building which is partly or entirely below ground  
level.  
SUBSENSE: Geology the oldest formation of rocks underlying a particular  
area.  
36  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Specialist Vocabulary  
Encyclopedic Material  
One of the most important uses of a dictionary is to provide explanations of terms  
in specialized fields which are unfamiliar to a general user.Yet in many traditional  
dictionaries the definitions have been written by specialists as if for other  
specialists, and as a result the definitions are often opaque and difficult for the  
general user to understand.  
Some British dictionaries do not include entries for the names of people and places  
and other proper names. The argument for this is based on a distinction between  
‘words’ and ‘facts’, by which dictionaries are about ‘words’ while encyclopedias and  
other reference works are about ‘facts’. The distinction is an interesting theoretical  
one but in practice there is a considerable overlap: names such as Shakespeare  
and England are as much part of the language as words such as drama or  
language, and belong in a large dictionary.  
One of the primary aims of the Oxford Dictionary of English has been to break  
down the barriers to understanding specialist vocabulary. The challenge has been,  
on the one hand, to give information which is comprehensible, relevant, and  
readable, suitable for the general user, while on the other hand maintaining the high  
level of technical information and accuracy suitable for the more specialist user.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English includes all those terms forming part of the  
enduring common knowledge of English speakers, regardless of whether they are  
classified as ‘words’ or ‘names’. The information given is the kind of information that  
people are likely to need from a dictionary, however that information may be  
traditionally classified. Both the style of definitions in the Oxford Dictionary of  
English and the inclusion of additional material in separate blocks reflect this  
approach.  
This has been achieved in some cases, notably entries for plants and animals and  
chemical substances, by separating out technical information, eg Latin names,  
chemical formulae, from the rest of the definition (shown immediately after a bullet).  
For examples, see balloonfish and benzopyrene.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English includes more than 4,500 place-name entries,  
4,000 biographical entries, and just under 3,000 other proper names. The entries  
are designed to provide not just the basic facts (such as birth and death dates, full  
name, and nationality), but also a brief context giving information about, for  
example, a person's life and why he or she is important.  
In other cases, it is achieved by giving additional explanatory information within the  
definition itself, typically in a separate sentence. For examples, see curling and  
cuttlebone.  
As elsewhere, the purpose is to give information which is relevant and interesting,  
aiming not just to define the word but also to describe and explain its context in the  
real world. Additional information of this type, where it is substantial, is given in the  
For a few really important encyclopedic entries–for example, countries–a fuller  
treatment is given and additional information is given in a separate note (  
&).  
form of separate note (  
&). For examples, see earth and Eocene.  
An especially important feature of the Oxford Dictionary of English is the coverage  
of animals and plants. In-depth research and a thorough review have been carried  
out for animals and plants throughout the world and, as a result, a large number of  
entries have been included which have never before been included in general  
dictionaries. The style and presentation of these entries follow the general  
principles for specialist vocabulary in the Oxford Dictionary of English: the entries  
not only give the technical information, but also describe, in everyday English, the  
appearance and other characteristics (of behaviour, medicinal or culinary use,  
mythological significance, reason for the name, etc.) and the typical habitat and  
distribution. For examples, see mesosaur, kowari and hiba.  
37  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Where possible, the syntactic behaviour of a word is presented directly: for  
example, if a verb is normally found in a particular sense followed by a certain  
preposition, this is indicated before the definition, in bold. For an example, see  
build (build on).  
Grammar  
In recent years grammar has begun to enjoy greater prominence than in previous  
decades. It is once again being taught explicitly in state schools throughout Britain  
and elsewhere. In addition there is a recognition that different meanings of a word  
are closely associated with different lexical and syntactic patterns. The Oxford  
Dictionary of English records and exemplifies the most important of these patterns  
at the relevant senses of each word, thus giving guidance on language use as well  
as word meaning.  
In other cases, collocations which are typical of the word in use, though not  
obligatory, are shown highlighted within the example sentence. For examples, see  
cushy (a cushy number) and end (ended up in, end up with).  
Great efforts have been made to use a minimum of specialist terminology.  
Nevertheless, a small number of terms are essential in explaining the grammar of a  
word. The less familiar terms are explained below. All terms are, of course, defined  
and explained under their own entries in the dictionary.  
For example, with the word bomb, it is possible to distinguish the main senses of  
the verb simply on the basis of the grammar: whether the verb takes a direct object,  
no direct object, or no direct object plus an obligatory adverbial:  
Terms relating to nouns  
CORE SENSE: attack *(a place or object)* with a bomb or bombs:  
EXAMPLE: they bombed *the city* at dawn.  
GRAMMAR: [with obj.]  
Nouns and senses of nouns are generally categorized in this dictionary as being  
either [mass noun] or [count noun]. A mass noun is one which is not ordinarily  
found in the plural and is not used in the singular with the indefinite article ‘a’ (it is  
normal to talk about ‘bacon’, for example, but not ‘a bacon’ or ‘three bacons’), while  
a count noun is one which can be used with the indefinite article ‘a’ and can take a  
plural (e.g. shirt, shirts).  
(the asterisks match the direct object in the example with the bracketed item in  
the definition)  
CORE SENSE: Brit. informal move very quickly:  
EXAMPLE: we were bombing *down the motorway* at breakneck speed.  
GRAMMAR: [no obj., with adverbial of direction]  
(asterisks show adverbial in example)  
For examples of mass nouns, see bacon, badminton and banking. By default all  
nouns in this dictionary are to be regarded as count nouns unless stated otherwise.  
The label [count noun] is used to mark those nouns and senses of nouns which  
can take a plural where this is in contrast with an already stated mass noun. For  
examples, compare the core sense and subsenses at ballet and brokerage.  
CORE SENSE: informal (of a film, play, or other event) fail badly:  
EXAMPLE: it just became another big-budget film that bombed.  
GRAMMAR: [no obj.]  
However, there are particular groups of mass noun that can take a plural form in  
certain circumstances, for instance when referring to different types of something  
such as food (as in the panel tasted a range of cheeses). For reasons of space,  
such uses are recorded in the Oxford Dictionary of English only when they are  
particularly important. Some categories of mass noun that can take a plural  
(although this may not be explicitly stated in the dictionary) are given below. The  
Oxford Dictionary of English is the official dictionary of the television word game  
Countdown, and the following list may be helpful for people who enjoy the  
programme:  
This has particular relevance for a dictionary such as the Oxford Dictionary of  
English, where the aim is to present information in such a way that it helps to  
explain the structure of the language itself, not just the meanings of individual  
senses. For this reason, special attention has been paid to the grammar of each  
word, and grammatical structures are given explicitly.  
38  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
1 Types or varieties of:  
Other terms relating to nouns  
• food and drink: e.g. yogurt/yogurts, pasta/pastas, rum/rums.  
• plants: e.g. clover/clovers, barley/barleys.  
[as modifier]: used to mark a noun which can be placed before another noun in  
order to modify its meaning. For examples see boom and bedside.  
[treated as sing.]: used to mark a noun which is plural in form but is used with a  
singular verb, e.g.mumps’ in mumps is one of the major childhood diseases or  
‘genetics’ in genetics has played a major role in this work.  
• fabric: e.g. gingham/ginghams, silk/silks.  
• certain languages or subjects: e.g. English/Englishes, music/musics.  
• metals and alloys: e.g. steel/steels, solder/solders.  
• rocks: e.g. granite/granites, lava/lavas, clay/clays.  
• chemical compounds: e.g. fluoride/fluorides, hydride/hydrides.  
[treated as sing. or pl.]: used to mark a noun which can be used with either a  
singular or a plural verb without any change in meaning or in the form of the  
headword (often called collective nouns, because they typically denote groups of  
people considered collectively), e.g. the government are committed to this policy or  
the government is trying to gag its critics.  
• other substances or materials: e.g. rind/rinds, soil/soils, sealskin/sealskins,  
suncream/suncreams.  
[in sing.]: used to mark a noun which is used as a count noun but is never or rarely  
found in the plural, e.g. ear in an ear for rhythm and melody.  
2 Portions or units of something, especially food and drink: e.g. lager (glasses/  
bottles of lager = lagers), paella (portions of paella = paellas).  
3 Shades of colours: e.g. pink/pinks, scarlet/scarlets, grey/greys.  
Terms relating to verbs  
4 An instance of:  
[with obj.]: used to mark a verb which takes a direct object, i.e. is transitive (the  
type of direct object being shown in brackets in the definition). For example, see  
belabour.  
• an action or process: e.g. completion (an instance of completing a property  
sale = completions), genocide (act of genocide = genocides), lambing (an act  
of lambing = lambings).  
[no obj.]: used to mark a verb which takes no direct object, i.e. is intransitive. For  
example, see bristle.  
• a surgical operation: e.g. circumcision/circumcisions.  
[with adverbial]: used to mark a verb which takes an obligatory adverbial, typically  
a prepositional phrase, without which the sentence in which the verb occurs would  
sound unnatural or odd, e.g. barge into under barge.  
• an emotion, pain, or feeling: e.g. backache/backaches, grief (an instance or  
cause of grief = griefs).  
5 An area of land of a specified type: e.g. bogland/boglands, terrain/terrains.  
Terms relating to adjectives  
[attrib.]: used to mark an adjective which is normally used attributively, i.e. comes  
before the noun which it modifies, e.g. certain in a certain man (not the man is  
certain, which means something very different). Note that attributive use is  
standard for many adjectives, especially those in specialist or technical fields: the  
[attrib.] label is not used in such cases.  
[predic.]: used to mark an adjective which is normally used predicatively, i.e. comes  
after the verb, e.g. ajar in the door was ajar (not the ajar door).  
39  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
[postpositive]: used to mark an adjective which is used postpositively, i.e. it  
typically comes immediately after the noun which it modifies. Such uses are  
unusual in English and generally arise because the adjective has been adopted  
from a language where postpositive use is standard, e.g. galore in there were  
prizes galore for everything.  
Programme (see below). By using concordancing techniques, each word can be  
viewed almost instantaneously in the immediate contexts in which it is used.  
Whereas compilers of previous dictionaries were able to base their work on only a  
limited selection of citations, lexicographers on the Oxford Dictionary of English  
analysed hundreds of real examples of each word to see how real language  
behaves today.  
Terms relating to adverbs  
Concordances show at a glance that some combinations of words (called  
‘collocations’) occur together much more often than others. For example,  
concordance entries might show that ‘end in’, ‘end the’, and ‘end up’ all occur quite  
often. But are any of these combinations important enough to be given special  
treatment in the dictionary?  
[sentence adverb]: used to mark an adverb which stands outside a sentence or  
clause, providing commentary on it as a whole or showing the speaker’s or writer’s  
attitude to what is being said, rather than the manner in which something was done.  
Sentence adverbs most frequently express the speaker's or writer's point of view,  
although they may also be used to set a context by stating a field of reference, e.g.  
certainly.  
Recent research has focused on identifying combinations that are not merely  
frequent but also statistically significant. In the Oxford English Corpus, the two  
words ‘end the’ occur very frequently together but they do not form a statistically  
significant unit, since the word ‘the’ is the commonest in the language. The  
combinations end up and end in, on the other hand, are shown to be more  
significant and tell the lexicographer something about the way the verb end  
behaves in normal use. Of course, a dictionary for general use cannot go into  
detailed statistical analysis of word combinations, but it can present examples that  
are typical of normal usage. In the Oxford Dictionary of English particularly  
significant or important patterns are highlighted, in bold, e.g. end in, end up under  
end.  
[as submodifier]: used to mark an adverb which is used to modify an adjective or  
another adverb, e.g. comparatively.  
Evidence and Illustrative Examples  
The information presented in the dictionary about individual words is based on  
close analysis of how words behave in real, natural language. Behind every  
dictionary entry are examples of the word in use–often hundreds and thousands of  
them–which have been analysed to give information about typical usage, about  
distribution (whether typically British or typically US, for example), about register  
(whether informal or derogatory, for example), about currency (whether archaic or  
dated, for example), and about subject field (whether used only in Medicine,  
Finance, Chemistry, or Sport, for example).  
For further details, see the section on Grammar.  
2. Oxford Reading Programme  
1. Oxford English Corpus  
The citation database created by the Oxford Reading Programme is an ongoing  
research project in which readers around the world select citations from a huge  
variety of specialist and non-specialist sources in all varieties of English.This  
database currently stands at around 77 million words and is growing at a rate of 7  
million words a year.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English was compiled using the Oxford English Corpus,  
and new material added to this second edition has been derived from this source.  
The Oxford English Corpus is the name for the Oxford University Press holdings of  
language databases amounting to hundreds of million words of written and spoken  
English in machine-readable form, available for computational analysis. Among  
these language resources are the British National Corpus (100 million words), a  
new corpus of comparable size, and the database of the Oxford Reading  
40  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
3. Specialist reading  
Word Histories  
A general corpus does not, by definition, contain large quantities of specialized  
terminology. For this reason, a directed reading programme was set up specially  
for the Oxford Dictionary of English, enabling additional research and collection of  
citations in a number of neglected fields, for example food and cooking, health and  
fitness, boats and sailing, photography, genetics, martial arts, and complementary  
medicine.  
The etymologies in standard dictionaries explain the language from which a word  
was brought into English, the period at which it is first recorded in English, and the  
development of modern word forms. While the Oxford Dictionary of English does  
this, it also goes further. It explains sense development as well as morphological (or  
form) development. Information is presented clearly and with a minimum of  
technical terminology, and the perspective taken is that of the general user who  
would like to know about word origins but who is not a philological specialist. In this  
context, the history of how and why a particular meaning developed from an  
apparently quite different older meaning is likely to be at least as interesting as, for  
example, what the original form was in Latin or Greek.  
4. Examples  
The Oxford Dictionary of English contains many more examples of words in use  
than any other comparable dictionary. Generally, they are there to show typical uses  
of the word or sense. All examples are authentic, in that they represent actual  
usage. In the past, dictionaries have used made-up examples, partly because not  
enough authentic text was available and partly through an assumption that invented  
examples were somehow better in that they could be tailored to the precise needs  
of the dictionary entry. Such a view finds little favour today, and it is now generally  
recognized that the ‘naturalness’ provided by authentic examples is of the utmost  
importance in providing an accurate picture of language in use.  
For example, the word history for the word oaf shows how the present meaning  
developed from the meaning ‘elf’, while the entry for conker shows how the word  
may be related both to ‘conch’ and ‘conquer’ (explaining how the original game of  
conkers was played with snail shells rather than the nut of the horse chestnut).  
Additional special features of the Oxford Dictionary of English include ‘internal  
etymologies’ and ‘folk etymologies’. Internal etymologies are given within entries to  
explain the origin of particular senses, phrases, or idioms. For example, how did the  
figurative use of red herring come about? Why do we call something a flash in the  
pan? See the internal etymologies under red herring and flash.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English presents the information in a straightforward,  
user-friendly fashion immediately following the relevant definition.  
In a similar vein, folk etymologies–those explanations which are unfounded but  
nevertheless well known to many people–have traditionally simply been ignored in  
dictionaries. The Oxford Dictionary of English gives an account of widely held but  
often erroneous folk etymologies for the benefit of the general user, explaining  
competing theories and assessing their relative merits where applicable. See the  
folk etymologies at posh and snob.  
Researching word histories is similar in some respects to archaeology: the  
evidence is often partial or not there at all, and etymologists must make informed  
decisions using the evidence available, however inadequate it may be. From time to  
time new evidence becomes available, and the known history of a word may need  
to be reconsidered. In this, the Oxford Dictionary of English has been able to draw  
on the extensive expertise and ongoing research of the Oxford English Dictionary.  
41  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
This is not to imply that the issues are straightforward or that there are simple  
solutions, however. Much of the debate about use of language is highly political and  
controversy is, occasionally, inevitable. Changing social attitudes have stigmatized  
long-established uses such as the word ‘man’ to denote the human race in general,  
for example, and have highlighted the absence of a gender-neutral singular  
pronoun meaning both ‘he’ and ‘she’ (for which purpose ‘they’ is increasingly being  
used). Similarly, words such as ‘race’ and ‘native’ are now associated with particular  
problems of sensitivity in use, and the ways that disability is referred to have come  
under close examination. The usage notes in the Oxford Dictionary of English offer  
information and practical advice on such issues. For examples, see man, native  
and disabled.  
Usage Notes (&)  
Interest in questions of good usage is widespread among English speakers  
everywhere, and many issues are hotly debated. In the Oxford Dictionary of  
English, traditional issues have been reappraised, and guidance is given on various  
points, old and new. The aim is to help people to use the language more accurately,  
more clearly, and more elegantly, and to give information and offer reassurance in  
the face of some of the more baffling assertions about ‘correctness’ that are  
sometimes made.  
This reappraisal has involved looking carefully at evidence of actual usage (in the  
Oxford English Corpus, the citations collected by the Oxford Reading Programme,  
and other sources) in order to find out where mistakes are actually being made,  
and where confusion and ambiguity actually arise. The issues on which journalists  
and others tend to comment have been reassessed and a judgement made about  
whether their comments are justified.  
Standard English  
Unless otherwise stated, the words and senses recorded in this dictionary are all  
part of standard English; that is, they are in normal use in both speech and writing  
everywhere in the world, at many different levels of formality, ranging from official  
documents to casual conversation. Some words, however, are appropriate only in  
particular contexts, and these are labelled accordingly. The technical term for a  
particular level of use in language is register.  
From the 15th century onwards, traditionalists have been objecting to particular  
senses of certain English words and phrases, for example ‘aggravate’, ‘due to’, and  
‘hopefully’. Certain grammatical structures, too, have been singled out for adverse  
comment, notably the split infinitive and the use of a preposition at the end of a  
clause. Some of these objections are founded on very dubious arguments, for  
example the notion that English grammatical structures should precisely parallel  
those of Latin or that meaning change of any kind is inherently suspect. For  
examples of notes on such issues, see preposition, due and aggravate.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English uses the following register labels:  
formal:  
normally used only in writing, in contexts such as official documents.  
informal:  
normally used only in contexts such as conversations or letters  
among friends.  
The usage notes in the Oxford Dictionary of English take the view that English is  
English, not Latin, and that English is, like all languages, subject to change. Good  
usage is usage that gets the writer's message across, not usage that conforms to  
some arbitrary rules that fly in the face of historical fact or current evidence. The  
editors of the Oxford Dictionary of English are well aware that the prescriptions of  
pundits in the past have had remarkably little practical effect on the way the  
language is actually used. A good dictionary reports the language as it is, not as  
the editors (or anyone else) would wish it to be, and the usage notes must give  
guidance that accords with observed facts about present-day usage.  
dated:  
no longer used by the majority of English speakers, but still  
encountered occasionally, especially among the older generation.  
archaic:  
very old-fashioned language, not in ordinary use at all today, but  
sometimes used to give a deliberately old-fashioned effect or found  
in works of the past that are still widely read.  
historical:  
still used today, but only to refer to some practice or artefact that is  
no longer part of the modern world, e.g. baldric and almoner.  
literary:  
found only or mainly in literature written in an ‘elevated' style.  
42  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
technical:  
normally used only in technical and specialist language, though not  
necessarily restricted to any specific subject field.  
The scope of a dictionary such as the Oxford Dictionary of English, given the  
breadth of material it aims to cover, must be limited in the main to the vocabulary of  
the standard language throughout the world rather than local dialectal variation.  
Nevertheless, the Oxford Dictionary of English includes thousands of regionalisms  
encountered in standard contexts in the different English-speaking areas of the  
world. For examples, see bakkie, larrikin, ale, history-sheeter, sufferation.  
rare:  
not in normal use.  
humorous: used with the intention of sounding funny or playful.  
dialect:  
not used in the standard language, but still widely used in certain  
local regions of the English-speaking world. A distinction is made  
between traditional dialect, which is generally to do with rural society  
and agricultural practices which have mostly died out, and  
contemporary dialect, where speakers may not even be aware that  
the term is in fact a regionalism. The Oxford Dictionary of English  
aims to include the main contemporary dialect terms, but does not  
set out to record traditional dialect.  
The underlying approach has been to get away from the traditional, parochial  
notion that ‘correct’ English is spoken only in England and more particularly only in  
Oxford or London. A network of consultants in all parts of the English-speaking  
world has assisted in this by giving information and answering queries–by e-mail,  
on a regular, often daily basis–on all aspects of the language in a particular region.  
Often, the aim has been to find out whether a particular word, sense, or expression,  
well known and standard in British English, is used anywhere else. The picture that  
emerges is one of complex interactions among an overlapping set of regional  
standards.  
offensive:  
language that is likely to cause offence, particularly racial offence,  
whether the speaker intends it or not.  
derogatory: language intended to convey a low opinion or cause personal  
The vast majority of words and senses in the Oxford Dictionary of English are  
common to all the major regional standard varieties of English, but where important  
local differences exist, the Oxford Dictionary of English records them. There are  
more than 14,000 geographical labels on words and senses in this dictionary, but  
this contrasts with more than ten times that number which are not labelled at all.  
offence.  
euphemistic: mild or indirect language used to avoid making direct reference to  
something unpleasant or taboo.  
vulgar slang: informal language that may cause offence, often because it refers to  
the bodily functions of sexual activity or excretion, which are still  
widely regarded as taboo.  
The complexity of the overall picture has necessarily been simplified, principally for  
reasons of space and clarity of presentation. For example, a label such as ‘chiefly  
Brit.implies but does not state that a term is not standard in American English,  
though it may nevertheless be found in some local varieties in the US. In addition,  
the label ‘US’ implies that the use is typically US (and probably originated in the  
US) and is not standard in British English, but it might be found in other varieties  
such as Australian or South African English. The label ‘Brit., on the other hand,  
implies that the use is found typically in standard British English but is not found in  
standard American English, though it may be found elsewhere.  
World English  
English is spoken as a first language by more than 300 million people throughout  
the world, and used as a second language by many millions more. It is the  
language of international communication in trade, diplomacy, sport, science,  
technology, and countless other fields.  
The main regional standards are British, US and Canadian, Australian and New  
Zealand, South African, Indian, West Indian, and SE Asian. Within each of these  
regional varieties, a number of highly differentiated local dialects may be found. For  
example, within British English, Scottish and Irish English have a long history and a  
number of distinctive features, which have in turn influenced particular North  
American and other varieties.  
43  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Spelling  
-ise or ize?  
It is often said that English spelling is both irregular and illogical, and it is certainly  
true that it is only indirectly related to contemporary pronunciation. English spelling  
reflects not modern pronunciation but the pronunciation of the 14th century, as  
used by Chaucer. This traditional spelling was reinforced in the 16th and 17th  
centuries, in particular through the influence of the works of Shakespeare and the  
Authorized Version of the Bible. However, in the two centuries between Chaucer  
and Shakespeare English pronunciation had undergone huge changes, but spelling  
had failed to follow.  
Many verbs end with the suffix –ize or ise. The form –ize has been in use in  
English since the 16th century, and, despite what some people think, is not an  
Americanism. The alternative form –ise is found more commonly in British than in  
American English. For most verbs of this class either –ize or –ise is acceptable; this  
dictionary has used –ize spellings, with –ise given as an equally correct, alternative  
spelling. For some words, however, -ise is obligatory: first, where it forms part of a  
larger word element, such as –mise (= sending) in compromise, and –prise (=  
taking) in surprise; and second, in verbs corresponding to nouns with –s- in the  
stem, such as advertise and televise.  
In the 18th century, standard spelling became almost completely fixed. The  
dictionaries written in this period, particularly Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the  
English Language (1755), helped establish this national standard, which, with only  
minor change and variation, is the standard accepted in English today. The complex  
history of the English language, together with the absence of any ruling body  
imposing ‘spelling reform’, has ensured that many idiosyncrasies and anomalies in  
standard spelling have not only arisen but have also been preserved.  
Hyphenation  
Although standard spelling in English is fixed, the use of hyphenation is not. In  
standard English a few general rules are followed, and these are outlined below.  
Hyphenation of noun compounds: There is no hard-and-fast rule saying whether,  
for example, airstream, air stream, or air-stream is correct. All forms are found in  
use: all are recorded in the Oxford English Corpus and other standard texts.  
However, there is a broad tendency to avoid hyphenation for noun compounds in  
modern English (except when used to show grammatical function: see below). Thus  
there is, for example, a preference for airstream rather than air-stream and for air  
raid rather than air-raid. Although this is a tendency in both British and US English  
there is an additional preference in US English for the form to be one word and in  
British English for the form to be two words, e.g. buck tooth tends to be the  
commonest form in British English, while bucktooth tends to be the commonest  
form in US English. To save space and avoid confusion, only one of the three  
potential forms of each noun compound (the standard British one) is used as the  
headword form in the Oxford Dictionary of English. This does not, however, imply  
that other forms are incorrect or not used.  
The Oxford Dictionary of English gives advice and information on spelling,  
particularly those cases which are irregular or which otherwise cause difficulty for  
native speakers. The main categories are summarized below.  
Variant spellings  
The main form of each word given in the Oxford Dictionary of English is always the  
standard British spelling. If there is a standard variant, e.g. a standard US spelling  
variant, this is indicated at the top of the entry and is cross-referred if its alphabeti-  
cal position is more than three entries distant from the main entry. For examples,  
compare filo/phyllo and aluminium/aluminum.  
Other variants, such as archaic, old-fashioned, or informal spellings, are cross-  
referred to the main entry, but are not themselves listed at the parent entry. For  
example, compare Esquimau/Eskimo.  
Grammatical function: Hyphens are also used to perform certain grammatical  
functions. When a noun compound made up of two separate words (e.g. credit  
card) is placed before another noun and used to modify it, the general rule is that  
the noun compound becomes hyphenated, e.g. I used my credit card but credit-card  
debt. This sort of regular alternation is seen in example sentences in the Oxford  
Dictionary of English but is not otherwise explicitly mentioned in the dictionary  
entries.  
44  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
A similar alternation is found in compound adjectives such as well intentioned.  
When used predicatively (i.e. after the verb), such adjectives are unhyphenated, but  
when used attributively (i.e. before the noun), they are hyphenated: his remarks  
were well intentioned but a well-intentioned remark.  
Verbs  
The following forms are regarded as regular and are therefore not shown in the  
dictionary:  
• third person singular present forms adding -s to the stem (or -es to stems ending  
A general rule governing verb compounds means that, where a noun compound is  
two words (e.g. beta test), any verb derived from it is normally hyphenated (to  
beta-test: the system was beta-tested). Similarly, verbal nouns and adjectives are  
more often hyphenated than ordinary noun or adjective compounds (e.g. glass-  
making, nation-building).  
in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or soft -ch), e.g. find  
• past tenses and past participles dropping a final silent e and adding -ed to the  
stem, e.g. change changed or dance danced  
• present participles dropping a final silent e and adding -ing to the stem, e.g.  
change changing or dance dancing  
finds or change  
changes  
Phrasal verbs such as ‘take off’, ‘take over’, and ‘set up’ are not hyphenated, but  
nouns formed from phrasal verbs are hyphenated, or, increasingly, written as one  
word: the plane accelerated for take-off; a hostile takeover; he didn’t die, it was a  
set-up. There is an increasing tendency to hyphenate the verb form as well (food  
available to take-away) but this is not good writing style and should be avoided.  
Other forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:  
• verbs which inflect by doubling a consonant, e.g. bat  
batting, batted  
tries, tried  
• verbs in which past tense and past participle do not follow the regular -ed  
pattern, e.g. feel past and past participle felt; awake past awoke; past  
participle awoken  
• present participles which add -ing but retain a final e (in order to make clear that  
• verbs ending in -y which inflect by changing -y to -i, e.g. try  
Inflection  
Compared with other European languages, English has comparatively few  
inflections, and those that exist are remarkably regular. We add an -s to most nouns  
to make a plural; we add -ed to most verbs to make a past tense or a past  
participle, and -ing to make a present participle.  
the pronunciation of g remains soft), e.g. singe  
singeing  
Nouns  
Occasionally, a difficulty arises: for example, a single consonant after a short  
stressed vowel is doubled before adding -ed or -ing (hum, hums, humming,  
hummed). In addition, words borrowed from other languages generally bring their  
foreign inflections with them, causing problems for English speakers who are not  
proficient in those languages.  
Plurals formed by adding -s (or -es when they end in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or soft -ch) are  
regarded as regular and are not shown.  
Other plural forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:  
• nouns ending in -i or -o, e.g. agouti  
• nouns ending in -a, -um, or -us which are or appear to be Latinate forms, e.g.  
alumna alumnae; spectrum spectra; alveolus alveoli  
• nouns ending in -y, e.g. fly flies  
• nouns with more than one plural form, e.g. storey  
• nouns with plurals showing a change in the stem, e.g. foot  
• nouns with plurals unchanged from the singular form, e.g. sheep  
agoutis; albino  
albinos  
In all such cases, guidance is given in the Oxford Dictionary of English. The main  
areas covered are outlined below.  
storeys or stories  
feet  
sheep  
45  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
Adjectives  
The Oxford Dictionary of English uses the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to  
represent the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England  
(sometimes called Received Pronunciation or RP). The transcriptions reflect  
pronunciation as it actually is in modern English, unlike some longer-established  
systems, which reflect the standard pronunciation of broadcasters and public  
schools in the 1930s. It is recognized that, although the English of southern  
England is the pronunciation given, many variations are heard in standard speech  
in other parts of the English-speaking world.  
The following forms for comparative and superlative are regarded as regular and  
are not shown in the dictionary:  
• words of one syllable adding -er and -est, e.g. great  
• words of one syllable ending in silent e, which drop the -e and add -er and -est,  
e.g. brave braver, bravest  
greater, greatest  
• words which form the comparative and superlative by adding ‘more’ and ‘most’  
Other forms are given in the dictionary, notably for:  
The symbols used for English words, with their values, are given below. In multi-  
syllable words the symbol ' is used to show that the following syllable is stressed  
• adjectives which form the comparative and superlative by doubling a final  
(as in k@"bal); the symbol indicates a secondary stress (as in %kal@"bri;s).  
%
consonant, e.g. hot  
• two-syllable adjectives which form the comparative and superlative with -er and  
-est (typically adjectives ending in -y and their negative forms), e.g. happy  
hotter, hottest  
Consonants: b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, and z have their usual English  
values. Other symbols are used as follows:  
happier, happiest; unhappy  
unhappier, unhappiest  
g
get  
chip  
jar  
x
N
T
loch  
ring  
thin  
D
S
this  
j
yes  
Pronunciations  
Í
she  
Generally speaking, native speakers of English do not need information about the  
pronunciation for ordinary, everyday words such as bake, baby, beach, bewilder,  
boastful, or budget. For this reason, no pronunciations are given for such words  
(or their compounds and derivatives) in the Oxford Dictionary of English. Words  
such as baba ganoush, baccalaureate, beatific, bijouterie, bucolic, and  
buddleia, on the other hand, are less familiar and may give problems. Similarly,  
difficulties are often encountered in pronouncing names of people and places,  
especially foreign ones, such as Chechnya, Kieslowski, and Althusser.  
Ù
Z
decision  
Vowels  
short vowels  
long vowels  
indicates length)  
diphthongs  
triphthongs  
(
;
a
E
@
I
cat  
A; arm  
E; hair  
@; her  
i; see  
O; saw  
u; too  
VI my  
VI@ fire  
bed  
ago  
sit  
aU how  
eI day  
@U no  
aU@ sour  
In the Oxford Dictionary of English, the principle followed is that pronunciations are  
given where they are likely to cause problems for the native speaker of English, in  
particular for foreign words, foreign names, scientific and other specialist terms,  
rare words, words with unusual stress patterns, and words where there are  
alternative pronunciations or where there is a dispute about the standard  
pronunciation.  
i
cosy  
hot  
run  
put  
I@ near  
OI boy  
U@ poor  
Q
V
U
46  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
(
@
) before /l/, /m/, or /n/ indicates that the syllable may be realized with a syllabic l,  
m, or n, rather than with a vowel and consonant, e.g. /"bVt / rather than /"bVt@n/.  
) indicates an r that is sometimes sounded when a vowel follows, as in drawer,  
cha-chaing.  
G
F
Û
R
r
(Spanish)  
(Italian)  
Burgos  
(
@)n  
Cagliari  
(
r
(Hungarian)  
French ‘r’  
Magyarország  
Anvers, Arles  
all other values of ‘r’ in  
other featured languages.  
(German) Braunschweig  
(Italian) Alberti  
Foreign pronunciations  
(Russian) Grozny  
(Spanish) Algeciras, zarzuela  
Foreign words and phrases, whether naturalized or not, are always given an  
anglicized pronunciation. The anglicized pronunciation represents the normal  
pronunciation used by native speakers of standard English (who may not be  
speakers of other languages) when using the word in an English context. A foreign  
pronunciation is also given for words taken from other languages (principally  
French, Dutch, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish) where this is appreciably  
different from the anglicized form and where the other language is familiar to a  
reasonable number of English speakers.  
Vowels  
Short vowels  
long vowels  
(
;
indicates length)  
6
A
e
(German)  
(Dutch)  
Abitur  
a; (Dutch)  
Den Haag  
Aachen  
(German)  
Nederland  
Where the native form of a foreign place name is given in addition to the anglicized  
form, only the foreign pronunciation of this form is given.  
(French)  
(Italian)  
abbé  
Croce  
Albacete  
e; (German) Wehrmacht  
(Dutch)  
(Irish)  
Nederland  
Gaeltacht  
Foreign-language transcriptions are based on current national standards. Regional  
variations have not been given, except in the case of Spanish transcriptions, where  
both Castilian and American Spanish variants are given (if distinct). Transcriptions  
are broad, and many symbols, identical to those used for transcribing English, have  
similar values to those of RP. In a few cases, where there is no English equivalent  
to a foreign sound, a symbol has been added to the inventory. The additional  
symbols used to represent foreign pronunciations are given on the right.  
(Spanish)  
o
O
(French)  
(Italian)  
(Spanish)  
auberge  
Palio  
Cortes  
o; (German) verboten  
(Hungarian) Brassó  
(French)  
(German)  
(Greek)  
Bonnard  
durchkomponiert  
Dhílos  
(Hungarian) Brassó  
Consonants  
(Italian)  
(French)  
(French)  
Borgia  
C
(German)  
Ehrlich, gemütlich  
9
{
Pasteur  
Montreux  
J
(French)  
Monseigneur, Auvergne, Daubigny  
Emilia-Romagna  
Minho  
{; (German) Gasthöfe  
(Italian)  
(Portuguese)  
(Spanish)  
u
(French)  
(Italian)  
(Spanish)  
Anjou  
Duccio  
Asunción  
España, Buñuel  
B
(Spanish)  
Bilbao  
47  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
y
Y
j
(French)  
cru  
y; (German) gemütlich  
Oxford Thesaurus of English  
Introduction  
(German)  
München  
(Irish)  
Dáil  
(Russian)  
Arkhangelsk  
The Oxford Thesaurus of English (OTE) has been compiled using new evidence in  
new ways, in order to create an original work of reference that will be most useful to  
a wide range of users for many different purposes. It is an independent resource in  
its own right, but it may also be viewed as a companion volume to the Oxford  
Dictionary of English, Oxford’s ground-breaking one-volume dictionary which,  
based on systematic analysis of hundreds of millions of words of real English,  
presents the most accurate picture of the language available. OTE draws on the  
same data to give sets of words compiled according to their similarity in meaning  
and checked for actual usage against the evidence in the Oxford English Corpus.  
>
(French)  
Horta  
nasalized vowels  
indicates nasality)  
diphthongs  
(
~
a~ pincette  
aI (German) Gleichschaltung  
used for anglicized  
French pronunciations  
}
Q~ cordon bleu  
A~ (French)  
Danton, Lac Leman  
Amiens, Rodin  
Verdun  
All thesauruses contain lists of words that are linked by having a similar or related  
meaning, but this thesaurus also contains:  
E~  
(French)  
9~ (French)  
(French)  
opposites (e.g. for the different senses of smart: scruffy, unfashionable, stupid,  
O~  
arrondissement  
slow, and gentle).  
word links (e.g. words related to horse, such as stallion, mare, and equine)  
studies of synonyms with similar meanings, entitled ‘Choose the Right Word’  
(e.g. brusque, abrupt, curt, and terse)  
advice on pairs of confusingly similar words (e.g. “militate or mitigate?”)  
a broad selection of word lists (e.g. herbs: angelica, anise, basil, bay leaf,  
bergamot, etc.)  
For more information on these features, see the relevant sections on pages 51–52.  
Selection of entries  
The primary purpose of OTE is to give synonyms for the common everyday words  
of English: words with roughly the same meaning as the entry word (headword).  
Some words, especially those for animals, plants, and physical objects, do not have  
synonyms, so they do not get entries in a thesaurus.You will not find synonyms of  
gerbil or geranium, but there is an entry for squirrel because of the phrasal verb  
squirrel something away, which has synonyms such as save, put aside, and stash  
away.  
48  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
The words selected as headwords are general words that nonspecialists are likely  
to want to look up. It is the job of a dictionary, not a thesaurus, to explain the  
meanings of unusual words, such as supererogatory, so such words do not get an  
alphabetical entry here. However, supererogatory is given as a synonym at entries  
for the more familiar words inessential, needless, and unnecessary. A thesaurus  
can thus lead the user from the familiar to the unfamiliar, improving his or her word  
power.  
meaning is quite distantly related to that of the headword are supplied if they can  
be used to get the same message across in appropriate contexts or if they are  
synonymous with a part of the meaning of the headword.  
The synonyms in each entry are grouped together in synonym sets. Major synonym  
sets correspond roughly to different senses of a word in a dictionary, but the  
divisions are also governed by the matches between headwords and synonyms.  
Each major synonym set is numbered, and many have finer subdivisions, which are  
separated by semicolons.  
Homonyms  
At the start of almost every synonym set is a ‘core synonym’: the term which is  
closest in meaning to the headword in that particular sense. Core synonyms are  
printed in BOLD. If no one synonym is particularly close, there may be no bold core  
synonym. Some synonym sets have more than one core synonym; for example at  
avant-garde (adjective), both innovative and advanced are very close in meaning to  
the headword, so both are given as core synonyms. Two different core synonyms  
within the same sense group may emphasize slightly different aspects of the  
meaning of the headword. For example, at dutiful, the first core synonym given is  
conscientious, followed by a group of words closely related to this aspect of its  
meaning. Then, after a semicolon, a second core synonym, obedient, is given, with  
a further group of synonyms related to that aspect.  
Homonyms are words that are written the same but have different and unrelated  
meanings, such as the bank of a river or lake and a bank that looks after people’s  
money. Each has its own numbered entry, thus:  
bank1 …  
bank2 …  
the banks of Lake Michigan  
I paid the money into my bank  
Synonyms  
It is sometimes argued that no two words have exactly the same meaning. Even  
words as similar in meaning as close and shut may have slightly different nuances.  
Closing a shop implies that the shop is no longer open for business, so no one can  
come in. On the other hand, shutting a shop implies that the shop is being made  
secure, so that nothing can be taken out. A similar distinction is found between  
strong and powerful: powerful enemies may threaten from outside, but a strong  
defence on the inside will deter them from attacking. However, these are unusually  
subtle distinctions. For most practical purposes, close and shut have the same  
meaning, as do strong and powerful. Other synonyms are more distant, or  
emphasize different aspects of the meaning. For example, another close synonym  
of strong is muscular, but it places much more emphasis on physical strength. By  
contrast, stalwart and staunch are synonyms that emphasize more abstract aspects  
of this meaning of strong. Forceful, secure, durable, loud, intense, bright, and  
alcoholic are other close synonyms of strong, but all in quite different senses. They  
are not, of course, synonyms of each other.  
Synonyms whose usage is restricted in some way, such as regional expressions  
and informal or very formal words, are placed at the end of each major synonym  
set and labelled accordingly. See Register below.  
Illustrative examples  
Almost every synonym set in OTE is illustrated with a carefully chosen example of  
the word in use in the relevant sense. These are authentic examples of natural  
usage taken from the Oxford English Corpus (see Linguistic evidence below). The  
examples can therefore be trusted for guidance on using unfamiliar words in an  
idiomatic way, but it does not follow that each synonym given can be used in the  
example, in place of the headword.  
Where part of an example is printed in bold type, this indicates that some or all of  
the synonyms can be substituted for that particular phrase, not just for the  
headword alone. Thus at attached, the example given is:  
In this title, the broadest possible definition of the term ‘synonym’ has been  
adopted, as being the one that will be most useful to users. Even words whose  
49  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
she was very attached to her brother  
a verb, the idiomatic expressions are entered as subentries under the part of  
speech in which the word is used. Thus, by the book is given under the noun  
senses of book, while book in is given under the verb senses.  
because the synonyms are equivalent to attached to:  
fond of, devoted to, full of regard for, full of admiration for; affectionate  
towards, tender towards, caring towards; <informal> mad about, crazy  
about, nuts about.  
Register: standard vs. informal and regional English  
Informal usage is more prevalent than it was even just a few years ago. People may  
be heard using slang expressions in quite formal contexts, while the use of swear  
words and taboo words is on the increase. Taboos generally are weakening, though  
more so in Australia, where bastard is scarcely different from guy or chap, and less  
so in southern US States such as Texas. This thesaurus contains a rich selection of  
informal and vulgar synonyms for more formal expressions. Users who wish to  
avoid giving offence should treat the vulgar slang labels as warning notices.  
Linguistic evidence  
OTE was compiled using the Oxford English Corpus, the collective name for  
Oxford’s holdings of language databases amounting currently to over 300 million  
words of written and spoken English, which are in machine-readable form and  
available for computational and lexicographical analysis. The text is drawn from a  
very diverse range of sources (from scholarly journals to internet chatrooms, via  
novels and newspapers), either as large portions of continuous text or as short  
extracts selected for the ever-growing database of the Oxford Reading Programme  
by its international network of readers.  
Most of the synonyms given are, of course, part of standard English; that is, they  
are in normal use in both speech and writing everywhere in the world, at many  
different levels of formality, ranging from official documents to casual conversation.  
These general synonyms are given first in each synonym set. Some words,  
however, are appropriate only in particular contexts, and these are placed after the  
standard expressions and labelled accordingly. The technical term for these  
differences in levels of usage is ‘register’. The main register labels used in this  
thesaurus are the following:  
The Oxford English Corpus allows lexicographers to sort and analyse thousands of  
examples in context and thereby see more clearly than ever before how words are  
actually used. For the specific purposes of this thesaurus they have been able to:  
confirm whether a word has senses for which there are suitable synonyms  
check the sense of words being selected as synonyms  
informal:  
normally used only in contexts such as conversations or letters  
between friends, e.g. swig as a synonym for drink.  
actively find synonyms which have not previously been recorded.  
vulgar slang: informal language that may cause offence, usually because it refers  
The Corpus is also used to obtain the sentences and phrases given as examples of  
usage.  
to bodily functions.  
formal:  
normally used only in writing, in contexts such as official docu-  
ments, e.g. dwelling as a synonym for home.  
Idiomatic phrases and phrasal verbs  
English is full of idiomatic expressions—phrases whose meaning is more than the  
sum of their parts. For example, a shot in the dark means ‘a guess’, while a shot in  
the arm means ‘a boost’. Neither of these has very much to do with more literal  
meanings of shot. Phrasal verbs are expressions such as book in and turn out,  
consisting of a verb plus a particle. The meaning of a phrasal verb is also often  
quite idiomatic; for example, the meanings of take off are quite distinct from the  
meanings of take. This thesaurus includes a rich selection of both kinds of idiomatic  
expression, and provides synonyms for each. If a word is used as both a noun and  
technical:  
normally used only in technical and specialist language, though not  
necessarily restricted to any specific field, e.g. littoral as a synonym  
for beach. Words used in specific fields are given appropriate labels,  
e.g. Medicine, Christianity.  
literary:  
found only or mainly in literature written in an ‘elevated’ style, e.g.  
ambrosial as a synonym for delicious.  
50  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
dated:  
no longer used by the majority of English speakers, but still  
encountered occasionally, especially among the older generation,  
e.g. measure one’s length as a synonym for fall down.  
writers may find it equally useful to be given equivalent British terms, manky and  
grotty.  
Words that are used in English but still generally regarded is foreign are labelled  
with their language of origin. For example, among the synonyms for hotel are:  
French pension, auberge; Spanish posada, parador; Portuguese pousada; Italian  
pensione; German Gasthaus.  
historical:  
humorous:  
archaic:  
still used today, but only to refer to some practice or article that is no  
longer part of the modern world, e.g. ruff, the type of collar.  
used with the intention of sounding funny or playful, e.g. terminologi-  
cal inexactitude as a synonym for lie.  
Opposites  
very old-fashioned language, not in ordinary use at all today, but  
sometimes used to give a deliberately old-fashioned effect, or found  
in works of the past that are still widely read, e.g. aliment as a  
synonym for food.  
Many synonym sets are followed by one or more words that have the opposite  
meaning from the headword, often called ‘antonyms’. There are several different  
kinds of opposite. True and false are absolute opposites, with no middle ground.  
Logically, a statement is either true or false: it cannot be slightly true or rather false.  
Hot and cold, on the other hand, are opposites with gradations of meaning: it  
makes perfectly good sense to say that something is rather hot or very cold, and  
there are a number of words (warm, tepid, cool) which represent intermediate  
stages. It makes sense to ask about something “How hot is it?” but that commits the  
speaker to the notion that it is hot at least to some extent. So hot and cold are at  
opposite ends of a continuum, rather than being absolutes.  
rare:  
not in common use, e.g. acclivitous as a synonym for steep.  
World English  
It is a truism that English is now a world language. In this thesaurus, particular care  
has been taken to include synonyms from every variety of English, not just British;  
and when these are exclusively or very strongly associated with a region of the  
world they are labelled as such.  
For many words, such as senile, there is no single word that serves as an opposite,  
but the phrase in the prime of life does the job. In this title the broadest possible  
definition has been adopted, giving the maximum amount of information to the user.  
In some cases, a phrasal opposite is given for a phrasal subentry, e.g. bottle things  
up as an opposite for let off steam.  
The main regional standards are British (abbreviated to <Brit.>), North American <N.  
Amer.>, Australian and New Zealand <Austral./NZ>, South African <S. African>,  
Indian (in the sense of the variety of English found throughout the subcontinent),  
and West Indian <W. Indian>. If the distinction is very clear, finer labelling may be  
used, as with beer parlour, a Canadian synonym for bar.  
The antonyms given in this thesaurus are not the only possible opposites, but they  
are usually the furthest in meaning from the headword. By looking up the ‘opposite’  
word as an entry in its own right, the user will generally find a much larger range of  
opposites to choose from. For example, the entry for delete includes:  
Scottish, Irish, and Northern English are varieties within the British Isles containing  
distinctive vocabulary items of their own. The main synonyms found as regional  
terms of this kind are entered and labelled accordingly.  
The term for something found mainly or exclusively in a particular country or region  
(although it may be mentioned in any variety of English) is identified by an  
indication such as ‘(in the Caribbean)’. An example is key (as a synonym for island).  
-OPPOSITE(S) add, insert.  
Both add and insert are entries in their own right and give synonyms such as  
include, append, and interpolate.  
Many regionally restricted terms are informal, rather than being part of the standard  
language. Writers in the northern hemisphere in search of local colour may be  
delighted to learn that an Australian synonym for sordid is scungy, while Australian  
Word links  
The ‘Word Links’ sections at the end of certain entries supply words which are not  
51  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
actual synonyms but which have a different kind of relation to the headword. For  
example, at milk, the adjective relating to milk is given (lactic); at town, the related  
adjectives urban, municipal, and the rarer oppidan. Examples of other types of  
relation include collective nouns (e.g. school at dolphin, or cast at hawk) and words  
for the male, female, or young of an animal (e.g. leveret at hare, or tom, queen, and  
kitten at cat), phobias (e.g. arachnophobia at spider), the study of a particular  
subject (e.g. bryology at moss), or a geometric figure with a given number of sides  
(e.g. pentagon at five).  
for sportgame, recreation, etc.—the list entitled ‘Sports’ gives the names of  
particular sports—archery, badminton, curling, dressage, etc.These lists make this  
thesaurus an invaluable aid to crossword-solving and a fascinating source of  
encyclopedic information on subjects as diverse as clouds, cocktails, marsupials,  
and martial arts. There are cross-references ( ) to these lists from appropriate  
words in the main text.  
Some ‘word links’ are prefixes or suffixes related to the headword, such as photo- at  
light, cerebro- at brain, and -metry at measurement; knowledge of prefixes and  
suffixes helps the user to understand many new or unfamiliar words, such as  
photometry and cerebrospinal.  
‘Choose the Right Word’ notes  
No two synonyms are exactly the same: they may have subtly different meanings or  
be used in different contexts. For instance, the words blunt, candid, forthright, frank,  
and outspoken are all synonyms of each other because they all have roughly the  
same meaning, but there are subtle differences. There are 120 ‘Choose the Right  
Word’ notes devoted to explaining the differences in meaning between groups of  
close synonyms totalling well over 400. The distinctions are based on careful  
analysis of actual usage as recorded in the Oxford English Corpus (see Linguistic  
Evidence above). This analysis involved the most up-to-date computational  
techniques to sift large amounts of data, as well as traditional lexicographical  
analysis.  
Confusables  
There are, in addition, 45 notes explaining the difference between pairs of words  
such as militate and mitigate, flaunt and flout, or principal and principle, that may  
cause difficulty because they are written or pronounced similarly but have different  
meanings.  
Word lists  
The updated word list feature in OTE comprises over 400 lists designed to  
supplement the main entries. While the main entry for, say, sport gives synonyms  
52  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
language is clearness, and we know that nothing detracts so much from this as do  
unfamiliar terms,said Galen, the Greek physician of the 2nd century AD. In 1665,  
John Bunyan (alluding to the Authorized Version of the Bible) wrote that ‘Words  
easy to be understood do often hit the mark; when high and learned ones do only  
pierce the air.Anxieties about heavy taxes might be thought of as a more recent  
concern, but it was the Roman Emperor Tiberius who pointed out to his provincial  
governors that ‘It is the part of the good shepherd to shear his flock, not skin it.’  
(Tiberius would presumably have agreed with the words attributed to Jean-Baptiste  
Colbert, chief minister to Louis XIV of France, ‘The art of taxation consists in so  
plucking the goose as to obtain the largest possible amount of feathers with the  
smallest possible amount of hissing.) The Machiavellian French cleric and  
statesman of the 17th century, the Cardinal de Retz, held the view that ‘A man who  
does not trust himself will never really trust anybody.Two centuries later we find in  
Goethe’s Faust the line, ‘Just trust yourself and you’ll learn the art of living.In the  
uncertain aftermath of the American Presidential election of 2000, when the exact  
nature of the vote in Florida was still being discussed, Bill Clinton commented, ‘The  
American people have spoken…but it’s going to take a little while to determine  
exactly what they said.The remark would have been appreciated by the great 19th-  
century Conservative statesman, Lord Salisbury, who after a by-election in 1877  
said wryly, One of the nuisances of the ballot is that when the oracle has spoken  
you never know what it means.’  
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  
Introduction (abridged)  
In this new sixth edition of the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, the comprehensive  
nature of its coverage has been extended and sustained. Since the fifth edition  
appeared in 1999, the Dictionary, first published in 1941, has celebrated its  
diamond jubilee. Earlier editions provided the foundations of the current edition, and  
these foundations are constantly added to with new material from the reading  
programme with which we monitor the language. Such new material includes not  
only high-profile utterances of the last few years (from ‘axis of evil’ to ‘shock and  
awe’), but also, and excitingly, quotations from an earlier time which have acquired  
new resonance and currency.  
A notable example of this occurred in the aftermath of ‘9/11’, the terrorist attacks of  
11 September, 2001, which destroyed the World Trade Center. In the debate on a  
possible invasion of Afghanistan, those opposed to intervention cited the words of  
John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, who in 1821 gave it as  
his view that America ‘goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy’. A later  
President was also to be directly quoted. At an address in Washington National  
Cathedral, on 14 September 2001, George W. Bush stated that ‘Today we feel what  
Franklin Roosevelt called the warm courage of national unity’, reaching back to  
Roosevelt’s first inaugural address of 4 March 1933.  
Sometimes it is the precise wording of a quotation which is reworked. In 1931,  
Rudyard Kipling coined the phrase ‘Power without responsibility.’ In our own time,  
the Chilean writer Ariel Dorfman offers the revision:Responsibility without power,  
the fate of the secretary through the ages.’  
At the end of the 20th century, events in the Balkans recalled Kipling’s 19th-century  
war correspondent in The Light that Failed, who ‘always opened his conversation  
with the news that there would be trouble in the Balkans in the spring.What  
happened during the crumbling of the former Yugoslavia reminded us of the  
dreadful nature of civil war, but one aspect of its cruelty was highlighted over three  
centuries ago, when the Parliamentary General William Waller wrote to his Royalist  
counterpart (and old comrade) Ralph Hopton, ‘With what a perfect hatred I detest  
this war without an enemy.’ A few years later, another soldier of the time summed up  
the possible dangers of military victory. The Royalist Sir Jacob Astley, captured after  
a battle in 1646, said prophetically to his captors, ‘Gentlemen, ye may now sit and  
play, for you have done all your work, if you fall not out among yourselves.’  
The advisability of taking thought before committing oneself to a course is often  
pointed out. ‘The closer these practical probabilities drive war toward the  
absolute…the more imperative the need not to take the first step without consider-  
ing the last,warned the Prussian military theorist Karl von Clausewitz. An earlier  
quotation, attributed to Edmund Burke, looks at the dangers of large-scale  
undertakings:  
Those who carry on great public schemes must be proof against the most  
fatiguing delays, the most mortifying disappointments, the most shocking  
It is fascinating to see similar ideas echoing across the centuries. ‘The chief merit of  
53  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
insults, and, worst of all, the presumptuous judgements of the ignorant upon  
their designs.  
A number of quotations bring the individuality (and story) of the speaker strongly to  
mind.I will not be triumphed over’ said Cleopatra (according to the Roman historian  
Livy). ‘Trifles make perfection, and perfection is no trifle’ said Michelangelo  
(according to Samuel Smiles). Lord Melbourne, the Prime Minister who liked the  
Garter because there was ‘no damned merit’ about it, had a clear view of the  
management of higher education:Universities never reform themselves; everyone  
knows that.Theodore Roosevelt likened the attempt to make an agreement with  
Colombia to trying to nail currant jelly to a wall. ‘And the failure to nail currant jelly to  
the wall is not due to the nail. It’s due to the currant jelly.The explorer Ernest  
Shackleton thought that, ‘Superhuman effort isn’t worth a damn unless it achieves  
results.Eleanor Roosevelt, speaking to the new President after the sudden death  
of her husband Franklin, said to Harry Truman, ‘Is there anything we can do for  
you? For you are the one in trouble now.The Canadian writer Robert MacNeil said  
of reading aloud to children, ‘Parents can plant magic in a child’s mind through  
certain words spoken with some thrilling quality of voice.’  
We think of concern about the influence of spin-doctors to be a comparatively  
recent phenomenon, but John Buchan in The Three Hostages (1924) has a  
recognizable account of the process:Have you ever considered what a diabolical  
weapon that can be—using all the channels of modern publicity to poison and warp  
men’s minds?’ He described it as the most dangerous thing on earth, although  
happily in the long run (and having ‘sown the world with mischief’) self-defeating.  
Again, the accuracy of media reports is frequently criticized today, but it was in  
1807 that Thomas Jefferson wrote, ‘Nothing can now be believed which is seen in a  
newspaper. Truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that polluted vehicle.’  
Power has traditionally been seen as a dangerous commodity. Excessive dealings  
with tyrants are not good for the security of free states’ said the Athenian statesman  
Demosthenes. In the sixteenth century, Thomas More warned that, ‘Anyone who  
campaigns for public office becomes disqualified for holding any office at all.On the  
other hand, Nathan Hale, the American revolutionary hanged as a spy by the British  
in 1776, thought that ‘Every kind of service necessary to the public good becomes  
honourable by being necessary.’ In the twentieth century Willy Brandt was  
determinedly optimistic: ‘We want to risk more democracy.’  
The fifth edition, of 1999, for the first time gave proper place to the sacred texts of  
world religions other than Christianity. This was of course appropriate to a  
multicultural age, but it was fascinating to see how words and phrases from such  
sources were already permeating the English language. More contextual  
information was provided: because something is familiar to one section of our  
readership, we cannot necessarily assume that everyone will know it. We also  
responded to queries from readers by restoring proverbs and nursery rhymes (it  
has been clear from correspondence over the years that our readers expect to find  
this kind of material in the Dictionary).  
Some quotations reflect a personal passion. ‘Good food is always a trouble and its  
preparation should be regarded as a labour of love,said Elizabeth David in 1951,  
introducing her groundbreaking French Country Cooking. The English ceramic  
designer Susie Cooper pointed out, sensibly, the advantages of her chosen  
medium. ‘Pottery…is a practical and lasting form of art. Not everyone can afford  
original paintings, but most people can afford pottery.’ Another ceramic artist,  
Clarice Cliff, reflected, ‘Colour seems to radiate happiness and the spirit of modern  
life and movement, and I cannot put too much of it in my designs to please women.’  
The sculptor Barbara Hepworth said of her own work, ‘I rarely draw what I see—I  
draw what I feel in my own body.The chemist Dorothy Hodgkin, a Nobel prizewin-  
ner, said of her early engagement in her subject, ‘I was captured for life by  
chemistry and by crystals.The French painter Paul Cézanne asserted, ‘I will  
astonish Paris with an apple.’  
The 1999 edition was also the first to be compiled online, and this fed back to the  
presentation of material: more navigational paths were provided for our readers,  
including a consciously generous system of cross-referencing. Particular categories  
of quotation, which in the main had previously been buried in the Anonymous  
section, were brought together in special category sections integrated into the main  
sequence: for example, Advertising slogans and Newspaper headlines.  
The world of quotations is a kaleidoscopic one. What of the future?  
The collection of quotations, and background material, will continue, and new  
information may be discovered relating even to apparently familiar sayings. The  
54  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
comment on T. E. Lawrence, ‘Always backing into the limelight’, is traditionally  
attributed to Lord Berners, but we now know that a similar comment was made by  
George Bernard Shaw, and recorded in a contemporary source. The diaries of the  
German diplomat, Count Harry Kessler, tell of a meeting with Shaw in November  
1929. Lawrence had apparently complained that every move of his was followed by  
the Press, eliciting the Shavian response, ‘You always hide just in the middle of the  
limelight.The information came to light just too late to be fully covered by this  
edition.  
In his Introduction to the First Edition, Bernard Darwin envisaged typical readers of  
the Dictionary as ‘friends by the fireside…indulging in a heated quoting-match’, or  
as allies trying to solve a crossword puzzle. In 2004, readers are as likely to turn to  
it as a resource when trying to outdo a contestant on a television quiz show, solving  
a reference found while browsing the Net, or preparing for a presentation of their  
own. But although there are over sixty years, and infinite cultural and technological  
differences, between the worlds of the first and sixth editions, there is still a  
common thread: the fascination with words identified by Darwin in his opening  
sentence:Quotation brings to many people one of the intensest joys of living.It is  
in response to this continuing fascination that we monitor the language and collect  
quotations. It is as always our aim to edit a text that for our own time will answer the  
key quotations questions, ‘Who said that?’ and ‘What’s been said about this?’  
What will perhaps be considered the most famous soundbite of 2003 (‘Ladies and  
gentlemen, we got him’—Paul Bremer on the capture of Saddam Hussein) was  
uttered after the book went to Press. Topical material will always be a problem, not  
least because we have a devoted, and protective, readership. Those who care for  
the Dictionary are, rightly, concerned for its quality: less rightly, they may then  
extrapolate the view that the inclusion of topical or ephemeral material is somehow  
likely to devalue an adjacent quotation from classical literature. While having the  
charge of an iconic reference book is properly a serious responsibility, we still need  
to remember that we are publishing for our own times. A quotations collection  
published in 2004 needs to include the highest profile quotations of the recent past,  
though with the awareness that by the time the next edition is published some of  
them will be dropped. In the interim, however, we cannot tell people what they  
should remember, or refuse to answer questions which they may reasonably ask.  
Elizabeth Knowles  
Oxford 2004  
How to use the Dictionary  
The sequence of entries is by alphabetical order of author, usually by surname but  
with occasional exceptions such as members of royal families (e.g. Diana,  
Princess of Wales and Elizabeth II) and Popes (John Paul II), or authors known  
by a pseudonym (‘Saki’) or a nickname (Caligula). In general authors’ names are  
given in the form by which they are best known, so that we have Harold Macmillan  
(not Lord Stockton), George Eliot (not Mary Ann Evans), and H.G.Wells (not  
Herbert George Wells). Collections such as Anonymous, the Bible, the Book of  
Common Prayer, the Missal, and so forth, are included in the alphabetical  
sequence. Some Anonymous quotations may be included in one of the special  
category sections (see below).  
In compiling the new edition, we have once more drawn on the resources of Oxford  
Quotations Dictionaries: our published texts (and the research which lies behind  
them), and our growing database of new quotations derived from our reading  
programme. As always we have benefited from the generosity of readers who take  
the trouble to write to us with questions, comments, and suggestions. Colleagues in  
the Reference Department have again put forward quotations encountered in work  
and leisure. Among those to whom we are particularly grateful for contributions of  
material or solutions to particular questions, we would like to thank Matthew Carter,  
Margot Charlton, Mike Clark, Susie Dent, Henry Hardy, Antony Jay, Ian Linton, Kirk  
Marlow, Nigel Rees, Ned Sherrin, Donald Smith, and Sarah Waldram. Finally, and  
most importantly, Susan Ratcliffe’s editorial contribution has been of key impor-  
tance in the preparation of this edition.  
Author names are followed by dates of birth and death (where known) and brief  
descriptions; where appropriate, cross-references ( ) are then given to quotations  
about that author elsewhere in the text (on Byron: see  
are also made to other entries in which the author appears, e.g.see also  
Epitaphs’ and ‘see also Lennon and McCartney’. Within each author entry,  
quotations are separated by literary form (novels, plays, poems: see further below)  
Lamb). Cross-references  
55  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
and within each group arranged by order of title, ‘a’ and ‘the’ being ignored. Foreign-  
language text is given for most literary quotations, or if it is felt that the quotation is  
familiar in the language of origin.  
Contextual information regarded as essential to a full appreciation of the quotation  
precedes the text in an italicized note; information seen as providing useful  
amplification follows in an italicized note. Each quotation is accompanied by a  
bibliographical note of the source from which the quotation is taken. Titles of  
published volumes (Don Juan by Byron and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens)  
appear in italics; titles of short stories and poems not published as volumes in their  
own right, and individual song titles, are given in plain type inside inverted commas  
(‘Ode to a Nightingale’ by John Keats and ‘Both Sides Now’ by Joni Mitchell).  
Quotations from diaries, letters, and speeches are given in chronological order and  
usually follow the literary or published works quoted, with the form for which the  
author is best known taking precedence. Thus in the case of political figures,  
speeches appear first, just as poetry quotations precede those in prose for poets,  
and poetry quotations come second for an author regarded primarily as a novelist.  
All numbers in source references are given in arabic, with the exception of lower-  
case roman numerals denoting quotations from prefatory matter, whose page  
numbering is separate from the main text. The numbering itself relates to the  
beginning of the quotation, whether or not it runs on to another stanza or line in the  
original. Where possible, chapter numbers have been offered for prose works.  
Quotations from secondary sources such as biographies and other writer’s works,  
to which a date in the author’s lifetime can be assigned, are arranged in sequence  
with diary entries, letters and speeches. Other quotations from secondary sources  
and attributed quotations which cannot be so dated are arranged in alphabetical  
order of quotation text.  
A date in brackets indicates first publication in volume form of the work cited.  
Unless otherwise stated, the dates thus offered are intended as chronological  
guides only and do not necessarily indicate the date of the text cited; where the  
latter is of significance, this has been stated. Where neither date of publication nor  
of composition is known, an approximate date (e.g.c.1625’) may indicate the likely  
date of composition. Where there is a large discrepancy between date of  
composition (or performance) and of publication, in most cases the former only has  
been given (e.g. ‘written 1725’, ‘performed 1622’).  
Within the alphabetical sequence there are a number of special category entries,  
such as Advertising slogans, Catchphrases, Film lines, Misquotations, and  
Newspaper headlines and leaders. Quotations in these sections are arranged  
alphabetically according to the first word of the quotation (ignoring ‘a’ and ‘the’), and  
marked with a diamond symbol ( ). The special categories contained in this model  
are shown below:  
Advertising slogans  
Borrowed titles  
Catchphrases  
Closing lines  
Mottoes  
Spellings have been Anglicized and modernized except in those cases, such as  
Burns or Chaucer, where this would have been inappropriate; capitalization has  
been retained only for personifications; with rare exceptions, verse has been  
aligned with the left hand margin. Italic type has been used for all foreign-language  
originals.  
Newspaper headlines and leaders  
Official advice  
Opening lines  
Epitaphs  
Political slogans and songs  
Prayers  
Film lines  
Sub-headings (shown between  
braces) have been used as a guide to novel  
titles under Dickens, for the names of books under the Bible (arranged canonically,  
not alphabetically), and for plays and poems under Shakespeare. Anonymous  
quotations are grouped by language.  
Film titles  
Sayings  
Last words  
Songs, spirituals, and shanties  
Telegrams  
Military sayings, slogans, and songs  
Misquotations  
Cross-references ( ) to specific quotations are used to direct the user to another  
related item. In each case a reference is given to an author’s name or to the title of  
a special category entry. In some cases, the quotation may exist in two forms, or  
Toasts  
56  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
may depend on an earlier source not quoted in its own right; when that happens,  
the subordinate quotation is given directly below the quotation to which it relates.  
Authors who have their own entry are typographically distinguished by the use of  
bold (‘of William Shakespeare’, ‘by Mae West’) in context or source notes.  
Keyword Search  
The most significant words from each quotation can be traced via the Keyword  
Search function, allowing individual quotations to be accessed. The user can enter  
one or more keywords, up to a maximum of three. The results list will feature a  
short line from each of the quotations matching the search term(s), which can then  
be accessed in the usual way.  
57  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
In Europe:  
This equipment complies with the requirements of Directive 89/336/  
EEC as amended by 93/68/EEC.  
Dieses Gerät entspricht den Anforderungen der EG-Richtlinie 89/  
336/EWG mit Änderung 93/68/EWG.  
Ce matériel répond aux exigences contenues dans la directive 89/  
336/CEE modifiée par la directive 93/68/CEE.  
Dit apparaat voldoet aan de eisen van de richtlijn 89/336/EEG,  
gewijzigd door 93/68/EEG.  
Dette udstyr overholder kravene i direktiv nr. 89/336/EEC med tillæg  
nr. 93/68/EEC.  
Quest’apparecchio è conforme ai requisiti della direttiva 89/336/EEC  
come emendata dalla direttiva 93/68/EEC.  
∏ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ  
Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÓˆÛ˘ 89/336/∂√∫, fiˆ˜ Ô Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜  
Û˘ÌÏËÚÒıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ Ô‰ËÁ›· 93/68/∂√∫.  
Este equipamento obedece às exigências da directiva 89/336/CEE  
na sua versão corrigida pela directiva 93/68/CEE.  
Este aparato satisface las exigencias de la Directiva 89/336/CEE,  
modificada por medio de la 93/68/CEE.  
Denna utrustning uppfyller kraven enligt riktlinjen 89/336/EEC så som  
kompletteras av 93/68/EEC.  
Dette produktet oppfyller betingelsene i direktivet 89/336/EEC i  
endringen 93/68/EEC.  
Tämä laite täyttää direktiivin 89/336/EEC vaatimukset, jota on  
muutettu direktiivillä 93/68/EEC.  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  
SHARP CORPORATION  
PRINTED IN CHINA  
05EGK (TINSE0832EHZZ)  
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.  

Sharp CRT Television 25N M180 User Manual
Sony Car Stereo System Car Audio User Manual
Sony Microcassette Recorder ICD P530F User Manual
Sony MP3 Player D FJ787 User Manual
Spalding Fitness Equipment 211948C User Manual
Speco Technologies Security Camera HT INTT5 User Manual
Spin Master Motorized Toy Car Havoc Stinger User Manual
Sunbeam Humidifier 631 705 User Manual
Symphonic CRT Television ST427FF User Manual
TANDBERG Projector Maestro MXP User Manual