RTcom Network Card Radio Modems User Guide

User Manual  
RTcom-Universal, Global  
Max and Outback  
Radio Modems  
Copyright Radio-Tech Limited 1998-2000  
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INTRODUCTION  
The RTcom-range of radio modem is intended as a direct replacement for cables over short, medium  
and long distance, serial data links. They are suitable for part of point-to-point, master to slave or  
scanning telemetry links, where the modem is either used on its own our in conjunction with existing  
cables. The modems also operate transparent to many industry standard network protocols, such as  
Modbus and Eiba Bus and can be used with many manufacturers PLC communication protocols.  
Serial Data  
Serial Data  
RTcom  
Modem  
RTcom  
Modem  
Fig 1: Simple point to point link  
The advantages of wire free communication offered by Radio Modems such as Radio-Tech Universal,  
Global, Europa, Outback and Max are numerous. These include reduced installation cost, the ability to  
cross-awkward terrain, cross third parties lands, cross-rivers and operate from moving objects.  
RTcom  
Modem  
Slave Station (1)  
RTcom  
Modem  
Master station  
RTcom  
Modem  
Slave Station (2)  
Polled Master to multiple slave system  
Thousands or RTcom radio modems are now in service throughout the world, many operating 24hrs a  
day, all year round. However, for any radio communications system to be reliable care should be  
taken in the design of the whole system. Many countries impose restrictions on the frequency, power,  
channel power and occupied bandwidth of transmissions. Others in addition impose strict test and  
certification procedures on equipment while others permit a free for all!  
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In many countries it is quite legal to operate systems without need for operating licences. These  
countries include the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, South Africa, Scandinavia and  
the majority of Europe. However, operation in these countries is normally subject to the equipment first  
being approved to a defined standard, such as the UK MPT1329 or the European ETS 300-220-1.  
Other countries, such as the United States also permit unlicensed transmissions under FCC- Part 15,  
but both the power and duty cycle limits imposed make modem operation impractical for reliable  
operation over distance more than a few tens of meters.  
Before using your RTcom Radio Modem please ensure that you have purchased the correct version  
and selected the correct frequency of operation. We have versions with many international approvals  
ranging from FCC-Part 90 through to Australia Standards and our European versions carry the CE  
mark. If in doubt please ask your local Radio-Tech Limited agent.  
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Frequency of operation  
Often there is not a choice over operating frequency. In most countries frequency allocations are very  
limited, by way of example in Europe there is only 433-435MHz UHF or 868-870MHz SHF. While the  
UK and many others offer VHF, UHF and SHF allocations. However other frequencies may be used  
subject to local government licence.  
In order to generalise the choice of frequency should be based upon the distance of intended  
operation, power supply constraints, data rate, duty cycle, attenuation, portability (antenna size) and  
the presence of other users. The following table is produced to assist your choice:-  
VHF (10mW)  
UHF (10mW)  
UHF (500mW)  
SHF (5mW)  
SHF  
(500mW)*  
*
Free Space Transmission  
range  
Industrial installation  
In large buildings  
Penetration through  
concrete walls  
Ability to bend/ defract  
around obstructions  
Antenna size (dipole)  
Potential users in adjacent  
channels  
5-10km  
3-5km  
50-500m  
****  
10-30km  
50m-1km  
******  
100-200m  
5 - 10km  
50-700m  
**********  
**********  
10-30m  
30-100m  
*
**  
**  
******  
******  
**  
43cm  
Message pagers  
Radio Microphones  
17cm  
Radio  
Amateur on  
433MHz  
17cm  
Radio  
8cm  
CT2  
Mobile  
telephones  
8cm  
CT2  
Mobile  
Telephone  
s
Amateurs on  
433MHz  
Message  
Pages on  
458MHz and  
TETRA on  
410-430MHz  
****  
Transmission efficiency  
For battery operation  
Relative cost  
**********  
***  
****  
***  
***  
*****  
*****  
*******  
******  
R.F path Surveys  
The only certain way of determining the suitability of a communication channel is to conduct a radio  
path survey and spectrum scan.  
The spectrum scan is something normally conducted prior to ordering a system. Normally this requires  
the use of a good quality scanning receiver such as an ICOM 8500 and a broadband antenna. Failure  
to use a quality scanner may result in signals being missed if channel resolution is too low and false  
signals being detected if co-channel and image rejection is poor.  
When scanning, both the desired and adjacent channels should be checked for signals. As  
transmissions may be intermittent it is important to take time with the scan, stopping for as long as  
possible on each channel and looking for at least 15-minutes on the final chosen band.  
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If there is doubt over the signal reaching the receiver a path survey should be conducted. The outback  
modem includes a test mode that places the modems transmitter into constant transmit mode. This  
permits the measurement of signal strength at the receiver. Normally our modems will work  
satisfactorily with a signal level below 1uV (-107dBm).  
INSTALLATION  
Power Supplies:  
As with any radio communications system, the RTcom modem should be connected to a clean and  
stable supply. Switch mode power supplies are rich in RF harmonics and should not be used. Please  
note that in many cases as CE sticker on a power supply is insufficient protection against potentially  
damaging harmonics. The reality is that the EMC pass limits are set at only -57dBm (316uV), whereas  
a radio is quite capable of operation down to an beyond -115 dBm (0.5uV). Hence, a power supply is  
capable of legally generating harmonics quite capable of blocking the modems operating channel. As  
a word of warning the frequency of the offending harmonics can shift with both ambient temperature,  
time and power supply load. Please do not be fooled into thinking that a system fine only to find that  
later it fails due to blocking from its own power supply. Hence as a rule of thumb we only recommend  
the use of linear power supplies. Similarly where supply interruption is to be protected against, we  
recommend the use of float charged (12V or 24V dc) batteries and not switching UPS's.  
Location:  
For indoor installations we recommend that the modem is located away from sources of heat and  
electrical apparatus such as inverters. Care has to be taken to minimise cable lengths both with  
respect to the antenna location and the attached terminal equipment. Generally RS232 should be  
used for short distance links < 30ft (10m) and RS422 / RS485 for long links of up to 1000ft (300m). In  
practice the maximum distance achievable will depend upon the combination of the drive capability of  
both the modem and data terminal.  
The IP65 rating of the modem enclosure would to many imply that it could be operated outdoors in all  
weather conditions. Experience has shown this to be true, but operation can be jeopardised through  
long term exposure to rain, frost, direct sunlight, chemicals and blown sand. For these reasons we  
also recommend that where possible the modem should be mounted within a second enclosure of a  
similar IP rating and where the climate is variable a thermostatically controlled anti-condensation  
heater used. This practice has been used by our own field service engineers for many years and has  
proven very successful.  
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For battery powered operation in cold and damp climates the only reliable way to achieve long term  
operation is to use double IP65/7 enclosures, with both the outer and inner enclosure fitted with silica  
gel desiccant sachets.  
Please be aware that solar heating and wind chill can take the modem beyond its designed operating  
temperature range. Further, thermal cycling can encourage moisture ingress due to pressure changes.  
Whenever necessary please fit your enclosure with wind deflectors and/or sunshades.  
Antenna Feeders:  
The basic rule of thumb is the longer the cable the greater the loss. Always attempt to keep cable runs  
to a minimum and whenever possible uses the lowest loss cable available. Both cables and  
terminations should always be 50-Ohm impedance. Cable bends should no be too tight i.e. the radius  
of the bend should be greater that 10 x the diameter of the cable.  
It is important to remember that coaxial cables have losses proportional to their length and quality.  
The following table gives loss figures from typical popular 50-Ohm coaxial cables: -  
dB Loss per 10m length  
Cable Type  
RG58  
URM67  
Dia  
5.0  
10.3  
5.0  
100MHz  
2.0  
1000MHz  
7.6  
2.52  
5.3  
0.68  
1.6  
URM76  
Our modems are normally supplied with N-Type terminations (sockets). Other terminations (BNC or  
TNC) can be supplied to customer specific orders. Generally we find the N-Type to be the most  
reliable, robust and readily available connector that can accommodate low loss cables such as  
URM67.  
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Lightning Surge Protection:  
A direct lightning strike can never be totally protected against or predicted. Currents exceeding  
10,000A can flow vaporising antenna, feeders, towers and other such structures. Lightning conductors  
will give a degree of protection to the building but not always to the electronic apparatus within.  
Generally the probability of a direct strike is very small, but a nearby strike with for example a 1km  
radius can be quite a regular occurrence in many locations. Nearby strikes or "strokes" can lead to the  
creation of large EM waves that can induce large voltages into antenna, feeders, signal wires and  
power supplies.  
Antenna  
RTcom  
Modem  
Data cable  
Data  
Terminal  
Coaxial feeder  
Surge Arrestor  
Antenna feeder  
PSU  
System Ground  
The best form of protection is to use a surge arrestor. The arrestor is connected in series with the  
antenna and the modem and is intended to safely limit the induced voltage. However a surge arrestor  
can only be effective the impedance of the cable connecting it to ground is lower or equal to that of the  
modem and the other connected apparatus and secondly they are all connected to a common Earth  
point.  
Note: Failure to connect the data terminal to the same Earth point compromises the protection of the  
apparatus. If however is not practical to implement, then a second surge protection device should be  
connected in series with the data and/or power connections, again bonded to the common Earth point.  
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Antenna Installation  
The type and location of the antenna used can have a profound effect on your overall system  
performance and its legality.  
In point to point links it is good practice to make efficient use of the radio spectrum by selecting an  
antenna that will project the R.F energy into the direction of desired operation and similarly at the  
receiver to collect transmissions only from the location of the transmitter.  
(Directional yagi antenna (vertically polarised))  
(Directional yagi antenna (vertically polarised)  
In polled systems, where there is a central base station, the base station will need an omni-directional  
antenna. However, the outstations may still employ a directional antenna pointing back to the base  
station.  
(Omni-directional antenna (vertically polarised))  
(Directional yagi antenna (vertically polarised)  
For mobile systems the only practical choice is to use omni-directional antenna at all stations.  
It is very important that all antennas in a system share the same polarisation otherwise losses of up to  
30dB may be encountered.  
Note: Polarisation can be put to good use when it is desirable to reject an unwanted transmission on  
the same or a similar frequency.  
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Warning: The use of gain antenna in some countries is not permitted. Similarly where ERP  
(transmitted power limits) are imposed the actual transmitted power must not exceed the limit stated.  
This means that the transmitter output power, less any coaxial feeder losses, plus the antenna gain  
must not exceed the specified maximum ERP. Before installing your system please check!  
Antenna Types  
Antenna types fall into a number of categories. For the majority of applications the choice lies between  
portable, fixed, omni-directional and those with gain and directional properties.  
True omni-directional antenna in reality do no exist, i.e. those with equal gain in all directions.  
However the nearest practical equivalent is the 1/2 or 1/4 wave dipole. The 1/4 wave dipole is by far  
the most popular of all antennas and is found in use on most portable apparatus. Where the frequency  
is too low and the dipole can become cumbersome and a compressed dipole (helical) antenna has to  
be used.  
Whatever antenna types you choose please ensure that its impedance is 50 Ohms.  
name  
Gain and Directional Properties  
< -0.8dB near omni in the  
vertical plane only.  
Comments  
1/4 wave dipole  
For portable apparatus operating above 400MHz  
Requires a ground plane for operation  
For portable apparatus < 400MHz  
Helical  
< -4 to -10dB near omni in the  
vertical plane only.  
Requires a ground plane for operation  
For portable and fixed apparatus looking for a low  
cost antenna that does not require a ground plane  
For fixed apparatus that does not require a ground  
plane  
1/2 wave dipole  
End fed dipole  
Colinear  
+ 1.2 to + 1.8dB near omni-  
directional in the vertical plane.  
0db, near omni in vertical plane  
+3dB to +9dB , near omni-  
directional in vertical plane  
+3dB to +28dB . Beam width  
proportional to gain  
For fixed apparatus that does not require a ground  
plane  
Yagi  
For point to point links. Where an unwanted signal  
needs to be blocked from the opposite direction  
choose an antenna with a high front to back ratio  
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Guide to your RTcom-Global & Max Modem  
Carrier Detect LED  
(Global only)  
Channel selection switch  
(Global Only, See Table)  
Mode Switch for RS232 /  
RS485 Modes  
Reset Button  
Status LED's  
Mode Switch for Data  
Rate and data format  
Links to select 2-4 wire  
RS485  
12-24V dc  
supply  
RS422 &  
RS485  
Interface  
RS232 interface  
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Guide to your RTcom-Outback  
Configuration Mode  
Switch  
Solar/12-24V  
dc  
RS422 &  
RS485  
Interface  
Links to select 2-4 wire  
RS485  
supply  
RS232 interface  
Guide to your RTcom-Max (Please take care when opening cover)  
Radio Module  
mounted in cover  
Connections as per  
Global Modem  
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CONNECTIONS  
Data connections should always be made using screened cable. This will insure maximum rejection of  
interference from outside sources. Always use a common ground point.  
The RTcom Global, Eurpoa, MAX and Outback modems support RS232, RS422 and RS485  
communications, both 2 and 4-wire. The RS232 port should be used for short cable runs of up to 10m  
and the RS422 and RS485 can be used for over 100m. The modems support various data rates from  
1200 to 9600bps depending upon version. All units support 7 and 8-bit ASCII even an odd parity and 1  
or 2 stop bits.  
Terminal Number  
Designation WRT Modem  
Notes  
1
+24V dc supply  
2
GND  
Ground  
3
4
5
+12V dc supply  
GND  
Ground  
Optional not  
normally needed  
Optional not  
normally needed  
Output data from  
modem  
Input data to  
modem  
RS485/ RS422  
"
DTR**  
6
7
8
DCD  
TXD (RS232)  
RXD (RS232)  
9
Z = TX (-)  
Y = TX (+)  
A = RX (+)  
B = (RX(-)  
GND  
10  
11  
12  
13  
"
"
Ground  
Connections for the Global and Max modems  
Terminal Number  
Designation WRT Modem  
Notes  
1
+24V dc supply  
2
GND  
Ground  
3
4
5
+12V dc supply  
GND  
Ground  
Output data from  
TXD (RS232)  
modem  
Input data to  
6
RXD (RS232)  
modem  
RS485/ RS422  
7
8
Y TX(+)  
Z TX(-)  
"
"
9
B RX (-)  
10  
11  
A (RX(+)  
GND  
"
Ground  
Connections for the RTcom-Europa Modem  
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Pin Number  
Designation WRT Modem  
Notes  
Optional not  
normally needed  
RS232 input  
data to modem  
RS232 output  
data from  
1
DCD  
2
3
RX (data)  
TX(data)  
modem  
4
RTS  
Optional not  
normally needed  
Ground  
RS485/RS422  
"
5
6
7
8
GND  
B RX(-)  
A RX(+)  
+Vs  
Supply 7.5 to  
15V dc  
9
N/C  
GND  
10  
11  
12  
13  
Ground  
RS485/RS422  
"
Optional supply  
connection.  
Optional  
Z = TX(-)  
Y = TX(+)  
+Vs  
14  
15  
GND  
+ Vs  
Optional supply  
connection  
Connections for the Universal & Plastic Housed Global Modem  
Note with RS422 & RS485 connections it is the rosponsibility of the system builder to ensure that the  
connections are correctly terminated. Normally cables with an impedance > 100 Ohms should be used  
and terminating resistors (120R bwtween A-B and Z-Y) may aslo be required.  
CONFIGURATION:-  
Depending upon the model of the modem you will be able to select one of the communication  
configurations listed below:-  
VHF :  
MPT1328  
UHF:  
MPT1329  
VHF/UHF  
RTcom-Max  
UHF: MPT1329  
RTcom-Global  
RTcom-Outback  
1200-2400bps  
7 & 8 bit ASCII  
Even & odd parity  
RTcom-Outback  
1200-4800bps  
7 & 8 bit ASCII  
Even & odd parity  
2400 fixed  
7 & 8 bit ASCII  
Even & odd  
Parity  
2400-9600bps  
7 & 8 bit ASCII  
Even & odd parity  
1 or 2 Stop bits  
1 or 2 stop bits  
1 or 2 stop bits  
1 or 2 stop bits  
Operating Modes available with the Global, Max and Outback Modems  
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On the Global and Max modems two dip switches are provided for the selection of the desired  
operating mode and two plug links are provided from the selection of 2 or 4 wire RS485 operation. A  
further DIP switch is provided on the Global modem for frequency Channel selection.  
Switch Number  
Function  
Baud Rate (See Table)  
Baud Rate (See Table)  
8 or 9 bit data (Off = 8-bit, on = 9-bit)  
( excluding 1 start and stop bit)  
Spare  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Spare  
Spare  
Spare  
Test Mode ( Off = Run, on = Test mode)  
Data Format Mode switch function SW1  
Switch Number  
Function  
Spare  
1
2
3
4
Spare  
On = RS485 / RS422  
On = RS232  
Interface Mode switch SW2  
Note: The Europa is fully electronically programmable. Europa users should consult the programming  
toll on the disk provided with the modem.  
Mode SW1,1  
Mode SW1,2  
Data Rate  
2400 bps  
4800 bps  
9600bps  
19200bps  
Off  
On  
Off  
On  
Off  
Off  
On  
On  
Date rate setting table subject to version constraints listed above.  
Test mode is provided exclusively to assist installation. Whenever test mode is selected the modem  
will produce a test transmission to aid both antenna alignment and propagation tests. Effectively the  
modem transmits a string of data at your desired data rate. This data message usually " Radio-Tech  
RTcom Modem" can be used during commissioning to prove the link both with respect to the radio and  
cable paths.  
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OPERATION  
The RTcom protocol permits 100% transparent operation and direct cable emulation. Simply what goes in comes  
out! R.F. packet framing, code balancing, encryption and preambles etc are taken care of automatically within the  
modem.  
Standard industrial communications protocols such as Modbus include a secure CRC 16 or 32 error check code on  
data transfers and will probably already be in use over your link, particularly if you are linking PLC's. Rather than  
duplicate the CRC and risk increasing the overall bit error rate the RTcom protocol leaves your protocol 100% intact  
and does not add any further error checking and subsequent time delay to your messages.  
LED's  
Status LED's are provided to aid use. On the Global, Universal and Max, the top, green LED indicates  
power and the CPU status. If all is well this LED will blink at a regular interval.  
The centre amber LED is for received data communications (message received or sent to the data  
terminal) by cable.  
The bottom red LED indicates the transmission of data.  
All LED's Blink  
If all LED's should blink together this indicates a data configuration error. This is normally caused by the  
data rate, parity etc being incorrect at the transmitting end. The data configuration error mode is  
normally triggered by the occurrence of a framing error.  
Manual intervention, i.e. changing the dip switches and/or the data terminal will be required. Note both  
ends of the link must share the same configuration.  
Only after pressing and releasing the reset button will the configuration become effective.  
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COMMISSIONING  
The data rate, parity and number of data bits are set using the dual in line switch located above. If a  
scanner is available the chosen channels and the adjacent channels should be scanned for activity.  
With frequency agile products such as the Max and Global a fee channel should be selected as far  
away as possible from the channel/s in use.  
The antenna should be positioned and one modem connected and set to test mode. The scanner  
should be used to measure the received signal strength. If the strength is > 1uv the link will normally  
work however a "fade margin" of >10dB is preferable.  
If a scanner is not available than once the link has been established plug in attenuators may be used  
to determine the fade margin.  
Finally, once the installation is complete it should be tested for conformance the EMC, Health and  
Safety and Wiring Regulations etc. Exposed joints should be sealed using self-amalgamating tape and  
screw threads coated with rust proofing compound.  
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS  
RTcom Protocol  
The RTcomTM Communication protocol does not make any attempt to correct communication errors.  
From experience the latency (delay) caused by error correction techniques is prohibitive for the  
majority of applications. Further the use of a "transmit" buffer imposes a finite file size on the system  
and hence introduces the need for flow control lines such as DTR. Further, errors can occur in cabling  
due to induced switching surges, nullifying any error protection on the radio link.  
Proprietary Protocols  
The majority of our customers use a cable protocol that already employs error checking. This normally  
comes in the form of a check sum appended to the end of the message. Similarly addressing can be  
appended to the message giving the destination of the data. Protocols such as Modbus and Eiba Bus  
handle these functions automatically.  
WindowsTM TERMINAL.EXE and HYPER TERMINAL.EXE  
WindowsTM depending upon its version contains terminal (Terminal.EXE or Hyper Terminal.EXE)  
programs that can be used to transfer files between two platforms. From experience we have found  
the WindowsTM 3.11 version of Terminal.exe to be more reliable than the WindowsTM 95 version. The  
98 version has however been improved but performance will vary from machine to machine. The  
problem we believe with these programmes is the low priority placed on communications by the  
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system. This results in the messages becoming fragmented, thus confusing the modem into thinking  
the end of file has been detected.  
The other common problem, in particular with WindowsTM Hyper Terminal, is the way in which is  
deals with errors. Should an error occur it attempts to re-establish the link from both ends  
simultaneously, something of course that cannot be supported on a half duplex link.  
Windows is a registered Trade Mark of the Microsoft Corporation  
In summary, the best communication packages are those specifically written for a specific task.  
Packages such as Visual Basic can be used to great effect as they give you control over the priorities.  
We are able to write customer specific programmes and/or assist you own software engineers.  
EMC CONFORMATY  
Finished products placed on the market with the EU must be EMC Type Examined. Where applicable  
the RTcom-Modems have been Type examined in their own right or contain a Type Examined radio  
transceiver module.  
Where applicable a Type Examination/ EMC Declaration of Conformity will be attached to this manual.  
Copyright Radio-Tech Limited 1998-2000.  
All information is given in good faith. Equipment should not be used where failure could result in loss of life or damage  
to the environment. No losses can be accepted for errors or omissions contained in this document. It is the  
responsibility of the user to confirm licensing and other legal issues.  
Revision 2, Issue 1  
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