4411-0062
Version 3.A
February 11, 2004
*4411-0062*
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Camera Detection Wizard
Introduction
Version 2.5.19.6 of the WinX software (WinView, WinSpec, and WinXTest) introduced enhancements
to the former Hardware Setup Wizard. Now called the Camera Detection Wizard, this function is used
to load the WinX hardware setup parameter fields with default values for a WinX-compatible camera
system. The Camera Detection Wizard runs automatically the first time you install WinX and can be
launched at a later date if you decide to control a different WinX-compatible camera. The autodetection
function can be used for both PVCAM-based camera systems (USB 1 interface, USB 2 interface,
Photometrics PCI, PhotonMAX) and Princeton Instruments RS PCI (TAXI) interface-based systems.
Changes to the Software
•
For PVCAM-based cameras (USB 1 interface, USB 2 interface, Photometrics PCI,
PhotonMAX) ------- You no longer have to run the RSConfig.exe program --- this is done by
the Camera Detection Wizard.
•
•
ALL Win-X compatible camera systems can be set up via the autodetection function but only Princeton
Instruments RS PCI (TAXI) interface-based systems can be set up using the manual function.
The PVCAM dialog is no longer included in the wizard.
•
•
The Use PVCAM checkbox is no longer present on the
Setup|Hardware|Controller/Camera (or CCD) tab page.
There is now a Launch Camera Detection Wizard button on the
Setup|Hardware|Controller/Camera (or CCD) tab page.
Required by the Wizard
•
You MUST use the autodetection mode for PVCAM-based cameras (USB 1 interface, USB 2
interface, Photometrics PCI, PhotonMAX). The function can also be used to detect Princeton
Instruments RS PCI (TAXI) interface-based systems.
•
•
Before you select autodetection, you must have connected the camera system to the host
computer and have turned the camera system ON.
Before selecting "Yes" for the Test Image, you must have connected the camera system to the
host computer and have turned the camera system ON.
3660 Qua kerbridge Roa d | Trenton, NJ 08619-1208 | tel 609.587.9797 | fax 609.587.1970 | www.princ etoninstruments.c om
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Camera Detection Wizard
Camera Detection Wizard Flowchart
Wizard is
launched
.
Optional
Configuration
Disk?
Yes
Manual - Can only be
used for systems using a
Princeton Instruments
RS PCI (TAXI) Interface.
Autodetect or
Manual?
No
Autodetect - Can used for
all WinX-compatible
camera systems (PVCAM-
and TAXI-based).
Computer Interface
Selection (RS PCI)
Make sure camera system is
connected to host computer
and system is turned ON.
Controller Selection
(PentaMAX, ST-133,
etc.)
Detected Hardware List.
Make selection.
Detector/Camera/CCD
Selection
Single Frame (100 msec
exposure) acquired and
displayed.
Yes
Test Image?
Make sure camera
system is connected
to host computer and
system is turned ON.
No
Finished
July 27, 2005
2 of 2
Princeton Instruments
E:/Manuals/Tech Notes\Camera Detection Wizard supplement.doc
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction.........................................................................................9
Description.......................................................................................................................... 9
About this Manual ............................................................................................................ 11
Manual Organization.................................................................................................. 11
Safety Related Symbols Used Manual....................................................................... 12
Camera Features ............................................................................................................... 12
Camera Front.............................................................................................................. 12
Camera Back Panel .................................................................................................... 13
CCD and Intensifier Enclosure......................................................................................... 16
Temperature/Power Supply Unit Features ....................................................................... 16
Temperature/Power Supply Front Panel.................................................................... 16
Temperature/Power Supply Back Panel..................................................................... 18
Temperature/Power Supply Filter.............................................................................. 19
Grounding and Safety....................................................................................................... 19
ESD Precautions............................................................................................................... 20
Additional Precautions ..................................................................................................... 20
Camera and Temperature/Power Supply Unit ........................................................... 20
Image Intensifier Controller (IIC-200, IIC-300, and IIC-100) ................................... 20
Environmental Requirements ........................................................................................... 20
Computer Requirements ................................................................................................... 21
Host Computer Type.................................................................................................. 21
Application Software........................................................................................................ 21
Cleaning and Maintenance ............................................................................................... 22
Temperature/Power Supply........................................................................................ 22
Optical Surfaces ......................................................................................................... 22
Repairs.............................................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 2 Installation Overview........................................................................23
Chapter 3 Hardware Setup.................................................................................25
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 25
Unpacking......................................................................................................................... 25
Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory .................................................................. 25
Verifying Fuse Rating....................................................................................................... 26
Mounting the Camera ....................................................................................................... 28
General ....................................................................................................................... 28
Microscopy................................................................................................................. 28
Mounting the Lens............................................................................................................ 28
Installing the Application Software.................................................................................. 30
Driver Installation ...................................................................................................... 30
PC Interface Installation ................................................................................................... 30
Connecting the TAXI (Camera to Computer) Cable........................................................ 31
Connecting the Camera to Power Supply Cable............................................................... 31
Connecting the Camera to HV Supply Cable................................................................... 32
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Chapter 4 Temperature Control ........................................................................33
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 33
Air Cooling....................................................................................................................... 33
Water Cooling................................................................................................................... 34
Error Conditions ............................................................................................................... 34
Pressurization.................................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 5 First Light ..........................................................................................35
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 35
Overexposure Protection .................................................................................................. 36
Alarm................................................................................................................................ 36
Shutter vs. Gated Operation.............................................................................................. 36
Procedure.......................................................................................................................... 37
Imaging Field of View...................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 6 Microscopy Applications .................................................................43
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 43
Mounting the Camera on the Microscope ........................................................................ 43
C-Mount ..................................................................................................................... 43
F-Mount...................................................................................................................... 44
Operation .......................................................................................................................... 46
Xenon or Mercury Arc Lamp Precautions................................................................. 46
Focusing the Microscope ........................................................................................... 46
Adjusting the Parfocality of the Camera.................................................................... 47
Imaging Hints.................................................................................................................... 47
Fluorescence ..................................................................................................................... 47
Microscopes and Infrared Light........................................................................................ 48
Chapter 7 Intensifier...........................................................................................49
Overview of Intensifier Operation.................................................................................... 49
Intensifier Alarm............................................................................................................... 50
Chapter 8 Timing Modes....................................................................................51
Full Speed (sync) or Safe Mode (async) .......................................................................... 52
Standard Timing Modes ................................................................................................... 52
Freerun Timing........................................................................................................... 54
External Sync Timing................................................................................................. 55
Software Trigger............................................................................................................... 57
Frame Transfer Mode ....................................................................................................... 57
Edge vs. Level External Sync........................................................................................... 59
Chapter 9 Exposure and Readout.....................................................................61
Exposure ........................................................................................................................... 62
Introduction................................................................................................................ 62
Gated Operation ......................................................................................................... 62
Shutter Mode Operation............................................................................................. 62
Saturation ................................................................................................................... 63
Dark Charge ............................................................................................................... 63
Readout of the Array ........................................................................................................ 64
Full Frame Readout.................................................................................................... 64
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Table of Contents
v
Image Readout with Binning...................................................................................... 66
Binning in Software ................................................................................................... 67
Frame Transfer Readout............................................................................................. 68
Digitization ....................................................................................................................... 69
Dual A/D Converters Option ..................................................................................... 69
Chapter 10 Troubleshooting..............................................................................71
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 71
Alarm Sounds Sporadically.............................................................................................. 72
Alarm Sounds Continuously............................................................................................. 72
Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes .................................................................................. 72
Camera Stops Working..................................................................................................... 72
Controller Is Not Responding........................................................................................... 73
Error Indicator Lights on Temperature/Power Supply..................................................... 73
Error Occurs at Computer Powerup ................................................................................. 74
Conflicts..................................................................................................................... 74
Diagnostics Software ................................................................................................. 76
Operation.................................................................................................................... 76
Excessive Readout Noise.................................................................................................. 77
Fuses are not Correct for the Line Voltage ...................................................................... 77
Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or Maintained ................................................... 78
Appendix A Specifications................................................................................81
*
Intensifier ........................................................................................................................ 81
Types.......................................................................................................................... 81
Spectral Range ........................................................................................................... 81
Method of Coupling................................................................................................... 81
Vignetting................................................................................................................... 81
Spatial Resolution ...................................................................................................... 81
Geometric Distortion.................................................................................................. 81
Gating Speed .............................................................................................................. 81
Gating On/Off Ratio................................................................................................... 81
CCD Array........................................................................................................................ 82
Temperature Control......................................................................................................... 82
Cooling ............................................................................................................................. 82
Mounting........................................................................................................................... 82
Inputs ................................................................................................................................ 82
Outputs.............................................................................................................................. 83
Exposure Range................................................................................................................ 83
A/D Converters................................................................................................................. 83
Computer Requirements ................................................................................................... 83
Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................... 84
Appendix B Outline Drawings of Camera & Temperature/Power Supply....85
Appendix C PentaMAX Versions.......................................................................87
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 87
Version 1........................................................................................................................... 87
Version 2........................................................................................................................... 87
Version 3........................................................................................................................... 87
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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Version 4........................................................................................................................... 87
Version 5........................................................................................................................... 87
Appendix D Two-Shot Kinetics Mode...............................................................91
Appendix E Virtual Chip Mode..........................................................................93
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 93
Virtual Chip Setup............................................................................................................ 94
Introduction................................................................................................................ 94
Equipment: ................................................................................................................. 94
Software: .................................................................................................................... 94
Assumptions:.............................................................................................................. 95
System Connection Diagram:..................................................................................... 95
Procedure: .................................................................................................................. 95
Experimental Timing........................................................................................................ 99
Virtual Chip dialog box .................................................................................................... 99
Tips ................................................................................................................................. 100
Warranty & Service...........................................................................................103
Limited Warranty............................................................................................................ 103
Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty..................................................................... 103
Limited One (1) Year Warranty on Refurbished or Discontinued Products............ 103
Normal Wear Item Disclaimer ................................................................................. 103
XP Vacuum Chamber Limited Lifetime Warranty.................................................. 103
Sealed Chamber Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty .......................................... 104
Vacuum Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty....................................................... 104
Image Intensifier Detector Limited One Year Warranty ......................................... 104
X-Ray Detector Limited One Year Warranty .......................................................... 104
Software Limited Warranty...................................................................................... 104
Owner's Manual and Troubleshooting ..................................................................... 105
Your Responsibility ................................................................................................. 105
Contact Information........................................................................................................ 106
Index..................................................................................................................107
Figures
Figure 1. I-PentaMAX System .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 2. Camera Back Panel .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. Temperature/Power Supply Front Panel .......................................................... 16
Figure 4. Temperature/Power Supply Back Panel........................................................... 18
Figure 5. System Diagram: I-PentaMAX with IIC-200 or IIC-300................................. 24
Figure 6. Power Input Assembly (Fuse Access).............................................................. 27
Figure 7. F-mount Lens Adapter...................................................................................... 29
Figure 8. F-mount Adapter Focus Adjustment................................................................ 41
Figure 9. Imaging Field of View ..................................................................................... 42
Figure 10. F-mount Adapters........................................................................................... 45
Figure 11. Bottom Clamp secured to Relay Lens............................................................ 46
Figure 12. Image Intensifier Tube ................................................................................... 49
Figure 13. Microchannel Plate Operation........................................................................ 50
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vii
Figure 14. Chart of Full Speed and Safe Mode Operation.............................................. 53
Figure 15. Freerun Timing chart ( part of the chart in Figure 14)................................... 54
Figure 16. Freerun Timing diagram................................................................................. 54
Figure 17. Chart showing two External Sync Timing Options ....................................... 56
Figure 18. External Sync (Continuous Cleans OFF) Timing diagram............................ 56
Figure 19. External Sync (Continuous Cleans ON) Timing diagram.............................. 57
Figure 20. Frame Transfer where t
Figure 21. Frame Transfer where t
+ t + t < t .................................................. 58
exp w1 R·
c
+ t + t > t ................................................... 58
exp w1
c
R
Figure 22. Frame Transfer where Sync. Pulse arrives after Readout.............................. 59
Figure 23. Block Diagram of Signal Path in System....................................................... 61
Figure 24. Full Frame at Full Resolution ........................................................................ 65
Figure 25. 2 × 2 Binning for Images................................................................................ 67
Figure 26. Frame Transfer Readout................................................................................. 68
Figure 27. Power Input Assembly: Fuse Access ............................................................. 78
Figure 28. I-PentaMAX: C-Mount .................................................................................. 85
Figure 29. I-PentaMAX: F-Mount................................................................................... 86
Figure 30. Temperature/Power Supply............................................................................ 86
Figure 31. Virtual Chip Functional diagram ................................................................... 93
Figure 32. System Diagram: I-PentaMAX with IIC-200................................................. 95
Figure 33. Virtual Chip dialog box.................................................................................. 99
Tables
Table 1. Voltage and Fuse Selection ............................................................................... 27
Table 2. Bottom Clamps for Different Type Microscopes.............................................. 44
Table 3. Camera Timing Modes ...................................................................................... 51
Table 4. Approximate Readout Time for the CCD Array ............................................... 66
Table 5. Well Capacity for some CCD Arrays ( in electrons)......................................... 67
Table 6. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments before installing Serial Card................. 75
Table 7. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments after installing Serial Card.................... 75
Table 8. Voltage and Fuse Selection ............................................................................... 77
Table 9. I-PentMAX, 5 MHz: Virtual Chip Size and Approximate Number of Frames
per Second......................................................................................................... 94
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Figure 1. I-PentaMAX System
Description
The Princeton Instruments I-PentaMAX System consists of an intensified camera, an
external temperature controller/power supply, a computer, a high-voltage power supply
and the necessary system cables. It is designed for general macro-imaging and
microscopy imaging applications at both low and medium light levels. In operation, data
acquired by the camera is routed to the computer for processing and display. A
composite video output is also provided to allow immediate viewing of the acquired
images on a separate monitor. The computer controls both the system configuration and
data acquisition via software, of which Princeton Instruments WinView is an example.
The camera is fitted with a microchannel plate (MCP) image intensifier fiber-optically
coupled to a CCD array. A window at the front of the intensifier seals the intensifier and
array into an integrated chamber maintained at a positive pressure. The enclosure is
normally pressurized with dry air to about 1 psi. Power to the intensifier is supplied by a
high voltage power supply (IIC-100, IIC-200, or IIC-300) or by the MCP-100 (gate
pulser option) via a high voltage cable. The connector for the high-voltage cable is
located on the side of the intensifier housing.
The I-PentaMAX Camera combines both high-speed and high-precision readout
capabilities. It can collect 12 bit images at a readout rate of up to 5 million pixels per
second (5 MHz) in the high-speed mode or at 1 million pixels per second (1 MHz) in the
optional precision mode. The speed and resolutions of the two data collection modes
provided are matched to the capabilities of the CCD sensor (see Appendix A). Two
complete analog channels, each with its own A/D converter (precision A/D converter
optional), are provided for optimum signal-to-noise ratios in both readout modes.
9
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10
I-PentaMAX System Manual
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Switching between the two channels is completely under software control for total
experiment automation. Data is transferred directly to the host computer memory via a
high-speed serial link. Standard composite video, either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR,
whichever was ordered, is also provided.
The camera interfaces to a host computer via a high-speed serial link (twisted pair or
fiber optic cable) for immediate data transfer to computer memory. The optional fiber
optic connection allows the computer to be remotely located at distances as great as two
kilometers with no signal degradation.
There is provision for extremely flexible readout of the CCD. Readout modes supported
include full resolution, simultaneous multiple subimages, and nonuniform binning.
Single or multiple software-defined regions of interest can also be tested without having
to digitize all the pixels of the array. Completely flexible exposure, set through software,
is also fully supported.
Power for the camera comes from a separate temperature controller/power supply unit,
which can be located up to 15 feet from the camera. This unit features a digital display
for setting the CCD temperature and for monitoring the current CCD temperature.
Front-panel indicators continuously indicate the temperature control status.
With its fully integrated design, advanced exposure control timing, and sophisticated
readout capabilities, the I-PentaMAX system is well suited to low light macro imaging
and microscopy applications.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
11
About this Manual
Manual Organization
This manual provides the user with all the information needed to install an I-PentaMAX
system and place it in operation. Topics covered include a detailed description of the
camera, the temperature/power supply unit, installation, cleaning, specifications and
more.
Chapter 1, Introduction briefly describes the I-PentaMAX system; details the
structure of this manual; and documents environmental, storage, and cleaning
requirements.
Chapter 2, Installation Overview cross references system setup actions with the
relevant manuals and/or manual pages. It also contains system layout diagrams.
Chapter 3, Hardware Setup provides detailed directions for installing the
interface card and for interconnecting the system components.
Chapter 4, Temperature Control discusses how to establish and maintain
temperature control.
Chapter 5, First Light discusses how to focus the camera.
Chapter 6, Microscopy Applications discusses the setup and optimization of
your digital imaging system as applied to microscopy.
Chapter 7, Intensifier provides an overview of intensifier operation and describes
the function of the overload detection circuitry and the intensifier alarm.
Chapter 8, Timing Modes discusses the basic camera timing modes and related
topics, including Full Speed vs. Safe Mode, Free Run, External Sync,
Continuous Cleans.
Chapter 9, Exposure and Readout discusses Exposure and Readout, together
with many peripheral topics, including saturation, dark charge, binning and
frame-transfer readout.
Chapter 10, Troubleshooting provides information regarding possible system
hardware problems.
Appendix A, Specifications includes camera specifications.
Appendix B, Outline Drawings of Camera & Temperature/Power Supply
provides size information for these units.
Appendix C, PentaMAX Versions summarizes PentaMAX capabilities by
version.
Appendix D, Two-Shot Kinetics Mode describes the 2-shot kinetics mode for
the PentaMAX 512x512FT camera, Version 5.
Appendix E, Virtual Chip Mode describes virtual chip operation and provides a
setup procedure.
Warranty & Service details the limited warranties for Princeton Instruments
cameras and software. Contact information for assistance and service is also
provided.
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12
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Safety Related Symbols Used Manual
Caution! The use of this symbol on equipment indicates that one or
more nearby items should not be operated without first consulting the
manual. The same symbol appears in the manual adjacent to the text
that discusses the hardware item(s) in question.
Caution! Risk of electric shock! The use of this symbol on
equipment indicates that one or more nearby items pose an electric
shock hazard and should be regarded as potentially dangerous. This
same symbol appears in the manual adjacent to the text that discusses
the hardware item(s) in question.
Camera Features
Camera Front
The intensifier and lens mount housing are at the front of the camera. The details of the
housing can vary depending on the type of mount and on the type of CCD array installed.
If the lens mount adapter is purchased at the same time as the I-PentaMAX, the camera
will be supplied with the adapter installed. A C-mount lens adapter is standard.
The connector for the high-voltage cable is located on the intensifier housing. This cable
is supplied with the high voltage supply and must be connected for the intensifier to
function. Without high voltage applied, the intensifier is completely blind. Chapter 5
discusses operation of the camera, including connecting the high voltage cable and high-
voltage operating considerations.
The high voltage cable carries lethal voltages to the image intensifier (as much as 10,000
Volts). Never turn on the high-voltage power supply (IIC-100 or IIC-200) or the pulser
equipped with the MCP-100 modular high-voltage supply unless both ends of the high
voltage cable are connected. These ends should be tightly connected to the mating
connections or arcing could occur and damage the intensifier. A cable connected at one
end only is not only hazardous, but is susceptible to arcing and subsequent erratic
operation due to the formation of carbon tracks.
DANGER
WARNING! The high voltage cable should be handled with care. Dropping the cable or banging the
connectors may damage the pins, resulting in a poor or intermittent connection, which
could result in damage to the intensifier.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
13
Camera Back Panel
The camera’s connectors and coolant ports are located on the back panel as shown in
Figure 2. A brief description of each feature follows.
Fan: There is an internal fan located behind the back panel next to the ventilation grill.
Its purpose is:
•
•
to remove heat from the Peltier device that cools the CCD array, and,
to cool the electronics.
This fan runs continuously whenever the camera is powered. It is designed for low-
vibration and does not adversely affect the image. For the fan to function properly,
free circulation must be maintained between the laboratory atmosphere and the
rear and sides of the camera.
WATER Cooling Ports: There is provision for liquid cooling via the two barbed
cooling fittings at the rear panel. The liquid cooling option is provided for use
when the camera is placed in an environment where dynamic airflow is restricted
or the ambient environment of the camera is 35°C or higher. We strongly advise
users to see Chapter 4, Temperature Control before making any connections to the
liquid cooling ports.
VIDEO
LOGIC OUT
EXT. SYNC
Figure 2. Camera Back Panel
FROM POWER SUPPLY Connector: The cable that interconnects the Camera and
the Temperature/Power Supply unit connects to this 25-pin connector. This
connector, the cable, and the corresponding connector on the Temperature/Power
Supply unit are configured so that the cable cannot be installed incorrectly.
However, it is essential that the cable connector locking screws be tightened
securely to ensure reliable operation. Note that this is a proprietary cable; a generic
off the shelf cable cannot be substituted.
CAUTION
Always have the power off when connecting or disconnecting the Camera to Power
Supply cable.
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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HIGH SPEED SERIAL Connector: The cable that goes from the Camera to the
computer connects to this 9-pin connector. Again, it is essential that the cable
connector locking screws be tightened securely to ensure reliable operation. If the
application requires use of the optional fiber-optic data link to increase the
maximum allowable distance between the Camera and the computer, the fiber-
optic “pod” would be connected to the HIGH SPEED SERIAL connector with a
short length of cable. Then the long distance fiber-optic cable would be connected
to the pod. A similar fiber-optic pod connection is required at the computer.
The computer connection at the other end of the cable depends on the computer
type. See Chapter 3 for detailed information.
VIDEO BNC Connector: This is the composite video output. The amplitude is 1 V pk-
pk and the source impedance is 75 Ω . Either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR standard
video can be provided and must be specified when the system is ordered. The
video should be connected to the monitor via a 75 Ω cable and it must be
terminated by 75 Ω . Many monitors have a selector switch to select either
terminated or unterminated operation.
Since the image is available at the computer via WinView, use of a separate video
monitor isn’t essential. Note, however, that the monitor view is updated as fast as
the data can be transferred. At the computer, because of the software overhead, the
image is updated more slowly. As a result, for operations such as focusing, where
it is advantageous to track changes as fast as possible, the video output is much
preferred.
The video output is selected by the Application software. In the case of WinView,
this is done by selecting RS170 from the Acquisition menu. Since the view
afforded by the video monitor is limited and fixed, all of the pixels from an array
may not be displayed. For example, some of the image from a 512 × 512 array will
be cropped when viewed on a 756 × 486 RS-170 monitor (NTSC format). When
this is the case, WinView's Video Focus functionality allows you to display the
entire image at reduced resolution or to pan to a subset of the array image.
Note: If more than one device is connected to the video output, the last device is
the one that should to be terminated in 75 Ω. For example, to connect the video
output to a VCR as well as to a monitor, the cable from the controller video output
should be connected to the video input connector of the VCR, and another 75 Ω
cable should extend from the video output connector of VCR to the 75Ω input of
the monitor. Do not use a BNC TEE to connect the controller video output to
multiple devices.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
15
LOGIC OUT BNC Connector: This TTL output (formerly labeled NOTSCAN) is
provided to allow monitoring of the camera’s status. The camera state reported at
this connector is selected by the application software. A brief description of the
available signals follows.
NOTREADY: After a Start Acquisition command, this output signal changes state
on completion of the array cleaning cycles that precede the first exposure. Initially
high, NOTREADY goes low to mark the beginning of the first exposure. In free
run operation it remains low until the system in halted. If a specific number of
frames have been programmed, it remains low until all have been taken, then
returns high.
NOTSCAN: Reports when the controller is finished reading out the CCD array.
NOTSCAN is high when the CCD array is not being scanned, then drops low
when readout begins, returning to high when the process is finished. It is also low
during cleaning of the CCD. See Chapter 8, Timing Modes, for additional
information.
SHUTTER: This signal is low when the shutter is closed and goes high when the
shutter is activated, dropping low again after the shutter closes. See Chapter 8,
Timing Modes, for additional information.
In gated operation, this signal is used to inhibit the pulser when the array is being
read out. Therefore, even with a frame-transfer CCD, a full-frame timing mode
should be used for gated operation. With an FG-100 or FG-100H pulser, this is
done by connecting the SHUTTER signal to the pulser’s ENABLE input. In the
case of a PG-200 pulser, the SHUTTER signal would be connected to the
INHIBIT input.
In shutter-mode operation (set at the high-voltage power supply), the SHUTTER
signal could be connected to the SHUTTER IN connector on the IIC-200
(IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100), allowing exposures from 50 µs to 23 hours to be
obtained. With no connection to the SHUTTER IN connector (operating in shutter
mode), the intensifier will be ON continuously.
CLEANING: This signal is high when an array Clean cycle is in progress and
otherwise low.
FT IMAGE SHIFT: This signal is low when a frame transfer shift is in progress
and otherwise high. This signal can be used to control fast wavelength switching
devices in microscopy applications.
LOGIC 0: Establishes a TTL logic 0 at the LOGIC OUT connector.
LOGIC 1: Establishes a TTL logic 1 at the LOGIC OUT connector.
Note: LOGIC 0 and LOGIC 1 can be used to control an external device using the
application software.
EXT SYNC BNC Connector: This TTL input allows data acquisition to be
synchronized with external events. The sense can be positive or negative (set via
software). See Chapter 8, Timing Modes.
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
CCD and Intensifier Enclosure
The camera is shipped backfilled to 1 psi (gauge), which is good for the lifetime of the
camera. If the camera intensifier/CCD enclosure should accidentally be opened to the
atmosphere, immediately shut down the system. Contact Princeton Instruments Customer
Support for further instructions.
WARNING!
Operating an I-PentaMAX camera that is no longer backfilled with dry air or nitrogen
may result in condensation on the array and intensifier that could cause irreversible
damage. Such damage would not be covered by the warranty.
Temperature/Power Supply Unit Features
TEMPERATURE °C
ACTUAL
SET POINT
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
ON
STATUS
C
H
OFF
TEMP SET
ERROR
POWER
Figure 3. Temperature/Power Supply Front Panel
Temperature/Power Supply Front Panel
TEMPERATURE (°C) Panel Meter: This LCD panel meter displays either the set
temperature or the actual temperature. Note that the temperature range that can
be set extends beyond that which can be achieved. Typically, it is possible to
achieve temperature lock down to about -20°C in air-cooled operation, and a few
degrees colder with supplemental liquid cooling. Setting an out-of-range
temperature such as -70°C, for example, won’t harm the camera but it will be
impossible to establish temperature lock, necessary for good measurement
repeatability. Operating with the temperature out of range for a long time might
cause the camera to overheat and shut down. See Chapter 4.
It is important to note that, even though the system controls to within 0.04° for
outstanding measurement repeatability, the indicated set and actual temperature
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Chapter 1
Introduction
17
may still differ slightly once temperature lock has been established, typically by
0.1° C. This difference stems from the panel-meter limitations.
ACTUAL vs. SET POINT Switch: This switch allows the user to choose either the
Set Point temperature or the Actual temperature for display.
TEMP SET Knob: This knob directly sets the temperature at which the CCD array will
be controlled. That temperature will be displayed on the Temperature Display
meter when the Actual vs. Set Point switch is set to SET POINT. Turning the
knob counterclockwise, towards C, sets a colder temperature. Turning it
clockwise, towards H, sets a warmer temperature. Note that the Temperature Set
knob is equipped with a friction lock. This high turning resistance ensures that
the setting will not inadvertently change due to vibration or accidental contact.
ON - OFF Switch: Setting this switch to ON switches on the temperature control
function, causing one of the two temperature Status indicators to light, as
described in the following paragraph. If the red ERROR indicator lights, there is
an error condition that has to be corrected before temperature-control operation
can be established. Error conditions are discussed in Chapter 4.
STATUS Indicators: There are two, one yellow, the other green. The yellow one lights
to indicate that the temperature controller is active (On/Off switch to ON) but
that temperature lock has not yet been established. The green one lights when
temperature lock has been established. As long as the temperature-control
function is active, one or the other of these indicators will light, but never both at
the same time.
ERROR Indicator: Lights when there is a temperature-control error condition that
must be corrected before the temperature control loop can function properly.
Once an error indication occurs, it is always necessary to cycle the I-PentaMAX
power before normal operation can be established. Even if the source of the error
is corrected while the system is still powered, the error condition will continue to
be indicated until the power is cycled. Again, Chapter 4, Temperature Control,
contains a detailed discussion of the possible causes of a temperature-control
error indication and the appropriate remedial action to take for each.
POWER Indicator: Lights whenever the I-PentaMAX is powered. The Power switch is
located on the back panel of the Temperature/Power Supply unit.
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Temperature/Power Supply Back Panel
Fan: The internal fan that cools the Temperature/Power Supply electronics is located
directly behind the back-panel grill. This fan runs continuously whenever the
power is on. For proper operation, it is essential that free circulation be maintained
between the rear of the power supply and the laboratory atmosphere. If the airflow
becomes restricted, it could cause an over-temperature condition in the power
supply that would cause it to shut down, interrupting system operation.
TO CAMERA Connector: The cable that interconnects the Temperature/Power
Supply and the Camera connects to this 25-pin connector. This connector, the
cable, and the corresponding connector on the Camera are configured so that the
cable cannot be installed incorrectly. However, it is essential that the cable
connector locking screws be tightened securely to ensure reliable operation.
CAUTION
Again, the power should be off when connecting or disconnecting this cable to avoid
placing your equipment at risk.
Power Input Assembly: This assembly contains the line-cord socket, the Power
On/Off switch and the line fuse. The power requirements and fuse ratings are
printed on the panel to the right of the assembly.
The plug on the line cord supplied with the system should be compatible with the
line-voltage outlets commonly used in the region to which the system is shipped.
If the line cord plug should prove to be incompatible, a compatible plug should
be installed, taking care to maintain the proper polarity to protect the equipment
and assure user safety.
WARNING:
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK,
DISCONNECT LINE CORD
OFF
ON
BEFORE REMOVING COVER
CAUTION:
FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION
AGAINST FIRE, REPLACE ONLY
WITH FUSE OF THE SPECIFIED
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATINGS.
105-125V~
210-250V~
200 WATTS
2AMP T(S.B.)
1 AMP T(S.B.)
47-63 Hz
TO CAMERA
Figure 4. Temperature/Power Supply Back Panel
The On/Off Power rocker switch determines whether AC power will be available to the
Temperature/Power Supply. As indicated on the panel, pressing the left end of the switch
selects OFF and pressing the right end of the switch selects ON.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
19
Note that there is no provision for setting the operating line voltage. None is required
because the I-PentaMAX Temperature/Power Supply unit auto-senses the applied voltage
and automatically configures itself accordingly.
However, the line fuse value does depend on the line voltage as indicated to the right of
the Power Input assembly. As mentioned in the discussion of Power Requirements on
page 26, the Power Input assembly cover can be easily removed to gain access to the fuse
so that one of the appropriate value can be installed.
Temperature/Power Supply Filter
On the bottom of the Temperature/Power Supply unit is a small recess containing a foam
filter. The supply’s internal fan draws ventilation air in through this filter, circulates it
past the internal electronics and then exhausts it through the rear-panel grill. When the
supply is resting on a typical hard surface with ready access between the ambient air and
the air intake on the bottom of the supply, there is ample cooling reserve. If this access
should be blocked, an over-temperature condition may develop, causing the temperature
regulation circuitry to shut down. This could also happen if the filter becomes very dirty
after long operation. For this reason, from time to time it is advisable to remove the filter
and clean it. Refer to the Cleaning and Maintenance section for instructions.
CAUTION
Do not operate the Temperature/Power Supply unit with the filter removed.
Grounding and Safety
The apparatus described in this manual is of the Class I category as defined in IEC
Publication 348 (Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus). It is
designed for indoor operation only. Before turning on the Temperature/Power Supply
unit, the ground prong of the power cord plug must be properly connected to the ground
connector of the wall outlet. The wall outlet must have a third prong, or must be properly
connected to an adapter that complies with these safety requirements.
WARNING!
WARNING!
If the equipment is damaged, the protective grounding could be disconnected. Do not use
damaged equipment until authorized personnel have verified its safety. Disconnecting
the protective earth terminal, inside or outside the apparatus, or any tampering with its
operation is also prohibited.
Inspect the supplied power cord. If it is not compatible with the power socket, replace the
cord with one that has suitable connectors on both ends.
Replacement power cords or power plugs must have the same polarity as that of the
original ones to avoid hazard due to electrical shock.
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20
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
ESD Precautions
The CCD and other system electronics are extremely sensitive to electrostatic discharge
(ESD). To avoid permanently damaging the system, please observe the following
precautions:
•
When using high-voltage equipment (such as an arc lamp) with your I-PentaMAX
system, be sure to turn the controller power on last and power the controller off
first.
•
Use caution when triggering high-current switching devices (such as an arc
lamp) near your system. Transient voltage spikes can permanently damage the
CCD. If electrically noisy devices are present, an isolated, conditioned power
line or dedicated isolation transformer is highly recommended.
•
Never connect or disconnect any cable while the I-PentaMAX system is powered
on. An unconnected cable segment can become electrically charged and can
damage the CCD if reconnected.
•
•
Connect the camera-power supply cable to the Temperature/Power Supply unit
before connecting the cable to the camera.
Disconnect the camera-power supply cable from the camera before
disconnecting it from the Temperature/Power Supply unit.
Additional Precautions
Camera and Temperature/Power Supply Unit
•
Never impede airflow through the equipment by obstructing the air vents. Allow
at least a one-inch air space around any vent.
•
Do not “mix and match” cameras and Temperature/Power Supply units.
Image Intensifier Controller (IIC-200, IIC-300, and IIC-100)
•
Before turning on the high voltage supply to the intensifier, turn MCP GAIN to 0
gain.
Environmental Requirements
•
•
•
Storage temperature -20°C to 55°C
Operating environment 0°C to 30°C
Relative humidity ≤50%.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
21
Computer Requirements
Host Computer Type
Note: Computers and operating systems all undergo frequent revision. The following
information is only intended to give an approximate indication of computer
requirements. Please contact the factory to determine your specific needs.
PC
Type: PCI-bus based Pentium (or better).
Memory (RAM): Minimum of 64 Mbytes; possibly more depending on experiment
design and size of CCD Array.
®
Operating System: Windows 3.1 or higher.
Interface: PCI High-Speed Serial I/O card. PCI bus Computers purchased from
Princeton Instruments as part of the I-PentaMAX system are shipped with the card
installed.
®
Power Macintosh
Type: Power Macintosh with an available PCI card slot
Memory (RAM): Minimum of 4 Mbytes; possibly more depending on experiment design
and size of CCD Array.
Operating System: System 6.0.5 or later. IPLab™ is fully System 7 compatible, including
up to System 7.5.
Sun Workstation
Consult the factory.
SGI Workstation
Consult the factory
Application Software
The I-PentaMAX camera runs under WinView/32, Princeton Instruments' 32-bit
Windows software package designed specifically for digital imaging. WinView/32
provides comprehensive acquisition, display, and processing functions. The WinView/32
package facilitates snap-ins to permit easy customization of any function or sequence.
Windows DLLs are available to allow you to write your own software. The I-PentaMAX
camera system is also supported by a host of third-party scientific imaging packages.
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22
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Cleaning and Maintenance
WARNING!
Turn off all power to the equipment and secure all covers before cleaning the units.
Otherwise, damage to the equipment or injury to you could occur.
Temperature/Power Supply
Periodic cleaning of the Temperature/Power Supply unit filter is required to ensure
adequate airflow through the unit.
To Clean the Air Filter:
1. Turn the Temperature/Power Supply unit OFF and unplug the unit from the AC
power source.
2. Place the unit upside down.
3. Grasp the filter on the bottom of the unit and remove it.
4. Shake it to dislodge the dirt.
5. Reinstall the filter.
6. Return the unit to its upright position and plug it into the AC power source.
CAUTION
Do not operate the Temperature/Power Supply unit with the filter removed.
Optical Surfaces
The camera's optical window may need to be cleaned due to the accumulation of
atmospheric dust. We advise that the drag-wipe technique be used. This involves dipping
a clean cellulose lens tissue into clean anhydrous methanol, and than dragging the
dampened tissue over the optical surface to be cleaned. Do not allow any other material
to touch the optical surfaces.
Refer to your optics supplier for instructions on cleaning other optical surfaces.
WARNING!
There is nothing to clean on the inside of the nose assembly. Do not attempt to remove
the nose assembly to access the intensifier. Such an action could damage the camera and
void your warranty.
Repairs
Save the original packing materials. Because the I-PentaMAX system contains no user-
serviceable parts, repairs must be done by Princeton Instruments. Should your system
need repair, contact Princeton Instruments technical support for instructions (telephone,
e-mail, and address information are provided on page 106 of this manual).
Use the original packing materials whenever shipping the system or system components.
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Chapter 2
Installation Overview
The list and diagrams below briefly describe the sequence of actions required to
hookup your system and prepare to gather data. Refer to the indicated references
for more detailed information.
Action
Reference
1. If the system components have not already been unpacked, unpack
them and inspect their carton(s) and the system components for in-
transit damage.
Chapter 3, page 25
2. Verify that all system components have been received.
Chapter 3, page 25
3. If the components show no signs of damage, verify that the
appropriate fuse has installed in the Temperature/Power Supply
unit.
4. Verify that the appropriate line voltage and fuses have been
installed in the High Voltage (HV) power supply unit.
HV supply unit manual
(IIC-100, IIC-200, IIC-300,
MCP-100...).
5. If the WinView/32 software is not already installed in the host
computer, install it.
WinView/32 manual
6. If the appropriate interface card is not already installed in the host
computer, install it.
Chapter 3, page 30
7. Mount the camera.
Chapter 3, page 28
Chapter 3, page 31
8. With the Temperature/Power Supply unit power turned OFF,
connect the Camera-Power Supply cable to the rear of the
Temperature/Power Supply unit and then to the rear of the camera.
Secure the cable.
Chapter 3, page 32
9. DANGER. With the Temperature/Power Supply unit power and
the HV supply unit turned OFF, connect the high voltage cable,
provided with the system, to the Intensifier H.V.P.S connector on
the HV supply and on the image intensifier housing. Cable
connections must be fully tightened down to prevent arcing.
HV supply unit manual
10. On the HV supply, set the MCP Gain to 0 gain (fully
counterclockwise) and set the SHUTTER/GATE switch to GATE,
the AUTO BRIGHT CNTRL ON/OFF switch to OFF, and the MCP
POWER/OFF switch to OFF
11. Connect the cables from the HV supply unit to the timing generator, HV supply unit manual
trigger source and camera controller as appropriate to your
application.
23
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24
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Action
Version 3.A
Reference
12. Connect the TAXI™ cable to the camera and the interface card in
the host computer. Then tighten down the locking hardware.
Chapter 3, page 31
13. If the system is cooled by coolant circulation, make the tubing
connections between the coolant circulator and the camera.
Chapter 4, page 34
14. Turn the Temperature/Power Supply unit ON.
15. Turn the HV supply unit ON.
16. Block the light coming into the camera and switch the MCP
POWER /OFF switch to its MCP POWER position. The MCP Gain
setting should be 0.
17. Turn on the computer and begin running WinView/32.
18. Enter the hardware setup information.
19. Set the target array temperature.
WinView/32 manual
WinView/32 manual
Chapter 3, page 33
Chapter 5
20. When the system reaches temperature lock, switch the
SHUTTER/GATE switch (on the HV supply unit) to SHUTTER,
unblock light to the camera, and begin acquiring data in focus mode.
21. Adjust the MCP Gain and the focus.
Chapter 5
SHUTTER IN *
IIC-200
or
IIC-300
INTENSIFIER
H.V.P.S
HV CABLE
TO CAMERA
TEMPERATURE/
POWER SUPPLY
FROM POWER SUPPLY
LOGIC OUT**
λ
I-PENTAMAX
HIGH SPEED SERIAL (TAXI)
EXPERIMENT
INTERFACE CARD
HOST COMPUTER
* This cable connection is required
when exposure < readout time.
**This connector may be labeled NOTSCAN
on older units.
Figure 5. System Diagram: I-PentaMAX with IIC-200 or IIC-300
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Chapter 3
Hardware Setup
Introduction
This chapter is provided to help you get started with your I-PentaMAX System. In
addition to descriptions of such basics as unpacking and grounding safety, the chapter
includes discussions of the requirements that have to be met before the camera can be
powered. Included are environmental, power, computer, and software requirements – all
essential to making successful measurements. Users are advised to read this chapter in its
entirety before powering up the system. Do not power up the system at any time while
carrying out the instructions in this chapter. Instructions for actual operation of the
system under power are provided in Chapter 5, First Light.
WARNING!
Image intensifiers can be destroyed if exposed to excessive light levels. Princeton
Instruments cannot take responsibility for intensifier damage due to misuse.
Unpacking
During unpacking, check the system for possible signs of shipping damage. If there are
any, notify Princeton Instruments and file a claim with the carrier. If damage is not
apparent but system specifications cannot be achieved, internal damage may have
occurred in shipment.
Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory
The complete I-PentaMAX system consists of a camera, a temperature/power supply unit,
a high voltage supply, several cables, a set of manuals, a computer, and computer system
dependent components. Detailed information regarding cables, high voltage supplies, and
computer system dependent components is provided below:
•
Camera to Power Supply cable: 25-pin cable. Standard lengths are 10 ft (PI #6050-
0184) and 15 ft (PI #6050-0228).
•
Camera to Computer cable: 9-pin TAXI cable. Standard length is 25 ft (PI #6050-
0148). Lengths up to 165 ft (50 m) are available. Optional fiber optic transducers can
be used to extend this distance to as much as 2 km.
•
HV Power Supply: Model IIC-200, IIC-100 High Voltage Power Supply, or a
Princeton Instruments Pulser (FG-100, FG-100H, PG-10, or PG-200) equipped with
an optional MCP-100 High Voltage Power Supply. Note that Gen II and Gen III
intensifiers require different HV Power Supplies and are not interchangeable. The
labels at the Intensifier H.V.P.S. connectors on the Power Supply and on the camera
must be identical.
25
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26
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
•
•
Camera to High Voltage supply cable: Normally supplied with the high-voltage
power supply or pulser.
System Dependent Interface Components:
Note: An I-PentaMAX system requires a computer, which could be any one of
several different types, each requiring a different application software package. For
convenience, in discussing operating procedures, this manual refers to a PCI bus
based PC running with Princeton Instruments WinView software. Nevertheless, the
manual does apply as well to operation with other computers and software. Interface
components as follows could be required.
™
•
PC Systems and PCI Power Mac Systems: Princeton Instruments (RSPI) High
Speed Serial PCI Board: This board must be installed in the computer
(computers purchased from Princeton Instruments will be shipped with the board
already installed).
•
•
Sun Workstations: Consult the factory.
SGI Workstations: Consult the factory
Verifying Fuse Rating
The I-PentaMAX camera receives its power from the Temperature/Power Supply unit,
which in turn plugs into a source of AC power and can operate from a line voltage in the
range of 105-125 V or 210-250 V AC. The power requirement is 200 Watts maximum
and the line frequency can range from 47 to 63 Hz. Because the Temperature/Power
Supply unit senses the line voltage automatically, no action is required of the user if the
line-voltage selection is changed. However, the line fuse is line-voltage dependent as
indicated on the rear panel of the Temperature/Power Supply unit. Systems are ordinarily
equipped with the proper fuse for the customary line voltage for the region to which they
are being shipped.
Again, do not power up the system at any time while carrying out the instructions in this
chapter. Instructions for actual operation of the system under power are provided in
Chapter 5, First Light.
Table 1 shows the required fuse rating for each line voltage range. Only operate with a
fuse correctly rated for the intended line voltage. If the wrong fuse is installed, the
system will not be properly protected and the fuse may fail.
To verify that the installed fuse is correct:
1. Unplug the line cord from the power-input socket at the rear of the
Temperature/Power Supply unit.
2. Insert a small screwdriver into the recess at the top of the Power Input assembly as
shown in Figure 6 and pry open the cover.
3. Use the screwdriver to loosen the fuse carrier. Note the orientation of the arrow on
the fuse carrier. Then, grasp the fuse carrier and pull it straight out of the Power
Input assembly.
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Chapter 3
Hardware Setup
27
Figure 6. Power Input Assembly (Fuse Access)
4. Remove the fuse and check to be sure that its current rating is correct for the
intended operating voltage. Replace the fuse if necessary.
5. After verifying that the fuse is correct, or after installing the new fuse in the carrier,
should that be necessary, insert the fuse carrier into the Power Input assembly. Make
sure the arrow is pointing in its original direction.
6. Return the Power Input assembly cover to its original position and snap it into place
to complete the procedure.
Voltage
Fuse
105-125 V (US)
2 A slow-blow, ¼″x1¼″
210-250 V (Europe)
1 A slow-blow, ¼″x1¼″
Table 1. Voltage and Fuse Selection
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28
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Mounting the Camera
General
The I-PentaMAX camera can be mounted either horizontally or vertically (nose up or
nose down). The camera can rest on any secure surface. Also, there is a standard ¼″ × 20
UNC thread 5/8″ deep hole on the bottom of the camera behind the lens mount for
mounting versatility. When mounted horizontally, the camera should rest on a secure
surface or be supported so that the mount doesn’t bear the camera’s weight. In many
situations it may prove convenient to secure the camera with a suitable mounting bracket.
CAUTION
In the case of cameras equipped with an F-mount, do not mount the camera in the nose-
up position without additional support. The F-mount is not designed to sustain large
weights in this orientation and the camera could pull free of the lens with possible
catastrophic consequences. Contact the factory for special mounting options that enable
operation in this orientation.
If the camera should be mounted in the nose-up position beneath a table, take care to
protect the mounting components from lateral stresses, such as might occur should
someone accidentally bump the camera with a knee while working at the table. Two
possible approaches to this problem would be to install a securely mounted bracket to the
camera or to install a barrier between the camera and operator so as to prevent any
accidental contact.
There are no special constraints on nose-down operation. Again, however, good
operating practice might make it advisable to use a securing bracket to prevent accidental
contact from unduly stressing the mounting components.
Microscopy
If the camera is going to be mounted to a microscope, the lens mounting instructions that
follow will not apply. Where this is the case, users are advised to skip the following
discussion and instead review Chapter 6, Microscopy Applications.
Mounting the Lens
If the lens mount adapter is purchased at the same time as the I-PentaMAX, the camera
will be supplied with the adapter installed. A C-mount lens adapter is standard. Consult
the factory for information about the availability of an F-mount.
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Chapter 3
Hardware Setup
29
Set screws (4) to lock front part of adapter in place
Lens release lever
Front part of adapter for adjusting focus
Figure 7. F-mount Lens Adapter
To install an F-mount lens on the camera:
1. Locate the large indicator dot on the side of the lens.
2. Note the corresponding dot on the front side of the camera lens mount.
3. Line up the dots and slide the lens into the mount.
4. Turn the lens counterclockwise until a click is heard, indicating that the lens is now
locked in place.
To remove an F-mount lens:
1. Press the locking lever on the mount while rotating the lens clockwise until it comes
free.
2. Then pull the lens straight out.
F-mount lenses typically have provision for focusing and aperture adjustment, with the
details varying according the make and model of the lens. In addition, in the case of the
F-mount, there is provision for adjusting the focus of the lens mount itself, if necessary,
to bring the focus within range of the lens focus. This adjustment is discussed in
Chapter 5.
Mounting procedures are more complex when mounting to a microscope and vary
according to the make and model of the microscope as discussed in Chapter 6,
Microscopy Applications.
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30
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Installing the Application Software
Driver Installation
Installation is performed via the WinView/32 installation process, which should be
done before the interface card is installed in the host computer. On the Select
Components dialog box (see below), click on the button appropriate for the
interface card. For a Princeton Instruments (RSPI) high speed PCI card, select the
AUTO PCI component to install the required PCI card driver. For an ISA, or no
interface card, select the Custom component. If the interface card was installed at
the factory, the appropriate driver was installed at that time.
Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.5.3 and higher) do not support the ISA interface.
PC Interface Installation
If the computer is a PCI bus PC or Power Macintosh, it must be equipped with a
Princeton Instruments (RSPI) high speed serial PCI card. Information about the
installation and operation of these interface boards follows.
Note: PC computers purchased from Princeton Instruments for use in the I-PentaMAX
system are shipped with the appropriate card already installed.
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Chapter 3
Hardware Setup
31
To Install a PCI Card:
If using WinView/32 software, either High Speed PCI or PCI(Timer) can be the selected
Interface type. This selection is accessed on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab page.
High Speed PCI allows data transfer to be interrupt-driven and gives the highest
performance in most situations. PCI(Timer) allows data transfer to be controlled by a
polling timer and is recommended when there are multiple devices sharing the same
interrupt. However, data transfer is slower in PCI(Timer) mode and data overrun more
likely. Also, PCI(Timer) cannot be used to continuously acquire small Regions of
Interest in asynchronous operation.
CAUTION
1. Review the documentation for your computer before continuing with this
installation.
2. To avoid risk of dangerous electrical shock and damage to the computer, verify
that the computer power is OFF and the computer is unplugged.
3. Follow your computer manufacturer's instructions for inserting the card into an
empty PCI slot.
4. After you have secured the computer cover, turn on the computer only. If an
error occurs at bootup, either the PCI card was not installed properly or there is
an address or interrupt conflict. Go to Chapter 10, Troubleshooting, page 74, for
instructions.
Connecting the TAXI (Camera to Computer) Cable
To Connect the TAXI Cable:
1. Connect one end of the TAXI cable to the 9-pin port on the Interface card.
2. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
3. Connect the other end of the cable to the "High Speed Serial" port on the rear of
the camera.
4. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
Connecting the Camera to Power Supply Cable
CAUTION
Turn the Temperature/Power Supply unit power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) before
connecting or disconnecting the Camera to Power Supply cable.
To Connect the Camera to Power Supply Cable:
1. Verify that the Temperature/Power Supply unit power is OFF.
2. Connect male end of the Camera to Power Supply cable to the "To Camera" port
on the rear of the Temperature/Power Supply unit.
3. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
4. Connect the female end of the cable to the "From Power Supply" port on the rear
of the camera.
5. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
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32
I-PentaMAX System Manual
Version 3.A
Connecting the Camera to HV Supply Cable
To Connect the Camera to HV Power Supply Cable:
1. Verify that the HV supply unit power is OFF and that the Temperature/Power
Supply unit power is OFF.
2. At the Intensifier H.V.P.S. connector on the rear of the HV power supply, align
the cable connector so the plug keyway is aligned with the socket key.
3. Gently insert the connector, taking care not force or bend the contacts.
4. Screw the connector collar onto the connector finger tight. The easiest and best
method is to screw on the collar until it gets finger tight, then press the
connectors together, then tighten the collar, and alternate between pressing and
turning a few times.
5. Repeat Steps 2-4 for the H.V.P.S. connector on the image intensifier housing.
6. When the connectors are fully seated, they may then be fully tightened,
preferably hand tight (use of a tool to tighten is acceptable as an aid, but do not
exceed 10 in-lb of torque). It is necessary to tighten the connectors enough to
assure the elastomer insulators in the connectors exclude air from the interface.
CAUTION
Never use any connectors or cables, other than those supplied by Princeton
Instruments.
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Chapter 4
Temperature Control
Introduction
As described in Chapter 1, Introduction, temperature
control in the I-PentaMAX system is quite
straightforward. Typically, if the Temperature Control
On/Off switch has been set to ON, it is only necessary to
set the temperature display mode switch to SET POINT
and then adjust the TEMP SET knob until the desired
temperature is displayed. The temperature control loop
will then automatically establish the desired CCD
temperature. While the cool-down is in progress, the
yellow STATUS indicator will light. When temperature
lock is achieved, the yellow indicator will extinguish and
the green one will light. It may prove convenient to set
the temperature display mode switch to ACTUAL
during the cool-down to observe the cooling progress.
Because the control loop is designed to achieve temperature lock as quickly as possible,
overshoot will typically occur with possible toggling of the Status lights. Overshoot is
particularly likely to occur if the set temperature is relatively high. This is normal
behavior and should not be a cause for concern. The temperature will quickly return to
the set value and permanent lock will be established. Should a low temperature be set
initially and then a higher one, this overshoot would probably not occur because the
temperature control loop doesn’t drive the temperature higher, but rather waits passively
for temperature rise to occur.
Air Cooling
An internal Peltier device directly cools the cold finger on which the CCD is mounted.
The heat produced by the Peltier device is then removed by the air drawn into the camera
by the internal fan and exhausted through the back-panel grill. The fan is always in
operation and air cooling of both the CCD and the internal electronics takes place
continuously. With air cooling alone, at an ambient temperature of 25°C, temperature
lock at -20° should typically take about ten minutes. Also, if the lab is particularly warm,
achieving temperature lock might take a little longer (30 minutes maximum).
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Water Cooling
Supplemental water cooling can be implemented via the camera’s back panel two
cooling ports, either of which can be used for inflow or outflow. Connect to the ports
using ¼″ inner diameter Tygon tubing secured with a suitable clamp (barb-sleeve clamps
(2518-0301) are provided). Although pressures as high as 80 psi can be applied,
satisfactory cooling will ordinarily be attained with a lower pressure and moderate flow
rate. Supplemental cooling will allow temperature lock to be achieved more rapidly than
would be required to attain lock at the same temperature with air cooling alone. In
addition, it will be possible to achieve temperature lock at lower temperatures, typically
three or four degrees lower than would be possible with air cooling alone.
CAUTION
It is essential that the cooling water not be chilled. The circulation of chilled water can
cause condensation inside the camera that could cause the electronics to malfunction.
Ordinary tap water can be too cold and should not be used! The water should be no
colder than the laboratory ambient temperature. Closed circulation systems (such as the
CC-100) that depend on ambient air cooling of the circulating water will generally give
good results.
Error Conditions
The red ERROR indicator on the front panel of the Temperature/Power Supply will
light when a temperature-control error condition is detected. At the same time, the
temperature control loop will shut down independent of the setting of the Temperature
Control On/Off switch. When this happens, the temperature will begin rising towards
ambient, even though the yellow STATUS indicator remains lighted and even if the
error condition is corrected. It is always necessary to cycle the power before normal
temperature control operation can be re-established. Ordinarily you would turn off the
power, identify and correct the error condition, and then turn the power back on and
operate as usual. Refer to Chapter 10, Troubleshooting, for possible causes and
corrective actions.
Note: The inside of the camera must reach a certain temperature before control can be
re-established. You may have to wait for this to occur before regaining temperature
control.
Pressurization
Before an I-PentaMAX leaves the factory, its front enclosure is evacuated and then
backfilled with clean dry air at a pressure of nominally 1 psi. For proper operation it is
essential that the integrity of the front enclosure be maintained. Do not remove the
window from in front of the intensifier or loosen the pressure valve. If this enclosure
should be opened to the air, the array and intensifier will be exposed to atmospheric
moisture, which could condense on the array as it cools and possibly cause irreversible
damage. If accidentally opened to the atmosphere, do not operate the camera. Contact
Princeton Instruments Customer Support for further instructions.
WARNING!
Operating an I-PentaMAX that is no longer backfilled with dry air or dry nitrogen may
result in condensation on the array that could cause irreversible damage. Such damage
would not be covered by the Warranty.
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Chapter 5
First Light
Introduction
This chapter provides a step-by-step procedure for placing the I-PentaMAX system in
operation for the first time. At this point a lens should be mounted on the camera (or, if
necessary, the camera mounted on a microscope) and you should be ready to operate the
system and proceed to viewing your first images. A suggested procedure follows. Note
that the intent of this simple procedure is to help you gain basic familiarity with
operation of the I-PentaMAX and to demonstrate that it is functioning properly. Once
basic familiarity has been established, then operation with other operating
configurations, ones with more complex timing modes, can be established as described in
Chapter 8, Timing Modes. An underlying assumption of this procedure is that a video
monitor is available. Although it is possible to dispense with the monitor and simply
view the images on the computer monitor’s screen, operations such as focusing will be
somewhat easier with a video monitor because the displayed data is updated more
quickly and will be as close to current as possible.
To carry out this procedure, it will be necessary to have a basic grasp of the applications
software. Refer to your software manual for the required information.
WARNING!
Before You Start, if your system includes a microscope Xenon or Hg arc lamp, it is
CRITICAL to turn off all electronics adjacent to the arc lamp, especially your digital
camera system and your computer hardware (monitors included) before turning on the
lamp power.
Powering up a microscope Xenon or Hg arc lamp causes a large EMF spike to be
produced that can cause damage to electronics that are running in the vicinity of the
lamp. We advise that you place a clear warning sign on the power button of your arc
lamp reminding all workers to follow this procedure. While Princeton Instruments has
taken great care to isolate its sensitive circuitry from EMF sources, we cannot guarantee
that this protection will be sufficient for all EMF bursts.
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Overexposure Protection
Image intensifiers can be destroyed if continuously exposed to light levels higher than
twice the A/D saturation level. To prevent damage to the camera, check that the
following conditions are met before making any system connections.
WARNING!
➧
➧
Any HV pulsers present are turned off.
The MCP POWER/OFF switch (do not confuse with the AC power switch.) on the
IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100) is set to OFF. The MCP POWER/OFF
switch controls the high voltage but not the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100)
chassis power.
➧
The IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100) SHUTTER/GATE switch is set to
GATE. If there is no pulser for gating the IIC-200, IIC-300, or IIC-100, set the
switch to GATE and before beginning data acquisition, set the switch to SHUTTER.
➧
➧
➧
Light to the camera is completely blocked off.
The lens aperture is set as small as possible (largest f-number).
Neutral density filters are placed in front of the camera.
If the experimental conditions dictate that only a small portion of the photocathode is
illuminated over relatively long periods of time, change the illuminated region of the
photocathode periodically to avoid long-term localized photocathode or MCP damage.
Alarm
To reduce the risk of camera damage, an overload detection circuit in the high voltage
power supply (IIC-200, IIC-100, or MCP-100) monitors the intensifier current and
activates an alarm if the current exceeds the preset safety threshold. This alarm will save
the intensifier if there is a light overload that is integrated over the whole intensifier. It
will not protect the intensifier from damage due to small diameter light pattern overloads
(as might occur with a laser).
While the alarm is sounding, the photocathode and MCP power are temporarily disabled.
It is normal for the alarm to sound briefly when the high-voltage supply is first turned on.
If it sounds continuously, the camera window must be immediately covered or the
camera must be turned off until the illumination level is readjusted. If the alarm sounds
continuously even when the illumination level is adequately low, its threshold must be
internally readjusted by qualified personnel.
Contact the factory at once if sporadic or continuous unwarranted alarms occur. They
may indicate intensifier damage or another situation that requires immediate attention.
CAUTION
Shutter vs. Gated Operation
The I-PentaMAX camera has two basic operating modes, Shutter and Gated, selected by a
mode switch on the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100). Setting this switch to
SHUTTER (or CW) selects shutter mode operation. Setting it to GATE selects gate
mode operation.
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Chapter 5
First Light
37
Shutter mode defines an intensifier biasing mode. It doesn’t mean or imply that the
system contains a mechanical shutter. In Shutter mode operation, with no signal applied
to the SHUTTER IN connector of the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100), the
intensifier is biased on continuously and the camera “sees light” for as long as the high
voltage supply is turned on. For this reason, the camera is particularly vulnerable to
damage from excess light in Shutter mode operation. If the SHUTTER TTL output
(provided at the LOGIC OUT connector of the I-PentaMAX when selected by the
application software) is applied to the SHUTTER IN connector of the IIC-200 (IIC-100
or MCP-100), the intensifier is turned ON for the programmed exposure time.
In Gated operation, the intensifier is cabled to a pulser that may have the MCP-100 high-
voltage power supply option. The intensifier is biased off except during the applied
pulses. See pulser manual. Ordinarily the duty factor is very low. The camera “sees
light” only for the duration of each pulse and the risk of damage from excess light is
much lower than it is in Shutter mode operation. Gated operation is analogous to
shuttered operation with an unintensified camera except that the electronic gating is very
much faster; the I-PentaMAX can be switched on or off on a nanosecond time scale. The
6
on/off ratio is quite high, in excess of 5×10 :1 (the exact ratio depends on the gain
setting and other factors).
In both Shutter mode and Gated operation, a positive bias voltage is applied to the
intensifier in the “off” state. When the intensifier is “off” the camera is practically blind.
The following procedure is intended to be done with the system in Shutter mode
operation. See the Pulser manual for additional information on operating the system in
Gated mode.
Procedure
1. Verify that the camera and the Power Supply are matched (i.e., the labels at the
H.V.P.S connectors are identical).
2. If the system cables haven’t as yet been installed, connect them as follows with the
system power off.
•
Connect the 25-pin cable from the TO CAMERA connector on the back of the
Power Supply to the FROM POWER SUPPLY connector on the back of the
camera. Be sure to tighten the connector securing screws at both ends of the
cable.
•
With the power off, connect the HV Supply cable to the output of the IIC-200
(IIC-100 or MCP-100). Then connect the other end to the high-voltage input of
the intensifier. Make sure the cable connectors are tightly secured or arcing
could occur that would cause CATASTROPHIC damage to the intensifier.
The high voltage cable carries lethal voltages to the image intensifier (as much as 10,000
Volts). Never turn on the IIC-200 (or IIC-100) high-voltage power supply or the pulser
equipped with the MCP-100 modular high-voltage supply unless both ends of the high
voltage cable are connected. A cable connected at one end only is not only hazardous,
but is susceptible to arcing and subsequent erratic operation due to the formation of
carbon tracks that may damage the intensifier.
DANGER
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The high voltage cable should be handled with care. Dropping the cable or banging the
connectors may damage the pins, resulting in a poor or intermittent connection.
WARNING!
•
Connect one end of the 9-pin serial cable to the HIGH SPEED SERIAL
connector. Connect the other end to the computer interface.
Note: If the application requires use of the optional fiber-optic data link to
increase the maximum allowable distance between the Camera and the computer,
the fiber-optic “pod” would be connected to the HIGH SPEED SERIAL
connector with a short length of cable. Then the long distance fiber-optic cable
would be connected to the pod. A similar fiber-optic pod connection is required
at the computer.
•
Connect a 75 Ω BNC cable from the VIDEO connector on the back of the
camera to the video monitor’s 75 Ω input. This cable must be terminated in
75 Ω. Many monitors have a switch for selecting the 75 Ω termination. A video
monitor isn’t required for viewing images, but it will provide the fastest refresh
rate.
•
•
•
Connect a line cord from the Power Input assembly on the back of the
Temperature/Power Supply unit to a suitable source of AC power.
With the HV Supply turned off, connect a line cord to the HV Supply and, if
present, the pulser.
Optional. Connect a cable from the LOGIC OUT connector on the back of the
I-PentaMAX camera to the SHUTTER IN connector on the IIC-200 (IIC-300,
IIC-100, or MCP-100), allowing exposures from 50 µs to 23 hours to be
obtained.
Note: If there is no connection to the SHUTTER IN connector (when operating in
Shutter mode), the intensifier will be ON continuously.
3. If you haven’t already done so, install a lens on the camera. If the I-PentaMAX is to
be operated with a microscope, see Chapter 6 and follow the directions there. Begin
with the lens capped, with a small aperture setting, and with the focus set to
approximately the anticipated distance of the subject.
4. On the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or pulser equipped with an MCP-100):
•
Set the MCP GAIN dial to its lowest setting. (Full counterclockwise for the
IIC-200 or IIC-100).
•
•
•
Set the SHUTTER/GATE switch to "GATE".
Set the AUTOBRIGHT CONTROL (BRIGHT CONTROL) switch to "OFF".
Set the MCP POWER switch to "OFF".
5. Turn on the power to the I-PentaMAX, the computer, and the IIC-200 (IIC-300,
IIC-100, or pulser equipped with an MCP-100).
Do not turn on the MCP POWER switch at the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100
CAUTION
module) yet.
The I-PentaMAX Camera power On/Off switch is located immediately above the
line-cord socket on the back of the Temperature/Power Supply. As soon as the power
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Chapter 5
First Light
39
is turned on, the POWER light at the front panel of the Temperature/Power Supply
unit should light.
6. Start the application software (WinView, for example).
7. At the front panel of the Temperature/Power Supply, set the temperature display
mode switch to SET POINT and the Temperature Control ON/OFF switch to ON.
As soon as this switch is set to ON, the yellow STATUS indicator should light,
indicating that the temperature control loop is functioning but that temperature lock
has not yet been attained.
8. Adjust the TEMP SET dial for a display indication of -20.0°. Then set the
temperature display mode switch to ACTUAL. The indicated temperature should
drop steadily, reaching -20° in about ten minutes (typical). At that point the yellow
Status indicator will extinguish and the green one will light. Note that some
overshoot is normal, which could cause the Status indicators to toggle, that is, the
yellow indicator may come on again briefly. Should this happen, the displayed
temperature will quickly return and stabilize at -20.0°. There may be a small
difference, typically 0.1°, between the displayed set and locked temperatures. This is
normal and does not indicate a system malfunction.
9. Completely block light access into the camera. Then double check the system
connections.
Note: You may want to run the camera and monitor the dark current pattern while
the array is cooling down.
10. When satisfied that there are no errors, set the MCP POWER switch on the IIC-200
(IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100 module) to the ON position. The audible intensifier
alarm should sound briefly as the high voltage is applied. Verify that the MCP GAIN
setting is "0": the voltage is set with the MCP GAIN dial.
Notes:
Gen II intensifiers typically function optimally with a voltage in the range of 700 V
to 800 V. Gen III intensifiers typically require a higher voltage, sometimes as high as
1000 V, and a higher setting will be required. Some experimentation may be required
to find the optimum setting for your intensifier.
The MCP GAIN dial is not calibrated; however, a relative gain report is provided
with the system. This report equates dial setting (from 0-100, in increments of 10)
and counts/photoelectron.
The MCP-100 CANNOT be used with a Gen III intensifier.
A standard IIC-100 cannot normally be set to the higher voltage required by a Gen III
intensifier. High-voltage power supplies shipped with systems having a Gen III
intensifier are factory-adjusted so that they can be set to the higher voltage. If you
have more than one system, take care that the intensifier and high-voltage power
supplies are not interchanged.
In the case of a PG-200 pulser equipped with an MCP-100 module, there is no way
to set the MCP voltage with the system unpowered. The MCP voltage defaults to
~500 V and will need to be adjusted to the required level once the system is
powered.
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11. At the computer, configure the applications software for the I-PentaMAX camera.
The following settings are for WinView:
Hardware Setup|Controller/CCD:
Controller Type: PentaMAX
Controller Version: version of your controller
CCD Type: appropriate frame transfer array (EEV 512 × 512FT, for example)
Shutter Type: Electronic
LOGIC OUT Output: Shutter
Readout Mode: Frame Transfer
RS170 Type: if you are using a video monitor for focusing, select the type of
monitor (NTSC or PAL).
Hardware Setup|Interface:
Interface Type: High Speed PCI (or PCI(Timer)
12. Set up the applications software for Focus mode (continuous) operation.
13. The following settings are for WinView:
Experiment Setup|Main:
Exposure Time: 0.100 sec
CCD Readout: Use Full Chip
Accumulations: 1
Experiment Setup|Timing:
Free Run: 0.100 sec
Shutter Control: Normal
Safe Mode
14. Set the SHUTTER/GATE switch on the IIC-200 or IIC-300 to "SHUTTER".
15. Then begin data collection. Images will be sent to the monitor as quickly as they are
acquired, giving as close to continuous video as is possible.
Note: If you are using an external video monitor to focus the camera, you should
have already selected the appropriate RS170 type in Hardware Setup. You will
also need to select Video Focus from the Acquisition menu. The RS-170 (EIA)
output should be active and the exposure time should be short (0.1 sec suggested).
You will be able to adjust the display parameters and initiate acquisition from the
dialog box.
16. Uncap the lens. Then adjust the lens aperture and focus for the best image as viewed
on the video monitor. Some imaging tips follow.
•
•
Begin with the lens blocked off and the MCP Gain at its lowest setting. Set the
lens at the smallest possible aperture (largest f-stop number). As a guide, light
barely visible to the human eye is a good starting level for Shutter mode
operation. In Gate mode, higher light levels can be accommodated.
Slowly uncover the lens. If the image becomes washed out cover the lens
quickly, and reduce the light level. If the image is dim, increase the MCP Gain
setting.
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Chapter 5
First Light
41
•
•
Increase gain to about 1/2 maximum on the dial or the PG-200.
Adjust the lens aperture until a suitable value is found. Check the brightest
regions of the image to determine if the A/D converter is at full-scale. Adjust the
aperture just slightly smaller (higher f-stop) than the setting where maximum
brightness on any part of the image occurs.
Note: Long-term imaging of bright objects at low gain may cause image "burn-in" or
memory. This is especially true for Gen III intensifiers. Long-term viewing of bright
objects is not recommended for intensified cameras.
•
Place a suitable target in front of the lens. Objects with text or graphics work
best. The target should be located at infinity (at least 1000 focal lengths from the
lens). If working with a microscope, use any easily viewed specimen. It is
generally not advisable to attempt fluorescence imaging during this phase of
operation.
•
•
Set the focus adjustment of the lens for maximum sharpness in the viewed image.
Note that the camera’s F-mount adapter, if present, also has a factory-set focus
adjustment. If necessary, this focus can be changed to bring the image into range
of the lens focus adjustment. The following procedure could also be used for a
C-mount adapter and lens. To change the focus setting:
•
Reduce the light and/or exposure to allow the operating lens iris to maximum
or near maximum aperture without overloading the camera.
•
•
•
While using a large aperture, set the focus setting of the lens to infinity.
Loosen the lens mount set screws with a 0.050″ Allen wrench.
While observing the image at the computer or video monitor, rotate the lens
and the adapter as a unit until the sharpest possible focus is obtained.
Tighten the setscrews. All focusing may now be done with the focus
adjustment on the lens.
Adapter Locking Screws
Adapter Locking Screws
Figure 8. F-mount Adapter Focus Adjustment
This completes the basic familiarization and checkout procedure. Some additional
comments on imaging follow.
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Imaging Field of View
When used for two-dimensional imaging applications, the I-PentaMAX camera closely
imitates a standard 35 mm camera. Since the CCD is not the same size as the film plane
of a 35 mm camera, the field of view at a given distance is somewhat different.
CCD
Object
Lens
S
O
B
D
Figure 9. Imaging Field of View
D = distance between the object and the CCD
B = 17.5 mm for C-mount; 46.5 mm for F-mount
F = focal length of lens
S = CCD horizontal or vertical dimension
O = horizontal or vertical field of view covered at a distance D
M = magnification
The field of view is:
This completes First Light. If the system functioned as described, you can be reasonably
sure it has arrived in good working order. Other topics, which could be quite important in
certain situations, are discussed in the following chapters. See the appropriate
application software manual for information on using the software to control the system.
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Chapter 6
Microscopy Applications
Introduction
This chapter discusses the setup and optimization of your digital imaging system as
applied to microscopy.
Since scientific grade cooled imaging systems are usually employed for low light level
microscopy, the major goal is to maximize the light throughput to the camera. In order to
do this, the highest Numerical Aperture (NA) objectives of the desired magnification
should be used. In addition, you should carefully consider the transmission efficiency of
the objective for the excitation and emission wavelengths of any fluorescent probes
employed. Another way to help maximize the transmission of light is to choose the
camera port that uses the fewest optical surfaces in the pathway, since each surface
results in a small loss in light throughput. Often the trinocular mount on the upright
microscope or the bottom port on the inverted microscope provide the highest light
throughput. Check with the manufacturer of your microscope to determine the optimal
path for your experiment type.
A rule of thumb employed in live cell fluorescence microscopy is “if you can see the
fluorescence by eye, then the illumination intensity is too high”. While this may not be
universally applicable, it is a reasonable goal to aim for. In doing this, the properties of
the CCD in your camera should also be considered in the design of your experiments.
Hardware binning can also be used to increase sensitivity. If sufficient detail will be
preserved, you can use 2 × 2 binning (or higher) to increase the light collected at each
“super-pixel” by a factor of four or more. This will allow the user to reduce exposure
times, increasing temporal resolution and reducing photodamage to the living specimen.
Another method to minimize photodamage to biological preparations is to synchronize a
shutter on the excitation pathway to the exposure period of the camera. This will limit
exposure of the sample to the potentially damaging effects of the excitation light.
Mounting the Camera on the Microscope
The camera is connected to the microscope via a standard type mount coupled to a
microscope-specific adapter piece. There are two basic camera-mounting designs: the
C-mount and the F-mount. The C-mount employs a standard size thread to connect to the
adapter while the F-mount uses a tongue and groove type mechanism to align the camera
with an adapter. Either or both types could be available for a specific camera model.
C-Mount
For a camera equipped with a C-mount thread, use a standard C-mount adapter supplied
by the microscope manufacturer to attach the camera to the microscope. If you don’t
have an adapter, you can obtain one through your microscope distributor.
43
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The adapter can be screwed into the camera and then the assembly can be secured to the
microscope using the standard set screws on the microscope. The camera can be mounted
on the trinocular output port, the side port or the bottom port of the inverted microscope.
When mounting the camera perpendicular to the microscope on the side port, we
recommend that you provide some additional support for your camera to reduce the
possibility of vibrations or excessive stress on the C-mount nose. For the bottom port of
the inverted microscope, the C-mount is designed to support the full weight of the
camera, however, you may wish to provide some additional support for the camera since
the camera is in a position where it could be deflected by the operator’s knee or foot.
This kind of lateral force could damage the alignment of the nose and result in sub-
optimal imaging conditions.
Most output ports of the microscope do not require additional optical elements to collect
an image, however, please check with your microscope manual to determine if the
chosen output port requires any relay lens. In addition, all optical surfaces should be free
from dust and fingerprints, since these will appear as blurry regions or spots and hence
degrade the image quality.
F-Mount
For a camera with the F-mount type design, you will need two elements to mount the
camera on your microscope. The first element is a Relay Lens. This lens is usually a 1×
relay lens that performs no magnification. Alternatively, you may use a 0.6× relay lens to
partially demagnify the image and to increase the field of view. There is also a 2× relay
lens available for additional magnification. The second element is a microscope-specific
Bottom Clamp. Table 2 shows which bottom clamps are routinely used with each of the
microscope types. They are illustrated in Figure 10. If you feel that you have received the
wrong type of clamp, or if you need a clamp for a microscope other than those listed,
please contact Princeton Instruments.
Microscope Type
Bottom Clamp Type
Leica DMR
L-clamp
Leitz All types
NLW-clamp
O-clamp
Nikon Optiphot, Diaphot, Eclipse
Olympus BH-2, B-MAX, IMT-2
V-clamp
Zeiss Axioscope, Axioplan, Axioplan 2, Axiophot Z-clamp
Zeiss Axiovert
ZN-clamp
Table 2. Bottom Clamps for Different Type Microscopes
To assemble the pieces, first pick up the camera and look for the black dot on the front
surface. Match this dot with the red dot on the side of the relay lens. Then engage the
two surfaces and rotate them until the F-mount is secured as evidenced by a soft clicking
sound. Now, place the long tube of the relay lens into the bottom clamp for your
microscope, securing the two together with the three setscrews at the top of the clamp as
shown in Figure 10.
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Chapter 6
Microscopy Applications
45
This whole assembly can now be placed on the microscope, using the appropriate
setscrews on the microscope to secure the bottom clamp to the output port of the
microscope.
The F-mount is appropriate for any trinocular output port or any side port. When
mounting the camera perpendicular to the microscope on the side port, we recommend
that you provide some additional support for your camera to reduce the possibility of
vibrations or excessive stress on the F-mount nose. Princeton Instruments does not
advise using an F-mount to secure the camera to a bottom port of an inverted microscope
due to possible failure of the locking mechanism of the F-mount. Contact the factory for
information about a special adapter for operating in this configuration.
1X
Relay Lens
HRP 100-NIK
L
ZN
O
NLW
Z
V
Bottom Clamps
Figure 10. F-mount Adapters
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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1X
HRP 100-NIK
"L" bottom clamp
Figure 11. Bottom Clamp secured to Relay Lens
Operation
Xenon or Mercury Arc Lamp Precautions
WARNING!
Before You Start, if your system includes a microscope Xenon or Hg arc lamp, it is
CRITICAL to turn off all electronics adjacent to the arc lamp, especially your digital
camera system and your computer hardware (monitors also) before turning on the lamp
power.
Powering up your microscope Xenon or Hg lamp causes a large EMF spike to be
generated that can cause damage to electronics that are running in the vicinity of the
lamp. We advise that you place a clear warning sign on the power button for your arc
lamp reminding all workers to follow this procedure. While Princeton Instruments has
taken great care to isolate its sensitive circuitry from EMF sources, we cannot guarantee
that this protection will be sufficient for all EMF bursts.
Focusing the Microscope
1. Direct all of the light to the eyepieces
2. Focus on the target, set up Koehler illumination and adjust the condenser to match
the objective, all in the transmitted light mode (as per the instructions provided by
your microscope manufacturer).
3. Decrease the transmitted light intensity to a level that is low, but still sufficient to
allow visualization by eye.
4. Redirect the light to the camera port.
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Chapter 6
Microscopy Applications
47
Adjusting the Parfocality of the Camera
On a C-mount system, the camera should be very close to parfocal, although some
C-mounts will be adjustable using set screws on the microscope to secure the adapter
slightly higher or lower in position.
To adjust the parfocality on an F-mount system, begin collecting images with a short
exposure time and focus the light on the camera by rotating the ring on the Relay Lens
without touching the main focusing knobs on the microscope.
While adjusting parfocality, you will need to acquire images rapidly to minimize the
delay between the time a setting is changed and the time when the effect of the change
can be observed. The specifics of how to proceed will vary according to the application
software.
In WinView, select Acquisition, Focus. Begin with an exposure time 0.1 sec. Then
use RUN to begin data acquisition and STOP to end it when you are finished focusing.
See your WinView manual for additional information.
Many Princeton Instruments cameras, both C-mount and F-mount, also make provision
for extending the focus range by providing a focus adjustment on the camera lens mount.
If necessary, this focus can be changed to bring the image into range of the relay lens or
other microscope focus adjustment as described on page 41.
Imaging Hints
Determine the gray levels of the image by placing the cursor within the image and
monitoring the values shown. For optimal image quality of a 12-bit image, the highest
value in the field should be over 3000 counts but less than 4095 (which is saturating).
You may increase the number of counts by increasing your exposure or by increasing the
amount of light illuminating the specimen.
Fluorescence
Once you have acquired a suitable image in transmitted light mode, you may switch to
fluorescence mode.
In fluorescence mode you generally want to minimize the bleaching of your sample,
usually achieved by placing several neutral density filters in the excitation pathway to
minimize the illumination intensity. There will always be a trade-off here; when you
maximize signal quality by increasing the illumination intensity, you need to consider
whether your preparation can tolerate these conditions. In general, it is better to expose
longer with a lower intensity than to expose for a shorter time with a higher intensity;
nevertheless, your experimental conditions will dictate which path you take.
In fluorescence measurements you may not wish to maximize the gray levels in the
image, since this may cause bleaching of the dye or photodamage to the cell. Maintain
the minimum exposure required to get a sufficiently high quality image.
If the scaling on the image does not appear good to the eye, you may use additional
scaling features available in the software. See your software manual for information on
how to properly use the contrast enhancing features of the program.
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Microscopes and Infrared Light
Microscope optics have very high transmission efficiencies in the infrared region of the
spectrum. Since the light sources are very good emitters in the infrared, some
microscopes are equipped with IR blockers or heat filters to prevent heating of optical
elements or the sample.
For those microscopes that do not have the better IR blockers, the throughput of infrared
light to the camera can be fairly high. In addition, while the eye is unable to see the light,
the camera is very efficient in detecting near-infrared wavelengths. As a result, the
contaminating infrared light will cause a degradation of the image quality due to a high
background signal that will be invisible to the eye. Therefore, it is recommended that you
add an IR blocker prior to the camera if you encounter this problem with the microscope.
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Chapter 7
Intensifier
Overview of Intensifier Operation
The modern image intensifier results from a concerted effort undertaken to develop night
vision capabilities for military applications and to this day the primary application
remains night vision – the ability to see in low light level conditions. Basically, an
intensifier is a four-electrode vacuum-tube device having a photocathode (at the input), a
microchannel plate (for increased gain), and a phosphor screen (at the output). There are
two types of intensifiers: inverter and proximity focused. The inverter type
electrostatically focuses and inverts the image inside the tube. The proximity-focused
type has all of the elements closely spaced, has no need for focus electrodes, and is much
more compact. I-PentaMAX has a proximity focused type intensifier that is fiberoptically
coupled to the CCD (1.5:1 taper ratio).
Figure 12 shows a schematic of an image intensifier tube. Photons admitted to the tube
strike the photocathode, which then emits photoelectrons in response. The electrons are
accelerated across a half millimeter gap by an acceleration potential to the microchannel
plate (MCP). When an electron enters the microchannel, it gets amplified by the voltage
difference between the front and back surfaces of the microchannel plate. The electron
becomes an electron packet as it travels down the channel. When the electron packet
exits the rear of the microchannel, it is pulled across a small gap to a phosphor screen by
a proximity focusing voltage of approximately 5 kV. There, the kinetic energy of that
electron packet is converted into visible photons by the phosphor. The photons in turn
exit the tube via the fiber-optic stub and strike the CCD array.
Electrical Connection Rings
Photocathode
Microchannel Plate (MCP)
Incident Light
Intensified Image
Fluorescent Screen
8 kV
0 V
600 V - 900 V
-200 V
Figure 12. Image Intensifier Tube
49
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Figure 13 illustrates microchannel operation. The channels function in much the same
manner as the dynode stage in a photomultiplier tube through the use of a secondary
emitter. Each time the electron strikes the wall of the tube, it strikes a secondary emitter,
which causes a shower of electrons. The process is driven by the potential difference
between the front and back surface of the microchannel plate. The higher the potential,
the greater the electron gain will be. Normally the tubes are operated somewhere in the
range of 500 V to 900 V, which results in an electron-gain in the range of 103 to 105
electrons. For the I-PentaMAX, this voltage is set via the MCP GAIN dial on the IIC-200
(IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100).
+200 V
+600 V
+1,000 V
Electron
Paths
+400 V
+800 V
Photomultiplier
Electron
Paths
Microchannel
+200 V
+1,000 V
Figure 13. Microchannel Plate Operation
Intensifier Alarm
To reduce the risk of camera damage, an overload detection circuit in the IIC-200 (IIC-
300, IIC-100, or MCP-100) high voltage power supply monitors the intensifier current
and activates an alarm if the current exceeds the preset safety threshold. While the alarm
is sounding, the photocathode and MCP power are temporarily disabled. It is normal for
the alarm to sound briefly when the high-voltage supply is first turned on. If it sounds
continuously, the camera window must be immediately covered or the camera must be
turned off until the illumination level is readjusted. If the alarm sounds continuously
even when the illumination level is adequately low, its threshold must be internally
readjusted by qualified personnel.
Note: This alarm protects against damage due to light flooding the intensifier, but it will
not protect against spot damage caused by small diameter light overloads.
Contact the factory at once if sporadic or continuous unwarranted alarms occur. They
may indicate intensifier damage or another situation that requires immediate attention.
CAUTION
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Chapter 8
Timing Modes
The Princeton Instruments I-PentaMAX system has been designed to allow the greatest
possible flexibility when synchronizing data collection with an experiment.
The chart below lists the timing mode combinations. Use this chart in combination with
the detailed descriptions in this chapter to determine the optimal timing configuration.
Mode
Shutter
Freerun
Normal
External Sync
Normal
Preopen
Normal
Preopen
External Sync
Continuous Cleans
Continuous Cleans
Table 3. Camera Timing Modes
Notes:
In the following discussions of the timing modes and in the associated timing diagrams,
there are many mentions of the shutter. Although the I-PentaMAX doesn’t have a shutter,
these discussions and diagrams are nevertheless valid. The intensifier controls exposure
in an intensified camera in much the same way as a mechanical shutter does in an
unintensified shutter. In shutter mode operation (as selected at the high-voltage power
supply), the SHUTTER signal provided at the LOGIC OUT connector (if selected by
the software) can be used to control the high-voltage power supply and thus the
exposure. The references to a mechanical shutter that occur in the following discussions
and diagrams can be interpreted as references to the SHUTTER signal. In gated mode
operation, the gate pulses generated by the pulser control the high-voltage supply and
hence the exposure. The SHUTTER signal is also used in gated operation, but for a
different purpose, namely, to inhibit the pulser during readout of the CCD.
Another timing consideration to keep in mind is that the following discussions treat
frame-transfer operation as a special timing mode. Because the I-PentaMAX is only sold
with a frame-transfer CCD, users might reasonably conclude that the discussions of
“standard” and “full-frame” timing don’t apply. This is not the case. In gated operation
the CCD is usually operated full-frame to prevent gate pulses from being applied while
reading the data. The frame rate is reduced and the timing is as shown in Figure 16.
51
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Full Speed (sync) or Safe Mode (async)
Selection of Full Speed (formerly known as Synchronous mode) or Safe Mode (formerly
known as Asynchronous mode) determines the overall control of experiment timing. In
Full Speed mode, the I-PentaMAX runs according to the timing of the experiment, with
no interruptions from the computer. In Safe Mode, the computer processes each frame as
it is received and the I-PentaMAX cannot collect the next frame until the previous frame
has been completely processed. Flow charts for both modes of operation are shown in
Figure 14 on the next page.
Full Speed mode is primarily for collection of back-to-back experimental data, where
timing is critical and events cannot be missed. Once the I-PentaMAX is sent the Start
Acquisition command (STARTACQ) from the computer, all frames are collected without
further intervention from the computer. The advantage of this timing mode is that timing is
controlled completely through hardware. A drawback to this mode is that the computer will
only display frames when it is not performing other tasks. Image display has a lower
priority, so the image on the screen may lag several images behind. A video monitor
connected to the VIDEO output will always display the current image. A second drawback
is that a data overrun may occur if the number of images collected exceeds the amount of
allocated RAM or if the computer cannot keep up with the data rate.
Safe Mode is primarily useful for experiment setup, including alignment and focusing,
when it is necessary to have the most current image displayed on the screen. It is also useful
when data collection must be coordinated with external devices such as external shutters
and filter wheels, or when data collection is part of a macro. As seen in Figure 14, in the
Safe Mode the computer controls when each frame is taken. After each frame is received,
the camera sends the Stop Acquisition command (STOPACQ) to the camera, instructing it
to stop acquisition. Once that frame is completely processed and displayed, a STARTACQ
is sent from the computer to the camera, allowing it to take the next frame. Display is
therefore, at most, only one frame behind the actual data collection.
One disadvantage of the Safe Mode is that events may be missed during the experiment,
since the I-PentaMAX is disabled for a short time after each frame. The time delay
between each frame acquisition is no longer fixed since the software, which has
significantly more jitter than the hardware, has full control of data collection.
Standard Timing Modes
The basic I-PentaMAX timing modes are Freerun, External Sync, and Software Trigger.
These timing modes are combined with the Shutter options to provide the widest variety
of timing modes for precision experiment synchronization.
The shutter options available include Normal, Preopen, Disable Opened or Disable
Closed. Disable simply means that the shutter will not operate during the experiment.
Disable closed is useful for making dark charge measurements, or when no shutter is
present in the system. Preopen, available in the External Sync mode, opens the shutter as
soon as the I-PentaMAX is ready to receive an External Sync pulse. This is required if the
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Chapter 8
Timing Modes
53
Start
Start
(Full Speed)
(Safe Mode)
Computer programs
camera with exposure
and binning parameters
Computer programs
camera with exposure
and binning parameters
STARTACQ issued from
computer to camera
STARTACQ issued from
computer to camera
Cleans performed
Cleans performed
1 frame collected
1 frame collected
as per timing mode
as per timing mode
STOPACQ issued from
computer to camera
Background or
flatfield on?
No
Yes
Background and/or
flatfield correction
performed
Background or
flatfield on?
No
Yes
Background and/or
flatfield correction
performed
Frames
complete?
Yes
No
During next acquisition
frames are displayed as
time permits
Frame displayed
STOPACQ issued from
computer to camera
Frames
complete?
No
Yes
Stop
Stop
Figure 14. Chart of Full Speed and Safe Mode Operation
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54
I-PentaMAX System Manual
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time between the External Sync pulse and the event is less than a few milliseconds, the
time it takes the shutter to open.
The shutter timing is shown in the timing diagrams that follow. Except for Freerun,
where the modes of shutter operation are identical, both Normal and Preopen lines are
shown in the timing diagrams and flow chart.
The timing diagrams are labeled indicating the exposure time (t ), shutter
exp
compensation time (t ), and readout time (t ). These parameters are discussed in more
c
R
detail in Chapter 9.
Freerun Timing
In the Freerun mode the controller does not synchronize with the experiment in any way. The
shutter opens as soon as the previous readout is complete, and remains open for the exposure
time, t . Any External Sync signals are ignored. This mode is useful for experiments with a
exp
constant light source, such as a CW laser or a DC lamp. Other experiments that can utilize this
mode are high repetition studies, where the number of shots that occur during a single shutter
cycle is so large that it appears to be continuous illumination.
Shutter opens
Shutter remains open
for preprogrammed
exposure time
System waits while
phosphor decays
Figure 15. Freerun Timing chart
( part of the chart in Figure 14)
Other experimental equipment can be synchronized to the I-PentaMAX system by using
the NOTSCAN signal, one of the software programmable outputs available at the
LOGIC OUT connector. This TTL output for Full Speed operation is shown in Figure
16.
Shutter
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
NOTSCAN
Read
Read
Read
texp
tc
tR
Data
Third
exposure
Second
Data
Data
stored
First exposure stored
exposure discarded
Figure 16. Freerun Timing diagram
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Chapter 8
Timing Modes
55
External Sync Timing
In this mode all exposures are synchronized to an external source. As shown in the flow
chart, Figure 17, this mode can be used in combination with Normal or Preopen Shutter
operation and with Continuous Cleans.
In Normal Shutter mode, the controller waits for an External Sync pulse, then opens the
shutter for the programmed exposure period (see Figure 17). As soon as the exposure is
complete the shutter closes (shutter compensation time is discussed in Chapter 9) and the
CCD array is read out. The shutter requires 5-10 msec to open completely, depending on
the model of shutter. Because of this shutter opening delay, the External Sync pulse
provided by the experiment must precede the actual signal by at least that much time. If
not, the shutter will not be open during the entire signal, or the signal may be missed
completely. Also, since the amount of time from the initialization of the experiment to
the first External Sync pulse is not fixed, an accurate background subtraction may not be
possible for the first readout. In multiple-shot experiments this is easily overcome by
simply discarding the first frame. Alternatively, Normal Shutter mode can be run with
Continuous Cleans active: this will remove any charge (ambient light and dark charge)
that would otherwise accumulate on the array during the wait time (t ).
w
In the Preopen Shutter mode, shutter operation is only partially synchronized to the
experiment (see Figure 17). As soon as the controller is ready to collect data the shutter
opens. Upon arrival of the first External Sync pulse at the I-PentaMAX, the shutter
remains open for the specified exposure period, closes, and the CCD is read out. As soon
as readout is complete the shutter reopens and waits for the next frame. The Preopen
mode is useful in cases where an External Sync pulse cannot be provided 5-10 msec
before the actual signal occurs. Its main drawback is that the CCD is exposed to any
ambient light while the shutter is open between frames. If this ambient light is constant,
and the triggers occur at regular intervals, this background can also be subtracted,
providing that it does not saturate the CCD, but accurate background subtraction may not
be possible for the first frame. Instead of using background subtraction, you could run
Preopen Shutter mode with Continuous Cleans active: this will remove any charge
(ambient light and dark charge) that would otherwise accumulate on the array during the
wait time (t ).
w
As mentioned above, Continuous Cleans can be selected for External Sync timing and
will remove any charge from the array until the moment the External Sync pulse is
received (see Figure 18). This cleaning is in addition to the standard “cleaning” of the
array, which occurs after the controller is enabled. Once the External Sync pulse is
received, cleaning of the array stops as soon as the current row is shifted, and frame
collection begins. With Normal Shutter operation the shutter is opened for the set
exposure time. With PreOpen Shutter operation, the shutter is open during the
continuous cleaning and, once the External Sync pulse is received, the shutter remains
open for the set exposure time and then closes. If the vertical rows are shifted midway
when the External Sync pulse arrives, the pulse is saved until the row shifting is
completed, to prevent the CCD from getting “out of step.” As expected, the response
latency is on the order of one vertical shift time, from 1-30 µsec depending on the array.
This latency does not prevent the incoming signal from being detected, since
photogenerated electrons are still collected over the entire active area. However, if the
signal arrival is coincident with the vertical shifting, image smearing of up to one pixel is
possible. The amount of smearing is a function of the signal duration compared to the
single vertical shift time. Note that the NOTSCAN signal is active while the camera is
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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cleaning, generating pulses with a frequency equal to the vertical shift time of the device
being used. This characteristic makes NOTSCAN unsuitable for inhibiting a pulser while
the array is being read out. Use the SHUTTER signal instead (NOTSCAN and
SHUTTER can also be provided at the I-PentaMAX LOGIC OUT connector).
(shutter preopen)
Shutter opens
(shutter normal)
Yes
Continuous
Cleans ?
No
CCD is continuously
cleaned until
Yes
Continuous
Cleans ?
Controller waits for
External Sync pulse
External Sync
pulse is received
No
CCD is continuously
cleaned until
Controller waits for
External Sync pulse
External Sync
pulse is received
Shutter opens
Shutter remains open
for preprogrammed
exposure time
System waits while
shutter closes
Figure 17. Chart showing two External Sync Timing Options
Shutter (Normal)
Shutter (Preopen)
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
NOTSCAN
(Continuous
Cleans OFF)
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
texp
tc
First wait
and exposure
tR
Data
Second wait
Data
Third wait
Data
stored and exposure stored and exposure stored
Figure 18. External Sync (Continuous Cleans OFF) Timing diagram
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Chapter 8
Timing Modes
57
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Shutter (Normal)
Shutter (Preopen)
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
NOTSCAN
(Continuous
Cleans ON)
Clean
Read Clean
Read Clean
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
Figure 19. External Sync (Continuous Cleans ON) Timing diagram
Software Trigger
The third timing mode available with the I-PentaMAX camera is called Software Trigger.
If Software Trigger is the selected mode, clicking on the Acquire button will initiate
back-to-back collection of the requested number of images without further TTL trigger
input.
Frame Transfer Mode
For frame transfer operation half the CCD is used for sensing light, and the other half for
storage and readout. Not all CCD arrays are capable of readout in this mode, as it
requires that charge be shifted independently in the two halves of the array. See
Chapter 9 for a detailed discussion of readout in the frame-transfer mode operation; the
primary focus of this section is frame-transfer timing.
There timing modes available in frame transfer mode are similar to their counterparts in
full frame (standard) operation, except that in frame transfer operation a shutter is not
generally used. Because there is no shutter (or the shutter is only closed after the camera
has collected a series of frames), shutter Normal, Preopen, or Disable have no physical
meaning here. The exposure half of the array sees light continuously if no shutter is
present. The actual exposure time is the time between charge transfers from the exposure
half of the array to the storage half of the array, and may be longer than the programmed
exposure, t . Charge transfer from the exposure half of the array to the storage half
exp
occurs very quickly at the start of each read. During the read, the stored charge is shifted
to the array’s output port, the same as in standard operation.
In Freerun Frame-Transfer mode operation, half the array is exposed for the set exposure
time (t ), then quickly shifts the charge into the other half of the array. As soon as this
exp
shifting is complete the next exposure immediately begins. During the exposure, charge
is read out of the storage half of the array.
In External Sync - Frame Transfer mode operation, the camera reads out one frame for
every External Sync pulse received, providing that the frequency does not exceed the
maximum rate possible with the system. As shown in Figure 20, the first readout is
discarded, since these data are already in the storage half of the array when the first
External Sync pulse was received and thus contain no information. From the second
frame on, every frame is digitized and stored. Without a shutter, the exposure time is
always set by the sync signal frequency, as long as the frequency of the sync signal is
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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less than one divided by the scan time. The minimum exposure time is equal to the
amount of time needed to read out the storage half of the array, unless an external shutter
is used. Figure 20 shows an example where t + t + t < t . t is the time the
exp
w1
c
R
w1
controller waits for the first pulse.
SHUTTER
50ns min.pulse between frames
NOTSCAN
Read
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
t
w1texp
tR
Data
stored
Data
stored
Data
stored
Data not
stored
Figure 20. Frame Transfer where t
+ t + t < t
R·
exp
w1
c
Although in Figure 20 and Figure 21, SHUTTER, one of the software programmable
outputs available at the LOGIC OUT connector, is low before the External Sync pulse
is received, remember that in most cases there is no mechanical shutter present, so light
falls on the array during the entire readout. Figure 21 shows the timing of the experiment
if the exposure time is set to a value greater than the readout time (t + t + t > t ).
exp
w1
c
R
The presence of an electronic shutter in frame-transfer systems allows exposure times
that are less than the readout time of the device to be achieved. The frame rates of frame-
transfer devices are much higher than full-frame CCDs of comparable resolution. The
high speed of the electronic shutter allows the camera to operate in frame transfer mode
with very little time taken in exposure if flash illumination is used. .
SHUTTER
NOTSCAN
Read
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
texp
tR
tc
Data
stored
Data
stored
Data
stored
Data
stored
Figure 21. Frame Transfer where t
+ t + t > t
R
exp
w1
c
Figure 21 shows a case where the External Sync pulse arrives during readout of the
array. Depending on the frequency of this signal and the frame rate of the camera, this
pulse could also arrive after the readout. Figure 22 shows the timing under these
conditions.
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Chapter 8
Timing Modes
59
SHUTTER
NOTSCAN
Read
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
texp
tR
Data
stored
tc
Data
not
stored
tw1
Data
stored
Data
stored
Figure 22. Frame Transfer where Sync. Pulse arrives after Readout
Edge vs. Level External Sync
In the previous figures describing External Sync timing modes in the I-PentaMAX, the
Sync signal was shown being accepted on negative edges of the TTL input. Note that the
I-PentaMAX camera can be programmed to allow this Sync to be accepted on positive
edges as well. It can also be programmed to trigger on TTL high or low levels as well.
See the appropriate Application Software manual for more information.
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Chapter 9
Exposure and Readout
Before each image from the CCD array appears on the computer screen, it must first be
read, digitized, and transferred to the computer. A block diagram of the path of the image
signal is shown in Figure 23.
Incoming photons
Intensifier
CCD
Preamp
Slow Analog
Fast Analog
Signal Processor Signal Processor
Slow A/D
Fast A/D
Video
Look-up
Table
Video Frame
Buffer
and Driver
Video
Monitor
HS serial interface
Camera
HS serial interface
Display Storage
Computer
Figure 23. Block Diagram of Signal Path in System
The sections below describe the exposure, readout, and digitization of the image.
Included are descriptions of binning for imaging applications and the specialized
I-PentaMAX timing modes.
61
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Exposure
Introduction
Charge coupled devices can be roughly thought of as a two-dimensional grid of
individual photodiodes (called pixels), each connected to its own charge storage “well.”
Each pixel senses the intensity of light falling on its collection area, and stores a
proportional amount of charge in its associated “well”. Once enough charge accumulates,
the pixels are read out serially.
CCD arrays perform three essential functions: photons are transduced to electrons,
integrated and stored, and finally read out. CCDs are very compact and rugged.
Unintensified, uncoated CCDs can withstand direct exposure to relatively high light
levels and magnetic and RF radiation. They are easily cooled and can be precisely
temperature controlled to within a few tens of millidegrees.
6
The MCP (microchannel plate) of the intensifier is composed of more than 10
individual miniature electron multipliers with an excellent input to output spatial
geometric accuracy. Intensifier gain is varied by adjusting the voltage across the MCP or
the voltage across the MCP output and the phosphor. This second parameter is a factory
adjustment, as it affects both the gain and the resolution of the intensifier.
Detection of extremely weak Continuous Wave (CW) signals, e.g., luminescence and
Raman scattering from solid state samples, is typically limited by the dark current of the
intensifier’s photocathode, usually referred to as the equivalent brightness intensity
(EBI). All standard intensified cameras made by PI have the lowest EBI values possible.
The software allows the user to set the length of time the camera is allowed to integrate
the incoming light. This is called the exposure time. In shutter mode the intensifier is
normally enabled only during the exposure time (assuming the shutter cable is
connected.)
Gated Operation
Gated operation is selected by setting the mode switch on the IIC-200 (IIC-100 or
MCP-100) to GATE. In this mode, a Princeton Instruments pulser is required. The pulser
gates the high-voltage power supply, which in turn gates the intensifier. The intensifier is
biased on for the duration of each gate pulse, with the gate width set at the pulser. Note
that the IIC-300 requires logic timing signals.
To prevent gate artifacts from appearing in the output, it is necessary that the intensifier
not be gated while the CCD is being read out. This is usually accomplished by inhibiting
the pulser with the SHUTTER signal, available at the LOGIC OUT connector if
selected by the application software.
Shutter Mode Operation
In Shutter mode operation, selected by setting the mode switch on the IIC-200 (IIC-300,
IIC-100 or MCP-100) to SHUTTER or CW, with no signal applied to the SHUTTER
IN connector of the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100), the intensifier is biased on
continuously and the camera “sees light” for as long as the high voltage is applied. For
this reason, the camera is particularly vulnerable to damage from excess light in Shutter
mode operation. If the SHUTTER TTL output (provided at the LOGIC OUT connector
when selected by the application software) is applied to the SHUTTER IN connector of
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Chapter 9
Exposure and Readout
63
the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or MCP-100), the intensifier can be turned ON or OFF in
much the same way as it is in Gated operation, but at slower speeds, allowing exposures
from 50 µs to 23 hours to be set from software.
"Smearing" of signal features can occur if the CCD is exposed to light during readout.
The additional light will result in continued charge accumulation even as charge is being
moved across the CCD's surface to the shift register. The result is blurring of the image
along one direction only.
The fraction of total signal due to smearing is the ratio of the amount of time spent
shifting divided by the exposure time between frames. Faster shifting and/or longer
exposure times will minimize this effect. Note that while 1% smear is insignificant in an
8-bit camera (256 gray levels), in a 12-bit camera (over 4,000 gray levels) 1% smearing
is over 40 counts, enough to obscure faint features in a high dynamic range image.
With a full-frame CCD, smearing in shutter mode operation can be avoided by designing
the experiment so no light falls on the intensifier during readout or so the intensifier is
biased OFF during readout. The latter can be accomplished by connecting the
SHUTTER signal (available at the LOGIC OUT connector when selected via software)
to the SHUTTER IN connector of the IIC-200 (IIC-200 or MCP-100).
With a frame transfer CCD, smearing is minimized. This is due to the speed (a few
milliseconds) at which the image is shifted under the masked portion of the array. Once
the image is under the mask, it can be read out without being affected by light incident
on the array.
Saturation
When signal levels in some part of the image are very high, charge generated in one pixel
may exceed the “well capacity” of the pixel, spilling over into adjacent pixels in a
process called “blooming.” In this case a more frequent readout is advisable, with signal
averaging to enhance S/N accomplished through the software.
For signal levels low enough to be readout-noise limited, longer exposure times, and
therefore longer signal accumulation in the CCD, improves the S/N ratio approximately
linearly with the length of exposure time. There is, however, a maximum time limit for
on-chip averaging, determined by either the saturation of the CCD by the signal or the
loss of dynamic range due to the buildup of dark charge in the pixels (see below).
Dark Charge
Dark charge (or dark current) is the thermally induced buildup of charge in the CCD over
time. The statistical noise associated with this charge is known as dark noise.
Dark charge values vary widely from one CCD array to another and are exponentially
temperature dependent. At the typical operating temperature of a standard I-PentaMAX
camera, dark charge is reduced by a factor of ~2 for every 6º reduction in temperature.
When acquiring data using long exposure times, taking a dark charge “background
image” under identical conditions is essential. This image should be subtracted from the
raw image in software.
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Note: Do not be concerned about either the DC level of this background or its shape
unless it is very high, i.e., > 200 counts. What you see is not noise. It is a fully
subtractable readout pattern. Each CCD has its own dark charge pattern, unique to that
particular device. Simply turn off the intensifier and then acquire and save a dark charge
“background image” under conditions otherwise identical to those used to acquire the
“actual” image. Subtracting the background image from the actual image will
significantly reduce dark-charge effects.
If you have not just changed the temperature setting, a sudden change in the baseline
signal may mean excessive humidity in the intensifier enclosure of the camera. If you
observe this type of change, turn off the system immediately. An excess humidity
condition should be corrected promptly or permanent damage not covered by the
Warranty could occur. Have the unit serviced by Princeton Instruments or an authorized
service facility of Princeton Instruments.
CAUTION
Readout of the Array
In this section, a simple 6 × 4 pixel CCD is used to demonstrate how charge is shifted
and digitized. As described below, two different types of readout are available. Full
frame readout, for full frame CCDs, reads out the entire CCD surface at the same time.
Frame transfer operation assumes half of the CCD is for data collection and half of the
array is a temporary storage area.
Full Frame Readout
The upper left drawing in Figure 24 represents a CCD after exposure but before the
beginning of readout. The capital letters represent different amounts of charge, including
both signal and dark charge. This section explains readout at full resolution, where every
pixel is digitized separately.
Readout of the CCD begins with the simultaneous shifting of all pixels one column
toward the “shift register,” in this case the column on the far right. The shift register is a
single line of pixels along one side of the CCD, not sensitive to light and used for
readout only. Typically the shift register pixels hold twice as much charge as the pixels
in the imaging area of the CCD.
After the first column is moved into the shift register, the charge now in the shift register
is shifted toward the output node, located at one end of the shift register. As each value is
“emptied” into this node it is digitized. Only after all pixels in the first column are
digitized is the second column moved into the shift register. The order of shifting in our
example is therefore D6, C6, B6, A6, D5, C5, B5, A5, D4....
After charge is shifted out of each pixel the remaining charge is zero, meaning that the
array is immediately ready for the next exposure.
Below are the equations that determine the rate at which the CCD is read out. Tables of
values for CCDs supported at the time of the printing of this manual also appear below.
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Chapter 9
Exposure and Readout
65
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
A6
B6
C6
D6
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
1
2
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
A6
B6
C6
A6
B6
D6
C6
3
4
Figure 24. Full Frame at Full Resolution
The time needed to take a full frame at full resolution is:
t + t + t
c
(1)
R
exp
where
t is the CCD readout time,
R
t
is the exposure time, and
exp
t is the shutter compensation time.
c
The readout time is approximately given by:
t = [N · N · (t + t )] + (N · t )
(2)
R
x
y
sr
v
x
i
where
N is the smaller dimension of the CCD
x
N is the larger dimension
y
t is the time needed to shift one pixel out of the shift register
sr
t is the time needed to digitize a pixel
v
t is the time needed to shift one line into the shift register
i
(t , the time needed to discard a pixel, appears below and in later equations)
s
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The readout times for an EEV 512 × 512 array are provided in Table 4 below.
CCD Array
1 MHz Readout Time
5 MHz Readout Time
EEV 512 × 512
0.28 sec.
0.07 sec.
Table 4. Approximate Readout Time for the CCD Array
A subsection of the CCD can be read out at full resolution, sometimes dramatically
increasing the readout rate while retaining the highest resolution in the region of interest
(ROI). To approximate the readout rate of an ROI, in Equation 2 substitute the x and y
dimensions of the ROI in place of the dimensions of the full CCD. Some overhead time,
however, is required to read out and discard the unwanted pixels.
Image Readout with Binning
Binning is the process of adding the data from adjacent pixels together to form a single
pixel (sometimes called a super-pixel), and it can be accomplished in either hardware or
software. Rectangular groups of pixels of any size may be binned together, subject to
some hardware and software limitations.
Hardware binning is performed before the signal is read out by the preamplifier. For
signal levels that are readout noise limited this method improves S/N ratio linearly with
the number of pixels grouped together. For signals large enough to render the camera
photon shot noise limited, the S/N ratio improvement is roughly proportional to the
square-root of the number of pixels binned.
Figure 25 shows an example of 2 × 2 binning. Each pixel of the image displayed by the
software represents 4 pixels of the CCD array. Rectangular bins of any size are possible.
Binning also reduces readout time and the burden on computer memory, but at the
expense of resolution. Since shift register pixels typically hold only twice as much
charge as image pixels, the binning of large sections may result in saturation and
“blooming”, or spilling of charge back into the image area.
The readout rate for n × n binning is approximated using a more general version of the
full resolution equation. The modified equation is:
(3)
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Chapter 9
Exposure and Readout
67
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
A1 A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
C1 C2 C3 C4
D1 D2 D3 D4
A5+A6
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
B5+B6
C5+C6
D5+D6
1
2
A1 A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
C1 C2 C3 C4
D1 D2 D3 D4
A1 A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
C1 C2 C3 C4
D1 D2 D3 D4
A5+A6
B5+B6
C5+C6
A5+A6
+D5+D6
+B5+B6
3
4
Figure 25. 2 × 2 Binning for Images
Binning in Software
One limitation of hardware binning is that the shift register pixels and the output node
are typically only 2-3 times the size of imaging pixels as shown in Table 5.
Consequently, if the total charge binned together exceeds the capacity of the shift
register or output node, the data will be lost.
CCD Array
Imaging Section
Well Capacity
Horizontal Shift
Register Well
Capacity
Preamp Node
Well Capacity
3
3
3
EEV 512 × 512* 100 × 10 electrons
200 × 10 electrons
200 × 10 electrons
Table 5. Well Capacity for some CCD Arrays ( in electrons)
This restriction strongly limits the number of pixels that may be binned in cases where
there is a small signal superimposed on a large background, such as signals with a large
fluorescence. Ideally, one would like to bin many pixels to increase the S/N ratio of the
weak peaks but this cannot be done because the fluorescence would quickly saturate the
CCD.
The solution is to perform the binning in software. Limited hardware binning may be
used when reading out the CCD. Additional binning is accomplished in software,
producing a result that represents many more photons than was possible using hardware
binning.
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Software averaging can improve the S/N ratio by as much as the square root of the
number of scans. Unfortunately, with a high number of scans, i.e., above 100, camera 1/f
noise may reduce the actual S/N ratio to slightly below this theoretical value. Also, if the
light source used is photon-flicker rather than photon shot-noise limited, this theoretical
signal improvement cannot be fully realized. Again, background subtraction from the
raw data is necessary.
This technique is also useful in high light level experiments, where the camera is again
photon shot-noise limited. Summing multiple pixels in software corresponds to
collecting more photons, and results in a better S/N ratio in the measurement.
Frame Transfer Readout
The I-PentaMAX supports frame transfer readout. Operation in this mode is very similar
to the operation of video rate cameras. Half of the CCD is exposed continuously, raising
the exposure duty cycle to nearly 100%. The other half of the CCD is masked to prevent
exposure, and it is here that the image is “stored” until it can be read out.
Figure 26 shows the readout of a masked version of our sample 4 × 6 CCD. The shading
represents the masked area (masking is on the array).
A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
D1 D2 D3
A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
D1 D2 D3
1
2
A1 A2
B1 B2
C1 C2
D1 D2
A1
B1
C1
D1
A4 A5 A6
B4 B5 B6
C4 C5 C6
D4 D5 D6
A4 A5 A6
B4 B5 B6
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C4 C5 C6
D4 D5 D6
C3
D2
3
4
Figure 26. Frame Transfer Readout
Only the exposed region collects charge. At the end of the exposure, the charge is
quickly shifted into the masked region. Since the shifting is accomplished in a short time,
i.e., a few milliseconds, the incident light causes only minimal “smearing” of the signal.
While the exposed region continues collecting data, the masked region is read out and
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Chapter 9
Exposure and Readout
69
digitized. The percentage of smearing is given by the equation below, simply the time
needed to shift all rows from the imaging area divided by the exposure time.
(6)
Digitization
During readout, an analog signal representing the charge of each pixel (or binned group
of pixels) is digitized. The number of bits per pixel is based on both the hardware and the
settings programmed into the camera through the software. The I-PentaMAX can contain
up to two A/D converters with different readout rates settable through software.
Dual A/D Converters Option
There is provision in the I-PentaMAX Camera for two complete analog channels
including separate A/D converters to provide optimum signal-to-noise ratios at both
readout speeds. Because the readout noise of CCD arrays increases with the readout rate,
it is sometimes necessary to trade off readout speed for high dynamic range. Although
slowing the readout speed of a high-speed A/D converter gives some relief, a fast A/D
converter will always be noisier than one designed for optimum noise performance. Only
the I-PentaMAX Camera with its two analog channels, one optimized for high speed, the
other for high precision, provides a completely satisfactory solution to this problem. For
the most common system configurations, there will be a 5 MHz converter for the fastest
possible data collection, and a 1 MHz converter for use where imaging with lower noise
is desired. Switching between the channels is completely under software control for total
experiment automation.
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Chapter 10
Troubleshooting
Introduction
The following issues have corresponding troubleshooting sections in this chapter.
Alarm Sounds Sporadically Page 72
Alarm Sounds Continuously
Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes
Camera Stops Working
Page 72
Page 72
Page 72
Page 73
Controller Is Not Responding
Error Indicator Lights on
Temperature/Power Supply
Page 73
Error Occurs at Computer Powerup
Excessive Readout Noise
Page 74
Page 77
Fuses are not Correct for the Line Voltage Page 77
Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or
Maintained
Do not attach or remove any cables while the camera system is powered on.
WARNING!
71
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Alarm Sounds Sporadically
It is normal for the alarm to sound briefly when the high-voltage supply is first turned on.
However, if the alarm sounds sporadically, contact the factory at once. This may indicate
intensifier damage or another situation that requires immediate attention.
Alarm Sounds Continuously
Immediately reduce the light entering the camera. This can be done by decreasing the
lens aperture, completely blocking the light into the camera window with a lens cap or
equivalent, or by switching MCP POWER/OFF to "OFF" until you lower the source
illumination.
If the alarm sounds continuously even when the illumination level is adequately low,
switch the MCP POWER/OFF to "OFF" and switch the IIC-200 (IIC-300, IIC-100, or
MCP-100) POWER to "OFF". Then contact the factory: this may indicate intensifier
damage or another situation that requires immediate attention.
Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes
There are two possible reasons for this change:
•
The temperature setting has been changed. In this case, a change in baseline
signal is normal.
•
There may be excessive humidity in the intensifier enclosure of the camera. If
the temperature setting has not been changed and you observe a baseline signal
change, turn off the system immediately. An excess humidity condition should
be corrected promptly or permanent damage not covered by the Warranty could
occur. Have the unit serviced by Princeton Instruments or an authorized service
facility of Princeton Instruments.
Camera Stops Working
Problems with the host computer system or software may have side effects that appear to
be hardware problems. If you are sure the problem is in the camera system hardware,
begin with these simple checks:
•
•
Turn off all AC power.
Verify that all cables are securely fastened and that all locking screws are in
place.
•
Check for a burned-out fuse in the Temperature/ Power Supply power module.
For information about changing a fuse, see "Fuses are not Correct for the Line
Voltage" on page 77.
•
•
Correct any apparent problems and turn the system on.
If the system still does not respond, contact Technical Support.
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Chapter 10
Troubleshooting
73
Controller Is Not Responding
If this message pops up when you click on OK after selecting the Interface Type during
Hardware Setup (under the WinView/32 Setup menu), the system has not been able
to communicate with the camera. Check to see if the Temperature/Power Supply unit has
been turned ON and if the interface card, its driver, and the interface cable have been
installed.
•
If the Temperature/Power Supply unit is ON, the problem may be with the
interface card, its driver, interrupt or address conflicts, or the cable connections.
•
If the interface card is not installed, close WinView/32 and turn the
Temperature/Power Supply unit OFF. Follow the interface card installation
instructions in Chapter 3 and cable the interface card to the "High Speed Serial"
port on the rear of the camera. Then do a "Custom" installation of WinView/32
with the appropriate interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA
Interface", depending on the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface
component that does not apply to your system.
•
•
If the interface card is installed in the computer and is cabled to the "High Speed
Serial" port on the rear of the camera, close WinView/32 and turn the
Temperature/Power Supply unit OFF. Check the cable connections and tighten
the locking screws if the connections are loose.
If the interface card was installed after WinView/32 has been installed, close
WinView/32 and do a "Custom" installation of WinView/32 with the appropriate
interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA Interface", depending on
the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface component that does not
apply to your system.
Error Indicator Lights on Temperature/Power Supply
The red ERROR indicator on the front panel of the Temperature/Power Supply will
light when a temperature-control error condition is detected. At the same time, the
temperature control loop will shut down independent of the setting of the Temperature
Control On/Off switch. When this happens, the temperature will begin rising towards
ambient, even though the yellow STATUS indicator remains lighted and even if the
error condition is corrected. It is always necessary to cycle the power before normal
temperature control operation can be re-established. Ordinarily you would turn off the
power, identify and correct the error condition, and then turn the power back on and
operate as usual.
Note: You may have to wait until the internal temperature of the camera reaches a
certain temperature before you can resume temperature control.
Possible causes of an error indication include:
•
•
The connector locking screws for the cable between the Temperature/Power Supply
and the Camera need to be tightened. Check the locking screws and handtighten
them if they are loose.
The internal temperature of the camera has gotten too high, such as might occur if
the operating environment is particularly warm or if the user is attempting to operate
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at a temperature colder than the specified limit. Adjust the operating environment
temperature.
•
•
The Temperature/Power Supply has overheated; the most likely cause would be
obstructed ventilation. There must be free access between the air in the room and the
air intake on the bottom of the Temperature/Power Supply. Similarly, there must be
free access between the back panel exhaust grill and the room atmosphere.
The air filter at the bottom of the Temperature/Power Supply is dirty.
1. Turn the Temperature/Power Supply unit OFF and unplug the unit from the AC
power source.
2. Place the unit upside down.
3. Grasp the filter on the bottom of the unit and remove it.
4. Shake it to dislodge the dirt.
5. Reinstall the filter.
6. Return the unit to its upright position and plug it into the AC power source.
CAUTION
Do not operate the Temperature/Power Supply unit with the filter removed.
Error Occurs at Computer Powerup
If an error occurs at boot up, either the interface card is not installed properly or there is
an address or interrupt conflict. Turn off the computer, reinstall the interface card (make
sure it is firmly seated), and reboot the system.
If an error occurs while you are using the WinView/32 program, check the interface
selection on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab page (WinView/32). If the current choice
is "High Speed PCI", change the selection to "PCI(Timer)". If the problem goes away,
you can either correct the interrupt conflict or you can continue using PCI(Timer) for
data transfer (data transfer is controlled by a polling timer rather than interrupts). Note
that data transfer is slower in PCI(Timer) mode and data overrun more likely. Also,
PCI(Timer) cannot be used to continuously acquire small Regions of Interest in
asynchronous operation.
CAUTION
Since interrupts and DMA channels cannot be shared, make sure no other boards in your
computer use this interrupt or these DMA channels.
Conflicts
One of the many advantages that PCI offers over ISA is that the whole issue of address
and interrupt assignments is user transparent and under BIOS control. As a result, users
typically do not have to be concerned about jumpers or switches when installing a PCI
card. Nothing more should be required than to plug in the card, make the connections,
and operate the system. As it turns out, however, in certain situations conflicts may
nevertheless occur and user intervention will be required to resolve them.
Typical PCI motherboards have both ISA and PCI slots and will have both PCI and ISA
cards installed. In the case of the ISA cards, the I/O address and Interrupt assignments
will have been made by the user and the BIOS will not know which addresses and
interrupts have been user assigned. When a PCI card is installed, the BIOS checks for
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Chapter 10
Troubleshooting
75
available addresses and interrupt levels and automatically assigns them so that there are
no PCI address or interrupt conflicts. However, because the BIOS doesn't know about
the user-assigned ISA I/O address and interrupt level assignments, it is possible that a
PCI card will be assigned an address or interrupt that is already assigned to an ISA card.
If this happens, improper operation will result. Specifically, the problems could range
from erratic operation under specific conditions to complete system failure. If such a
conflict occurs, because the user has no control over the PCI address and interrupt
assignments, there will be no recourse but to examine the ISA assignments and change
them to values which do not conflict. Most (but by no means all) ISA cards make
provision for selecting alternative I/O addresses and interrupt levels so that conflicts can
be resolved. Software is available to help identify specific conflicts.
The following example may serve to illustrate the problem. Suppose you had a system with
an ISA network card, a PCI video card and an ISA sound card. Further suppose that you
were then going to install a PCI Serial Buffer card. Before installing the PCI Serial card, the
I/O address and interrupt assignments for the installed cards might be as follows.
Slot Type
1 (ISA)
2 (PCI)
Status
ISA Network Card
PCI Video Card
ISA Sound Card
Empty
I/O Address
200-210
Interrupt
11
15
FF00-FFFF
300-304
3 (ISA)
4 (PCI)
9
N/A
N/A
Table 6. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments
before installing Serial Card
As shown, there are no conflicts, allowing the three peripheral cards to operate properly.
If the PCI Serial card were then installed, the BIOS would interrogate the PCI cards and
may reassign them new address and interrupt values as follows.
Slot Type
1 (ISA)
2 (PCI)
Status
I/O Address(s)
200-210
Interrupt
ISA Network Card
PCI Video Card
ISA Sound Card
11
11
9
FE00-FEFF
300-304
3 (ISA)
4 (PCI)
Princeton Instruments (RSPI)
PCI Serial Card
FF80-FFFF
15
Table 7. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments
after installing Serial Card
As indicated, there is now an interrupt conflict between the ISA Network Card and the
PCI Video card (both cards have been assigned Interrupt 11), causing the computer to no
longer function normally. This doesn't mean that the PCI Serial card is defective because
the computer stops functioning properly when the Serial card is installed. What it does
mean is that there is an interrupt conflict that can be resolved by changing the interrupt
level on the conflicting Network card in this example. It is up to the user to consult the
documentation for any ISA cards to determine how to make the necessary change.
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Note: Changing the order of the PCI cards, that is, plugging them into different slots,
could change the address and interrupt assignments and possibly resolve the conflict.
However, this would be a trial and error process with no guarantee of success.
Diagnostics Software
Many diagnostics programs, both shareware and commercial, are available to help
resolve conflicts. Most often, all that's required is a program that will read and report the
address and interrupt assignments for each PCI device in the computer. One such
program available from Princeton Instruments' Technical Support department is called
PCICHECK. When the program is run, it reports the address and interrupt assignments
for the first PCI device it finds. Each time the spacebar is pressed, it moves on to the next
one and reports the address and interrupt assignments for that one as well. In a few
moments this information can be obtained for every PCI device in the computer. Note
that, even though there are generally only three PCI slots, the number of PCI devices
reported may be larger because some PCI devices may be built onto the motherboard. A
good strategy for using the program would be to run it before installing the PCI Serial
card. Then run it again after installing the card and note any address or interrupt
assignments that may have changed. This will allow you to easily focus on the ones that
may be in conflict with address or interrupt assignments on ISA cards. It might be noted
that there are many programs, such as the MSD program supplied by Microsoft, that are
designed to read and report address and interrupt assignments, including those on ISA
cards. Many users have had mixed results at best using these programs.
Operation
There are no operating considerations that are unique to the PCI Serial card. The card
can easily accept data as fast as any Princeton Instruments system now available can
send it. The incoming data is temporarily stored in the card’s memory, and then
transferred to the main computer memory when the card gains access to the bus. The PCI
bus arbitration scheme assures that, as long as every PCI card conforms to the PCI
guidelines, the on-board memory will never overflow.
Unfortunately, there are some PCI peripheral cards that do not fully conform to the PCI
guidelines and that take control of the bus for longer periods than the PCI specification
allows. Certain video cards (particularly those that use the S3 video chip) are notorious
in this respect. Usually you will be able to recognize when memory overflow occurs
because the displayed video will assume a split-screen appearance and/or the message
Hardware Conflict will be displayed (WinView/32). At the same time, the LED on the
upper edge of the PCI Serial card will light.
Users are thus advised not to take any actions that would worsen the possibility of
memory overflow occurring when taking data. In that regard, avoid multitasking while
taking data. Specific operations to avoid include multitasking (pressing ALT TAB or
ALT ESC to start another program), or running a screensaver program.
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Chapter 10
Troubleshooting
77
Excessive Readout Noise
Excessive readout noise with the intensifier off indicates possible moisture accumulation
in the CCD. This should be corrected promptly or permanent damage not covered by the
Warranty could occur.
Normal camera noise is a function of the gain setting and temperature as well as CCD
type, but is typically in the range of 1 ADU rms (6 ADU pk-pk). This is on top of offset
that typically is about 40 counts. Moisture accumulation produces a coarser noise with
many spikes ≥ 30 ADU. If these types of spikes occur, especially after the camera has
been in use for an extended period, turn off the system immediately. Have the unit
serviced by Princeton Instruments or an authorized service facility of Princeton
Instruments.
Fuses are not Correct for the Line Voltage
The operating line voltage is auto-sensed by the Temperature/Power Supply unit and will
automatically configure itself accordingly. However, the installed fuse will no longer be
correct. Depending on the fuse rating, this could result in inadequate protection for the
system or it could result in fuse failure.
To Change the Fuses:
1. Unplug the line cord from the Power Input assembly at the rear of the
Temperature/Power Supply unit.
2. Insert a small screwdriver into the recess at the top of the Power Input assembly as
shown in Figure 27 and pry open the cover.
3. Use the screwdriver to loosen the fuse carrier. Note the orientation of the arrow and
then grasp the fuse carrier and pull it straight out of the Power Input assembly.
4. Remove the fuse and check to be sure its current rating is correct for the intended
operating voltage. If the fuse is incorrect or has failed, replace the fuse.
5. After verifying that the fuse is correct, or after installing the new fuse in the carrier,
should that be necessary, insert the fuse carrier back into the Power Input assembly.
Make sure the arrow is pointing in its original direction.
6. Return the Power Input assembly cover to its original position and snap it into place
to complete the procedure.
Voltage
105-125 V (US)
Fuse
2 A slow-blow, ¼″x1¼″
1 A slow-blow, ¼″x1¼″
210-250 V (Europe)
Table 8. Voltage and Fuse Selection
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Figure 27. Power Input Assembly: Fuse Access
Temperature Lock Cannot be Achieved or Maintained
Possible causes could include:
•
•
•
•
•
High ambient temperature.
Airflow through the camera is blocked.
The camera fan is not running.
The Temperature/Power Supply filter is dirty.
The connectors of the cable that interconnects the Temperature/Power Supply unit
and the camera need to be secured.
•
The target array temperature is not appropriate for your particular camera and CCD array.
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Chapter 10
Troubleshooting
79
•
You are attempting to operate at a temperature colder than the specified limit.
TE-cooled cameras are equipped with a thermal-protection switch that shuts the cooler
circuits down if the internal temperature exceeds a preset limit. Typically, camera
operation is restored automatically in about ten minutes. Although the thermo-
protection switch will protect the camera, you are nevertheless advised to power down
and correct the operating conditions that caused the thermal-overload to occur.
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Appendix A
Specifications
*
Intensifier
Types
Gen II: 18 mm gatable; resolution 30 line pairs per mm. Higher resolution tubes are
available
Gen III: 18 mm gatable; resolution 50 line pairs per mm
Spectral Range
Gen II: Red-blue enhanced, 180-800 nm; Red enhanced, 360-920 nm
Gen III: 500-900 nm
Method of Coupling
1.5:1 fiber optics
Vignetting
With fiber optic coupling there is no vignetting. All pixels are illuminated.
Spatial Resolution
Gen II: 60 µm spot size FWHM.
Gen III: 28 µm spot size FWHM.
Geometric Distortion
Gen II: <1 pixel
Gen III: <1 pixel
Gating Speed
Gen II: Fast Gate Intensifier, 2-7 nsec FWHM; Slow Gate Intensifier, 50-70 nsec
FWHM; see the pulser manual for the gating limits of your pulser.
Gen III: Fast Gate Intensifier, 15 nsec FWHM or faster, depending on gate pulse
generation.
Gating On/Off Ratio
6
Gen II: 5 × 10 :1
6
Gen III: 10 :1
*
Princeton Instruments offers a wide variety of intensifiers suitable for use in the Intensified
PentaMAX. Detailed intensifier characteristics are specified at the time of ordering.
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CCD Array
EEV CCD-37
Format: 512 × 512 × 2; 7.7 × 7.7 mm overall; 15 × 15 µm pixels
Temperature Control
Setting Mechanism: Temperature is set by friction-lock dial on front of
Temperature/Power Supply.
Display: Digital display on front of Temperature/Power supply displays either the set
temperature or the actual CCD chip temperature with a resolution of 0.1°C.
Range: At 25°C ambient, temperature lock to approximately -20° C (CCD dependent)
with air cooling only.
Time to Lock: At 25°C ambient, <10 minutes (typical) to temperature lock at -20°C
Control Precision: 0.040°C over entire temperature range
Cooling
Air: Internal fan operates continuously.
CCD Cooling: -20 °C
Supplemental Liquid: Using back-panel ports, liquid coolant, including water, at a
maximum pressure of 80 psi can be circulated through unit to extend temperature range.
Ports are designed to accept ¼″ inner diameter Tygon tubing. Coolant cannot be chilled!
Mounting
Camera: There is a ¼″ × 20 5/8″ deep threaded hole on the bottom of the camera to
facilitate mounting.
Lens: Camera will accept either C-mount (threaded) or F-mount (bayonet) lenses,
according to the mount specified at time of order.
Microscope: Adapters are available for mounting to most research microscopes. See
Chapter 6 for more detailed information.
Inputs
EXT SYNC: TTL input (BNC) to allow data acquisition to be synchronized with
external events. Sense can be positive or negative going as set in software.
Synchronization and Trigger Modes are discussed in Chapter 8.
HIGH VOLTAGE: The high voltage from the Model IIC-200 High Voltage Power
Supply (Model IIC-100 High Voltage Power Supply or Model MCP-100 Modular High
Voltage Power Supply) is applied to this connector using the PI High-Voltage cable.
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Appendix A
Specifications
83
Outputs
VIDEO: 1 V pk-pk from 75 Ω, BNC connector. Either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR standard
video as specified when system was ordered. Requires connection via 75 Ω cable that
must be terminated in 75 Ω.
LOGIC OUT: TTL output (BNC) for monitoring the camera status. The camera state
being reported is selected by the application software. For a description of the individual
signals provided, see LOGIC OUT BNC Connector on page 15. Additional information is
provided in Chapter 8.
HIGH SPEED SERIAL: Data link to computer via proprietary cable connected to this
9-pin “D” connector. Cable lengths to 100 feet available. Optional fiber-optic connection
available for greater distances.
Exposure Range
Gate Mode: ~10 ns to 1 ms (depends on intensifier and gate generation)
Shutter Mode: 500 µs to 23 hours (full frame or frame transfer)
A/D Converters
Converter range: 12 bits
Readout Rate: Fast, 5 MHz; Slow, 1 MHz (optional)
Linearity: less than 1% non-linearity.
Read Noise: 32 e- RMS @ MHz; 20 e- RMS @ 1 MHz.
Computer Requirements
The I-PentaMAX is most commonly used with a PCI bus type Pentium computer
configured as follows.
Type: PCI-bus based Pentium (or better).
Memory (RAM): Minimum of 32 Mbytes; possibly more depending on experiment
design and size of CCD Array.
Operating System: Windows 95 or higher.
Interface: Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI High-Speed Serial card. Computers
purchased from Princeton Instruments as part of the I-PentaMAX system are shipped with
the card installed.
Note: SUN workstation, SGI workstation, and MAC support are available. Contact
factory for details
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Miscellaneous
Dimensions: See Appendix B.
Camera Weight: 4.1 kg.
Power Supply Weight: 3.2 kg
Power Requirements: 105-125 or 210-250 V AC (autosense selection), 47-63 Hz,
200 watts maximum; required DC levels provided by power supply regulators. Power to
camera is applied via cable between 25-pin connectors on back of camera and
Temperature/Power Supply unit.
Environmental Requirements: Storage temperature -20° C to 55° C; Operating
temperature 0° C to 30° C; Relative humidity <50%
TTL Input Requirements: Rise time ≤ 40 nsec, Duration ≥ 100 nsec.
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Appendix B
Outline Drawings of
Camera & Temperature/Power Supply
Note: Dimensions are in inches (mm).
Figure 28. I-PentaMAX: C-Mount
85
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Figure 29. I-PentaMAX: F-Mount
6.42 (162.9)
11.74 (298.2)
4.90 (124.5)
Figure 30. Temperature/Power Supply
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Appendix C
PentaMAX Versions
Introduction
With time, the PentaMAX has evolved enhanced capabilities as reflected in the Version
number of the instrument. To access the full capabilities, it is necessary that the Version
be correctly selected in software. This can be easily done from the Hardware Setup pages
of WinView/32 and WinSpec/32. A brief description of each version follows.
Version 1
Version 2
Unit Prototype - none of these units are in the field.
This camera version has the 1750-0165 PCB for scan control. This PCB does not have a
hardware look-up table for video (video displays top 8-bits of data only), does not
implement frame-transfer timing mode, and does not have an auto-stop frame count
register.
Version 3
This camera version has the 1750-0256 PCB for scan control. This PCB has a hardware
look-up table for video, implements frame-transfer timing mode, and has an auto-stop
frame count register. This version also uses a 1750-0256 PCB which has an EPLD
program version 2.0 (CS : 00339142) for U4. This EPLD has a bug that affects
customers running the camera asynchronously. See Version 4 below.
Version 4
Version 5
This camera version has the 1750-0256 PCB for scan control with an EPLD program
version 2.1 (CS : 0033900C) for U4. This EPLD program corrects a bug that is present in
ALL previous versions of the camera. The bug can cause the camera to return bad data
after a Safe Mode software reset is performed.
This camera version uses the 1750-0314 PCB for scan control and 175x-0166-D for the
Serial Comm./Power PCB. These PCB’s implement a variety of new features, including
the following:
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Read back of Serial NVRAM System ID information: This EEPROM must be
programmed by production test/system test using the “NVRAM Windows
Application,” provided by the software department. This EEPROM will hold a
variety of information about the camera system which will allow the hardware
version of the camera to be detected by software (for the autoconfiguration of
some parameters) and customer and test information to be stored with the
hardware.
Ability to shut down the RS170 oscillator for noise critical applications:
Because the video oscillator runs at an independent frequency from the rest of
the system, it can be a source of asynchronous noise in the image data. If PI
software is running a PentaMAX as a “Version 5,” it will now shut down this
oscillator if RS170 is not selected by the user.
Video buffer blanking has been made disjoint from the resetting of the
camera: In previous versions of the camera, the video was blanked any time
the camera was reset, which occurred between every frame when the camera was
operated asynchronously (causing the video image to “blink”). Now the video is
only blanked on power up unless explicitly blanked by the host software.
Camera can now hold more than one scan pattern at a time: This allows the
implementation of video focus mode features that allow quick panning of the
video around large image areas. It also allows the CCD to be cleaned using a
different pattern than is used for scanning (which is important for continuous
clean mode, described below). Note that the current release of PI software may
not yet take advantage of these features.
Maximum possible shutter compensation time: Has been increased from 30ms
to 62ms.
Continuous clean mode has been implemented: To use this feature the ADC
(175x-0219) and preamp (175x-0224, Kodak only) EPLD programs need to be
upgraded so that the interpretation of a newly implemented CLEAN instruction
is done properly. DCN #2592 performs these program upgrades. These EPLD
programs revisions are backward compatible with Version 4 scan control and
serial comm/power hardware.
Software selection of back-panel BNC logic output: Choices are Not Scan
(default), Cleaning, Logic 0, Logic 1, Not FT Image Shift, Not Ready, Shutter.
Ability to mask the End of Frame interrupt returned by the camera: Together
with the addition of a generic Scan Control interrupt, which can be placed
anywhere during the CCD scan cycle. These two features are particularly
important to users who would like to interrupt their software at the beginning of
a CCD frame instead of the end of the cycle.
Video look-up bank selection and 2X video zoom mode implemented: These
features will allow quick change in the selection of the video look-up table and
allow smaller CCDs images (particularly the EEV 576FT) to fill the entire
RS170 monitor and run at higher frame rates to the video monitor (EEV576FT
can run nearly 40fps to the RS170 monitor when 2X zoomed). Note that the
current release of PI software may not yet take advantage of these features.
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Appendix C
PentaMAX Versions
89
Virtual chip operation: This feature allows a portion of the array to be redefined as a
"virtual" chip for enhanced data acquisition speed. Frame rates in excess of
100 frames per second can be obtained.
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Appendix D
Two-Shot Kinetics Mode
Princeton Instruments now supports a 2-shot kinetics mode in the PentaMAX ICCD
system through a mini-application called PMX ICCD Kinetics App. The basic
performance is as follows:
➧
Hardwired for PentaMAX 512 Frame Transfer Camera, Version 5. This includes the
PentaMAX Gen III ICCD, Version 5.
➧
➧
➧
➧
➧
➧
Programmable BNC set to Shutter output
Shutter setting = None
Prior to 1st shot, camera is in external synchronization mode with continuous cleans.
Prior to 2nd shot, camera is in external synchronization only (no cleans).
Exposure times for the 2 shots are equivalent; value can go down to 0.001 msec.
User must provide the TTL triggers for the two shots in the following manner:
•
•
•
TTL input into External Synchronization BNC connector on back of PentaMAX
TTL triggers are rising edges
and ONLY 2 triggers should be sent to the camera
The precise timing between the triggers is the responsibility of the user.
The second trigger must be delayed by Exposure Time + 1.8 msec as a minimum. Of
this, the frame transfer shift time is 1.4 msec and the measured hardware reset time is
0.4 msec; the latter value is dependent on the CPU.
If the 2nd trigger is applied before the frame transfer shift is completed, a spurious short
exposure will occur before the camera is reprogrammed and the images will not be read
out.
If the 2nd trigger is given after the frame transfer shift but before the camera is fully
reprogrammed, this trigger will be missed and the images will not be read out.
After the 2nd exposure, the image pair is read out and saved to disk.
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Appendix E
Virtual Chip Mode
Introduction
Virtual Chip mode (a WinView/32 option) is a special fast-acquisition technique that
allows frame rates in excess of 100 fps to be obtained. For the Virtual Chip selection to
be present, it is necessary that:
•
the system be a PentaMAX, I-PentaMAX, MicroMAX (1 MHz or 5 MHz) or
ST-133,
•
•
that the camera have a frame transfer chip and,
that the file WXvchip.opt be present in the same directory as the executable
WinView/32 program. Contact Technical Support for information regarding the
availability of Wxvchip.opt.
This method of data acquisition requires that the chip be masked as shown in Figure 31.
Masking can be achieved by applying a mechanical or optical mask or by positioning a
bright image at the ROI against a dark background on the remainder of the array.
Shift Register
In operation, images are continually piped
down the CCD at extraordinarily high frames
per second (FPS). The mini-frame transfer
region is defined by an ROI as illustrated in
Figure 31. The charge from this ROI is
Frame Transfer Mask
shifted under the frame-transfer mask,
followed by a readout cycle of an ROI-sized
region under the mask. Since the ROI is far
from the serial register, the stored image is
ROI
just shifted repeatedly with the readout and
the first few images collected will not
Virtual
Chip
contain useful data. After the readout period,
Virtual Chip Mask
the next frame is shifted under the mask and
Virtual
Chip
another ROI sized frame is read out. The net
Mask
result is a series of images, separated by
spacer regions, streaming up the CCD under
the mask. Refer to Table 9 for a listing of
Figure 31. Virtual Chip Functional diagram
virtual chip sizes with their respective
readout times and FPS.
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REGION
160 × 160
msec/FRAME
FPS*
141
7.07
3.08
2.72
1.74
1.39
1.14
0.92
0.78
0.68
0.52
98 × 98
324
89 × 89
367
68 × 68
574
56 × 56
719
51 × 51
877
41 × 41
1087
1282
1470
1923
38 × 38
32 × 32
32 binned × 512
Table 9. I-PentMAX, 5 MHz: Virtual Chip Size
and Approximate Number of Frames per Second
* Virtual Chip speeds determined from scan code
calculator assuming exposure equals readout time.
Applies only to I-PentaMAX with 5 MHz ADC
Virtual Chip Setup
Introduction
If the Virtual Chip mode option has been installed, both WinView/32 and WinSpec/32
will support this technique. The following procedure covers the basic hardware and
software setup for Virtual Chip operation.
Note: The Virtual Chip dialog box is discussed in detail in the next section.
Equipment:
I-PentaMAX (Version 5) with 512x512FT CCD array
IIC-200 and High Voltage cable
Temperature/Power Supply unit and Camera to Power Supply cable
Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI Interface Card and High Speed Serial (TAXI)
cable
75 Ω BNC cable
Suitable Host Computer
Software:
WinView/32, version 2.4 or higher
WXvchip.opt installed in the same directory as the executable WinView/32 program
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Appendix E
Virtual Chip Mode
95
Assumptions:
•
You are familiar with the WinView/32 software and have read the hardware
manuals.
•
Masking is for a 41x41 pixel Virtual Chip with its origin at 1,1.
System Connection Diagram:
SHUTTER IN *
INTENSIFIER
H.V.P.S
IIC-200
HV CABLE
TO CAMERA
TEMPERATURE/
POWER SUPPLY
FROM POWER SUPPLY
LOGIC OUT**
λ
I-PENTAMAX
HIGH SPEED SERIAL (TAXI)
EXPERIMENT
INTERFACE CARD
HOST COMPUTER
* This cable connection is required
when exposure < readout time.
**This connector may be labeled NOTSCAN
on older units.
Figure 32. System Diagram: I-PentaMAX with IIC-200
Procedure:
1. Verify that the power is OFF for ALL system components (including the host
computer).
2. Verify that the correct line voltages have been selected and that the correct fuses have
been installed in the IIC-200 Image Intensifier Controller and the Temperature/Power
supply unit (autoselecting for line voltage).
3. Verify that the HV connectors on the I-PentaMAX camera and the IIC-200 have
identical labels (for example, both say "USE ONLY WITH GEN III").
4. In the center panel on the front panel of the IIC-200, put all of the switches in their
DOWN positions (GATE, OFF, and OFF) and turn the MCP GAIN dial fully
counter-clockwise (0 gain).
5. Connect the TAXI cable to the interface card at the host computer and to the High
Speed Serial connector at the rear of the camera. Tighten down the locking screws.
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6. Connect the Camera-Power Supply cable to the TO CAMERA connector on the
rear of the Temperature/Power supply unit and to the FROM POWER SUPPLY
connector at the rear of the camera. Tighten down the locking screws.
7. If it has not been installed already, connect a line cord from the Power Input assembly
on the back of the Temperature/Power supply unit to a suitable AC power source.
8. Reconfirm that the IIC-200 POWER switch is set to "OFF".
The high voltage cable carries lethal voltages to the image intensifier (as much as 10,000
Volts). Never turn on the high-voltage power supply (IIC-100, IIC-200, or IIC-300) or a
pulser equipped with the MCP-100 modular high-voltage supply unless both ends of the
high voltage cable are connected. A cable connected at one end only is not only
hazardous, but is susceptible to arcing and subsequent erratic operation due to the
formation of carbon tracks.
DANGER
The high voltage cable should be handled with care. Dropping the cable or banging the
connectors may damage the pins, resulting in a poor or intermittent connection.
WARNING!
9. Connect the HV Supply cable to the HV output connector on the rear of the IIC-200
and to the HV input connector on the nose of the camera. To ensure proper electrical
connection:
a. Tighten the cable connector a couple of turns and then push down on the
connector collar.
b. Repeat the tightening and pushing down until the cable connector is fully
seated.
c. Repeat Steps a-b for the other end of the cable.
10. If it has not been installed already, connect a line cord from the Power Input assembly
on the back of the IIC-200 to a suitable AC power source.
11. OPTIONAL. Connect a 75 Ω BNC cable from the SHUTTER IN connector on the
rear of the IIC-200 to the LOGIC OUT connector on the rear of the camera. This
setup is required for exposure times < the readout time.
12. Turn on the Temperature/Power Supply unit and set the temperature ( -20°C is the
coldest setting) and wait until the temperature locks.
13. Following the intensifier precautions in this manual and in the IIC-200 manual, press
the IIC-200 POWER switch to "ON".
a. Verify that the MCP GAIN setting is "0".
b. Set the MCP POWER/OFF switch to "MCP POWER". The audible intensifier
alarm should beep when the high voltage is applied. If it continues to beep,
switch MCP POWER/OFF back to "OFF" and contact Princeton Instruments
Technical Support.
c. Leave SHUTTER/GATE switched to "GATE" and AUTOBRIGHT/CONTROL
switched to "OFF".
14. Turn on the host computer and select the WinView/32 icon.
15. From the Setup menu, select Hardware, and enter the following settings:
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Appendix E
Virtual Chip Mode
Controller/CCD tab card
97
•
•
•
Controller: PentaMAX
Controller Version: 5
CCD Type: appropriate frame transfer array (EEV 512x512FT, for this
procedure)
•
•
•
Shutter Type: None
LOGIC OUT Output: Shutter
Readout Mode: Frame Transfer
Interface tab card
Type: the appropriate interface card. For this procedure, the selection is
High Speed PCI.
Cleans/Skips tab card
•
•
•
•
•
Number of Cleans: 1
Number of Strips per Clean: 512
Minimum Block Size: 2
Number of Blocks: 5
16. From the Setup menu, select Virtual Chip, and enter the following settings:
•
High Speed Mode Enabled
•
Virtual Chip Definition: The settings below assume a 41x41 pixel virtual
chip. The X and Y dimensions are established by the external mask. The
virtual chip is fully flexible in the X direction. However, the set of choices
for the Y-dimension has been pre- selected for optimal performance. Note
that the origin point that Princeton Instruments uses for a CCD array is 1,1.
•
•
Chip Y Dimension: 41. Select this dimension from the drop down list.
Chip X Dimension: 41. Enter this dimension manually.
17. Click on the Load Default Values button. This enters the default ROI values. These
values are: Start pixels of 1,1; End pixels based on the Chip Y and Chip X
dimensions; and Groups of 1.
•
Region of Interest: The settings below assume a 41x41 pixel ROI (i.e., the
entire virtual chip). An ROI that is a subset of the virtual chip can be defined.
X Start: 1
X End: 41
X Group: 1
Y Start: 1
Y End: 41
Y Group: 1
•
Click on the Download Virtual Chip Definition button. This will download
the definition, set up the ROI, and calculate the readout time.
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•
•
Observe the calculated readout time. If you need a shorter period, change the
settings (for example, enter a smaller Y-dimension or use binning in the
Y-direction) and click on the Download Virtual Chip Definition button again.
Click on Close.
18. From the Acquisition menu, select Experiment Setup and enter the following
settings:
Main tab card
•
Exposure Time: Enter a value. The exposure time can either be greater
than the readout time or it can be equal to the readout time. If you want
an exposure time > readout time, enter a value larger than the readout
time calculated when the virtual chip definition was downloaded. If you
want an exposure time = readout time, enter 000 sec.
•
•
•
Number of Images: Enter the desired number of images.
Use Region of Interest
Accumulations: 1
ADC tab card
•
Type: FAST
ROI Setup tab card: Make no changes to the settings on this tab card unless
you have re-enabled Normal Operating Mode. ROI setup for Virtual Chip
(High Speed Mode) is performed through the Virtual Chip dialog box.
19. From the Setup menu, select Environment.
Note: When setting up for focusing, the number of Frames/Interrupt should be left
at 1.
•
DMA Buffer (Mb): By default, the buffer size is 8 Mb. Using the following
formula, calculate the amount of DMA memory required:
X × Y × #Frames × (2 bytes/pixel).
For example, the buffer size required for a 41x41 virtual array acquiring
1000 frames would be 41 × 41 × 1000 frames × (2 bytes/pixel) = 3.4 Mb.
If the calculated value is greater than 8 Mb, enter the appropriate size.
Note: This value is not enabled until you restart your computer.
•
Frames/Interrupt: If the number of frames is greater than 256 (the pre-
programmed slot limit for a PCI card), increase the number of
Frames/Interrupt value. Use the formula #Frames/256 and round the result
to the next highest integer to calculate that value. For example, 1000
frames/256 will result in 3.9, so enter 4.
Note: This value should be 1 for Focus mode.
20. Click on OK after you have finished entering the Environment settings.
21. Set the SHUTTER/GATE switch on the IIC-200 to "SHUTTER". If the audible alarm
beeps, immediately reduce the light level or immediately switch MCP POWER/OFF
to "OFF" and reduce the light level. Once you have reduced the light level, switch
MCP POWER/OFF back to "MCP POWER" (if you turned it "OFF") and try again.
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Appendix E
Virtual Chip Mode
99
22. Place a suitable target in front of the camera and click on Focus to verify that the
camera is seeing the target.
23. Make any focusing, gain, or other adjustments necessary to fine-tune the image.
24. Stop running in Focus mode.
25. Now click on Acquire.
Experimental Timing
Triggering can be achieved through the software via the Software Trigger timing
mode (selectable on the Experiment Setup dialog box, Timing Mode tab page) or it
can be achieved via the Ext Sync input on the rear of the camera. Triggering from the
Ext Sync input allows you to acquire a single image per TTL pulse. If Software
Trigger has been selected, back-to-back collection of the requested number of images
will be initiated when Acquire is selected: no further TTL trigger input is required.
Virtual Chip dialog box
Figure 33. Virtual Chip dialog box
Clicking Virtual Chip on the Setup menu displays the Virtual Chip dialog box. When
the High Speed Mode Enabled radio button is selected, all of the fields and buttons on
the box will be activated as shown in Figure 33.
Mode: Radio buttons allow the choice of High Speed Mode Enabled and Normal
Mode Enabled. In the normal mode, the external masks would ordinarily be
withdrawn, allowing normal frame-transfer operation. All of the parameter
settings on the screen are grayed out if Normal Mode Enabled is selected. When
High Speed Mode Enabled is selected, high speed frame rates using the virtual
chip can be obtained as described above.
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Chip Y Dimension: This is the Y range established by the external mask.
Chip X Dimension: This is the X range established by the external mask.
ROI: The X and Y Start, End and Binning (Group) values can be entered. The ROI can
be as large as the virtual chip area established by the external mask or a
subregion.
Load Default Values: Fills in the region of interest X and Y End values based on the
Chip X and Y Dimension entries. By default, the ROI origin is at 1,1 and the
Group values are both 1.
Download Virtual Chip Definition: Sends the virtual chip parameter values to the
controller’s non-volatile memory. If a virtual chip definition is already stored
there, you will be given an overwrite warning.
Readout Time: Reported readout time that will result with the current virtual-chip
parameter values.
Exposure Time: Reported current exposure time that will result with the value entered
in the Experiment Setup dialog box.
Shutter Compensation Time: Reported value; depends on selected shutter type.
Close: Closes Virtual Chip dialog box.
Tips
➧
If mechanical masking is used, the mask can be a static one (fixed dimensions) in
which case, multiple masks should be made to accommodate a variety of imaging
conditions. Alternatively, a more flexible mask can be manufactured by taking two
thin metal sheets with a square hole the size of the exposed region of the CCD cut in
the center. This would be 512 × 512 pixels at 15 microns per pixel = 7.68 mm × 7.68
mm for the non-intensified PentaMAX. For cameras with a 1.5:1 fiber-optic taper,
the aperture will have to be larger since the intensifier is coupled via a taper with a
net reduction. These masks should be anodized black to prevent reflections in the
optical system and they should be very flat. These two sheets can then be slid
relative to one another to achieve any rectangular shape required. The sheets should
be placed flat in the optical plane and their openings should be centered on the
optical axis. Ideally they should be able to move with an accuracy of 2-3 pixels per
step (30-45 microns for non-intensified and 46-70 microns in the intensified
PentaMAX) in the X and Y directions.
➧
➧
Running the camera in CW mode with 0.0 msec exposure time will result in the
fastest acquisition time. Under these conditions, the acquisition time is limited by
the readout time of the ROI. Do not use the coaxial connector to the SHUTTER IN
input of the IIC-200 when exposure is 0.
When you return the system to "Normal" chip mode (radio button on Virtual Chip
dialog box), you should also open the Experiment Setup dialog box at the ROI Setup
tab card and click on the ClearAll button to clear the ROI setup downloaded for
Virtual Chip operation.
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Appendix E
Virtual Chip Mode
101
➧
➧
➧
➧
If frame acquisition appears to be slow in Focus mode, check the Frames/Interrupt
value on the Environment dialog box and reset the value to 1 if it is greater than 1.
When processing large stacks of data, you may want to use a third-party scientific
image processing package.
Use the 15' HV cable when performing non-gated (CW) experiments and the shorter
version of that cable when performing gated experiments.
When running at high FPS, you may see tailing from the phosphor in subsequent
image frames. This is due to the long-lived emission from the intensifier phosphor.
For the standard phosphor, this signal has a decay rate (exponential 100%-1%) of
approximately 3 ms. If the phosphor signal is an issue, you can decrease the FPS or
correct the data by subtracting the residual signal from subsequent images
(essentially a negative exponential decay). Contact Princeton Instruments for
information about intensifiers with high speed phosphors.
➧
Due to CCD design, you may see some edge artifacts when acquiring data from the
entire virtual chip. Crop these artifacts by defining an ROI that is slightly smaller
than the virtual chip dimensions.
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Warranty & Service
Limited Warranty
Princeton Instruments, a division of Roper Scientific, Inc. ("Princeton Instruments," us,"
"we," "our") makes the following limited warranties. These limited warranties extend to
the original purchaser ("You", "you") only and no other purchaser or transferee. We
have complete control over all warranties and may alter or terminate any or all
warranties at any time we deem necessary.
Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants this product against substantial defects in materials and / or
workmanship for a period of up to one (1) year after shipment. During this period, Princeton
Instruments will repair the product or, at its sole option, repair or replace any defective part
without charge to you. You must deliver the entire product to the Princeton Instruments
factory or, at our option, to a factory-authorized service center. You are responsible for the
shipping costs to return the product. International customers should contact their local
Princeton Instruments authorized representative/distributor for repair information and
Limited One (1) Year Warranty on Refurbished or Discontinued
Products
Princeton Instruments warrants, with the exception of the CCD imaging device (which carries
NO WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED), this product against defects in materials or
workmanship for a period of up to one (1) year after shipment. During this period, Princeton
Instruments will repair or replace, at its sole option, any defective parts, without charge to
you. You must deliver the entire product to the Princeton Instruments factory or, at our option,
a factory-authorized service center. You are responsible for the shipping costs to return the
product to Princeton Instruments. International customers should contact their local Princeton
Instruments representative/distributor for repair information and assistance or visit our
Normal Wear Item Disclaimer
Princeton Instruments does not warrant certain items against defect due to normal wear
and tear. These items include internal and external shutters, cables, and connectors.
These items carry no warranty, expressed or implied.
XP Vacuum Chamber Limited Lifetime Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants that the cooling performance of the system will meet our
specifications over the lifetime of an XP detector or Princeton Instruments will, at its
sole option, repair or replace any vacuum chamber components necessary to restore the
cooling performance back to the original specifications at no cost to the original
purchaser. Any failure to "cool to spec" beyond our Basic (1) year limited warranty from
date of shipment, due to a non-vacuum-related component failure (e.g., any components
that are electrical/electronic) is NOT covered and carries NO WARRANTIES
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above
under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
103
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104
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Sealed Chamber Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants the sealed chamber integrity of all our products for a
period of twenty-four (24) months after shipment. If, at anytime within twenty-four (24)
months from the date of delivery, the detector should experience a sealed chamber
failure, all parts and labor needed to restore the chamber seal will be covered by us.
Open chamber products carry NO WARRANTY TO THE CCD IMAGING DEVICE,
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above
under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Vacuum Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants the vacuum integrity of all our products for a period of
up to twenty-four (24) months from the date of shipment. We warrant that the detector
head will maintain the factory-set operating temperature without the requirement for
customer pumping. Should the detector experience a Vacuum Integrity failure at anytime
within twenty-four (24) months from the date of delivery all parts and labor needed to
restore the vacuum integrity will be covered by us. Responsibility for shipping charges is
as described above under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Image Intensifier Detector Limited One Year Warranty
All image intensifier products are inherently susceptible to Phosphor and/or
Photocathode burn (physical damage) when exposed to high intensity light. Princeton
Instruments warrants, with the exception of image intensifier products that are found to
have Phosphor and/or Photocathode burn damage (which carry NO WARRANTIES
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED), all image intensifier products for a period of one (1) year
after shipment. See additional Limited One (1) year Warranty terms and conditions
above, which apply to this warranty. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described
above under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
X-Ray Detector Limited One Year Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants, with the exception of CCD imaging device and fiber
optic assembly damage due to X-rays (which carry NO WARRANTIES EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED), all X-ray products for one (1) year after shipment. See additional Basic
Limited One (1) year Warranty terms and conditions above, which apply to this
warranty. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above under our Basic
Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Software Limited Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants all of our manufactured software discs to be free from
substantial defects in materials and / or workmanship under normal use for a period of
one (1) year from shipment. Princeton Instruments does not warrant that the function of
the software will meet your requirements or that operation will be uninterrupted or error
free. You assume responsibility for selecting the software to achieve your intended
results and for the use and results obtained from the software. In addition, during the one
(1) year limited warranty. The original purchaser is entitled to receive free version
upgrades. Version upgrades supplied free of charge will be in the form of a download
from the Internet. Those customers who do not have access to the Internet may obtain the
version upgrades on a CD-ROM from our factory for an incidental shipping and handling
charge. See Item 12 in the following section of this warranty ("Your Responsibility") for
more information.
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Warranty & Service
105
Owner's Manual and Troubleshooting
You should read the owner’s manual thoroughly before operating this product. In the
unlikely event that you should encounter difficulty operating this product, the owner’s
manual should be consulted before contacting the Princeton Instruments technical
support staff or authorized service representative for assistance. If you have consulted
the owner's manual and the problem still persists, please contact the Princeton
Instruments technical support staff or our authorized service representative. See Item 12
in the following section of this warranty ("Your Responsibility") for more information.
Your Responsibility
The above Limited Warranties are subject to the following terms and conditions:
1. You must retain your bill of sale (invoice) and present it upon request for service
and repairs or provide other proof of purchase satisfactory to Princeton
Instruments.
2. You must notify the Princeton Instruments factory service center within (30)
days after you have taken delivery of a product or part that you believe to be
defective. With the exception of customers who claim a "technical issue" with
the operation of the product or part, all invoices must be paid in full in
accordance with the terms of sale. Failure to pay invoices when due may result
in the interruption and/or cancellation of your one (1) year limited warranty
and/or any other warranty, expressed or implied.
3. All warranty service must be made by the Princeton Instruments factory or, at our
option, an authorized service center.
4. Before products or parts can be returned for service you must contact the
Princeton Instruments factory and receive a return authorization number (RMA).
Products or parts returned for service without a return authorization evidenced
by an RMA will be sent back freight collect.
5. These warranties are effective only if purchased from the Princeton Instruments
factory or one of our authorized manufacturer's representatives or distributors.
6. Unless specified in the original purchase agreement, Princeton Instruments is not
responsible for installation, setup, or disassembly at the customer’s location.
7. Warranties extend only to defects in materials or workmanship as limited above
and do not extend to any product or part which has:
•
been lost or discarded by you;
•
been damaged as a result of misuse, improper installation, faulty or
inadequate maintenance or failure to follow instructions furnished by us;
•
•
•
had serial numbers removed, altered, defaced, or rendered illegible;
been subjected to improper or unauthorized repair; or
been damaged due to fire, flood, radiation, or other "acts of God" or other
contingencies beyond the control of Princeton Instruments.
8. After the warranty period has expired, you may contact the Princeton
Instruments factory or a Princeton Instruments-authorized representative for
repair information and/or extended warranty plans.
9. Physically damaged units or units that have been modified are not acceptable for
repair in or out of warranty and will be returned as received.
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106
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10. All warranties implied by state law or non-U.S. laws, including the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly
limited to the duration of the limited warranties set forth above. With the exception of
any warranties implied by state law or non-U.S. laws, as hereby limited, the forgoing
warranty is exclusive and in lieu of all other warranties, guarantees, agreements, and
similar obligations of manufacturer or seller with respect to the repair or replacement
of any parts. In no event shall Princeton Instruments' liability exceed the cost of the
repair or replacement of the defective product or part.
11. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other
rights that may vary from state to state and from country to country. Some states
and countries do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts,
when an action may be brought, or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or
consequential damages, so the above provisions may not apply to you.
12. When contacting us for technical support or service assistance, please refer to
the Princeton Instruments factory of purchase, contact your authorized Princeton
Instruments representative or reseller, or visit our technical support page at
Contact Information
Roper Scientific's manufacturing facility for this product is located at the following
address:
Princeton Instruments
3660 Quakerbridge Road
Trenton, NJ 08619 (USA)
Tel: 800-874-9789 / 609-587-9797
Fax: 609-587-1970
Technical Support E-mail: [email protected]
For technical support and service outside the United States, see our web page at
e-mail addresses of Roper Scientific's overseas offices and representatives is maintained
on the web page.
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Index
A/D converters, 69
dual, 69
Camera features (cont.)
high voltage connector, 12
lens mount housing, 12
LOGIC OUT connector, 15
NOTSCAN connector. See LOGIC OUT
connector
VIDEO connector, 14
WATER cooling ports, 13
Camera mounting considerations
1/4" x 20 UNC threaded hole, 28
use of mounting bracket for security, 28
Cautions
specifications, 83
AC power requirements, 26
Actual exposure time, 57
Actual vs Set Point switch, 17
Air
circulation requirement, 13, 18, 19, 22
cooling, 33
filter, 19, 22
Analog channels, 69
Asynchronous mode. See Safe Mode
Autosensing
line voltage, 26
Backfill pressure, 16
Background
DMA and Interrupt, 74
Cautions, connector/cable usage, 32
CCD arrays
blooming, 63
DC level, 64
subtraction, 55
Baseline signal, 64
excessive humidity, 64
sudden change in, 64
Beeping of intensifier alarm, 36
Binning
dark charge effects, 63
functions performed, 62
maximum on-chip integration, 63
readout of, 64
readout theory, 64
shift register, 64
shutter function, 62
computer memory burden, 66
hardware, 66
signal-to-noise ratio vs on chip integration
time, 63
restrictions due to well capacity, 67
readout time, 66
resolution loss, 66
specifications, 81
theory of operation, 62
well capacity, 63
software, 67
table of, 67
effect on S/N ratio, 68
high light level measurements, 68
shot-noise limited measurements, 68
Blooming, 63
Cleaning optical surfaces, 22
CLEANING signal, 15
C-mount, 43
assembly, 43
Bottom Clamps
imaging field of view, 42
support recommendations, 43
Computer requirements, 21
Connectors
microscope-specific, 44
table of, 44
Cables
Camera to Computer, 25
Camera to High Voltage, 26
Camera to Power Supply, 25
high voltage cable, 26
Camera features
EXT SYNC, 15
FROM POWER SUPPLY, 13
high voltage, 9
LOGIC OUT, 15
NOTSCAN. See LOGIC OUT
TO CAMERA, 18
EXT SYNC connector, 15
fan, 13
FROM POWER SUPPLY connector, 13
HIGH SPEED SERIAL connector, 14
Contact information, 106
Continuous Cleans, 55
Coolant ports, 13
107
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I-PentaMAX System Manual
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Cooling
supplemental, 34
F-mount (cont.)
adapters, 45
Dark charge
imaging field of view, 42
lens installation, 29
lens removal, 29
definition of, 63
dynamic range, 63
kT noise, 63
microscopy, 44
temperature dependence, 63
typical values, 63
parfocality adjustment, 47
F-mount lens
Dark current, 63
Description of system, 9
Digitization, 69
installation and removal, 29
Focusing, 46
imaging systems, 40
DMA buffer, 98
Focusing and aperture adjustment, 29
Frame transfer mode, 57
CCD requirements, 57
External Sync, 58
Dual A/D converters, 69
Dynamic range, 63
EBI, 62
EISA-bus, 21, 83
Freerun, 57
EMF spike, 35, 46
Environmental requirements
humidity, 20
readout, 68
smearing, 63
timing, 57
operating environment temperature, 20
storage temperature, 20
Equivalent Brightness Intensity. See EBI
ERROR and STATUS simultaneously
lighted, 34, 73
Frames/Interrupt, 98
Freerun
experiments best suited for, 54
Frame transfer, 57
timing, 54
ERROR indication
possible causes, 73
ERROR indicator, 17
Excessive humidity, 64, 72
Excessive light
timing diagram, 54
timing flow-chart, 54
trigger mode, 54
FT IMAGE SHIFT signal, 15
Full frame readout, 64
Full Speed mode, 52
flowchart, 53
damage
how to avoid, 36
Exposure and Readout, 61
Exposure time, 54
actual, 57
image update lag, 52
real data collection, 52
Fuse
programmed, 57
ratings, 26, 77
EXT SYNC BNC connector, 15
External Sync
replacement procedure, 26, 77
selection table, 77
background subtraction, 55
continuous cleans, 55
frame transfer, 58
Gated operation, 36
high-voltage power supply, 37
on/off ratio, 37
input pulse, 55
shutter synchronization, 55
timing, 55
Grounding and safety, 19
Hardware binning, 66
High Speed Serial connector, 14
High voltage connector, 9
High voltage supply
modular, 12, 37, 96
High Voltage supply cable, 26
Humidity
trigger mode, 55
External Synchronization, 55
Fans
camera, 13
power supply, 18
Fiber-optic data link, 14
Field of view, 42
Filter, 19, 22
environmental operating range, 20
I/O Address conflicts, 74
IIC-100, 12
Fluorescence measurements, 47
F-mount, 43
IIC-200, 9, 12, 37, 38, 39, 50, 62, 82, 94, 96
Imaging field of view, 42
Imaging hints, 47
adapter focus adjustment, 41
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Index
109
Indicators
ERROR, 17
MCP, 9
composition, 62
POWER, 17
STATUS, 17, 33, 34, 73
Installation
operation, 50
MCP GAIN
electron gain, 50
precautions, 20
interface
PCI, 30
Intensifier
relative gain report, 39
MCP-100, 12
alarm, 36, 50
description of, 9
Microchannel plate. See MCP
Microscopy
EBI, 62
MCP, 62
arc lamp EMF spike damage warning, 35,
46
overview of operation, 49
Interface
focusing, 46
IR blockers, 48
board, 26
light throughput, 43
Interface card
mounting camera with C-mount, 43
mounting camera with F-mount, 44
mounting the camera, 43
parfocality, 47
driver installation, 30
ISA, 30
PCI, 30
High Speed PCI, 31
PCI(Timer), 31
Xenon or Hg lamp EMF spike, 35, 46
Mounting the camera to a microscope, 43
C-mount, 43
troubleshooting, 74
Interrupt conflicts, 74
I-PentaMAX system
camera description, 9
components of, 9, 25
features and benefits, 10
IR, ICCD sensitivity to, 48
IR blockers, 48
F-mount, 44
Neutral density filters, 47
NOTREADY signal, 15
NOTSCAN BNC connector. See LOGIC
OUT BNC connector
NOTSCAN signal, 15
On/Off ratio, 37
ISA serial card
ON-OFF temperature control switch, 17
Operating modes, 36
Overexposure protection
changing illuminated region of
photocathode, 36
I/O address, DMA channel, and interrupt
level, 74
Kinetics mode, 91
Koehler illumination, 46
kT noise, 63
HV pulser is OFF, 36
lens capping, 36
Latency, 55
Lens mount housing, 12
Light throughput, 43
Line voltage
MCP POWER set to OFF, 36
neutral density filters, 36
SHUTTER/GATE set to GATE, 36
small lens aperture, 36
Parfocality, 47
autosensing, 26
fuse requirements, 26, 77
LOGIC 0 signal, 15
LOGIC 1 signal, 15
LOGIC OUT BNC connector
CLEANING signal, 15
FT IMAGE SHIFT signal, 15
LOGIC 0 signal, 15
LOGIC 1 signal, 15
NOTREADY signal, 15
NOTSCAN signal, 15
SHUTTER signal, 15
Maintenance
PCI
bus, 30
diagnostics software, 76
driver installation, 30
non-conforming peripheral cards, 76
serial buffer board, 26, 30
Peltier effect device, 33
Photodamage, 47
POWER indicator, 17
power input assembly, 18
Power Macintosh, 21
air filter, 19, 22
Temperature/Power Supply unit, 19
Power ON-OFF switch, 18
Power requirements, 26
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110
I-PentaMAX System Manual
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Power Supply connector, 13
Specifications (cont.)
miscellaneous, 84
STARTACQ, 52
STATUS indicators, 17
Sun Workstations, 26
Switches
Power supply, high voltage
IIC-100, 12, 37, 96
IIC-200, 12, 37
MCP-100, 12, 37, 96
Preopen Shutter mode, 55
Procedures
Actual vs Set Point, 17
Power ON-OFF, 18
Temperature ON-OFF, 17
fuse replacement, 26, 77
Readout
binning, 66
Synchronous mode. See Full Speed mode
System description, 9
hardware, 66
digitization, 69
frame transfer, 68
rate, 69
Technical support, 106
Temperature
environmental operating range, 20
storage, 20
Temperature control
subsection of array, 66
Readout rate
control of, 69
air cooling, 33
precision vs speed tradeoff, 69
Readout time, 54
Readout times (full frame) for several CCD
types
introduction to, 33
overshoot, 33
problems, 78
time to lock, 33
table of, 66
Tygon tubing, 34
Relay Lens, 44
water cooling, 34
Resolution
chilled water constraint, 34
pressure and flow rate, 34
required connections, 34
Temperature display, 33
set versus actual, 16
loss of with binning, 66
Response latency, 55
S/N ratio, 63, 68
Safe, 52
Safe Mode, 52
Temperature display mode switch, 33
Temperature panel meter, 16
Temperature Set adjustment, 17, 33
Temperature setting range, 16
Temperature STATUS lights, 33
Temperature/Power Supply features
ACTUAL vs SET POINT switch, 17
ERROR indicator, 17
as used for setting up, 52
flowchart, 53
missed events, 52
Safety related symbols used in manual, 12
Saturation, 63
SGI Workstations, 26
Shift register, 64
Shutter
fan, 18
compensation time, 54
frame transfer, 58
Shutter mode operation, 36
Shutter modes, 37
Disable, 52
ON-OFF power switch, 18
ON-OFF switch, 17
POWER indicator, 17
power input assembly, 18
STATUS indicators, 17
TEMP SET adjustment, 17
TEMPERATURE panel meter, 16
TO CAMERA connector, 18
Termination of video output, 14
Thermostat control range, 16
Timing control, 52
Normal, 52
Preopen, 52, 55
SHUTTER signal, 15
Signal-to-noise ratio
on-chip integration, 63
Smearing and frame transfer cameras, 63
Software binning, 68
Software Trigger, 57, 99
Specifications, 81
A/D converters, 83
cooling, 82
Timing modes
table of, 51
TO CAMERA connector, 18
Triggering modes, 52
Unpacking and initial inspection, 25
VCR, 14
inputs and outputs, 82
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Index
111
Video BNC connector, 14
Virtual Chip mode
Warranties (cont.)
normal wear item disclaimer, 103
one year, 103
setup, 94
software option, 93
one year on refurbished/discontinued
products, 103
owner's manual and troubleshooting, 105
sealed chamber, 104
software, 104
vacuum integrity, 104
XP vacuum chamber, 103
x-ray detector, 104
system connection diagram, 95
WXvchip.opt file, 93
Warnings
cable handling, 12, 38, 96
cleaning, 22
damage at high light levels, 36
damage from exposure to excessive light
levels, 25
your responsibility, 105
Water cooling, 34
Website, 106
EMF spike damage from Xenon or Hg arc
lamps, 46
high voltage danger, 12, 37, 96
operating unpressurized camera, 16
Xenon and Hg arc lamps, 35
Warranties
Well capacity, 63
restrictions on hardware binning, 67
table of, 67
Wxvchip.opt file, 93
image intensifier detector, 104
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ST-133 Controller
Addendum
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing a Princeton Instruments cameras system. Princeton Instruments
is presently phasing in a new improved version of the ST-133 Controller. Depending on
the ship date of your system and the status of manual revision, we are including this
addendum to point out the differences between the ST-133A and the ST-133B (see
New ST-133B Version
Figure 1. ST-133A Controller (left) and ST-133B (right)
Old ST-133A Version
The design changes include:
•
•
•
Case redesign
Power switch re-location and replacement
Increased Power Rating and changed fuse requirements
Case Redesign
As part of the repackaging and enhancement of the ST-133 Controller, the ST-133A's
paneled case has been replaced with a sleeve-type case for the ST-133B. This construction
reduces electronic noise generated by variations in grounding. In addition, this redesign and
other mechanical modifications have reduced the weight by 0.5 lbs/.23 kg.
Note: Please use the front and back bezels to move and carry the Controller (see Figure 2 on
the next page).
Princeton Instruments
1 of 2
May 12, 2004
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ST-133B Addendum
Figure 2. Carrying the ST-133B
ST-133B Power Switch
For the ST-133B, the power switch has been re-located to the back of the Controller and
is positioned above the power module. To eliminate unwanted light sources around
optical setups, the power switch no longer includes a built-in LED.
Power Switch
Power Module
Fuse/Voltage
Label
Figure 3. ST-133B Back Panel
ST-133B Power Rating and Fuse Requirements
This manual may include a Fuse and Voltage table that refers to the ST-133A; ignore
this table and refer to the Fuse/Voltage label on the back of the ST-133B or to the table
below for the correct information.
LEFT Fuse
~0.75A-T
~0.30A-T
Voltage
100-120V
RIGHT Fuse
~3.50A-T
220-240V
~1.80A-T
50-60 Hz 420 W MAX
May 12, 2004
2 of 2
Princeton Instruments
CE:\Manuals\Controller\ST-133B\ST-133B Addendum.doc
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