Pass Labs Stereo Amplifier XA100 User Manual

passTM  
XA100 Owner’s Manual  
May 18, 2006  
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The XA100 has a massive toroidal transformer coupled to a high  
current DC reservoir. Recognizing that the XA100’s ability to resolve  
microdynamics is best experienced with clean power, the extreme  
low-level resolution of the XA-series benefits from a specially  
designed power supply that significantly reduces and rejects power  
line borne noise.  
The XA amps open the sonic soundstage to the very limits of the  
recording format. Through the XA100 complex musical passages  
reveal themselves in the most dramatic manner. With the XA100  
you will hear everything within the upper octaves, which includes any  
recording, source or loudspeaker issues. Keep this in mind when  
choosing complementary equipment, remembering that recordings  
and the other components in the signal chain will strongly dictate  
soundstage width and imaging and likely be the limiting factors in  
your listening environment. The room itself will also add its acoustic  
signature, and should be considered an audio component.  
Speaker selection should be strictly a matter of personal taste.  
The XA100 is unconditionally stable into any load presented by a  
loudspeaker, but will provide less power into other than 8 ohms. The  
XA100 accommodates both single ended (RCA) and balanced inputs  
(XLR). Input impedance’s are 11 kohm unbalanced and 22 kohm  
balanced to permit integration with the widest possible range of  
upstream components.  
Requirements  
You can position this amplifier anywhere you wish, but it must have  
ventilation. We do not recommend placing it in enclosed cabinets  
or small closets without means for air to circulate freely. Stacking  
these power amplifiers directly upon each other is not recommended  
for the same reason. This amplifier idles at approximately 300 watts,  
the equivalent of a large reading light. At idle most of that energy  
is dissipated across the heat sinks, so the heat generated by each  
XA100 is likewise equivalent to a large incandescent reading light. To  
dissipate this heat the product should have about 6 inches clearance  
to the top and sides for adequate air circulation.  
Let’s talk about power requirements. The amplifier draws about 2.6  
amps (continuous rms) at 120 volts out of the wall during operation,  
and this reflects mostly the idle current that we run through the  
output stage. When not actually intending to play music the XA100  
should be left in standby mode. In standby mode it draws only a few  
watts of power, that necessary to keep the capacitors charged.  
We have provided a standard IEC power cord that fits into the  
standard 15 amp IEC receptacle at the rear of the amplifier chassis.  
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Several XA100’s may be easily run in conjunction with other audio  
products on a single 15-amp circuit. This amplifier is equipped for  
operation with an earth ground provided by the users AC outlet.  
Never defeat this ground connection. The signal ground of this  
amplifier is connected to earth through a power thermistor, which  
provides a safety ground but provides protection from irritating  
ground loops.  
As a safety issue we suggest that the power cord should be the last  
cable installed on your power-amplifier. You may, if you wish,  
substitute a 15-amp aftermarket power cord for the one we have  
supplied. Only use power cords, which meet all local safety standards  
and carry acceptance marks from the local regulatory authority. The  
power cord should be attached to the amplifier prior to plugging  
into house power. Place the rear mounted switch in the off (down)  
position before plugging in this amplifier.  
The amplifier’s voltage and current rating are indicated on the rear  
panel. It will be either 240 volts, 220 volts, 120 volts or 100 volts,  
all with a restorable type circuit breaker of the appropriate ampacity.  
The inclusion of this re-settable circuit breaker does away with the  
need for disposable fuses. The frequency rating of the AC line  
source is 50 to 60 Hz in all cases. Please verify that the amplifiers  
indicated voltage requirements are consistent with the supplied  
voltage and current at your location. Transformers are input voltage  
specific and their change is not a trivial matter.  
Setup  
Looking at the rear panel you will see the AC power cord receptacle,  
a power switch / breaker, two pairs of output connectors which  
allow for speaker bi-wiring, a single pair of 5 way connectors for  
remote turn-on, a single RCA input connector and a single XLR  
balanced input connector.  
Make sure that the rear panel power switch/breaker is off (down).  
Plug the AC cord into the back of the amplifier, and then into the  
wall. Then turn the power switch/breaker on (up). The lights in  
your house will blink when the power supply charges the capacitors.  
(Note: The power switch/breaker is never to be used as a “safety  
device” or “emergency disconnect” for this product. This device  
provides current limiting which will protect the amplifier, it will not  
provide personal shock protection in the event of a reversed hot /  
neutral, lack of grounding or other improper wiring in the supplied  
mains voltage.)  
On the front panel, the “Standby” LED indicator should be glowing  
blue, indicating that AC power is available and the capacitor banks  
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are charged. The “Power” LED should not be on. If the “Power”  
LED is on, don’t get excited, just use the front panel stand-by button  
to go to stand-by mode, with the “Standby” LED on and the “Power “  
LED off.  
OK, so the amplifier is sitting there in stand-by mode with just the  
single blue LED lit. No speaker connected yet. You can go ahead  
and connect the source and speakers. Make sure you are in standby  
mode to protect your speakers from transients. The prudent installer  
will unplug the XA100’s power cord from the mains while attaching  
speaker cables.  
To avoid the possibility of short circuits always connect speaker cables  
to the speakers prior to connecting to the amplifier. The output  
binding posts will accept either bare wire or spades. (Regulatory  
agencies in many countries have banned binding posts that will accept  
a banana plug, forcing us to abandon this option.) Make sure that your  
speaker wires only attach to the outputs of the amplifier, not to each  
other and never to the amplifier case.  
Some powered subwoofers require an audio signal ground reference  
and their makers may suggest that a black speaker terminal is  
where this voltage reference might be found. On complementary  
designs, which would be typical of all power amps produced by Pass  
Laboratories™, this is an incorrect and unsafe assumption. On all  
Pass Laboratories™ power amplifiers a reference of 0 volts will be  
found only at pin 1 of the XLR input or at the shell of the RCA input.  
Reference connections for these devices require special consideration  
when used with our product. If you have such a device, and wish to  
use it with our product, please contact our Foresthill, California factory  
for specific instructions.... you have been warned.  
The amplifier may be driven single-end or balanced, your choice.  
Single-ended input will always occur through the RCA connector  
and balanced input will always occur through the XLR connector. If  
driving the amplifier single-ended leave the supplied jumpers in place  
between pins 1 & 3 on the input XLR. On the XLR connector pin 1 is  
ground, pin two is positive input and pin 3 is inverted (negative) input.  
Pin numbers are marked on the XLR. If you re-install the jumper  
incorrectly or leave it lying about, the amplifier will not work properly.  
You must choose either XLR or RCA inputs it is not advised to try and  
run both concurrently.  
XLR input connector showing proper  
placement of jumper pin for use with  
single-ended (RCA) input.  
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Now that the source component is connected, make sure there is no  
signal coming from it, probably by turning the volume all the way  
down.  
With the speakers connected, make sure the power cord is attached  
and plugged into mains power; push the front panel button to  
activate the amplifier. The “Power” LED will come on.  
You are ready to play music  
Do everybody a favor and try not to have shorted output cables. It  
happens accidentally all the time, and the amplifier is designed to  
survive, but why tempt fate. If you accidentally cause the breaker  
to trip, it can be reset by first cycling the breaker handle to the off  
position (down) and then on (up). The fault, which caused the  
“trip”, will need to be corrected prior to resetting this breaker.  
Of course it’s always possible that something may go wrong. If so,  
don’t get excited. It’s really aggravating when a product doesn’t work,  
we understand, but it will get fixed. We go to a lot of trouble to  
make products reliable, and the failure rate of our amplifiers is very  
low. This is small comfort to the few, but take it easy and give us a  
call if you have problems.  
People are interested in how long it takes for these amplifiers to  
break in. Depending on the resolution of the rest of your audio  
chain, you may or may not notice any break in of the XA100 beyond  
the first 50 hours of operation. You will likely notice the difference  
in sonic character between cold and normal operating temperature,  
so we recommend letting these amplifiers warm up before any  
serious listening.  
It takes about an hour for them to warm up, and this is where we  
adjust them first. Then we adjust them again and again over a  
couple of days, keeping the bias and offset in the sweet spot. Our  
environment is about 23 degrees Centigrade, room temperature, and  
the heat sinks will rise to about 25 degrees C. above that, for a heat  
sink temperature of about 48 degrees C. This is where they operate  
best.  
In your setup the heatsink temperature may vary a bit due to line  
voltage and ventilation, but it is not a big deal. You should be able to  
put your hands on the heat sinks without discomfort for 10 seconds  
or so.  
The amplifier has a thermal cutout that will disconnect AC power if  
the temperature exceeds 75 degrees Centigrade. This thermal cutout  
should never occur in real life.  
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More things to know  
You may remotely operate the stand-by mode by applying 12  
volts DC to the single pair of 5 way connectors on the rear of the  
amplifier. The positive of the 12 volts DC goes to the red connector,  
negative to the black. This connection has an actual operating range  
of about 9 volts to 15 volts. This switching feature will override  
the front panel button, only when the front panel button is in the  
standby position.  
The XA100 is optimized for 8-ohm speaker loads. Having said that;  
we are not aware of any speaker on the market that presents an  
unusual or difficult load for these amplifiers.  
Speaker Interface  
The XA amplifiers do not care particularly about the reactivity of  
the load. Reactive loads typically will have slightly less distortion at  
a given voltage/current level than resistive loads. The XA circuit  
was designed to be quite happy driving electrostatic speakers and any  
other esoteric loads we know of.  
Interconnects and Speaker  
Cables  
We have a general recommendation about interconnects, and speaker  
cables; which is that they should cost less than the amplifier, and  
contain at least some conductive material. We have tried a lot of  
products and most work well, but as a practical matter we cannot  
make blanket recommendations.  
The amplifier is not sensitive to source interconnects. It is also not  
sensitive to radio frequency pickup, which allows some flexibility  
in choosing source interconnects without shields, though shields  
are always in good taste. For long runs balanced cables are highly  
recommended for their inherent rejection of common mode noise.  
We prefer speaker cables that are short and stout, oxygen free  
copper and silver are the suggested materials. If you find any really  
exceptional cable made of gold, please gift us a couple hundred feet.  
Fortunately this amplifier is not sensitive to the capacitive/inductive  
character of some of the specialty speaker cables, so feel free to  
experiment.  
We have found that about 90 per cent of bad sounding cables are  
really bad sounding connections, and we recommend that attention  
be paid to cleanliness of electrical contact surfaces and proper  
connector fit.  
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Speaker cables should be firmly tightened down at the speaker  
output terminals, but not with a wrench. Output terminals will not  
withstand the levels of torque that may be easily applied by wrench.  
Hand tightening without excessive force is plenty. Cleaning contact  
surfaces with one of the commercially available electronic contact  
cleaners should be part of your annual system maintenance.  
The XA100 has a single large power transformer, under actual  
conditions in the amplifier, it supplies but a fraction of its rated  
power. This very conservative rating contributes to exceptional  
voltage regulation figures and low noise figures at the loudspeaker.  
Fun Hardware Facts  
The XA100 has a significant number of power supply filter  
capacitors. These caps are used to create the unregulated output stage  
rails at plus and minus 30 volts at 7 amps. RC filtering is used to  
passively remove ripple from the supply rails.  
All the power transistors in the product are hyper-matched parts,  
with gate voltages matched to 0.5% and all devices taken from the  
same manufacturing lot codes (made on the same wafer).  
So how long will this hardware last? It is our experience that, barring  
abuse or the odd failure of a component, the first things to go will  
be the power supply capacitors, and from experience, they will last  
15 to 30 years. Fortunately they die gracefully and are easily replaced  
by a good technician. After that, the longevity will depend upon the  
number of operating thermal cycles, but we can say that we have  
had amplifiers operating in the field in excess of 20 years with no  
particular mortality, and we don’t have good information beyond  
that. More to the point, you should not worry about it. This is a  
conservatively built industrial design, not a frail tube circuit run on  
the brink of catastrophic failure. If it breaks, we will simply get it  
fixed, so sleep well.  
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XA100 Specifications  
All figures obtained after 1 hour warm-up, with regulated 120 VAC  
power line. See manual notes about AC power line regulation.  
Gain  
26 dB  
Freq. Response  
Power Output  
-3 dB at 1.5 Hz, -3 dB at 100 kHz  
100 watts max @ 1% THD,  
1 kHz, 8 ohms  
Maximum Output Voltage  
Maximum Output Current  
Input Impedance  
plus, minus approx. 40 volts  
plus, minus approx. 5 amps  
22 kohm balanced  
11 kohm unbalanced  
30 ref @ 8 ohms nominal  
plus, minus 50 V/uS  
300 uV unweighted 20-20 kHz  
approx. -60 dB @ 1 kHz  
< 100 mv  
Damping factor  
Slew rate  
Output Noise  
Balanced CMRR  
DC offset  
Power Consumption  
Temperature  
Dimensions  
approx. 300 watts  
25 degrees C. above ambient at idle  
19 “ W x 9” H x 22” D  
68 lbs.  
Shipping Weight  
For more information please contact:  
Pass Laboratories Inc.  
P.O. Box 219,  
24449 Foresthill Rd.,  
Foresthill, CA 95631  
Tel: 530.367.3690  
Fax: 530.369.2193  
www.passlabs.com  
© 2006, Pass Laboratories Inc.  
“Pass”, “pass”, “Pass Labs”, “Pass Laboratories”, Supersymmetery”,  
Aleph”, and “Zen” and are all registered trademarks of Pass  
Laboratories, Inc., and all rights thereto are protected by law.  
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Please check with the factory-authorized distributor in the country you are  
purchasing this product for specific warranty information.  
Warranty Information  
All Pass Laboratories products purchased from an authorized Pass Labora-  
tories dealer in North America are covered by a transferable, limited 3-year  
warranty. This warrantee includes all parts and labor charges incurred at the  
repair facility in addition to return shipping to the domestic customer, exclu-  
sive of subsequent damages. Damage due to physical abuse is specifically  
not covered under this warranty.  
For this warranty to apply the customer is responsible for returning the  
product unmodified to the factory within the warranty period. The customer  
assumes all responsibility for shipping and insurance to the factory or a fac-  
tory specified repair facility. The conditions and stipulations of this Pass  
Laboratories warranty only applies to units sold new in North America.  
Non-North America customers should consult with their original Pass Labs  
dealer or distributor for warrantee repair instruction prior to contacting the  
factory or shipping product for repair.  
Non-North American product must be returned to the country of origin for  
warrantee service. Foreign distributors are only required to offer warranty  
service on Pass Laboratories product that they have imported.  
Please note: Conditions of warranty service and customer rights for product  
purchased outside the United States may vary depending upon the distribu-  
tor and local laws. Please check with your local distributor for specific rights  
and details.  
Any modifications to Pass Laboratories products that have not received  
written factory approval nullify all claims and void the warrantee. Should a  
modified product be returned to the factory for repair the owner will be re-  
quired to pay all necessary charges for the repair in addition to those charges  
required to return the product to it’s original configuration.  
In the case of safety issues, no product shall be returned to the customer  
without those safety issues being corrected to the most recent accepted  
standards.  
Removal or alteration of original Pass Labs serial numbers voids the factory  
warranty. Product with altered or missing serial numbers will be suspected  
as counterfeit product.  
Pass Laboratories will not repair or in any way indemnify any counterfeit or  
cloned product.  
Pass Laboratories does not offer products in voltages intended for inter-  
national markets either to authorized Pass Labs dealers or to third parties  
located in the United States or Canada.  
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For your protection please  
read the following:  
Water and moisture: Electrical devices should not be used near  
water ( as per example, near a bathtub, washbasin, kitchen sink,  
laundry tub, wet basement or swimming pool ). Care should be  
taken such that objects do not have the opportunity to fall, and that  
liquid is never spilled onto or into the device enclosure through  
openings.  
Power Sources: An electrical device must be connected to a mains  
power source in strict accordance with the supplied product owner’s  
manual. Please verify that the AC mains voltage specified in the  
product manual matches those requirements indicated on the unit  
and the AC voltage provided to your location by the power company.  
Grounding: Adequate precautions should be taken so that the  
grounding provisions built into an electrical product are never  
defeated.  
Power Cords: Pass Laboratories provides a power supply cord that  
meets all legislated requirements for the market in which the product  
was originally sold. If you choose to substitute an after-market  
product we urge you to choose one that is fully safety rated by the  
necessary local authority.  
Power Cord Protection: Power supply cords should be routed so  
that they are not likely to be walked on, abraded, or pinched by items  
placed on or against them, paying particular attention to cords where  
they enter plugs or exit from a device. Never under any circumstance  
insert a cut or damaged power cord into a mains power socket.  
Power and Signal: Cables should never be connected /  
disconnected with equipment powered up. Failure to heed this  
warning may damage or destroy equipment.  
Ventilation: Power-amplifiers run hot, but you should be able to  
place your hands on them without discomfort. You must allow for  
this heat in installation, by providing for free air circulation around  
the product. Electronics should not be subjected to sources of  
excessive radiant heat. Excessive heat can shorten the life of the  
product and may cause the electronics to self-protect and shut down.  
Servicing: To reduce the risk of fire, electrical shock or other  
injuries, the user should not attempt to service the device beyond  
that which is described in the operating instructions. All other  
servicing must be referred to qualified service personnel.  
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XA White Paper:  
Like Peanut Butter and  
Chocolate  
Sometimes two designs complement each other so well that you are  
surprised when you learn they weren’t invented together. So it is with  
the X Supersymmetery™ amplifier and the Aleph single-ended Class A  
output circuit.  
© Nelson Pass  
The Supersymmetery™ “X” amplifier repeatedly demonstrates the pos-  
sibilities for very high power, dramatic dynamic contrast, and effortless  
control by a simple circuit utilizing absolutely minimal feedback. As  
with the art of Aikido, the X circuit works with the intrinsic character  
of a balanced circuit and deftly turns that character toward perfection.  
This has been the basis for a very successful Pass Laboratories™ prod-  
uct series, which has won numerous prestigious awards and garnered  
critical acclaim worldwide.  
For over ten years, the Aleph™ series of single-ended Class A ampli-  
fiers have received praise for their outstanding sonic definition, warmth,  
and smoothness; and have often been compared favorably with the very  
best tube amplifiers. The Aleph™ topology achieves state-of-the-art  
performance with a very simple linear design, and is additionally one of  
the most stable and reliable audio amplifiers in existence.  
A considerable number of audiophiles have found themselves bi-amp-  
ing their loudspeakers, putting Pass Laboratories™ X amplifiers on the  
bottom for power and control, conjoined with Alephs™ on the top  
for that smooth warm midrange and top end. We well appreciate these  
complementary differences, and for the past few years Pass Laborato-  
ries™ has been at work marrying these two design concepts into a single  
amplifier topology. The trick was to create an amplifier, which carries  
the best of both designs, and not otherwise.  
X Supersymmetry™  
The Supersymmetry™ X amplifier uses a new radical approach to  
achieving high performance from a simple 2-stage circuit. The design  
exploits the symmetry of a matched balanced amplifier so that distor-  
tion and noise are cancelled at the output to the loudspeaker, then uses  
a small dose of a unique new form of feedback to make that symmetry  
more perfect.  
US Patent # 5,376,899 describes our topology, which takes advantage  
of the character of specially matched balanced amplifiers that are cross-  
coupled to provide cancellation of distortion and noise. The result  
provides high performance with very simple linear circuits, better than  
previous similar efforts by an order of magnitude. It was named Super-  
symmetry™ as an homage to particle physics, but it is popularly known  
as the X circuit.  
Balanced amplifiers improve performance by differentially rejecting dis-  
tortion and noise. To the extent that distortion and noise are identical,  
12  
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they vanish at the output, typically by a factor of 10 or so for matched  
single-ended Class A circuits.  
Supersymmetry™ extends this concept by using feedback only to make  
the distortion and noise more identical on each half of a balanced cir-  
cuit, not to eliminate it as such. This gives as much as a 100:1 reduc-  
tion in unwanted distortion and noise without requiring the equivalent  
amount of negative feedback. It is simply much easier to tweak the two  
halves of the circuit into identical symmetry than to eliminate all the  
distortion in each half of the circuit.  
The result has been a successful series of high power amplifiers offering  
low distortion, and stunning dynamic range and control, with only two  
gain stages and very minimal feedback.  
Supersymmetry™ is ideally used to obtain high quality performance  
from very simple gain circuits, and particularly favors single-ended Class  
A topologies due to their smooth second harmonic characteristic, which  
cancels easily.  
Aleph Single-Ended ClassA  
Single-ended Class A has long been known as the “King of the Class  
A’s”, the simplest, most pure and least efficient form of audio amplifi-  
cation. Before the Aleph™ amplifiers, it was reserved for preamplifier  
circuits, high quality amplifier front-ends, and other very low power  
output stages.  
US Patent # 5,710,522 describes the single-ended Class A power ampli-  
fier biased by a constant DC current source which negatively “ghosts”  
the speaker load with simple but effective current modulation. If you  
have followed developments in audio for the last 10 years, you know this  
design as the Pass Laboratories Aleph™. The Aleph™ is an incredibly  
successful ground breaking amplifier design, hailed in Stereophile maga-  
zine as “The Amplifier of the Decade” and winner of virtually every  
international design award for audio that we know of.  
The key virtue of the Aleph™ design lies in its simplicity and effective-  
ness. With only two stages and no adjustments it delivers measured  
performance rivaling the most complex designs, but retains the sonic  
elegance and nuance of a truly minimalist gain path – only two gain  
devices in series from input to output.  
The Supersymmetery  
Aleph™  
The two design concepts are not mutually exclusive, and we approached  
the development of the XA series with an eye to creating a warm/sweet  
X amplifier, or conversely, a powerfully dynamic Aleph™. The success-  
ful result is a circuit which is described as balanced single-ended Class  
A, consisting of two balanced Aleph™ amplifiers sharing a single dif-  
ferential input pair of transistors.  
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The amplifier has only the two stages, an input stage of a balanced pair of  
input devices, and the output stage, a balanced pair of single-ended Class  
A power Mosfets. Like the Aleph™, you can trace a path from input to  
output through only two gain devices. Like the X amps, feedback is used  
only to set the gain and correct for dissimilarities between the two matched  
output stages.  
There are no adjustments. There are no frequency compensation capaci-  
tors. The amplifiers are unconditionally stable and reliable into any load.  
They are not fragile, temperamental or prone to failure.  
The XA amplifiers operate at approximately 33% efficiency, which is to  
say they idle at three times their rated output. The XA200 is rated at 200  
watts output into 8 ohms and draws something over 600 watts of AC  
power. This design is an exercise in highly conservative engineering, which  
provides exceptional reliability and product longevity. The output devices  
are exposed to no more than a fraction of the voltage and wattage they are  
designed to endure.  
These rugged power devices are matched to about .3% and mounted on  
Mica insulators. Their massive heat sinks run at about 25 degrees C. above  
ambient temperature, so that actual chip temperatures are about 70 degrees  
below their rating. The output devices are designed to last a very long time  
under these conditions, with a probable life of about 50,000 hours.  
The power supply of the XA 200 uses elaborate RF filtering and noise sup-  
pression designed to block AC noise and line DC. The substantial toroidal  
power transformer is followed by high speed rectifiers, and significant uF  
of computer grade capacitors in a passive filter arrangement. In addition  
to a main power switch the amplifier has a standby mode, which shuts  
down the bias to the circuit while keeping the supply active, significantly  
extending the life of the filter capacitors.  
The sound of the XA amplifiers is a quantum leap over the parents. They  
retain the sweet warmth and lushness of the Aleph™ series without the  
fluffy coloration’s. The dynamic contrast is even better than the X series;  
transients leaping from black to crescendo and back again with no tele-  
graphing or hangover.  
The bass has as much control over the speaker as the original X amps, but  
is a bit more neutral and carries subtler nuance. The midrange is a little  
deeper and the soundstage wider than the Alephs™.  
Are the XA’s better than Alephs™ and X’s in every respect?  
Yes, except for the higher power/current ratings of the X amps.  
Are they the best audio amplifiers that money can buy? Absolutely!  
14  
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