NETGEAR Network Router RT328 User Manual

Reference Guide for the

Model RT328 and Model

RH348 ISDN Routers

NETGEAR, Inc.

4500 Great America Parkway

Santa Clara, CA 95054

USA

M-RH348NA-2

September 2000

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Bestätigung des Herstellers/Importeurs

Es wird hiermit bestätigt, daß das Model RT328 ISDN Router und Model RH348 ISDN Router gemäß der im

BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 und Vfg 46/1992 aufgeführten Bestimmungen entstört ist. Das vorschriftsmäßige Betreiben

einiger Geräte (z.B. Testsender) kann jedoch gewissen Beschränkungen unterliegen. Lesen Sie dazu bitte die

Anmerkungen in der Betriebsanleitung.

Das Bundesamt für Zulassungen in der Telekommunikation wurde davon unterrichtet, daß dieses Gerät auf den Markt

gebracht wurde und es ist berechtigt, die Serie auf die Erfüllung der Vorschriften hin zu überprüfen.

Certiﬁcate of the Manufacturer/Importer

It is hereby certiﬁed that the Model RT328 ISDN Router and the Model RH348 ISDN Router have been suppressed

in accordance with the conditions set out in the BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 and Vfg 46/1992. The operation of some

equipment (for example, test transmitters) in accordance with the regulations may, however, be subject to certain

restrictions. Please refer to the notes in the operating instructions.

Federal Ofﬁce for Telecommunications Approvals has been notiﬁed of the placing of this equipment on the market

and has been granted the right to test the series for compliance with the regulations.

VCCI-2 Statement

This equipment is in the 2nd Class category (information equipment to be used in a residential area or an adjacent area

thereto) and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Data Processing

Equipment and Electronic Ofﬁce Machines aimed at preventing radio interference in such residential areas.

When used near a radio or TV receiver, it may become the cause of radio interference.

Read instructions for correct handling.

Customer Support

For assistance with installing and conﬁguring your NETGEAR system or with post-installation questions or problems,

contact your point of purchase representative.

To contact customer support or to purchase additional copies of this document and publications for other NETGEAR

products, you can contact NETGEAR at the following numbers:

•

Phone:

Australia:

Austria:

1800-787-638

00800-06384327

(00800-0-NETGEAR) New Zealand:

808-82179

1-888-NETGEAR

0800-111-036

0800-77-17-53

00800-06384327

Korea:

Netherlands:

00308-11-0319

0800-023-0981

00800-1233-4566

800-12041

001-800-1233-4566

0200-298-298

00800-0638-4327

(00800-0-NETGEAR)

020-7216-0014

1-888-NETGEAR

Denmark:

Canada:

Finland:

France:

Norway:

Singapore:

Sweden:

Switzerland:

Germany:

(00800-0-NETGEAR) United Kingdom:

Hong Kong: 001-800-1233-4566 United States:

Japan: 0120-66-5402

All Other Countries: +1 801-236-8499

World Wide Web

NETGEAR maintains a World Wide Web Home Page that you can access at the universal resource locator (URL)

http://www.NETGEAR.com. A direct connection to the Internet and a Web browser such as Internet Explorer

or Netscape are required.

iii

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Contents

Preface

Purpose ........................................................................................................................... xv

Audience .......................................................................................................................... xv

Conventions .....................................................................................................................xvi

Special Message Formats .........................................................................................xvi

Use of Enter, Type, and Press ...................................................................................xvi

Other Conventions ...................................................................................................xvii

Related Publications .......................................................................................................xvii

Chapter 1

Introduction

About the Router ............................................................................................................1-1

Features .........................................................................................................................1-1

Key Features ............................................................................................................1-2

ISDN Support ...........................................................................................................1-3

Multilink PPP Support ..............................................................................................1-3

TCP/IP Support ........................................................................................................1-4

IP Address Masquerading by Dynamic NAT+ ....................................................1-4

Automatic Conﬁguration of Attached PCs by DHCP .........................................1-4

Security ....................................................................................................................1-4

Calling Line Identiﬁcation ...................................................................................1-4

PAP and CHAP Authentication ..........................................................................1-5

Callback .............................................................................................................1-5

Management Support ..............................................................................................1-5

Basic Router Concepts ...................................................................................................1-6

What is a Router? ....................................................................................................1-6

Routing Information Protocol ....................................................................................1-6

IP Addresses and the Internet .................................................................................1-7

Netmask ...................................................................................................................1-9

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Subnet Addressing .................................................................................................1-10

Private IP Addresses ..............................................................................................1-12

Single IP Address Operation Using NAT ................................................................1-13

Address Resolution Protocol ..................................................................................1-14

Domain Name Server ............................................................................................1-14

IP Conﬁguration by DHCP .....................................................................................1-15

Chapter 2

Router Installation and Connection

Package Contents ..........................................................................................................2-1

ISDN Services Checklist .................................................................................................2-2

Network Checklist ...........................................................................................................2-3

Connecting the Router ....................................................................................................2-4

Connecting the Serial Cable (Optional) ....................................................................2-7

Connecting to the ISDN Port ....................................................................................2-7

Connecting the Ethernet Cable ................................................................................2-7

Using Twisted Pair LAN Cabling ........................................................................2-8

Using Coaxial or Fiber LAN Cabling ..................................................................2-8

Connecting to the Hub Ports in the Model RH348 Router .......................................2-8

Connecting a Telephone, Fax, or Modem .................................................................2-8

Connecting the Power Adapter ................................................................................2-8

Connecting for Conﬁguration ..........................................................................................2-9

Connecting Through a Serial Port ............................................................................2-9

Connecting Through a Telnet Connection ................................................................2-9

Chapter 3

Router Conﬁguration

Conﬁguration Methods ...................................................................................................3-1

Powering on the Router ..................................................................................................3-2

Navigating the Manager .................................................................................................3-3

Manager Menu Summary ...............................................................................................3-5

General Setup Menu ......................................................................................................3-6

ISDN Menus ...................................................................................................................3-7

North American ISDN Menu ....................................................................................3-7

DSS1 ISDN Menu ....................................................................................................3-8

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Ethernet Setup .............................................................................................................3-11

General Setup Menu ..............................................................................................3-11

DHCP and TCP/IP Setup .......................................................................................3-12

Manager Password Setup ............................................................................................3-14

Chapter 4

Conﬁguration for Internet Access

Information Checklist ......................................................................................................4-1

Internet Access Conﬁguration ........................................................................................4-2

Conﬁguration for Single User Account ............................................................................4-4

Chapter 5

Remote Node Conﬁguration

Editing PPP Options .......................................................................................................5-4

Bandwidth on Demand ...................................................................................................5-6

Chapter 6

Dial-In Conﬁguration

Default Dial-In Setup ......................................................................................................6-1

Dial-In Users Setup ........................................................................................................6-4

Chapter 7

TCP/IP Conﬁguration

LAN-to-LAN Application ..................................................................................................7-1

Remote Node Setup .......................................................................................................7-2

Static Route Setup ..........................................................................................................7-4

Chapter 8

Filter Conﬁguration

Router Filter Structure ....................................................................................................8-2

Conﬁguring a Filter Set ...................................................................................................8-2

Conﬁguring a Filter Rule .................................................................................................8-4

TCP/IP Filter Rule ....................................................................................................8-4

Generic Filter Rule ...................................................................................................8-7

Applying a Filter Set .......................................................................................................8-8

Contents

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Reducing Unnecessary Calls by Windows 95 ................................................................8-9

Diagnosing the Situation ..........................................................................................8-9

Implementing the Filter ...........................................................................................8-11

Applying the Filter ..................................................................................................8-14

Chapter 9

System Maintenance

System Status ................................................................................................................9-1

Terminal Baud Rate ........................................................................................................9-3

Log and Trace .................................................................................................................9-4

View Error Log .........................................................................................................9-4

Syslog and Accounting .............................................................................................9-4

Diagnostic Menu .............................................................................................................9-6

ISDN Tools ...............................................................................................................9-6

TCP/IP Tools ............................................................................................................9-7

System Tools ............................................................................................................9-8

Back Up Conﬁguration ....................................................................................................9-8

Restore Conﬁguration .....................................................................................................9-8

Software Update .............................................................................................................9-9

Command Interpreter Mode ...........................................................................................9-9

Call Control ...................................................................................................................9-10

Blacklist ..................................................................................................................9-10

Budget Management ..............................................................................................9-10

Call History .............................................................................................................9-11

Call Control Parameters .........................................................................................9-11

Chapter 10

Troubleshooting

Basic Functioning .........................................................................................................10-1

LEDS ......................................................................................................................10-1

Test LED .................................................................................................................10-2

LAN Link LED .........................................................................................................10-2

Troubleshooting the ISDN Line .....................................................................................10-2

ISDN Initialization or Reset ....................................................................................10-3

ISDN Loopback Test ...............................................................................................10-3

viii

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Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility ...............................................10-4

Testing the LAN Path to Your Router ......................................................................10-4

Testing the Path from Your PC to a Remote Device ...............................................10-5

Troubleshooting a Remote Node or ISP Connection ....................................................10-5

Troubleshooting a Remote User Connection ................................................................10-6

Troubleshooting the Manager Interface ........................................................................10-7

Testing the Phone Ports ...............................................................................................10-7

Restoring the Default Conﬁguration and Password ......................................................10-7

Appendix A

Technical Speciﬁcations

General Speciﬁcation .................................................................................................... A-1

Appendix B

Ordering ISDN Lines

Ordering the Line ........................................................................................................... B-1

Provisioning for Switches in North America ................................................................... B-2

Provisioning for AT&T 5ESS Switch ........................................................................ B-2

Provisioning for Northern Telecom Switch .............................................................. B-4

Appendix C

ISDN Clearing Codes

Clearing Codes .............................................................................................................. C-1

Appendix D

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

The Diagnostic Process ................................................................................................. D-1

ISDN Protocol Analyzer ................................................................................................. D-2

Packet Tracing ................................................................................................................ D-5

Packet Trace Display Format ................................................................................... D-8

Glossary

Index

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Figures

Figure 1-1. Three Main Address Classes ...................................................................1-8

Figure 1-2. Example of Subnetting a Class B Address ............................................1-10

Figure 1-3. Single IP Address Operation Using NAT ................................................1-13

Figure 2-1. Front Panel of Model RT328 Router ........................................................2-4

Figure 2-2. Front Panel of Model RH348 Router ........................................................2-4

Figure 2-3. Rear Panel of the Model RT328 Router ...................................................2-6

Figure 2-4. Rear Panel of the Model RH348 Router ..................................................2-6

Figure 3-1. Start-up Display .......................................................................................3-2

Figure 3-2. Manager Main Menu ................................................................................3-4

Figure 3-3. Menu 1 - General Setup ...........................................................................3-6

Figure 3-4. Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for North America .................................................3-8

Figure 3-5. Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for DSS1 .............................................................3-10

Figure 7-1. LAN-to-LAN Application ...........................................................................7-1

Figure 8-1. Outgoing Packet Filtering Process ...........................................................8-1

Figure 8-2. LAN Packet Which Triggered Last Call .....................................................8-9

Figure 8-3. Menu 21 Filter Set Conﬁguration ...........................................................8-11

Figure 8-4. TCP/IP Filter Rule Menu ........................................................................8-12

Figure 8-5. Filter Rules Summary Menu ..................................................................8-13

Figure 8-6. Remote Node Proﬁle Menu ....................................................................8-14

Figures

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Figure 9-1. Packet Examples .....................................................................................9-3

Figure 9-2. Trace Display for a Successful TCP/IP Protocol Connection ...................9-7

Figure 9-3. Trace Display for a Failed TCP/IP Protocol Connection ...........................9-7

Figure D-1. ISDN Protocol Analyzer Display ............................................................. D-4

Figure D-2. Trace Screen ........................................................................................... D-7

Figure D-3. Packet Trace Display Deﬁnitions ............................................................. D-8

Figure D-4. PPP Message Deﬁnitions ....................................................................... D-8

xii

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Tables

Table 1-1.

Table 1-2.

Table 2-1.

Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet ................................1-11

Netmask Formats ...................................................................................1-12

LED Descriptions .....................................................................................2-5

Table 3-1.

Table 3-2.

Table 3-3.

Table 3-4.

Table 3-5.

Table 3-6.

Manager Menu Commands ....................................................................3-3

Manager Menu Summary .......................................................................3-5

ISDN Setup Menu Parameters for North America ..................................3-7

ISDN Setup Field Descriptions ...............................................................3-9

Ethernet General Setup Menu Fields ....................................................3-11

Menu 3 - Ethernet Setup Menu Fields ..................................................3-12

Table 5-1.

Table 5-2.

Table 5-3.

Table 6-1.

Table 6-2.

Table 7-1.

Table 7-2.

Table 7-3.

Menu 11.1 Remote Node Proﬁle Fields ..................................................5-2

Fields in Menu 11.2 - Remote Node PPP Options ..................................5-5

Relationship Between BTR and MTR ......................................................5-6

Fields in Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup ...............................................6-2

Fields in Menu 14.1 - Edit Dial-in User ...................................................6-5

Fields in Menu 11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle Fields .................................7-2

Menu 11.3 Remote Node Network Layer Options Fields ........................7-3

Edit IP Static Route Menu Fields ............................................................7-5

Table 8-1.

Table 8-2.

Table 8-3.

Table 8-4.

Table 8-5.

Abbreviations Used in Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary .....................8-3

Abbreviations Used if Filter Type Is IP .....................................................8-3

Abbreviations Used if Filter Type Is GEN .................................................8-4

TCP/IP Filter Rule Menu Fields ..............................................................8-5

Generic Filter Rule Menu Fields .............................................................8-7

Tables

xiii

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Table 9-1.

Table 9-2.

Table 9-3.

Table 9-4.

Table 9-5.

System Maintenance Status Menu Fields ................................................9-1

System Maintenance Status Menu Fields ...............................................9-2

System Maintenance - Log and Trace Menu Fields .................................9-4

System Maintenance - Syslog and Accounting Menu Fields ...................9-5

System Maintenance - Diagnostic Menu Fields .......................................9-6

Table 10-1. Code Numbers for Failed ISDN Initialization ..........................................10-3

Table B-1.

Table B-2.

Table B-3.

Table B-4.

Table B-5.

Table B-6.

Switch Types Supported ........................................................................ B-2

Provisioning Features and Settings for National ISDN-1 Services ........ B-3

Provisioning Features and Settings for Multipoint Service ..................... B-3

Provisioning Features and Settings for Point-to-Point Service ............... B-4

Provisioning Features and Settings for National ISDN-1 Service .......... B-5

Provisioning Features and Settings for Custom ISDN Service ............... B-5

Table C-1.

ISDN Call Clearing Codes ..................................................................... C-1

xiv

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Preface

Congratulations on your purchase of the NETGEAR^™Model RT328 ISDN Router or Model

RH348 ISDN Router.

These ISDN router models provide connection for one or more computer workstations to the

Internet or to the ofﬁce over Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines. They operate at a

speed of up to 512 kilobits per second (Kbps) or 128 Kbps without compression. At these speeds,

you can download video clips, music, or high-resolution color graphics from the World Wide Web

or other online services many times faster than you can with an analog modem. The routers

support concurrent data and voice communications, reducing cost and administration of multiple

phone lines.

Purpose

This guide describes the features of the Model RT328 router and the Model RH348 router and

provides installation and conﬁguration instructions. When discussing features, functions, or

speciﬁcations that apply to both router models, the guide refers to the Model RT328/RH348 router.

Audience

To conﬁgure and install the Model RT328/RH348 router, you should have the following

background and experience:

•

Working knowledge of basic network management concepts and terminology

Working knowledge of tools and procedures for installing and operating sensitive electronic

equipment

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

Conventions

This section describes the conventions used in this guide.

Special Message Formats

This guide uses the following formats to highlight special messages:

Note: This format is used to highlight information of importance or special interest.

Caution: This format is used to highlight information that will help you prevent

equipment failure or loss of data.

Warning: This format is used to highlight information about the possibility of injury or

equipment damage.

Danger: This format is used to alert you that you may incur an electrical shock by

mishandling equipment.

Use of Enter,Type, and Press

This guide uses “enter,” “type,” and “press” to describe the following actions:

•

When you read “enter,” type the text and press the Enter key.

When you read “type,” type the text, but do not press the Enter key.

When you read “press,” press only the alphanumeric or named key.

xvi

Preface

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Other Conventions

This guide uses the following typographical conventions:

italics

Book titles and UNIX ﬁle, command, and directory names.

courier font

Initial Caps

[Enter]

Screen text, user-typed command-line entries.

Menu titles and window and button names.

Named keys in text are shown enclosed in square brackets. The notation

[Enter] is used for the Enter key and the Return key.

[Ctrl]+C

ALL

Two or more keys that must be pressed simultaneously are shown in text

linked with a plus (+) sign.

CAPSDOS ﬁle

and

directory

names.

Related Publications

For more information about conﬁguring the Model RT328/RH348 router using FirstGear^™

conﬁguration software, refer to Getting Started Using FirstGear for the Model RT328 and Model

RH348 ISDN Routers (part number M1-RH348NA-0).

For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for

Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.

For more information about IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address

Translator (NAT).

Preface

xvii

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Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter describes the features of the NETGEAR Model RT328 ISDN Router and Model

RH348 ISDN Router and discusses planning considerations for installation.

About the Router

The Model RT328/RH348 router transports data from one local area network (LAN) to another

through a wide area network (WAN) connection.

The router compares the network addresses of data packets sent through the LAN to the entries in

its address tables. If a match is found for a destination network, the router passes the packet to the

path indicated by the entry in the routing table.

The entry in the path list contains the ISDN phone number(s) of the target router. The router sends

the number to the ISDN port for the call to be connected. The WAN path is established, and the

data is sent to the remote unit. At the receiving end, the process operates in the reverse order, from

the ISDN port to the LAN port.

Features

The Model RT328/RH348 router is a ﬂexible, high-performance, easy-to-use router that provides a

cost-effective solution for intelligent networking access across an ISDN line. With minimum

setup, you can install and use the router within minutes to meet a wide variety of networking

requirements.

Introduction

1-1

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Key Features

The Model RT328/RH348 router provides the following features:

•

Standard basic rate ISDN (BRI) connection

–

ISDN, 2B+D, providing two 64 Kbps data channels and a 16 Kbps control channel

Four-wire S/T interface on Model RT328-S/RH348-S router

Two-wire U interface on Model RT328-U/RH348-U router

Two-wire NTT interface on Model RH348-D router

•

Protocol Support

–

IP routing

Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for 128 Kbps operation

Dynamic bandwidth-on-demand with BACP

Dynamic NAT+ for operation with a single static or dynamic IP address

DHCP for dynamically assigning network conﬁguration information to LAN

workstations

•

Industry-standard compression

–

Hi/fn (Stac LZS) compression with CCP

Easy installation and management

–

FirstGear graphical user interface (GUI) management software for Windows^®users

Built-in Manager interface for Macintosh, UNIX, and PC users, accessible by

terminal or Telnet Protocol

–

Conﬁgurable through the LAN—no serial connection required

•

Security

–

Access control on management functions

Dial-in access control by Calling Line Identiﬁcation (CLID) and Callback

PAP and CHAP authentication support

1-2

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•

Twisted pair and AUI Ethernet ports (Model RT328 router only)

–

RJ-45 interface allowing connection to a 10BASE-T network

AUI interface allowing connection to a coaxial or ﬁber network using a transceiver

•

Four-port twisted pair Ethernet hub (Model RH348 router only)

Four RJ-45 interfaces for connection to 10BASE-T workstations

Analog voice ports

–

Provides two RJ-11 interfaces

Allows a standard analog PSTN device (for example, telephone, fax, or modem) to

make and receive calls from other ISDN or PSTN connected devices

–

Eliminates the need for a separate PSTN line in a SOHO (small ofﬁce/home ofﬁce)

environment

•

Eleven LEDs for easy monitoring of status and activity

Flash EPROM for ﬁrmware upgrade

Five-year warranty

Free technical support seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day

ISDN Support

The Model RT328/RH348 router is designed to take advantage of Integrated Services Digital

Network (ISDN) for transmission of data over digital telephone networks. A basic rate interface

(BRI), which is the usual ISDN implementation, consists of two 64 kilobit per second (Kbps)

B channels for data and one 16 Kbps D channel for control information.

One advantage of using ISDN to connect routers is that the connection is set up only if there is data

to be sent to the remote network. The router sets up a call, transfers the data, and then hangs up

automatically when the connection is no longer needed.

Multilink PPP Support

When the single-channel ISDN line utilization exceeds a conﬁgurable threshold, the router can

automatically establish an additional ISDN call to provide additional bandwidth. During heavy

trafﬁc, the two 64 Kbps B channels are combined using Multilink PPP to provide a fast 128 Kbps

pipe. When trafﬁc slows down, one of the B channels is idled to save toll charges. The router also

reverts back to one B channel for data when an analog port is used.

Introduction

1-3

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TCP/IP Support

The Model RT328/RH348 router supports the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) and Routing Information Protocol (RIP), which ensures that ISDN connections are

established only when passing data.

For further information about TCP/IP, refer to “Basic Router Concepts” on page 1-6.

IP Address Masquerading by Dynamic NAT+

Both NETGEAR routers allow an entire department of networked PCs to share an Internet account

using only a single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your Internet

service provider (ISP). This technique, an extension of network address translation (NAT), is

known as IP address masquerading and typically allows the use of a very inexpensive ISP account.

Automatic Conﬁguration of Attached PCs by DHCP

The routers can dynamically assign network conﬁguration information, including IP, gateway, and

domain name server (DNS) addresses, to attached PCs on the LAN using the Dynamic Host

Conﬁguration Protocol (DHCP). This feature greatly simpliﬁes conﬁguration of LAN-attached

workstations.

Security

The Model RT328/RH348 router is equipped with several features designed to maintain security.

These security features are described in this section.

Calling Line Identiﬁcation

The use of Calling Line Identiﬁcation (CLID or Caller ID) ensures that incoming ISDN calling

numbers are checked against known numbers before a call is answered and access is granted,

thus providing a ﬁrst level of security. In many areas, you must speciﬁcally request that CLID

be enabled by the telephone company for your ISDN line. In some regions, CLID may not be

available.

1-4

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PAP and CHAP Authentication

For connecting to other routers, the Model RT328/RH348 router supports two authentication

protocols: Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication

Protocol (CHAP). PAP sends the user name and password in plain text. CHAP scrambles the

password before it is sent over the wire. Although CHAP provides better security, PAP is readily

available on more platforms.

Callback

For security and simpliﬁed cost accounting, the router implements Callback. When a remote user

dials in, the router can disconnect the call and call the user back, so that any further call charges

are incurred by the location of the router. The caller can provide the callback numbers; or, for

security, the router can be programmed to call back a predetermined number.

Management Support

The router is designed to be installed and made operational within minutes after connection to the

network.

If you are a PC user, the FirstGear software lets you easily conﬁgure the unit from the Windows

environment.

If you are a Macintosh, UNIX, or PC user, you can connect to the built-in Manager interface,

which can be accessed through a terminal connected to the MGR (manager) port or through a

Telnet session across the network. The built-in Manager interface manages and conﬁgures the

unit through an easily understood screen process.

Introduction

1-5

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Basic Router Concepts

In general, the cost of providing network bandwidth is proportional to the data speed and the

distance over which the network extends. Large amounts of bandwidth are provided easily and

relatively inexpensively in a local area network (ofﬁce, department, and similar situations).

However, providing the same high data speeds between two local networks that are physically

distant may be prohibitively expensive. Because of this expense, high-speed local area networks

(LANs) are usually interconnected by slower-speed links to form a wide area network (WAN).

In order to make the best use of the slower WAN links, a mechanism must be in place at each

location for selecting data meant only for another location and sending it by the best available link.

The function of selecting and forwarding this data is performed by a router.

What is a Router?

A router is a device that forwards trafﬁc between networks based on network layer information in

the data and on routing tables maintained by the router. In these routing tables, a router builds up a

logical picture of the overall network by gathering and exchanging information with other routers

in the network. Using this information, it chooses the best path for forwarding network trafﬁc.

Routers vary in performance and scale, number of routing protocols supported, and types of

physical WAN connections supported. The Model RT328/RH348 router is a small ofﬁce router

that routes the IP protocol over a dial-up ISDN connection.

Routing Information Protocol

One of the protocols used by a router to build and maintain a picture of the network is the Routing

Information Protocol (RIP). RIP is a distance vector protocol, meaning that all the decisions about

which path to use are based upon a logical distance between source and destination networks. This

distance is measured in “hops,” meaning the number of relaying routers in the path between the

source LAN router and the router of the destination LAN. For example, the LAN of router A is

considered to be 1 hop away. If router A can reach the network of router B by a direct WAN link to

the network of router B, the network of router B is two hops away. If another network must be

reached by calling router B and having router B forward the data, that network is n hops away,

where n is the number of routers traversed by the data to get to the network farthest away. When

there are multiple paths to a network, the path with the fewest number of hops is chosen and is

regarded as the best path, and all other information about how to get to that network is discarded.

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Using RIP, routers update one another periodically and check to see if there are any changes to be

added to the routing table. An important consideration is the convergence time, or how long it

takes for a change to the routing topology (such as a new node or a node failure), to be propagated

throughout the entire RIP environment. To prevent this convergence process from being

excessively long, RIP is limited to 15 hops maximum.

The Model RT328/RH348 router supports both the older RIP-1 and the newer RIP-2 protocols.

Among other improvements, RIP-2 supports subnetting and multicasting.

IP Addresses and the Internet

Because TCP/IP networks are interconnected widely across the world, every machine on the

Internet must have a unique address to make sure that transmitted data reaches the correct

destination. Blocks of addresses are assigned to organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers

Authority (IANA). Individual users and small organizations may obtain their addresses either from

the IANA or from an Internet service provider (ISP).

The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit address structure. The address is usually written in dot

notation (also called dotted-decimal notation), in which each group of eight bits is written in

decimal form, separated by decimal points. For example, the binary address:

11000011 00100010 00001100 00000111

is normally written as:

195.34.12.7

which is easier to remember and easier to enter into your computer.

In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts. The ﬁrst part of the address

identiﬁes the network, and the second part identiﬁes the host node or station on the network. The

dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.

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There are ﬁve standard classes of IP addresses. These address classes have different ways of

determining the network and host sections of the address, allowing for different numbers of hosts

on a network. Each address type begins with a unique bit pattern, which is used by the TCP/IP

software to identify the address class. After the address class has been determined, the software

can correctly identify the host section of the address. The three main address classes are illustrated

in Figure 1-1, which shows the network and host sections of the address for each address type.

Class A

Network

Class B

Node

Network

Node

Class C

Network

Node

7261

Figure 1-1.

Three Main Address Classes

Class A addresses can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network. They use an 8-bit network

number and a 24-bit node number. Class A addresses are in this range:

1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.

Class B addresses can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network. A Class B address uses a 16-bit

network number and a 16-bit node number. Class B addresses are in this range:

128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.

Class C addresses can have 254 hosts on a network. Class C addresses use 24 bits for the network

address and 8 bits for the node. They are in this range:

192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.

Class D addresses are used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts). Class D addresses are in

this range:

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

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Class E addresses are for experimental use.

This addressing structure allows IP to uniquely identify each physical network and each node on

each physical network.

For each unique value of the network portion of the address, the base address of the range (host

address of all zeros) is known as the network address and is not usually assigned to a host. Also,

the top address of the range (host address of all ones) is not assigned but is used as the broadcast

address for sending a packet simultaneously to all hosts with the same network address.

Netmask

In each of the above address classes, the size of the two parts (network address and host address)

is implied by the class. This partitioning scheme can also be expressed by a netmask associated

with the IP address. A netmask is a 32-bit quantity that, when logically ANDed with an IP address,

yields the network address. For instance, the netmasks for Class A, B, and C addresses are

255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0, respectively.

For example, the address 192.168.170.237 is a Class C IP address whose network portion is the

upper 24 bits. When ANDed with the Class C netmask, as shown here, only the network portion of

the address remains:

11000000 10101000 10101010 11101101 (192.168.170.237)

ANDed with:

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0)

Equals:

11000000 10101000 10101010 00000000 (192.168.170.0)

As a shorter alternative to dotted-decimal notation, the netmask may also be expressed in terms of

the number of ones from the left. This number is appended to the IP address, following a backward

slash ( / ), as “/n.” In the example, the address could be written as 192.168.170.237/24, indicating

that the netmask is 24 ones followed by 8 zeros.

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Subnet Addressing

By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a

large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefﬁcient use of addresses if each end of

a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller ofﬁce LANs would

have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet

addressing.

Subnet addressing allows us to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical

networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.

A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most

organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet

addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as illustrated in Figure 1-2.

Class B

Network

Subnet

Node

7262

Figure 1-2.

Example of Subnetting a Class B Address

A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the

IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing

8 extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as

IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending

the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other beneﬁts. Subnet addressing

allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different

subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the

organization.

Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are

not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only

shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C

network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift 1 bit from the host address to the network

address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The ﬁrst subnet has network

number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has

network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254.

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Note: The number 192.68.135.127 is not assigned because it is the broadcast address

of the ﬁrst subnet. And 192.68.135.128 is not assigned because it is the network address

of the second subnet.

Table 1-1 lists the additional subnet mask bits in dotted-decimal notation. To use the table, write

down the original class netmask and replace the 0 value octets with the dotted-decimal value of the

additional subnet bits. For instance, to partition your Class C network 204.247.203.0 with subnet

mask 255.255.255.0 into 16 subnets (4 bits), the new subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.240.

Table 1-1.

Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet

Dotted-Decimal Value

Number of Bits

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

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Table 1-2 displays several common netmask values in both the dotted-decimal and the

masklength formats.

Table 1-2.

Netmask Formats

Masklength

Dotted-Decimal

255.0.0.0

255.255.0.0

/16

/24

/25

/26

/27

/28

/29

/30

/31

/32

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.128

255.255.255.192

255.255.255.224

255.255.255.240

255.255.255.248

255.255.255.252

255.255.255.254

NETGEAR strongly advises that all hosts on a LAN segment use the same netmask for the

following reasons:

•

So that hosts recognize local IP broadcast packets

When a device broadcasts to its segment neighbors, it uses a destination address of the local

network address with all ones for the host address. In order for this scheme to work, all devices

on the segment must agree on which bits comprise the host address.

•

So that a local router or bridge will know which addresses are local and which are remote

Private IP Addresses

If your networks are isolated from the Internet (for example, only between your two branch

ofﬁces), you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the IANA has

reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses speciﬁcally for private networks:

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

NETGEAR recommends that you choose your private network number from this list.

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Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the

guidelines explained here. For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597,

Address Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP

Address Space.

Single IP Address Operation Using NAT

If multiple stations on a LAN need to access the Internet simultaneously, they usually have to

obtain a range of IP addresses from the ISP. This type of Internet account is much more costly than

a single-address account typically used by a single user with a terminal adapter rather than a

router. The Model RT328/RH348 router employs a method called extended NAT. This method

allows an entire department of networked PCs to share an Internet account using only a single IP

address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your Internet service provider (ISP).

The router accomplishes this address sharing by translating the internal LAN IP addresses to a

single address that is globally unique on the Internet. The internal LAN IP addresses can be either

private addresses or registered addresses. For more information about IP address translation, refer

to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).

Figure 1-3 illustrates a single IP address operation.

Private IP addresses

assigned by user

IP addresses

assigned by ISP

192.168.0.2

192.168.0.3

192.168.0.1

172.21.15.105

Internet

192.168.0.4

192.168.0.5

7786EA

Figure 1-3.

Single IP Address Operation Using NAT

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This scheme offers the additional beneﬁt of ﬁrewall protection because the internal LAN addresses

are not available to the Internet through the translated connection. All incoming inquiries are

ﬁltered out by the router. This ﬁltering can prevent intruders from probing your system. You can

specify one server (for example, a Web server) on your local network and make it accessible by

outside users.

Address Resolution Protocol

An IP address alone cannot be used to deliver data from one device to another on a LAN. In order

for data to be sent from one device on the LAN to another, you must convert the IP address of the

destination device to its media access control (MAC) address. Each device on an Ethernet network

has a unique Ethernet MAC address, which is a 48-bit number assigned to each device by the

manufacturer. The technique that associates the IP address with a MAC address is known as

address resolution, and IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to do this.

If a device needs to send data to another station on the network and it does not already have the

destination MAC address recorded, ARP is used. An ARP request is broadcast onto the network,

and all stations receive and read the request. The destination IP address for the chosen station is

included as part of the message so that only the station with this IP address responds to the ARP

request and all other nodes discard it.

The node with the right IP address responds with its own MAC address directly to the sender,

providing the transmitting station with the destination MAC address needed for it to send the data.

The IP address data and MAC address data for each node are held in an ARP table, so that the next

time data needs to be sent, the address can be obtained from the address information in the table.

Domain Name Server

Many of the resources on the Internet can be addressed by simple descriptive names such as

www.NETGEAR.com. This addressing is very helpful at the application level, but the descriptive

name must be translated to an IP address in order for a user to actually contact the resource. Just as

each workstation maintains an ARP table to map IP addresses to MAC addresses, a domain name

server (DNS) maps descriptive names of network resources to IP addresses.

When a workstation needs to access a resource by its descriptive name, it ﬁrst contacts a DNS to

obtain the IP address of the resource. It can then send the desired message using the IP address.

Many large organizations such as ISPs maintain their own DNSs and allow their customers to use

them for address lookup.

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IP Conﬁguration by DHCP

When an IP-based local area network is installed, each workstation must be conﬁgured with an

IP address. If the workstations need to access the Internet, they should also be conﬁgured with a

gateway address and one or more DNS server addresses. As an alternative to manual conﬁguration,

there is a method by which each device on the network can obtain this conﬁguration information

automatically. A device on the network may act as a Dynamic Host Conﬁguration Protocol

(DHCP) server. The DHCP server stores a list or pool of IP addresses, along with other

information (such as gateway and DNS addresses) that it may assign to the other devices on the

network. The Model RT328/RH348 router has the capacity to act as a DHCP server.

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Chapter 2

Router Installation and Connection

This chapter provides instructions for installing the Model RT328/RH348 router and connecting

to the built-in interface through a serial or Telnet connection.

Package Contents

The product package should contain the following items:

•

Model RT328 router or Model RH348 router

AC power adapter, 16 V AC output

10-foot 10BASE-T Ethernet cable, straight-through wiring (white)

10-foot 10BASE-T Ethernet cable, crossover wiring (red) for the Model RT328 router only

ISDN cable (black)

9-pin RS-232 serial cable

9-pin D-connector to 25-pin D-connector adapter

This guide

Getting Started Using FirstGear for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

FirstGear Installation Diskette

Warranty card

Call your dealer if there are any wrong, missing, or damaged parts. Keep the carton, including

the original packing materials, to repack the router if there is a need to return it for repair.

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ISDN Services Checklist

The following requirements must be met in order to successfully connect to the ISDN network:

•

European Services

–

Your ISDN circuit should conform to DSS1, EURO-ISDN, NET3, or I-CTR3 standards.

You should know the ISDN number(s) of your local and remote sites.

If you require CLID (Calling Line Identiﬁcation) for security, order the CLID option from

your local carrier.

•

North American Services

The Model RT328/RH348 router has been approved by Bellcore and has the IOC (ISDN

Ordering Code) “S” Capability, EZ-ISDN1. Ordering your ISDN line in this conﬁguration will

provide basic data and voice service. If you wish to use any advanced calling features such as

call waiting, you will need to order a higher level of service such as IOC “U.” In particular,

you will need to have ACO (Additional Call Offering) provisioned in order to use call waiting

or incoming call bumping.

In North America, you must conﬁgure your ISDN router according to the type of switch your

telephone company has in its local central ofﬁce. For further information, refer to Appendix B,

“Ordering ISDN Lines.”

You need the following information from your telephone company:

•

The type of switch at your telephone company

This switch type may be AT&T 5ESS, Northern Telecom DMS-100/DMS-250, or

Siemens EWSD.

•

The conﬁguration mode of your ISDN line

Your line may be conﬁgured in the standard National ISDN mode (NI-1) or in a

manufacturer-speciﬁc custom mode.

•

The local directory number(s) assigned to your line

The Service Proﬁle Identiﬁers (SPIDs) associated with the directory numbers

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Network Checklist

The Model RT328/RH348 router uses the Internet Protocol (IP). The IP conﬁguration has the

following requirements:

•

Host devices must have established IP addresses (usually deﬁned by your network manager or

Internet service provider).

An IP address must be assigned to the router itself (usually deﬁned by your network manager

or Internet service provider).

Host devices must have the router deﬁned either as the default gateway or as an entry in the

static routes table.

The network or subnetwork numbers must be different on the Local and Remote networks you

are routing between.

If you do not have any assigned IP addresses, you must use NAT. In this case, assign IP addresses

from a group of designated private IP addresses. Refer to “Single IP Address Operation Using

NAT” on page 1-13 for more information about IP address masquerading. Refer to “IP Addresses

and the Internet” on page 1-7 for more information about TCP/IP network conﬁguration.

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Connecting the Router

The front panels of the Model RT328 router, as illustrated in Figure 2-1, and the Model RH348

router, as illustrated in Figure 2-2, contain status LEDs. Refer to the illustrations to locate the

LEDs and to Table 2-1 for descriptions. You can use some of the LEDs to verify connections.

MODEL

RT328

ISDN

LAN

INTERFACE

PWR

TEST

LINK

COL

Remote Access

ISDN Router

7631EA

Key:

1 = PWR (Power) LED

2 = TEST LED

3 = Channel D, B1, and B2 ISDN LEDs

4 = LINK, TX , RX, and COL LAN LEDs

5 = PHONE 1 and PHONE 2 LEDs

Figure 2-1.

Front Panel of Model RT328 Router

MODEL

RH348

ISDN

LAN

INTERFACE

PWR

TEST

Remote Access

ISDN Router

8349EA

Key:

1 = PWR (Power) LED

2 = TEST LED

3 = Channel D, B1, and B2 ISDN LEDs

4 = LAN 1-4 LEDs

5 = PHONE 1 and PHONE 2 LEDs

Figure 2-2.

Front Panel of Model RH348 Router

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Table 2-1 lists and describes each LED on the front panel of the router. These LEDs are green

when lit.

Table 2-1.

Label

LED Descriptions

Activity

Description

PWR (Power)

TEST

Power is supplied to the router.

The router is functioning properly.

Blinking

ISDN:

The router is successfully synchronized with the attached

ISDN line.

There is an active WAN session on the channel,

or the channel is making or receiving a call.

There is an active WAN session on the channel,

or the channel is making or receiving a call.

LAN (RT328):

Link

This LAN port is synchronized with an attached device.

Data is being transmitted on the LAN.

TX (Transmit)

RX (Receive)

COL (Collision)

Blinking

Data is being received on the LAN.

Data collision is occurring on the LAN.

LAN (RH348):

1-4

The numbered LAN port is synchronized with an attached

device.

Blinking

Data is being received on the port.

Phone 1

Phone 2

The device (telephone, fax, or modem) connected

to the PHONE 1 port is in use.

The device (telephone, fax, or modem) connected

to the PHONE 2 port is in use.

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The rear panel of the Model RT328 router is shown in Figure 2-3, and the rear panel of the Model

RH348 router is shown in Figure 2-4. Refer to this diagram to identify all of the ports on the router

when you attempt to make any connections.

LAN

UTP

POWER

ISDN-U

PHONE 1 PHONE 2

16VAC

AUI

MGR

7632EA

Key:

1 = Power switch

2 = AC adapter outlet for connecting the AC adapter to the router

3 = UTP port for connecting the router to the LAN with UTP cable

4 = AUI port for connecting the router to the LAN with coaxial or ﬁber cable using a transceiver

5 = RS-232 port for connecting the router to the serial port of a PC

6 = ISDN port for connecting the router to ISDN cable

7 = Phone ports for connecting the router to a telephone, fax, or modem

Figure 2-3.

Rear Panel of the Model RT328 Router

LAN

POWER

ISDN

PHONE 1 PHONE 2

MANAGER

16VAC

8343EA

Key:

1 = Power switch

2 = AC adapter outlet for connecting the AC adapter to the router

3 = UTP hub ports for connecting PCs and workstations

4 = RS-232 port for connecting the router to the serial port of a PC

5 = ISDN port for connecting the router to ISDN cable

6 = Phone ports for connecting the router to a telephone, fax, or modem

Figure 2-4.

Rear Panel of the Model RH348 Router

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Warning: Several of the connectors and connection cables are very similar. It is

important that you use the correct cable for each connection and that you do not

connect the ports incorrectly, because serious damage to your router could result.

Connecting the Serial Cable (Optional)

Plug one end of the 9-pin RS-232 cable into the MGR (manager) port on the router. Plug the other

end into a serial port (such as COM1 or COM2) of your PC. You must use the included 9-pin

to 25-pin adapter if your PC has only a 25-pin port available.

Connecting to the ISDN Port

In regions where the S interface version of the router is used, the ISDN cable will have two 8-pin

RJ-45 connectors. Plug one end of the cable into the ISDN port of the router and connect the other

end to an NT1 (Network Termination) device, a DSU device, or an S-interface wall jack.

In regions where the U interface version of the router is used, your ISDN cable will have an 8-pin

RJ-45 connector on one end and either an 8-pin RJ-45 (earlier versions) or a 6-pin RJ-11 (later

versions) connector on the other end. Plug one 8-pin connector into the ISDN port of the router.

Connect the other end of the cable directly to your ISDN wall jack.Your wall jack may have either

an 8-pin RJ-45 or a 6-pin RJ-11 connector. A 6-pin cable connector will plug into the center of an

8-pin wall jack, but if you have a 6-pin jack and an 8-pin cable connector, you must either change

the jack or get a cable with two 6-pin connectors.

Connecting the Ethernet Cable

The Model RT328 router supports two types of Ethernet connections. Follow the procedure that is

appropriate for your installation.

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Using Twisted Pair LAN Cabling

Use the UTP port for connecting your router to a 10BASE-T network, using unshielded twisted

pair (UTP) cabling and RJ-45 connectors. The following two types of UTP cable are included with

your router:

•

Straight-through Ethernet cable

Use the white straight-through cable to connect your router to an Ethernet hub.

Crossover Ethernet cable

•

Use the red crossover Ethernet cable to connect your router to a PC or workstation.

Using Coaxial or Fiber LAN Cabling

Use the AUI port for connecting to a transceiver, which provides an interface to coaxial or ﬁber

Ethernet networks.

Connecting to the Hub Ports in the Model RH348 Router

The Model RH348 router provides four Ethernet twisted pair hub ports for connecting to PCs and

workstations. Connections are made using standard straight-through UTP cables like the one

included with your router. The hub of the Model RH348 router may be connected to another hub

using the uplink port on the hub to which you are connecting or by using a crossover cable to a

normal port.

Connecting a Telephone, Fax, or Modem

Use either one of the phone ports (PHONE 1 or PHONE 2) for connecting your router to an analog

telephone, fax, or modem. Be sure that your ISDN line is provisioned by your telephone company

for both data and voice calls.

Connecting the Power Adapter

Plug the connector of the 16 V AC power adapter into the AC adapter outlet on the router. Then

plug the adapter into a wall outlet.

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Connecting for Conﬁguration

If you are a PC user, you can conﬁgure the router through either the FirstGear ISDN Router

Conﬁguration Utility, which is an easy-to-use software program, or the menu-based built-in

Manager interface. For complete instructions on using FirstGear, refer to Getting Started Using

FirstGear for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers.

If you are using a Macintosh or UNIX-based workstation, you can conﬁgure the router only by

using the built-in Manager interface.

You can access the built-in Manager interface through either a serial port or Telnet on the LAN.

In order to use Telnet, you must know the current IP address of the router. For more information

about using the built-in Manager interface, refer to Chapter 3, “Router Conﬁguration.”

Connecting Through a Serial Port

You can access the built-in interface through a serial port by using a VT100 terminal or by using

a terminal-emulation program on your PC or workstation. If you are using Windows, for example,

Microsoft^®provides HyperTerminal with Windows 95. Be sure to set the program for VT100

emulation, including arrow keys.

Serial port parameters are as follows:

•

9600 bps

8 data bits

1 stop bit

No parity

No ﬂow control

After the serial session is opened, refer to Chapter 3, “Router Conﬁguration,” for further

information about the different methods of conﬁguring your router and for conﬁguration

instructions.

Connecting Through a Telnet Connection

You can access the built-in interface by a Telnet call from any TCP/IP workstation on the LAN or

the remote network. In order to use the Telnet Protocol, you must know the current IP address of

the router. If the router has no IP address, you must ﬁrst use a serial connection or the FirstGear

utility to assign an IP address. The router ships with an address of 192.168.0.1.

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To make a Telnet connection from the LAN, you must know which of the two LAN interfaces

(UTP or AUI) is enabled and make sure that the interface is connected to the LAN. The factory

default is the UTP interface. You must also set up your workstation to be able to reach the IP

address of the router by doing one of the following:

•

Set your workstation to an IP address on the currently programmed subnet of the router.

Add a route to the static routing table of the workstation to indicate that the router can be

reached through the local LAN port.

Note: If you change the LAN IP address of the router while connected through Telnet,

you lose the Telnet session. You must then open a new Telnet connection to the new IP

address and log in again. If you change the selected LAN interface, you also lose the

session and must change the hardware connection to the other Ethernet port.

When using Telnet, consider the following:

•

Single administrator

To prevent confusion and discrepancy on the conﬁguration, the router allows only one terminal

connection at any time. The router also gives priority to the RS-232 connection over Telnet. If

you have already connected to the router through Telnet, you will be logged out if another user

then connects through the RS-232 cable. You can use a Telnet connection only after the other

administrator has disconnected.

•

System timeout

When you are connected to the router through Telnet, there is a system timeout of 5 minutes

(300 seconds). If you are not conﬁguring the device and leave it inactive for this timeout

period, then the router automatically disconnects you.

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Chapter 3

Router Conﬁguration

This chapter contains information about conﬁguring your Model RT328/RH348 router through

the built-in Manager interface.

Conﬁguration Methods

If you are using a PC, you have the following two options to conﬁgure your router:

•

Through FirstGear

FirstGear is an easy-to-use Windows-based utility that leads you through a Quick Setup or

an Advanced menu for conﬁguring your router. For FirstGear instructions, refer to Getting

Started Using FirstGear for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers.

•

Through the built-in Manager interface

If you are using a Macintosh or UNIX-based workstation, the built-in Manager interface is the

only way that you can conﬁgure your router through your computer. However, you can use a

PC to conﬁgure the router and then connect the router to the Macintosh or workstation after the

conﬁguration process is complete.

The built-in Manager interface is accessible through either a serial or a Telnet connection (refer to

“Connecting Through a Serial Port” or “Connecting Through a Telnet Connection” on page 2-9,

respectively, of Chapter 2, “Router Installation and Connection”). If the router has not previously

been assigned an IP address, you cannot connect through a Telnet session. You must use a serial

connection.

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Powering on the Router

When you turn power on to the router, several internal tests are performed by the router and

your ISDN line is initialized. After the initialization, the start-up display appears, as illustrated in

Figure 3-1.

RAS Version: V1.3 (N.01) | 6/11/97

ethernet address: 00:a0:c5:e0:00:00

Resetting ISDN firmware. Switch Type is DSS1 - ISDN Firmware Version: V 056

Press ENTER to continue...

Figure 3-1.

Start-up Display

To continue:

1. Press [Enter] when prompted.

A login screen is displayed and prompts you to enter a password.

2. Enter the default password 1234 to reach the main menu of the Manager.

Once you are in the Manager and if there is no activity for longer than 5 minutes, the router

automatically logs you out and displays a blank screen. If you see a blank screen, press [Enter]

to display the password screen again.

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Navigating the Manager

The Manager is the interface that you use to conﬁgure your router. Table 3-1 lists and describes the

commands that enable you to navigate through the menus in the Manager.

Table 3-1.

Action

Manager Menu Commands

Description

Move forward to another Enter the number of the submenu and press [Enter].

Move back to a previous Press [Esc]. The only exception is the Main Menu, where typing 99 is the only

method to exit from the Manager.

Move the cursor

Press [Enter].You can also use the Up and Down keys to move to the previous

and the next ﬁeld, respectively.

Enter information

There are two types of ﬁelds for entering selected parameters.The ﬁrst requires

you to enter the appropriate information. The second gives you options to

choose from. When choosing options, press the space bar to toggle through the

available options.

Required ﬁelds

N/A ﬁelds

Some of the ﬁelds in the Manager are essential in order to conﬁgure the router.

The required ﬁelds initially show a question mark (?), indicating that the

information must be ﬁlled in before that menu can be saved.

Some of the ﬁelds in the Manager show N/A, meaning the option is not

available.

Save your conﬁguration Press [Enter] when prompted to press ENTER to conﬁrm or ESC to cancel. In

most cases, saving the data on the screen takes you to the previous menu.

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The Manager Main Menu is illustrated in Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-2.

Manager Main Menu

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Manager Menu Summary

Table 3-2 describes the top-level Manager menus.

Table 3-2.

Manager Menu Summary

Number Menu Title

Description

General Setup

This menu is accessed to set up general information and enable

speciﬁc protocol routing or bridging.

ISDN Setup

This menu is accessed to set up ISDN conﬁgurations.

This menu is accessed to set up Ethernet conﬁgurations.

Ethernet Setup

Internet Access Setup This menu provides a quick and easy way to set up an Internet

connection.

Remote Node Setup

This menu is accessed to set up a remote node for a LAN-to-LAN

connection including Internet connection. The router has four remote

nodes.

Static Routing Setup

Default Dial-in Setup

This menu is accessed to set up static routes. The router supports

four static routes for each protocol.

This menu is accessed to set up default dial-in parameters so that

your router can be a dial-in server for the remote node and remote

dial-in user.

Dial-in User Setup

This menu is accessed to set up remote dial-in users. The router has

eight remote dial-in users.

Filter Set Conﬁguration This menu is accessed to set up ﬁlters to be used in Menu 3 and

Menu 11 to provide such features as security and call control.

System Security

This menu is accessed to set up security-related parameters.

System Maintenance

This menu is accessed to provide system status, diagnostics, and

ﬁrmware upload.

Exit

This menu is accessed to exit from the Manager.

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General Setup Menu

The General Setup Menu contains administrative and system-related information.

To enter administrative and system-related information:

1. Enter 1 from the Main Menu to display Menu 1 - General Setup, as illustrated in

Figure 3-3.

Menu 1 - General Setup

2. Enter the system name in the System Name ﬁeld of the menu.

For identiﬁcation purposes, choose a descriptive name for the router, such as RT328 or

RH348. The name should be no more than 8 alphanumeric characters. Spaces are not allowed,

but dashes ( - ) and underscores ( _ ) are accepted. The name can be used for CHAP

authentication and is displayed as the prompt in the Command Mode.

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ISDN Menus

Menu 2 is for conﬁguring your ISDN line. Depending on what switch the telephone company has

for your particular installation, you may have more than one telephone number. If you are in North

America, you may also have SPIDs (Service Proﬁle Identiﬁers). Make sure that you have correct

and complete telephone numbers and SPIDs. You must complete the ISDN setup before your

system can make an outgoing call or answer an incoming call.

North American ISDN Menu

Use the commands described in Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 to display the ISDN Setup menu for

North America. Table 3-3 lists and describes each ﬁeld in the menu and how to enter the

information in each ﬁeld.

Table 3-3.

ISDN Setup Menu Parameters for North America

Description

Field

Switch Type

Verify the switch type information with your telephone company. For North America,

select the type of switch used by your telephone company. Press the space bar to cycle

through the choices, and then press [Enter]. If your line is conﬁgured for National ISDN

(NI-1) Protocol, choose the NI-1 setting. Otherwise, choose Custom.

B Channel

Usage

Switch/Switch should be selected unless one or both B channels are a leased circuit.

Toggling this parameter using the Space bar will cycle through all combinations of

Switch, Leased, and Unused.

Telephone

Number(s)

Enter the telephone number(s) assigned to your ISDN line by your telephone company.

For North America, these phone numbers should be in a standard seven-digit local

format without area code (for example, 5551212). The router accepts only digits. Do not

include dashes ( - ) and spaces in this ﬁeld. This ﬁeld should be no longer than 19 digits.

SPID Number(s) SPID (Service Proﬁle Identiﬁer) is a number used by a switch for identiﬁcation purposes.

Depending on your switch type, you may have zero, one, or two SPIDs assigned to your

line.

Analog Call

This ﬁeld tells the router how to route an incoming analog call. Set to Phone 1 if you

want to route the incoming analog call for this telephone number to the PHONE 1 port

(POTS port in North America and A/B Adapter in Europe). Set to Phone 2 if you want to

route the incoming analog call for this telephone number to the PHONE 2 port. Set to

DOVBS if you want to receive an incoming data over voice bearer service call.

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Figure 3-4 shows Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for North America.

Figure 3-4.

Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for North America

DSS1 ISDN Menu

Use the commands described in Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 to display Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for

DSS1. When you ﬁnish entering the information for all the ﬁelds, do the following on both menus:

•

Press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm prompt to save your selections.

•

Press [Esc] to cancel.

When you press [Enter], the router uses the information that you enter to initialize the ISDN

link to the telephone company switch.

The router asks if you want to test whether or not your ISDN line has been successfully

connected to your router. When you select Yes, the router performs a loopback test to check

the ISDN line. If the loopback test fails, note the error message that you receive and take the

appropriate troubleshooting action. Refer to Chapter 10 for troubleshooting information.

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Table 3-4 lists and describes the ﬁelds and ﬁeld descriptions for Menu 2 - ISDN Setup.

Table 3-4.

Field

ISDN Setup Field Descriptions

Description

Switch Type

This ﬁeld is ﬁxed as DSS1.

B Channel Usage

Switch/switch should be selected unless one or both B channels are a leased circuit.

Toggling this parameter using the Space bar will cycle through all combinations of

Switch, Leased, and Unused.

ISDN Data and

Subaddress

Enter the telephone number and subaddress assigned to the ISDN data call for the

router. It is used as the outgoing CGPN (Calling Party Number) setting for the ISDN

data call. The router accepts only digits. Do not include dashes ( - ) and spaces in

this ﬁeld. This ﬁeld should be no longer than 19 digits for the number and 5 digits for

the subaddress.

A/B Adapter 1

and Subaddress

Enter the telephone number and subaddress assigned to the A/B Adapter 1 (POTS

port 1) call for the router. It is used as the outgoing CGPN (Calling Party Number)

setting for the A/B Adapter 1 call.

A/B Adapter 2

and Subaddress

Enter the telephone number and subaddress assigned to the A/B Adapter 2 (POTS

port 2) call for the router. It is used as the outgoing CGPN (Calling Party Number)

setting for the A/B Adapter 2 call.

Dial Preﬁx to Access Enter the preﬁx number if the router is connected to an ISDN PABX. This number is

Outside Line

added to all outgoing calls and should be no longer than 4 digits. If the router is not

connected to an ISDN PABX, leave this ﬁeld blank.

PABX Number (with Enter the S/T bus number if the router is connected to an ISDN PABX. If this ﬁeld is

S/T Bus Number)

left blank, the loopback test is skipped.

Incoming Phone

Number Matching

There are three options in this ﬁeld:

• Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN):The digital call is answered only when there is

a match for the ISDN data number.The analog call is answered as the A/B Adapter

1 call when there is a match for the A/B Adapter 1 number. It is answered as the

A/B Adapter 2 call when there is a match for the A/B Adapter 2 number. If an A/B

Adapter 1 or 2 number is not speciﬁed, the analog call is not answered.

• Called Party Sub-Address (CDSA): The digital call is answered when there is a

match for the ISDN Data subaddress. The analog call is answered as the A/B

Adapter 1 call when there is a match for the A/B Adapter 1 subaddress.The analog

call is answered as the A/B Adapter 2 call when there is a match for the A/B

Adapter 2 subaddress. If an A/B Adapter 1 or 2 subaddress is not speciﬁed, the

analog call is not answered.

• Don’t care - all numbers accepted: All digital calls, including global calls (without

CDPN and CDSA in the call setup) to any CDPN (Called Party Number) are

answered. All analog calls are routed to either the A/B Adapter 1 or A/B Adapter 2,

or they are not answered. Answering analog calls depends on the setting of Analog

Call Routing. All global analog calls either accept the numbers or do not answer

them depending on the setting of Global Analog Call.

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Table 3-4.

Field

ISDN Setup Field Descriptions (continued)

Description

Analog Call Routing All analog calls are routed to the A/B Adapter 1 if the setting is A/B Adapter 1. The

calls are routed to the A/B Adapter 2 if the setting is A/B Adapter 2. They are not

answered if the setting is Ignore.

Global Analog Call

All global analog calls are answered and routed to the A/B Adapter 1 or A/B Adapter

2 (the setting in the ﬁeld of Analog Call Routing) if the setting is Accept.They are not

answered if the setting is Ignore.

Figure 3-5 shows Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for DSS1.

Figure 3-5.

Menu 2 - ISDN Setup for DSS1

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Ethernet Setup

Menu 3 is for conﬁguring the Ethernet LAN parameters, including interface type, ﬁlters, DHCP,

and IP address information. From the Main Menu, enter 3 to display Menu 3 – Ethernet Setup.

There are two submenus: Menu 3.1 – General Setup and Menu 3.2 – TCP/IP and DHCP Setup.

Refer to the following sections for descriptions of these submenus. Refer to Table 3-1 on page 3-3

for information about navigating through the menus.

General Setup Menu

The General Setup Menu determines the type of Ethernet interface you are using and the ﬁlter sets

you want to implement to monitor your Ethernet trafﬁc. Refer to Table 3-6 for a description of

each ﬁeld in this menu.

Table 3-5 lists and describes the interface and ﬁlter choices in the Ethernet General Setup menu.

Table 3-5.

Ethernet General Setup Menu Fields

Description

Field

Ethernet Interface

(Model RT328 router only)

The router supports two types of Ethernet connections, AUI (15-pin) or

UTP 10BASE-T (telephone type connector). Determine which type you

are using and select the appropriate option in this ﬁeld.

Input and Output Filters

Sets

Input and Output Filter Sets: Filter sets are used to block certain

packets, to reduce trafﬁc, and to prevent a security breach. Leave these

ﬁelds blank until you have conﬁgured the ﬁlters. Refer to Chapter 8,

“Filter Conﬁguration,” for more information about conﬁguring ﬁlters.

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DHCP and TCP/IP Setup

The router has the capability to act as a DHCP server, allowing it to assign IP, DNS, and Default

Gateway addresses to attached PCs or workstations. The assigned Default Gateway address is the

LAN address of the router, as set in the TCP/IP section. Each pool address is tested before it is

assigned to avoid duplicate addresses on the LAN.

If you are setting up your network for the ﬁrst time, read about IP addresses starting with“IP

Addresses and the Internet” on page 1-7 and “IP Conﬁguration by DHCP” on page 1-15 for an

explanation of DHCP and information about how to assign IP addresses for your network.

Table 3-6 lists and describes the ﬁelds to use for setting up TCP/IP parameters. When you ﬁnish

entering information in all of the ﬁelds, press [Enter] at the prompt Press ENTER to Conﬁrm.Your

selections are saved. Press [Esc] at any time to cancel the entries you have made.

Table 3-6.

Field

Menu 3 - Ethernet Setup Menu Fields

Description

DHCP Setup:

DHCP

If set to Server, the router acts as a DHCP server.

Client IP Pool Starting

This ﬁeld is the beginning of the range of addresses to assign.

Address

Size of Client IP Pool

This ﬁeld is the number of sequential addresses available for

assignment to attached hosts. The maximum is 32.

Primary DNS Server

If you want the router to assign the Primary DNS Server address to

attached hosts, enter the address in this ﬁeld.

Secondary DNS Server

If you want the router to assign the Secondary DNS Server address

to attached hosts, enter the address in this ﬁeld.

TCP/IP Setup:

IP Address

Enter the IP address of the LAN interface of the router in dotted-decimal

notation (four 8-bit numbers, between 0 and 255, separated by periods,

for example, 192.168.135.5). Every device on the TCP/IP network must

have a unique IP address.

IP Subnet Mask

An IP address consists of two parts, the network ID and the host ID.The

IP Subnet Mask speciﬁes the network ID portion of the address, written

in dotted-decimal notation.The router automatically calculates this mask

for the class of the IP address that you assign. Unless you have a

special need for subnetting, use the default subnet mask calculated by

the router. All hosts on the LAN segment should use the same mask.

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Table 3-6.

Field

Menu 3 - Ethernet Setup Menu Fields (continued)

Description

TCP/IP Setup (continued)

RIP Direction

This parameter determines how the router handles RIP (Routing

Information Protocol). If set to Both (default), the router broadcasts the

routing table of the router on the LAN and incorporates RIP broadcasts

by other routers into its routing table. If set to In Only, the router

broadcasts its routing table on the LAN. If set to Out Only, the router

broadcasts its routing table, but it ignores any RIP broadcast packets

that it receives. If set to None, the router does not participate in any RIP

exchange with other routers. Usually, you should leave this parameter

at the default (Both) and let RIP propagate the routing information

automatically.

RIP Version

This ﬁeld determines how the router handles RIP (Routing Information

Protocol).

The following RIP options are supported by the Model RT328/RH348

router:

• RIP-1—The router will accept and send RIP-1 messages only.

• RIP-2B—The router will accept RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (both

broadcast and multicast) and send RIP-2 messages in broadcast

format.

• RIP-2M—The router will accept RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (both

broadcast and multicast) and send RIP-2 messages in multicast

format.

For most applications, the recommended version is RIP-2B. Select

RIP-1 if other connected routers or workstations have problems with

RIP-2. Select RIP-2M only in a pure RIP-2 environment.

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Manager Password Setup

To change the Manager password:

1. Select option 23 (System Security) from the main menu.

2. Enter 1 to display Menu 23.1 - System Security - Change Password.

3. Enter your previous system password and press [Enter].

4. Enter your new system password and press [Enter].

5. Enter your new system password again for conﬁrmation and press [Enter].

You must enter this new password when you want to access the Manager through the serial port or

by a Telnet connection.

If you lose or forget the Manager password, you must clear the conﬁguration of the router as

described in Chapter 10, “Troubleshooting.” Clearing the conﬁguration will cause the Manager

password to revert to the factory default, 1234.

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Chapter 4

Conﬁguration for Internet Access

This chapter provides information to help you conﬁgure your Model RT328/RH348 router for

Internet access.

Information Checklist

Use Menu 4 of the Manager to conﬁgure Internet access. Before you conﬁgure the router for

Internet access, make sure your ISP (Internet service provider) provides you with the following

information:

•

For your router

–

IP address of the gateway of your ISP (optional)

Telephone number(s) of your ISP

Password for authentication

•

For your workstation

IP address of the Domain Name Server (DNS) of your ISP

–

NETGEAR recommends that you review the information about IP addressing starting with

“IP Addresses and the Internet” on page 1-7.

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Internet Access Conﬁguration

You can conﬁgure the router for access to an Internet service provider (ISP) using Menu 4, Internet

Access Setup. When you complete this menu, the router will automatically add a Remote Node for

your ISP in Menu 11, using typical ISP conﬁguration parameters in addition to those you have

speciﬁed in Menu 4. The router will also create a default static route for the ISP in Menu 12. After

completing Menu 4, you may go to Menus 11 and 12 and make modiﬁcations to any of the

parameters. However, if you return to Menu 4, make changes, and then save them, the ISP-related

entries in Menu 11 and 12 will once again be programmed to typical ISP conﬁguration parameters,

possibly reversing any changes you have made to those menus.

To conﬁgure your router for Internet access:

1. Enter 4 from the Main Menu to display Menu 4 - Internet Access Setup.

2. Enter the name of your ISP in the ISPs Name ﬁeld (for example, mysip).

This information is for identiﬁcation purposes only.

3. Enter the IP Address of the remote gateway at the point of presence (POP) of the ISP in

the ISP IP Addr ﬁeld (optional).

If you do not have this data, you can leave it blank.

4. Enter a primary phone number and a secondary phone number in the Pri(mary) Phone

# and Sec(ondary) Phone Number ﬁelds.

Both the primary and the secondary phone number refer to the number that the router dials to

connect to the ISP. The router calls your ISP using the primary phone number ﬁrst. If the

primary phone number is busy or does not answer, the router calls the secondary phone

number if available. The secondary number is not necessarily the number your router will dial

to add additional bandwidth for a Multilink call. If the called router supports BACP, that router

will provide the dial number for a second call.

Note: In North America, you should enter the full long distance number (1 + area code),

even if it is a local call. Otherwise, in some areas, the call is placed as a 56K call.

5. Enter your login name in the My Login Name ﬁeld.

Enter the login name given to you by your ISP.

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6. Enter your password in the My Password ﬁeld.

Enter the password associated with the login name from your ISP.

7. Enter single-user account information in the Single User Account ﬁeld.

Refer to“Single IP Address Operation Using NAT” on page 1-13 and “Conﬁguration for

Single User Account” on the next page for more information about the Single User Account

ﬁeld. The default is No.

8. Enter the transfer rate in the Telco Options: Transfer Type ﬁeld.

When establishing a call in North America, your router speciﬁes a data rate and the type of call

based on this ﬁeld. The following three options are available for this ﬁeld:

•

64K—The router places a 64 Kbps digital data call (default).

56K—The router places a 56 Kbps digital data call.

DOVBS—The router places a 56 Kbps data over voice bearer service (DOVBS) call.

Note: Some phone companies in North America charge less if calls are made using

DOVBS.

9. Use the space bar to make a selection in the Multilink ﬁeld.

This ﬁeld determines under which circumstances the router will place an additional call to the

ISP in order to increase the bandwidth of the connection. The following three options are

available for this ﬁeld:

•

Off—The router will place only a single channel call to the ISP.

BOD—The router will add bandwidth on demand (BOD), placing a second call when the

data rate increases beyond a speciﬁed level for a speciﬁed period. These parameters may

be changed using the Edit PPP submenu of Menu 11 – Remote Node Setup Menu.

•

Always—The router will always call the ISP using both channels for a 128K connection.

10. Press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to conﬁrm your selections.

You can also press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

The Manager asks if you want to test the Internet connection. If you selectYes, the router calls

the ISP to test the Internet connection. If the test fails, note the error message that you receive

and take the appropriate troubleshooting steps.

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Conﬁguration for Single User Account

The Model RT328/RH348 router implements NAT (IP masquerading), allowing the use of a

single-user account for Internet access. The steps for conﬁguring your router for single-user

Internet access are similar to those for conventional Internet access, with the exception that you

need to ﬁll in three extra ﬁelds. To conﬁgure your router for single-user Internet access, follow

steps1through6fromtheprevioussection, “InternetAccessConﬁguration.”Youmustprovidethe

following additional information in step 7 before proceeding to step 8 and step 9:

•

Single User Account

Enter Yes to enable the Single User Account feature. Use the space bar to toggle between Yes

and No.

Single User Account: IP Addr

If your ISP assigns you a dynamic IP address, enter 0.0.0.0 here. If your ISP assigns you a

static IP address, enter that IP address here.

Single User Account: Server IP Addr

If you want to make your local server (for example, a Web server) accessible to outside users,

enter the IP address of that server here. Incoming packets with destination port numbers not

handled by the router will be forwarded to this server address.

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Chapter 5

Remote Node Conﬁguration

This chapter discusses the protocol-independent parameters used to conﬁgure a remote node. The

protocol-dependent (TCP/IP) conﬁguration is covered in a later chapter.

A remote node represents both a remote gateway and the network behind it, across an ISDN

connection. A remote node is required for placing calls to a remote network or answering calls

from a remote network. When you use Menu 4 to conﬁgure your router for Internet access, the

router automatically adds a remote node for you because the ISP falls outside the normal criteria

that deﬁne a remote node.

Note: If you access only one remote node (not an ISP), create that remote node using

Menu 4 and then edit it with Menu 11. Creating the remote node using Menu 4 and

editing it with Menu 11 makes the remote node the default static route.

When a remote node is conﬁgured properly, trafﬁc to the remote LAN triggers the router to make a

call automatically (Dial On Demand). Similarly, calls from the remote LAN are answered

automatically and security is checked.

To create a remote node:

1. Enter 11 from the Main Menu to display Menu 11 - Remote Node Setup.

2. Enter a remote node number (1 to 4) to edit the remote node and to display Submenu

11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle.

3. Press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to conﬁrm your selections.

Press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

Table 5-1 lists and describes the ﬁelds in the Remote Node Proﬁle menu and explains how to enter

the information in each ﬁeld.

Remote Node Configuration

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Table 5-1.

Menu 11.1 Remote Node Proﬁle Fields

Description

Field

Rem Node Name

This ﬁeld is required. Enter a descriptive name for the remote node (for example,

MyOfﬁce). This ﬁeld supports up to eight characters. This name must be unique

from any other remote node name or remote dial-in user name.

Active

Press the space bar to toggle between Yes and No. When a remote node is

deactivated, it has no effect on the operation of the router, even though it is still kept

in the database and can be activated in the future. Deactivated nodes are displayed

with a minus sign (-) preceding the name in Menu 11.

Call Direction

If this parameter is set to Both, the router can place and receive calls to and from

this remote node. If set to Incoming, the router does not place a call to this remote

node. If set to Outgoing, the router will drop any call from this remote node.

Several other ﬁelds in this menu depend on this parameter. For example, in order

to enable Call Back, the Call Direction must be Both.

Incoming:

Rem Login

Name

Enter the login name that this remote node will use when it calls into the router.

Rem Password

Rem CLID

Enter the password used when this remote node calls into the router.

This ﬁeld is active only if Call Direction is either Both or Incoming. Otherwise, N/A

appears in the ﬁeld. This is the Calling Line ID (the telephone number of the calling

party) of this remote node. If you enable the CLID Authen ﬁeld in Menu 13 - Default

Dial In, the router checks this number against the CLID in the incoming call. If they

do not match and the CLID Authen is Required, the router rejects the call.

Call Back

This ﬁeld is valid only if Call Direction is Both. Otherwise, N/A appears in the ﬁeld.

This ﬁeld determines whether or not you want the router to call back after receiving

a call from this remote node. If this option is enabled, the router disconnects the

initial call from this node and calls the node back at the Outgoing Primary Phone

Number.

Outgoing:

My Login Name

My Password

Authen

This is a required ﬁeld if Call Direction is either Both or Out. Enter the login name

your router uses when it calls this remote node.

This is a required ﬁeld if Call Direction is either Both or Out. Enter the password

your router uses when it calls this remote node.

This ﬁeld sets the authentication protocol used for outgoing calls. Options for this

ﬁeld are:

• CHAP/PAP—Router will try CHAP when CHAP is requested by the remote node

or PAP when PAP is requested by the remote node (Default).

• PAP—Use PAP only.

• CHAP—Use CHAP only.

5-2

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Table 5-1.

Field

Menu 11.1 Remote Node Proﬁle Fields (continued)

Description

Pri(mary) Phone

Number and

Sec(ondary)

Both the Primary and Secondary Phone numbers refer to the number that the

router dials to connect to the remote node. The router calls the remote node using

the Primary Phone number ﬁrst. If the Primary Phone number is busy or does not

answer, the router calls the Secondary Phone number if available. Note that the

secondary number is not necessarily the number your router will dial to add

additional bandwidth for a Multilink call. If the called router supports BACP, that

router will provide the dial number for a second call. In North America, NETGEAR

recommends that you enter 1 and the area code with the number, even if it is a

local call. Otherwise, in some areas, the call is placed as a 56K call.

Phone Number

Edit PPP Options

Rem IP Addr

To edit the PPP options for this remote node, move the cursor to this ﬁeld, use the

space bar to select Yes, and press [Enter] to display Menu 11.2 - Remote Node

PPP Options. For more information about conﬁguring PPP options, see “Editing

PPP Options” on page 5-4.

This ﬁeld is required on all remote nodes except the ISP node. Enter the IP address

of the router at the remote site. A static route will be created to the network address

of that router. Note that if the remote network uses a netmask other than the

standard class netmask, you must enter the netmask in the Edit IP Options

submenu.

Edit IP Options

This ﬁeld edits the parameters of the TCP/IP protocol. Select Yes and press [Enter]

to display Menu 11.3 - Remote Node Network Layer Options. For more information

about this screen, refer to Chapter 7, “TCP/IP Conﬁguration.”

Telco Options:

Transfer Rate

When establishing a call in North America, your router speciﬁes a data rate and the

type of call based on this ﬁeld. Three options are available for this ﬁeld:

• 64K—The router places a 64 Kbps (kilobits per second) digital data call (default).

• 56K—The router places a 56 Kbps digital data call.

• DOVBS—The router places a 56 Kbps data over voice bearer service (DOVBS)

call. Some phone companies in North America charge less if calls are made

using DOVBS.

Allocated

Budget (min)

This ﬁeld sets a budget on outgoing call time for the remote node. The default for

this ﬁeld is 0 for no budget control.

Period (hr)

This ﬁeld sets the time interval to reset the above outgoing call budget control.

Remote Node Configuration

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Table 5-1.

Menu 11.1 Remote Node Proﬁle Fields (continued)

Description

Field

Session Options:

Output Filter Sets

Call Filter Sets

In these ﬁelds, select which ﬁlter set(s) you would like to implement to ﬁlter the

incoming and outgoing trafﬁc between this remote node and the router.You can

choose from 12 different ﬁlter sets. In addition, you can link up to 4 ﬁlter sets

together for further customization (for example, 1, 5, 9, 12). Spaces and commas

are accepted in this ﬁeld. The default is blank (no ﬁlters are deﬁned). Refer to

Chapter 8, “Filter Conﬁguration,” for more information about conﬁguring ﬁlters.

Idle Timeout (sec) This value speciﬁes the number of idle seconds elapsed before the remote node is

automatically disconnected. Idle seconds is the period of time where no data is

passed between the remote node and your router. Administrative packets such as

RIP are not counted as data. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).

Editing PPP Options

To edit PPP options:

1. Select Yes in the Edit PPP Options ﬁeld of Submenu 11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle.

2. Press [Enter] to display Menu 11.2 Remote Node PPP Options.

3. Edit the options described in Table 5-2.

4. Press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to conﬁrm your selections, and

return to the previous menu.

Press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

5. Continue to the end of Menu 11.1 and press [Enter] to save the selections you made in

Menu 11.2.

5-4

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Table 5-2 lists and describes each ﬁeld in Menu 11.2 - Remote Node PPP Options. Refer

to“Bandwidth on Demand” on page 5-6 for further information about related ﬁelds in this menu.

Table 5-2.

Fields in Menu 11.2 - Remote Node PPP Options

Description

Field

Encapsulation

Select CCP (Compression Control Protocol) for the PPP or MP link. Two options

are available in this ﬁeld:

• Standard PPP—Standard PPP options are used (default).

• CISCO PPP—Cisco Systems PPP options are used.

Compression

Allows the negotiation of data compression with the remote node router.

Multiple Link Options:

BOD Calculation

Select the direction of the trafﬁc you want to calculate in order to determine when

to add or subtract a link. The default for this ﬁeld is Transmit or Receive.

Base Trans Rate

Max Trans Rate

Select the base data transfer rate for this remote node. This parameter is in

kilobits per second (Kbps). Two options are available for this ﬁeld:

• 64—Only one channel will be used (default).

• 128—Two channels will be used when a packet triggers a call.

Enter the maximum data transfer rate allowed for this remote node. This

parameter is in kilobits per second. There are two options for this ﬁeld:

• 64—At most, one channel can be used (default).

• 128—A maximum of two channels can be used.

Target Utility

Add Persist

Enter the two thresholds separated by a hyphen ( - ) for subtracting and adding

the second channel. The default is 32-48.

This parameter speciﬁes the number of seconds that trafﬁc must be above the

adding threshold before the router brings up the second channel. The default is

5 seconds.

Subtract Persist

This parameter speciﬁes the number of seconds that trafﬁc must be below the

subtraction threshold before the router drops the second channel. The default is

5 seconds.

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Bandwidth on Demand

The Bandwidth on Demand (BOD) feature allows you to bundle both B channels in one logical

connection. The second channel is added and subtracted dynamically according to trafﬁc demand.

The router uses the Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP) and the Multilink Protocol

(MP) in implementing bandwidth on demand.

The conﬁguration of bandwidth on demand focuses on the Base Transmission Rate (BTR) and the

Maximum Transmission Rate (MTR). The relationship between BTR and MTR is shown in

Table 5-3.

Relationship Between BTR and MTR

Number of Channels

Used to Initiate Call

Max Number of

Channels Used

BTR & MTR Setting

Bandwidth on Demand

BTR = 64, MTR = 64

BTR = 64, MTR = 128

BTR = 128, MTR = 128

Off

When the Bandwidth on Demand feature is enabled, a second channel is brought up if trafﬁc on

the initial channel is higher than the high Target Utility number for longer than the speciﬁed Add

Persist value. Similarly, the second channel is dropped if the trafﬁc level falls below the lowTarget

Utility number for longer than the Subtract Persist value.

The Target Utility speciﬁes the line utilization range at which you want the router to add or

subtract bandwidth. The range is 30 to 64 Kbps. The parameters are separated by a hyphen ( - ).

For example, 30-60 means the add threshold is 60 Kbps and the subtract threshold is 30 Kbps. The

router performs bandwidth on demand only if it initiates the call. Addition and subtraction are

based on the value set in the BOD Calculation ﬁeld. If this ﬁeld is set to Transmit or Receive,

trafﬁc in either direction is calculated to determine if a link should be added or dropped. Transmit

uses only outgoing trafﬁc to make this determination, and Receive uses only incoming trafﬁc to

make this determination.

5-6

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Chapter 6

Dial-In Conﬁguration

You can conﬁgure the router to receive calls from remote dial-in users (for example,

telecommuters) and remote nodes. Several differences exist between remote dial-in users and

remote nodes:

•The

router

can

make

calls

answer

calls

from

the

remote

node,

calls are incoming or callback only.

•Each remote node can have

its

own

set

parameters

such as

bandw

and security; however, all remote dial-in users share one common set, as deﬁned in the Default

Dial In Setup (Menu 13).

•Typically,

remote

dial-in

users

are

individual

users

who

dial

the

their workstations; and remote nodes represent networks and are used for LAN-to-LAN

connections.

This chapter discusses how to set up default dial-in parameters for both a remote node and a

remote dial-in user.

Default Dial-In Setup

This section covers the default dial-in parameters. The parameters in Menu 13 affect incoming

calls from all remote dial-in users and remote nodes before authentication is completed. After

authentication is completed, if it matches a remote node, the router uses parameters from that

particular remote node.

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From the Main Menu, enter 13 to display Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup.

When you ﬁnish ﬁlling in Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup, press [Enter] at the ENTER to

Conﬁrm... prompt to save your selections. You can press [Esc] at any time to cancel your

selections.

Table 6-1 lists and describes the ﬁelds in the Default Dial-in Setup menu and explains how to

conﬁgure the protocol-independent ﬁelds in this menu.

Table 6-1.

Field

Fields in Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup

Description

Telco Options:

CLID Authen

This ﬁeld sets the CLID authentication parameter for all incoming calls.

The three options for this ﬁeld are:

• None—No CLID is required (default).

• Required—You must provide the CLID, or the call is disconnected.

• Preferred—If the CLID is available, it is used to do authentication. If the

CLID is not available, the call continues.

PPP Options:

Recv Authen

This ﬁeld sets the authentication protocol used for incoming calls.

The four options for this ﬁeld are:

• CHAP/PAP—The router tries CHAP ﬁrst, but PAP is used if CHAP is not

available (default).

• CHAP—Use CHAP only.

• PAP—Use PAP only.

• None—No authentication is required.

Compression

Mutual Authen

This ﬁeld allows the negotiation of data compression with the equipment of

the dial-in user.

Some vendors (for example, Cisco Systems) implement a type of mutual

authentication. That is, the node that initiates the call requests a user

name and password from the far end that it is dialing to. If the remote node

that is dialing in implements this type of authentication, set this ﬁeld toYes.

Choose one of the following for setting PAP:

• PAP Login—This ﬁeld is enabled only if the Mutual Authen ﬁeld is

set to Yes. Enter the login name to be used to respond to the PAP

authentication request of the far end. This ﬁeld does not apply to CHAP

authentication.

• PAP Password—This ﬁeld is enabled only if the Mutual Authen ﬁeld is

set to Yes. Enter the PAP password to be used to respond to the

authentication request of the far end. This ﬁeld does not apply to CHAP

authentication.

6-2

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Table 6-1.

Field

Fields in Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup (continued)

Description

Multiple Link Options:

Max Trans Rate

Enter the maximum data transfer rate between your router and the remote

dial-in user in this ﬁeld. The unit is in Kbps. The two options for this ﬁeld

are:

• 64—At most, one B channel is used.

• 128—A maximum of two channels can be used (default).

When the router calls back to the remote dial-in user, the maximum data

transfer rate is always 64.

Callback Budget Management:

Allocated Budget (min)

This ﬁeld sets a budget callback time for all the remote dial-in users.

The default for this ﬁeld is 0 for no budget control.

Period (hr)

This ﬁeld sets the time interval to reset the above callback budget control.

IP Address Supplied By:

Dial-in User

If this ﬁeld is set to Yes, the router allows a remote host to specify its own

IP address. If this ﬁeld is set to No, the remote host uses the IP address

assigned by the router from the IP pool. The default is Yes.

IP Pool

If this ﬁeld is set to Yes, the router provides the remote host with an IP

address from the pool. This ﬁeld is required if Dial-In IP Address Supplied

By: Dial-in User is set to No.You can conﬁgure this ﬁeld even if Dial-in

User is set to Yes, in which case the router accepts the IP address if the

remote peer speciﬁes one; otherwise, an IP address is assigned from the

pool. The default is No. Choose from the following options to set the IP

address and the IP count:

• IP Start Addr—This ﬁeld is active only if you selected Yes in the Dial-In

IP Address Supplied By: IP Pool ﬁeld. The IP pool contains contiguous

IP addresses, and this ﬁeld speciﬁes the ﬁrst one in the pool.

• IP Count (1,2)—In this ﬁeld, enter the number (1 or 2) of the addresses

in the IP pool. For example, if the starting address is 192.168.135.5 and

the count is 2, then the pool has 192.168.135.5 and 192.168.135.6.

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Table 6-1.

Fields in Menu 13 - Default Dial-in Setup (continued)

Description

Field

Session Options:

Input Filter Sets and

Output Filter Sets

In these ﬁelds, you can select the ﬁlter set(s) to ﬁlter the incoming and

outgoing trafﬁc between your router and the remote dial-in user. These

ﬁlter set(s) apply to all remote dial-in users but not the remote nodes.

You can choose from 12 different ﬁlter sets. In addition, you can link up

to 4 ﬁlter sets together for further customization (For example, 1, 5, 9, 12).

Spaces and commas ( , ) are accepted in this ﬁeld. For more information

about customizing your ﬁlter sets, see Chapter 8, “Filter Conﬁguration.”

The default is blank (no ﬁlters).

Idle Timeout

This value is the number of idle seconds that elapse before the dial-in user

is automatically disconnected. Idle timeout is the period of time when

there is no data trafﬁc between the dial-in user or remote node and the

router. This ﬁeld is used only if the Recv. Authen is set to None and the

call is not mapped to any remote node or remote dial-in user or the router

calls back to the remote dial-in user.

Dial-In Users Setup

To add a remote dial-in user, enter 14 from the main menu to display Dial-in User Setup.

To edit user parameters, select one of the eight users to go to the Edit Dial-in User menu.

When you have completed ﬁlling in Menu 14.1 - Edit Dial-in User, press [Enter] at the Press

ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to save your selections. You can press [Esc] at any time to cancel

your selections.

6-4

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Table 6-2 lists and describes the ﬁelds in the Edit Dial-in User menu.

Table 6-2.

Fields in Menu 14.1 - Edit Dial-in User

Description

Field

User Name

This ﬁeld is required and used as the login name for authentication. Choose

a descriptive word for login (For example, johndoe).

Active

You can disallow dial-in access to this user by setting this ﬁeld to Inactive.

When set to Inactive, the user record is still kept in the database for later

activation.

Password

Callback

Enter the password in this ﬁeld for the remote dial-in user.

This ﬁeld determines whether the router allows callbacks to the user upon

dial-in. Three modes are provided:

• No (default)—The router does not call back to the dial-in user.

• Optional—The router will call back if the dial-in user requests it.

• Mandatory—The router will always disconnect and call back to the

dial-in user.

If callback is enabled, the router disconnects the initial call and dials back

to the speciﬁed callback number or to a number speciﬁed by the user,

depending on which option is set below.

Phone #

Phone # Supplied

by Caller

If this ﬁeld is Yes, the Remote Dial-in User must specify the callback

telephone number on a call-by-call basis, which is useful when the router

returns a call back to a mobile user at different numbers. The default is No

(the router always calls back to a ﬁxed callback number). If Callback is No,

N/A appears in the ﬁeld.

Callback Phone #

If the previous ﬁeld (Phone # Supplied by Caller) is No, this ﬁeld is required.

Otherwise, N/A appears in the ﬁeld. Enter the telephone number that the

router should call back.

Rem CLID

If you have enabled the CLID Authen ﬁeld in Menu 13, you must specify the

telephone number from which this remote dial-in user calls. The router

checks this number against the CLID in the incoming call. If they do not

match and the CLID Authen is Required, the router rejects the call.

Idle Time-out

Enter the idle time (in seconds).This timeout determines how long the dial-in

user can be idle before the router disconnects the call. Idle time is deﬁned as

the period of time when there is no data trafﬁc between the dial-in user and

the router. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).

Dial-In Configuration

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Chapter 7

TCP/IP Conﬁguration

This chapter describes how to conﬁgure your Model RT328/RH348 router for TCP/IP. Depending

on your particular applications, you must conﬁgure different menus. For instance, Internet access

is the most common application of TCP/IP. For this application, you should conﬁgure Menu 4.

Conﬁgurations for other applications are provided in the following sections.

LAN-to-LAN Application

An example of a typical LAN-to-LAN application is to use the router to call from a branch ofﬁce

to the headquarters, as shown in Figure 7-1.

Corporate

Branch office

headquarters

Model RT328

router

Model RT328

router

7788EA

Figure 7-1.

LAN-to-LAN Application

For the branch ofﬁce, you must conﬁgure a remote node in order to dial out to the headquarters.

Additionally, you may also need to conﬁgure static routes if some services reside beyond the

immediate remote LAN.

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Remote Node Setup

See Chapter 5, “Remote Node Conﬁguration,” for information about using the protocol-

independent parameters on Menu 11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle. Use the ﬁelds described in

Table 7-1 to set the protocol-dependent parameters.

Note: If you are conﬁguring the router to receive an incoming call, you must also set the

default dial-in parameters in Menu 13 (see Chapter 6).

Table 7-1.

Fields in Menu 11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle Fields

Description

Field

Rem IP Address

Enter the IP address of the router at the remote site. If the remote router uses a

different IP address than the one entered here, the call will be terminated. A static

route will be created to the network address of the remote router. Note that if the

remote network uses a netmask other than the standard class netmask, you must

enter the netmask in the Edit IP Options submenu.

Edit IP

Press the space bar to change this ﬁeld to Yes and press [Enter] to display the Menu

11.3 - Remote Node Network Layer Options menu.

To set the protocol-dependent parameters:

1. Select Yes in the Edit IP ﬁeld of Submenu 11.1 - Remote Node Proﬁle.

2. Press [Enter] to display Menu 11.3 - Remote Node Network Layer Options.

3. Edit the options described in Table 7-2.

4. Press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to conﬁrm your selections and

return to the previous menu.

Press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

5. Continue to the end of Menu 11.1 and press [Enter] to save the selections you made in

Menu 11.3.

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Table 7-2 lists and describes the ﬁelds for Menu 11.3 - Remote Node Network Layer Options.

Table 7-2.

Menu 11.3 Remote Node Network Layer Options Fields

Description

Field

Rem IP Address

This read-only ﬁeld shows the IP address you entered for this remote node in the

previous menu.

Rem Subnet Mask

My WAN Addr

This ﬁeld will display the standard class netmask for the network address of the

remote router. If the remote network uses a netmask other than the standard

class netmask, you must enter the netmask here.

Some network implementations require hosts on both ends of the ISDN link to

have separate addresses from the LAN, and these addresses must have the

same network number. If this situation, known as numbered links, applies to your

network, enter the IP address in this ﬁeld that is assigned to the WAN port of your

router. This is the address assigned to the local router, not the remote router.

Single User Account

If this ﬁeld is set to Yes, the router performs NAT (IP Address Masquerading)

to this node. See “Single IP Address Operation Using NAT” on page 1-13 for

information about the Single User Account feature. The default is No.

Single User Account:

Server IP Addr

If you have selected Single User Account and want to make your local server

accessible to outside users, enter the IP address of that server here. Incoming

packets with destination port numbers not handled by the router will be forwarded

to this server address.

Metric

The Metric ﬁeld represents the cost of transmission for routing purposes. IP

routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of 1 for

directly connected networks. Enter a number in this ﬁeld that approximates the

cost for this link. The number need not be precise, but it must be between 1 and

16. In practice, 2 or 3 is usually a good number.

Private

This ﬁeld determines if the router includes the route to this remote node in its RIP

broadcasts. If set to Yes, this route is kept private and not included in any RIP

broadcast. If set to No, the route to this remote node is propagated to other hosts

through RIP broadcasts.

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Table 7-2.

Menu 11.3 Remote Node Network Layer Options Fields (continued)

Description

Field

RIP:

This parameter determines how the router handles RIP (Routing Information

Protocol). If set to Both (default), the router broadcasts the routing table of the

router on the LAN and incorporates RIP broadcasts by other routers into its

routing table. If set to In Only, the router broadcasts its routing table on the LAN.

If set to Out Only, the router broadcasts its routing table, but it ignores any RIP

broadcast packets that it receives. If set to None, the router does not participate in

any RIP exchange with other routers. Usually, you should leave this parameter

at the default (Both) and let RIP propagate the routing information automatically.

RIP Direction

RIP Version

This ﬁeld determines how the router handles RIP (Routing Information Protocol).

The following RIP options are supported by the Model RT328/RH348 router:

• RIP-1—The router will accept and send RIP-1 messages only.

• RIP-2B—The router will accept RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (both broadcast

and multicast), and send RIP-2 messages in broadcast format.

• RIP-2M—The router will accept RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (both broadcast

and multicast), and send RIP-2 messages in multicast format.

For most applications, the recommended version is RIP-2B. Select RIP-1 if other

connected routers or workstations have problems with RIP-2. Select RIP-2M only

in a pure RIP-2 environment.

Static Route Setup

On a directly connected internetwork, RIP usually handles the routing automatically. However,

RIP cannot propagate across isolated networks, as in the case before a connection is made between

two subnetworks using one Class C IP address. Without a route, no packets can be forwarded to

their destinations. A static route is used to resolve this problem by providing the router with some

static routing information. When you conﬁgure for Internet access or a remote node, a static route

is implicitly created by the router.

Under normal circumstances, the router has adequate routing information after you conﬁgure the

Internet access and remote nodes, and you do not need to conﬁgure additional static routes. You

must conﬁgure static routes only for unusual cases (for example, subnetting). To view the routes in

the routing table, go to the Command Interpreter Mode (Menu 24.8) and type “ip route stat.” After

viewingthetable, type“exit”toreturntothemenus.TocreateadditionalstaticroutesforIP, use

Menu 12 - Static Route Setup. Select an unused number from the menu, and a new menu appears.

This menu is Menu 12.1, the Edit IP Static Route menu.

When you complete the menu, press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to save your

selections, or press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

7-4

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Table 7-3 lists and describes the ﬁelds for Menu 12.1 - Edit IP Static Route.

Table 7-3.

Field

Edit IP Static Route Menu Fields

Description

Route Name

Active

Enter a descriptive name for this route for identiﬁcation purposes only.

This ﬁeld allows you to activate or deactivate this static route.

Destination IP Address

This ﬁeld speciﬁes the IP network address of the ﬁnal destination. Routing is

always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single

host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask ﬁeld to force

the network number to be identical to the host ID.

IP Subnet Mask

Enter the subnet mask for this destination. For more information about setting

IP subnet masks, see “Subnet Addressing” on page 1-10.

Gateway IP Address

Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is an immediate neighbor

of the router that forwards the packet to the destination. On the LAN, the

gateway must be a router on the same segment as the router. Over ISDN, the

gateway must be the IP address of one of the remote nodes.

Metric

The Metric ﬁeld represents the cost of transmission for routing purposes. IP

routing uses hop counts as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of 1 for

directly connected networks. Enter a number that approximates the cost for

this link. The number does not have to be precise, but it must be between 1

and 16. In practice, 2 or 3 is usually a good number.

Private

This ﬁeld determines if the router includes the route to this remote node in its

RIP broadcasts. If set toYes, this route is kept private and not included in any

RIP broadcast. If set to No, the route to this remote node is propagated to

other hosts through RIP broadcasts.

TCP/IP Configuration

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Chapter 8

Filter Conﬁguration

This chapter provides information about using ﬁlters and conﬁguring ﬁlters for your

Model RT328/RH348 router.

The router uses ﬁlters to decide whether to allow passage of a data packet and/or to make a call

over the ISDN line. Three types of ﬁlters are involved: incoming data ﬁlters, outgoing data ﬁlters,

and call ﬁlters. Data ﬁlters screen the data to determine if the packet should be allowed to pass.

Call ﬁlters are used to determine if a call should be placed.

Outgoing packets must pass through the data ﬁlters before they encounter call ﬁlters. The call

ﬁlters are divided into two groups: default call ﬁlters and user-deﬁned call ﬁlters. The Model

RT328/RH348 router has default call ﬁlters that ﬁlter out administrative packets (for example, RIP

packets). The router applies the default ﬁlters ﬁrst and then, if applicable, applies the user-deﬁned

call ﬁlters as shown in Figure 8-1.

Call filters

match

Active data

Initiate call

Built-in

default call

filters

User-defined

call filters

(if applicable)

Outgoing

packet

Data

filters

if line not up

Send packet

and reset

idle timer

Match

Drop packet

if line not up

Drop packet

if line not up

Drop

packet

Send packet

but do not

Send packet

but do not

reset idle timer

7787EA

Figure 8-1.

Outgoing Packet Filtering Process

Filter Configuration

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For incoming packets, the router applies data ﬁlters only. Packets are processed depending on

whether a match is made. The router allows you to customize the ﬁlter sets that you want to use.

The following sections describe how to conﬁgure the ﬁlter sets for the router.

Router Filter Structure

You can conﬁgure up to 12 ﬁlter sets, each with up to six rules. For IP packets, these rules involve

comparing the protocol type of a data packet (for example, TCP, UDP), source or destination

addresses, or port numbers. Also, a generic ﬁlter may be deﬁned to merely test for a byte or pattern

of bytes in a particular location in the packet. When a rule is met (or not met), a user-speciﬁed

action is taken. This action may be to forward the packet, drop the packet, or go to the next rule.

When implementing these ﬁlter sets, you can link up to four of the ﬁlter sets together to screen

the data packet. Therefore, with each ﬁlter set having up to six rules, you can have a maximum

of 24 rules active for a single ﬁltering application.

Conﬁguring a Filter Set

To conﬁgure a ﬁlter set, select option 21 in the Main Menu. This selection brings up Menu 21 -

Filter Set Conﬁguration. From this menu, you can choose from among 12 ﬁlter sets. Select the

ﬁlter that you want to conﬁgure or choose an unused set to create a new ﬁlter. In order to

distinguish between the 12 ﬁlter sets, each ﬁlter set should have a name or some comments. When

you select a set for editing, you will be prompted to provide some descriptive text to be displayed

in the comment ﬁeld of Menu 21 next to the ﬁlter number.

When you have ﬁnished ﬁlling in the Edit Comments ﬁeld, press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to

Conﬁrm... prompt to conﬁrm your selections, or press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections.

The new information will now be displayed in the read-only section of Menu 21 - Filter Set

Conﬁguration.

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When you press [Enter], Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary is displayed. The information in this

menu is read-only; the parameters of each rule that you conﬁgured for that set are displayed.

Table 8-1 lists and describes the abbreviations used in Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary.

Table 8-1.

Abbreviations Used in Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary

Description

Abbreviation

Refers to the ﬁlter rule number (1–6).

Refers to Active.Y means the ﬁlter rule is active, and N means the ﬁlter rule is inactive.

Refers to the type of ﬁlter rule and can display GEN for generic or IP for TCP/IP.

The ﬁlter rule parameters are displayed here.

Type

Filter Rules

Refers to More.Y means there are more rules to check. N means there are no rules to

check.

Refers to Action Matched. F means to forward the packet, D means to drop the

packet, and N means to check the next rule.

Refers to Action Not Matched. F means to forward the packet, D means to drop the

packet, and N means to check the next rule.

For more information about ﬁlter rules, refer to “Conﬁguring a Filter Rule,” on page 8-4.

If the ﬁlter type is IP (TCP/IP), the abbreviations listed in Table 8-2 are used.

Table 8-2.

Abbreviations Used if Filter Type Is IP

Description

Abbreviation

Protocol

Source Address

Source Port number

Destination Address

Filter Configuration

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If the ﬁlter type is GEN (generic), the abbreviations listed in Table 8-3 are used.

Table 8-3.

Abbreviations Used if Filter Type Is GEN

Description

Abbreviation

Off

Offset

Len

Length

To conﬁgure a speciﬁc ﬁlter rule, select the number of the ﬁlter rule (1–6) that you want to

conﬁgure and press [Enter] to display Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP Filter Rule.

Conﬁguring a Filter Rule

You can conﬁgure two types of ﬁlter rules. Some of the parameters differ depending on the type

of rule. When you ﬁrst enter the ﬁlter rule menu, Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP Filter Rule is displayed. If

you want to conﬁgure another type of ﬁlter rule, select the appropriate type by pressing the space

bar under the Filter Type ﬁeld and then pressing [Enter] to display the menu for the ﬁlter rule you

want to enter.

TCP/IP Filter Rule

This section provides information about how to conﬁgure a TCP/IP ﬁlter rule for your router.

The ﬁelds in the menu are given in Table 8-4. When you have completed Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP

Filter Rule, press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm...prompt to conﬁrm your selections.

You can press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections. The data you entered on

Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP Filter Rule is displayed on Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary.

Table 8-4 lists and describes the TCP/IP Filter Rule menu ﬁelds and a description of each ﬁeld.

8-4

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TCP/IP Filter Rule Menu Fields

Table 8-4.

Field

Descriptions

Active

In this ﬁeld, you can make the ﬁlter rule active (Yes) or make the ﬁlter rule inactive (No).

IP Protocol

Protocol refers to the IP-speciﬁc number of the protocol. The range for the value

entered in this ﬁeld should be between 0 and 255 (for example, 6 refers to the TCP

protocol).

IP Source Route Yes or No in this ﬁeld determines whether to check the source route.

Destination:

IP Addr

IP Mask

Port #

In this ﬁeld, enter the destination IP address of the packet you want to ﬁlter. The

address is usually written in dotted-decimal notation such as a.b.c.d where a, b, c, and

d are numbers between 0 and 255.

In this ﬁeld, enter the IP subnet mask that will be used to mask the bits of the

IP address given in Destination: IP Addr. Refer to Chapter 1, “Introduction,” for more

information.

In this ﬁeld, enter the destination port of the packets that you want to ﬁlter. The range of

this ﬁeld is 0 to 65535.

Port # Comp In this ﬁeld, select the comparison quantiﬁer you want to enable to compare to the value

given in Destination: Port #. There are ﬁve options for this ﬁeld:

• None (default)

• Less

• Greater

• Equal

• Not Equal

Source:

IP Addr

In this ﬁeld, enter the source IP address of the packet you want to ﬁlter. The IP address

is usually written in dotted-decimal notation such as a.b.c.d where a, b, c, and d are

numbers between 0 and 255.

IP Mask

Port #

In this ﬁeld, enter the IP subnet mask that is used to mask the bits of the IP Address

given in Source: IP Addr. See “Netmask” on page 1-9 for information about IP subnet

masks.

In this ﬁeld, enter the source port of the packets that you want to ﬁlter. The range of this

ﬁeld is 0 to 65535.

Filter Configuration

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Table 8-4.

Field

TCP/IP Filter Rule Menu Fields (continued)

Descriptions

Source

(continued):

Port # Comp

In this ﬁeld, select the comparison quantiﬁer you want to use to compare to the value

given in Source: Port #. There are ﬁve options for this ﬁeld:

• None (Default)

• Less

• Greater

• Equal

• Not Equal

TCP Estab

This ﬁeld is dependent upon the IP Protocol ﬁeld. This ﬁeld is inactive (N/A) unless the

value in that ﬁeld is 6 (TCP protocol). In this ﬁeld, you determine what type of TCP

packets to ﬁlter. There are two options:

• Yes—Filter match only established TCP connections

• No—Filter match both initial and established TCP connections (Default)

In this ﬁeld, you can determine if you want to pass the packet through the next ﬁlter rule

before an action is taken. Two options are available for this ﬁeld:

• Yes

• No (default)

If More is Yes, then Action Matched and Action Not Matched is N/A.

Log

In this ﬁeld, you can determine if you want to log the results of packets attempting to

pass the ﬁlter rule. These results are displayed on the System Log (see “View Error

Log” on page 9-4). Seven options are available for this ﬁeld:

• None—No packets are logged (default).

• Action Matched—Only packets that match the rule parameters are logged.

• Action Not Matched—Only packets that do not match the rule parameters are logged.

Both—All packets are logged.

• Check Next Rule (default)

• Forward

• Drop

Action Matched

Action Not

If the conditions for the ﬁlter rule are not met, you can specify what to do with the

packet. There are three options for this ﬁeld:

Matched

• Check Next Rule (default)

• Forward

• Drop

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Generic Filter Rule

This section provides information about conﬁguring the protocol-independent parameters for

a generic ﬁlter rule for your router. Table 8-5 lists the ﬁelds in the menu. When you complete

Menu 21.1.1 - Generic Filter Rule, press [Enter] at the Press ENTER to Conﬁrm... prompt to

conﬁrm your selections. Press [Esc] at any time to cancel your selections. The data entered is

displayed on Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary.

Table 8-5.

Field

Generic Filter Rule Menu Fields

Description

Active

Offset

In this ﬁeld, you can make the ﬁlter rule active (Yes) or inactive (No).

Offset refers to the value of the byte that you want to use as your starting offset.That is,

in the data packet, at what point do you want to begin the comparison. The range for

this ﬁeld is from 0 to 255. Default = 0.

Length

Mask

This ﬁeld refers to the length (in bytes) of the data in the packet that the router should

use for comparison and masking.The starting point of this data is determined by Offset.

The range for this ﬁeld is 0 to 8. Default = 0.

In this ﬁeld, specify (in hexadecimal) the value that the router should logically qualify

and the data in the packet. Because length is given in bytes, enter a hexadecimal

number that is twice the speciﬁed length for numbers in this ﬁeld. For example, if length

is 4, a valid Mask must have 8 hexadecimal numbers (1155ABF8).

Value

In this ﬁeld, specify (in hexadecimal) the value that the router should use to compare

with the masked packet. The value should align with Offset. Because length is given in

bytes, you need to enter twice the length in hexadecimal numbers for this ﬁeld. For

example, if length is 4, a valid Value must have 8 hexadecimal numbers (1155ABF8).

If the result from the masked packet matches Value, then the packet is considered

matched.

In this ﬁeld, you can determine whether to pass the packet through the next ﬁlter rule

before an action is taken. There are two options for this ﬁeld:

• Yes

• No (Default)

If Yes is selected for this ﬁeld, Action Matched and Action Not Matched will be N/A.

Filter Configuration

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Table 8-5.

Generic Filter Rule Menu Fields (continued)

Description

Field

Log

In this ﬁeld, you can determine if you want to log the results of packets attempting to

pass the ﬁlter rule. These results are displayed on the System Log (see “View Error

Log” on page 9-4). Seven options are available for this ﬁeld:

• None—No packets are logged (default).

• Action Matched—Only packets that match the rule parameters are logged.

• Action Not Matched—Only packets that do not match the rule parameters are logged.

• Both—All packets are logged.

• Check Next Rule (default)

• Forward

• Drop

Action Matched,

Action Not

If the conditions for the ﬁlter rule are not met, you can specify what to do with

the packet. Three options are available for this ﬁeld:

Matched

• Check Next Rule (default)

• Forward

• Drop

Applying a Filter Set

After conﬁguring a ﬁlter set in Menu 21, you must specify where and how the ﬁlter will be used.

Data ﬁlters can be applied either at the LAN interface (in Menu 3.1) or at the Remote Node

interface (Menu 11.1) and can be speciﬁed for incoming or outgoing packets. Call ﬁlters, which

determine whether or not to place a call to forward the packet, are applied at the Remote Node

interface (Menu 11.1). Up to four ﬁlter sets can be applied to the same port by entering the

numbers of the desired ﬁlter sets, separated by commas, with no spaces. In the following example,

the Remote Node Proﬁle line of Menu 11.1 speciﬁes that ﬁlter sets 1, 3, and 10 are used to

determine whether a packet causes a call to be placed to the Remote Node.

Call Filter Sets = 1,3,10

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Reducing Unnecessary Calls by Windows 95

One example of when to apply a ﬁlter set is reducing unnecessary calls by Windows^®95. When

using Windows 95 with a dial-up ISDN router, you may need to make some conﬁguration changes

to avoid having ISDN calls placed unnecessarily. Most of these unnecessary calls are caused by

PCs on the LAN trying to perform local NetBIOS name resolution, either in response to a user

action (browsing the Network Neighborhood or turning a PC on or off, for example) or as periodic

background activity. In some cases, this NetBIOS activity can be kept local by other means, such

as conﬁguring a WINS or DNS server on the local network, using an LMHOSTS ﬁle to store

addresses of local hosts, or turning off NetBIOS name resolution by DNS. A simpler method is to

ﬁlter NetBIOS trafﬁc using the ﬁltering capabilities of your Model RT328/RH348 router.

Diagnosing the Situation

If you already know the source or types of packets that are causing the problem, you can proceed

directly to the design of the ﬁlter. Otherwise, you can use a sniffer or the router’s built-in tools to

determine the source. A particularly useful tool is the display in Menu 24.1 of the “LAN Packet

Which Triggered Last Call.” Figure 8-2 illustrates the header of the packet that caused an

unwanted call to be placed.

LAN Packet Which Triggered Last Call: (Type: IP)

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

00 2A 63 C8 01 85 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 0A 53 41 4E 54 41 43 4C

Figure 8-2.

LAN Packet Which Triggered Last Call

Filter Configuration

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You can wait until an erroneous call is placed, then examine this packet header to determine the

source and cause. The IP packet header contains information such as the next-level protocol type

(for example, ICMP, TCP, UDP), source and destination addresses, and source and destination port

numbers. Analyzing this data reveals the cause of the call, which provides the user with an

approach to eliminating the calls. For example, the ﬁrst line of the packet shows the following (hex

values converted to decimal):

•

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

Bold characters denote protocol (17, or 11h =UDP).

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

Bold characters denote source IP (141.251.23.18=local PC).

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

Bold characters denote destination IP (207.69.188.185=DNS server).

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

Bold characters denote source port number (137 or 89h=NetBIOS name service).

45 00 00 3E 9E 05 00 00 1F 11 CC 9D 8D FB 17 12 CF 45 BC B9 00 89 00 35

Bold characters denote destination port number (53, or 35h=DNS).

This packet represents a NetBIOS name service request from a local PC to the DNS server of the

ISP. An initial strategy for blocking this type of call would be to set up a call ﬁlter to prevent calls

from being originated by UDP packets with a source port of 137 (NetBIOS name service). Further

investigation would reveal that other ports are associated with NetBIOS services, and these ports

should be blocked, too.

A comprehensive list of protocol and port numbers for common IP trafﬁc can be found in IETF

RFC1700, “Assigned Numbers.” Many common port numbers are also listed on anyWindows PC

in a ﬁle called \windows\services. In the case of ﬁltering NetBIOS trafﬁc, the relevant ports are:

•

137 (TCP and UDP) NetBIOS Name Service

138 (TCP and UDP) NetBIOS Datagram Service

139 (TCP and UDP) NetBIOS Session Service

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Implementing the Filter

Now you can proceed to deﬁne a call ﬁlter to block the three NetBIOS service ports.

The Filter Set Conﬁguration Menu is shown in Figure 8-3.

To deﬁne a call ﬁlter:

1. Go to Menu 21 - Filter Set Conﬁguration, and choose a name and ﬁlter set.

Menu 21 - Filter Set Configuration

Filter

Set #

Filter

Set #

Comments

------ -----------------

netbios

_______________

Enter Filter Set Number to Configure= 1

Edit Comments= netbios

Press ENTER to Confirm or ESC to Cancel:

Figure 8-3.

Menu 21 Filter Set Conﬁguration

2. Next, deﬁne the ﬁlter rules.

You want your ﬁlter to ignore (drop) UDP and TCP packets originating from ports 137, 138,

and 139. Because each protocol/port combination must be speciﬁed as a separate rule, there

will be six rules. Each ﬁlter set contains six rules, so you will ﬁll one entire set. Begin with

rule 1, as illustrated in Figure 8-3.

Filter Configuration

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3. Set “Active” to Yes, and specify the IP Protocol as 17, which is the UDP protocol number

(in decimal) from the Assigned Numbers RFC as described on page 8-10.

4. Specify Source Port #137, NetBIOS Naming Service, and set the Port # Comparison ﬁeld

to look for port numbers “equal” to 137.

For packets that match this comparison, you want to drop the packet, so set Action Matched to

“Drop.” For packets not matching, you want to continue to the next rule, so setAction Not

Matched to “Check Next Rule.”

Figure 8-4 shows Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP Filter Rule.

Menu 21.1.1 - TCP/IP Filter Rule

Filter #: 1,1

Filter Type= TCP/IP Filter Rule

Active= Yes

IP Protocol= 17

IP Source Route= No

Destination: IP Addr= 0.0.0.0

IP Mask= 0.0.0.0

Port #= 0

Port # Comp= None

Source: IP Addr= 0.0.0.0

IP Mask= 0.0.0.0

Port #= 137

Port # Comp= Equal

TCP Estab= N/A

More= No

Log= None

Action Matched= Drop

Action Not Matched= Check Next Rule

Press ENTER to Confirm or ESC to Cancel:

Figure 8-4.

TCP/IP Filter Rule Menu

8-12

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5. Deﬁne the next ﬁve rules the same way—one for each combination of the three port

numbers and the two protocol types.

The last rule, however, will be slightly different. For Action Not Matched, select “Forward.”

Any packet that has not matched any of the six rules will be forwarded for routing.

When all six rules are deﬁned, Menu 21.1 should appear as it does in Figure 8-5. As a visual

check, make sure that all six rules contain “Y” in the A (Active) ﬁeld, “D” (Drop) in the m

(matched) ﬁeld, and “N” (next rule) in the n (not matched) ﬁeld, except for the last rule, which

should have “F” (Forward) in the n ﬁeld.

Figure 8-5 shows the Filter Rules Summary menu with all six rules deﬁned.

Menu 21.1 - Filter Rules Summary

# A Type

Filter Rules

M m n

- - ---- --------------------------------------------------------- - - -

1 Y IP

2 Y IP

3 Y IP

4 Y IP

5 Y IP

6 Y IP

Pr=17, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=137, DA=0.0.0.0

Pr=17, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=138, DA=0.0.0.0

Pr=17, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=139, DA=0.0.0.0

Pr= 6, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=137, DA=0.0.0.0

Pr= 6, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=138, DA=0.0.0.0

Pr= 6, SA=0.0.0.0, SP=139, DA=0.0.0.0

N D N

N D F

Enter Filter Rule Number (1-6) to Configure:

Figure 8-5.

Filter Rules Summary Menu

Filter Configuration

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Applying the Filter

When the ﬁlter design is ﬁnished, you must tell the router where to apply the ﬁlter. Apply it as a

Call Filter in the remote node that reaches your DNS server(s) (usually your ISP node). Go to

Menu 11.1, Remote Node Proﬁle, and enter the number of the ﬁlter under “Call Filter Sets” as

shown in Figure 8-6. If you have multiple ﬁlters, you can cascade up to four by entering their

numbers separated by commas.

Figure 8-6 shows the Remote Node Proﬁle Menu.

Menu 11.1 - Remote Node Profile

Rem Node Name= MyISP

Active= Yes

Edit PPP Options= No

Rem IP Addr= 0.0.0.0

Edit IP= No

Call Direction= Outgoing

Incoming:

Telco Option:

Rem Login=

Transfer Type= 64K

Allocated Budget(min)= 0

Period(hr)= 0

Rem Password= ********

Rem CLID= N/A

Call Back= N/A

Outgoing:

Session Options:

My Login= netgear

My Password= ********

Authen= CHAP/PAP

Pri Phone #= 18005551212

Sec Phone #=

Input Filter Sets=

Output Filter Sets=

Call Filter Sets= 1 <<- APPLY

Idle Timeout(sec)= 300

Press ENTER to Confirm or ESC to Cancel:

Figure 8-6.

Remote Node Proﬁle Menu

When you ﬁnish, restart the router.

8-14

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Chapter 9

System Maintenance

The Model RT328/RH348 router provides diagnostic tools for maintenance. These diagnostic

tools include displays of system status, ISDN B channel status, log and trace capabilities, and

upgrades to the system software. This chapter describes the use of these tools.

System Status

The System Maintenance Status Menu (Menu 24.1) allows the user to monitor the operation of the

router. This screen displays the current status of the ISDN telephone line and the Ethernet port, and

it counts the number of packets sent and received. It also displays the system software version.

Enter 24 from the Main Menu to display the System Maintenance Menu. Then enter 1 to display

Menu 24.1 - System Maintenance Status Menu. Table 9-1 lists the commands used in the System

Maintenance Status Menu.

Table 9-1.

Command

System Maintenance Status Menu Fields

Field Name

Description

Enter 1

Enter 2

Enter 3

[Esc]

Discon B1

This ﬁelds disconnects the current B1 channel call.

This ﬁeld disconnects the current B2 channel call.

This ﬁeld resets the counters.

Discon B2

Reset counters

Pressing [Esc] exits the screen.

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Table 9-2 lists the ﬁelds for Menu 24.1 - System Maintenance Status. These ﬁelds are read-only

ﬁelds.

Table 9-2.

System Maintenance Status Menu Fields

Description

Field

ISDN:

This ﬁeld displays the statistics for B1 and B2 channels. For each channel the screen

displays:

Link

The remote node the channel is currently connected to, or the status of the channel

(Idle, Calling, or Answering).

Type

The current connecting speed (56 K or 64 K).

TXPkt

RXPkt

Error

The number of packets transmitted on this channel since reset or manual clear.

The number of packets received on this channel since reset or manual clear.

The number of error packets on this channel since reset or manual clear.

The current line utilization—percentage of current bandwidth used on this channel.

The average line utilization —average CLU for this channel.

CLU

ALU

Up Time

The time that this channel has been connected to the current remote node.

Total Outcall Time The total outgoing call time for both B1 and B2 channels since the system has been

powered on.

Note that the time is shown in B-channel hours. When both B channels are active

simultaneously, the values in this ﬁeld will increase at twice real time.

Ethernet:

Status

This ﬁeld displays the current status of the LAN connection on your router.

This ﬁeld displays the current status of the LAN port.

TX Pkt

RX Pkt

Collision

Name

This ﬁeld displays the number of transmitted packets to LAN.

This ﬁeld displays the number of received packets from LAN.

This ﬁeld displays the number of collisions.

This ﬁeld displays the name of your router, which you conﬁgured in

Menu 1 - General Setup.

RAS S/W Version

This ﬁeld displays the version of the current router software.

ISDN F/W Version This ﬁeld displays the version of the current ISDN ﬁrmware.

Ethernet Address This ﬁeld displays the Ethernet MAC address assigned to your router.

9-2

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Table 9-2.

System Maintenance Status Menu Fields (continued)

Description

Field

Country Code

This ﬁeld displays the one-byte country code value (in decimal notation). For example,

255 indicates North America.

LAN Packet Which This ﬁeld displays the ﬁrst 48 octets of the LAN packet that triggered the last outgoing

Triggered Last Call call. Two types of packets are displayed: IP and RAW. By viewing the packet

information, you can determine which station has sent a packet to cause the router to

make an outgoing call.

Figure 9-1 illustrates two packet examples shown on Menu 24.1. The ﬁrst is an ICMP Ping packet

(Type: IP) triggering the call, and the second is a SAP broadcast packet (Type: RAW). With this

information, you can determine the source IP address (C0 44 87 22) of the packet or the source

MAC address (00 40 95 90 04 B9) of the packet.

LAN Packet Which Triggered Last call: (Type: IP)

45 00 00 3C 02 12 00 00 38 01 36 49 00 00 00 00 C0 44 87 22 08 00 62 2B

20 04 00 00 00 08 A9 D0 C0 44 87 22 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B

LAN Packet Which Triggered Last Call: (Type: Raw)

FF FF 00 22 00 11 00 00 00 00 FF FF FF FF FF FF 04 52 00 00 00 00 00 40

95 90 04 B9 40 08 00 03 02 78 01 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5 A5

Figure 9-1.

Packet Examples

Terminal Baud Rate

You can change the baud rate of the serial Manager connection through Menu 24.2, Terminal Baud

Rate. The router supports 9600 (default), 19200, and 38400 bits per second (bps) for the RS-232

connection.

To change the rate, toggle the selection using the space bar. When the desired rate is shown, press

[Enter]. You are given the opportunity to change the baud rate of your terminal before continuing.

System Maintenance

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Log and Trace

Log and trace tools allow the user to view the error logs and trace records in order to troubleshoot

any errors that may occur. The router can also generate system logs (syslogs) to send to other

machines.

Enter 24 to display Menu 24 - System Maintenance. Enter 3 to select the Log and Trace option and

display Menu 24.3 - System Maintenance - Log and Trace.

Table 9-3 lists the ﬁelds and commands for Menu 24.3 - System Maintenance - Log and Trace.

Table 9-3.

Command

System Maintenance - Log and Trace Menu Fields

Field

Enter 1

Enter 2

View Error Log

Syslog and Accounting

View Error Log

Select the ﬁrst option from Menu 24.3 - System Maintenance - Log and Trace to display the Error

prompted with an option to clear the Error Log. Enter the appropriate choice and press [Enter].

Syslog and Accounting

Syslog and Accounting can be conﬁgured in Menu 24.3.2 - System Maintenance - Syslog and

Accounting. Menu 24.3.2 conﬁgures the router to send UNIX system logs to another machine.

9-4

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You must conﬁgure the parameters to activate syslog (Table 9-4).

Table 9-4.

System Maintenance - Syslog and Accounting Menu Fields

Field

Command

Description

Active

Press the space bar to toggle between The syslog option is turned on or off.

yes and no.

Syslog IP Address Enter the address in dotted-decimal

notation such as a.b.c.d where a, b, c,

This ﬁeld is the IP address location to

send your syslog.

and d are numbers between 0 and 255.

Log Facility

Press the space bar to toggle between Seven different local options can be

on and off.

selected. This feature is used for UNIX

applications.

The router sends three different types of syslog messages:

•

Call information messages (CDR)

Error information messages

Session information messages

Examples of these messages are as follows:

•

Call Information Messages:

line 1 channel 1, call 41, C01, Incoming Call, 40001

line 1 channel 1, call 41, C01, ANSWER Connected, 64K 40001

line 1 channel 1, call 41, C01, Incoming Call, Call Terminated

•

Error Information Messages:

line 1, channel 1, call 44, E01, CLID call refuse

line 1, channel 1, call 45, E02, IP address mismatch

Session Information Messages:

line 1, channel 1, call 41, I01, IPCP up, 306L

line 1, channel 1, call 41, I01, IPCP down, 306L

System Maintenance

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Diagnostic Menu

The diagnostic menu allows you to test several functions of your router. From the Main Menu,

enter 24 to display Menu 24 - System Maintenance. Enter 4 to display Menu 24.4 - System

Maintenance - Diagnostic.

The diagnostic tools described in this section allow the user to perform the following functions:

•

Test the ISDN connection

Test the TCP/IP conﬁguration

Reboot the system

Change the interface mode to command-line mode

ISDN Tools

Use the commands and ﬁelds listed in Table 9-5 to test the ISDN connection from

Menu 24.4 - System Maintenance - Diagnostic.

Table 9-5.

System Maintenance - Diagnostic Menu Fields

Command Description

Field

Hang Up B1 Call

[Enter 1]

This command hangs up B channel 1. It is useful only if the B1 line is

currently connected to a remote node or a dial-in user.

Hang Up B2 Call

Reset ISDN

[Enter 2]

This command hangs up B channel 2. It is useful only if the B2 line is

currently connected to a remote node or a dial-in user.

[Enter3]

[Enter 4]

This command reinitializes the ISDN link to the telephone company.

ISDN Connection

Test

This command instructs the router to perform a loopback test of the

ISDN line. A call is placed from one B channel to the other, and data is

passed. A failure of this test indicates a problem either with the ISDN

line itself or with your current ISDN conﬁguration. Note the error

message that you receive and see your network administrator.

Manual Call

[Enter 5]

This command allows the user to place a manual call to a remote node

and tests the connectivity to that remote node. As the call is placed,

traces are displayed on the screen showing the progress of the call

setup and protocol negotiation.

9-6

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Figure 9-2 illustrates an example of a trace display for a successful call when using a TCP/IP

protocol connection.

Start dialing for node <1>

### Hit any key to continue.###

Dialing chan<2> phone(last 9—digit):40101

Call CONNECT speed<64000> chan<2> prot<1>

LCP up

CHAP send response

CHAP login to remote OK!

IPCP negotiation started

IPCP up

Figure 9-2.

Trace Display for a Successful TCP/IP Protocol Connection

Figure 9-3 shows an example of a trace display for a failed call when using a TCP/IP protocol

connection.

Start dialing for node<1>

### Hit any key to continue.###

Dialing chan<2> phone(last 9–digit):40101

Call CONNECT speed<64000> chan<2> prot<1>

LCP up

CHAP send response

###Login to remote failed. Check name/passwd.

Receive Terminate REQ

LCP down

Line Down chan<2>

Figure 9-3.

Trace Display for a Failed TCP/IP Protocol Connection

TCP/IP Tools

Enter 11 to select the Internet Setup Test. This test checks to see if your Internet access

conﬁguration has been done correctly. The router dials the ISP, performs authentication, and

establishes a connection. If everything is working properly, you receive an appropriate response.

If you receive an error message, note the error message and consult your network administrator.

Enter 12 to select Ping Host. This diagnostic test pings a local or remote host. You are prompted

for the IP address of the host.

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System Tools

Enter 21 to select Reboot System. Your system is rebooted, implementing any changes that may

have been recently added to your system.

Enter 22 to select Command Interpreter Mode. This option changes the Manager interface on your

router from the screen-based mode to a command line mode. The command line mode allows you

to conﬁgure, diagnose, and test your router using a speciﬁed set of commands. This mode is

capable of executing user-deﬁned scripts sent from the terminal. For more information, refer to

“Command Interpreter Mode,” on page 9-9.

Back Up Conﬁguration

Select option 5 from Menu 24 - Maintenance to back up the current conﬁguration settings of your

router onto a disk. NETGEAR highly recommends backing up your router conﬁguration after it is

functioning.

The procedure for downloading varies depending on the type of terminal software used to access

the router. Your terminal software must have the ability to transfer data using the XMODEM

Protocol to perform the backup. A backup is possible only through the serial cable connection.

Restore Conﬁguration

Select option 6 from Menu 24 - Maintenance to reload a previously backed up conﬁguration from

a disk to the router. The conﬁguration is stored in the internal ﬂash ROM of your router and is

retained even if a power failure occurs.

The procedure for uploading varies depending on the type of terminal software used to access the

router. Your terminal software must have the ability to transfer data using the XMODEM Protocol

to perform the upload. Restoring a conﬁguration is possible only through the serial cable

connection.

9-8

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Software Update

Software updates are possible only through the serial cable connection. You cannot use the Telnet

Protocol to update the software version of your router. Your serial communications software must

have the ability to transfer data using the XMODEM Protocol.

Caution: This procedure deletes the existing software before installing the new

software. Do not attempt to use this menu unless you have the new software version.

To update the software:

1. Select Menu 24 - System Maintenance.

2. Enter 7 to select Software Update.

A message is displayed asking if you want to continue.

3. Press y and wait for the Debug Mode command prompt.

4. Enter the command atur and wait.

After about 30 seconds, the router displays the Starting XMODEM upload... message.

5. Transfer the new software ﬁle to the router using the XMODEM Protocol of your serial

communications software.

6. Enter the command atgo to restart the router when the router displays the OK message.

Note: NETGEAR recommends that you change the Manager port baud rate to 38400

before updating the software. Doing so results in an update time of 5 to 10 minutes.

Command Interpreter Mode

Select option 8 from Menu 24, Maintenance, to enter the command interpreter mode. This mode

allows you to diagnose, test, and conﬁgure your router using a script or speciﬁed set of commands.

A list of valid commands can be found by typing help at the command prompt. For more detailed

information, check the NETGEAR Web site at http://NETGEAR.baynetworks.com.

System Maintenance

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Call Control

The Model RT328/RH348 router provides call control management functions for the remote node

and remote dial-in user. These functions are budget management, blacklist, and call history, which

are on the Call Control menu. Select option 9 from Menu 24 to display the Call Control menu.

Blacklist

The blacklist function prevents the router from redialing an unreachable phone number (a number

to which it has been unable to connect). The router maintains a list of phone numbers (up to a

maximum of 14) to which it will not make an outgoing call. When the router attempts to dial a

phone number and fails a certain number of times (conﬁgurable in Menu 24.9.1), the phone

number is put onto the blacklist. You must restore the number manually before it can be dialed

again. You can remove a phone number from the list by entering its index number at the Remove

Selection prompt.

Budget Management

The budget management function provides a way for you to set a limit on ISDN utilization to

prevent any accidental overuse. This function limits the total outgoing call time of the router over a

period of time to each remote node and remote dial-in user (callback only). When this limit is

reached, the call is dropped and further outgoing calls to that remote node or remote dial-in user

(callback) fail. If the total outgoing call time exceeds the set limit, future outgoing calls are not

made and the current call is dropped. After each total period, the total budget is reset. The default

for the total budget is 0 minutes, and the total period is 0 hours. These values disable budget

control. You can reset the total outgoing call time through the Call Control menu. The total

outgoing call timer can be programmed to reset itself periodically through menus 11 and 13.

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Call History

The call history function displays statistics of data calls to or from up to the ﬁrst 10 phone numbers

seen. The following statistics are shown:

•

Phone number

Direction (incoming or outgoing)

Data rate

Number of calls

Call time (maximum, minimum, and total)

This information is erased when the router is reset.

Call Control Parameters

General call control parameters are conﬁgured in Menu 24.9.1 - Call Control Parameters.

The following parameters are general call control parameters:

•

Dialer Timeout: Digital Call (sec)

The router gives up if it cannot set up an outgoing digital call within the timeout value.

The default is 30 seconds.

Retry Counter

This parameter counts how many times a busy or no-answer phone number is tried before it

is put on the blacklist. The default value of 0 disables the blacklist control.

Retry Interval (sec)

This parameter speciﬁes the waiting period after a call fails before the call is tried again.

This waiting period applies before a phone number is blacklisted.

System Maintenance

9-11

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Chapter 10

Troubleshooting

This chapter gives information about troubleshooting your Model RT328/RH348 router. After

each problem description, instructions are provided to help you diagnose and solve the problem.

Basic Functioning

After you turn on power to the router, the PWR LED lights. If the PWR LED does not light, refer

to the next section, “LEDS.” After the PWR LED lights, the router performs a self-test for 10

seconds. This self-test includes turning all of the ISDN LEDs on. After this self-test, the Test LED

should begin to blink at a rate of about 0.5 Hz. If these steps do not occur, refer to “Test LED,”

on page 10-2.

If the Ethernet connection is made, the LAN Link LED should be on. If the LAN Link LED is off,

refer to “LAN Link LED,” on page 10-2.

If your router has been conﬁgured, the ISDN D LED should turn on within the ﬁrst two minutes

of operation. If not, refer to “Troubleshooting the ISDN Line,” on page 10-2.

LEDS

If the LEDs are off when your router is turned on, make sure that the power cord is properly

connected to your router and that the power supply adapter is properly connected to a functioning

power outlet. Check that the power switch on the router is in the on position. If the error persists,

you have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.

Troubleshooting

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Test LED

When the router has been turned on for about 10 seconds, the Test LED blinks at a rate of about

0.5 Hz. If the Test LED does not blink, or if it stops blinking, there is a fault within the router.

Cycle the power and see if it recovers. If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and

should contact technical support.

LAN Link LED

If the LAN Link LED does not light when the Ethernet connection is made, check the following:

•

Physical Ethernet cables

Make sure that the connections are secure at the router and at the hub or workstation.

Connected hub or workstation

Make sure that the connected hub or workstation is powered on.

Conﬁguration of the router

Make sure that you conﬁgured the router to use the correct Ethernet interface (AUI or UTP)

for your LAN connection. The factory default interface for a router that is not conﬁgured is the

UTP port.

•

Correct Ethernet cable

If you are connecting a Model RT328 router directly to a workstation or to the uplink (MDI)

port of a hub, use the red crossover cable. If you are connecting a Model RT328 router to a

normal (MDI-X) hub port, use the white straight-through cable.

Workstations should be connected to the Model RH348 router hub ports using straight-through

cables.

Troubleshooting the ISDN Line

Within the ﬁrst two minutes after power is turned on to the conﬁgured router, the ISDN D LED

should light. If the LED does not light, check the physical connection of the ISDN line, referring

to the installation information in this guide.

If the physical connection is correct, the problem should be diagnosed using the internal Manager

interface. Refer to instructions in this guide regarding the use of the Manager interface.

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The following two sections explain how to examine the ISDN initialization results and how to

perform an ISDN loopback test to verify operation with the phone company.

ISDN Initialization or Reset

During the power-on initialization, during manual ISDN reset through the diagnostic menu, or

when attempting to save the parameters entered in Menu 2, you might receive this message:

Failed to initialize ISDN

If this message is displayed, check the error log in Menu 24.3.1. There is a log entry for the ISDN

initialization failure in the message:

ISDN init failed. code<n>....

The code number n will be 1, 2, or 3. Refer to the corresponding instructions in Table 10-1.

Table 10-1.

Code Numbers for Failed ISDN Initialization

Code

Number

Description

Malfunction and Troubleshooting Instructions

The ISDN link is not up.

Either the ISDN line is not properly connected to the router or the

ISDN line is not activated.Verify that the ISDN cable is connected

to the router and also to the wall outlet (to the telephone

company). Conﬁrm that the ISDN line has been activated by

the telephone company.

There is an SPID error

(North America only).

The SPIDs that you entered in menu 2 might not be correct.

If these are correct, initialize again from menu 24.4.3.

There is a general failure.

The provisioning information for your switch might not be correct.

Contact your telephone company to verify the provisioning

information for your switch and verify the SPIDs in Menu 2

(applies to North America only).

ISDN Loopback Test

If the ISDN initialization has passed, the loopback test should also pass. This test may be executed

from Menu 24.4, where it is shown as test 4, ISDN Connection Test. If test 4 fails, verify the phone

numbers that you entered in Menu 2. The loopback test dials the number entered in the second

phone # ﬁeld (except for switch types with only one phone number). If you are required to dial

a preﬁx (for example, 9) to get an outside line, you must enter the preﬁx with the phone number

(for example, 95551212 or 914085551212). If it is an internal line, you might need to enter only

the last four or ﬁve digits depending on your internal dialing plan (for example, 51212).

Troubleshooting

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Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility

Most TCP/IP terminal devices and routers contain a ping utility that sends an echo request packet

to the designated device. The device then responds with an echo reply. Troubleshooting a TCP/IP

network is made very easy by using the ping utility in the built-in Manager interface (Menu 24.4)

or in your PC or workstation.

Testing the LAN Path toYour Router

To verify that the LAN path to your router is set up correctly, from the Windows 95

(or Windows NT^®) run menu, type Ping and the IP address of the router. Press the Enter key.

You should see a message like this one:

Pinging <IP address> with 32 bytes of data

If the path is working, you see this message:

Reply from < IP address >: bytes=32 time=NN ms TTL=xxx

If the path is not working, you see this message:

Request timed out

If the path is not functioning correctly, you could have one of the following problems:

•

Wrong physical connections

–

Make sure the LAN Link LED is on. If the LAN Link LED is off, follow the instructions

in “LAN Link LED” on page 10-2.

–

Check that the corresponding Link LEDs are on for your network interface card and for

the hub ports (if any) that are connected to your workstation and router.

•

Wrong network conﬁguration

–

Verify that the Ethernet card driver software and TCP/IP software are both installed and

conﬁgured on your PC or workstation.

–

Verify that the IP address for your router and your workstation are correct and that the

addresses are on the same subnet.

10-4

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Testing the Path fromYour PC to a Remote Device

After verifying that the LAN path works correctly, test the path from your PC to a remote device.

From the Windows run menu, type PING -n 10 followed by the IP address of the remote device

you are calling.

If the path is functioning correctly, the B1 or B2 LED on the router should turn on, indicating that

a call is being placed. If the B1 or B2 LEDs do not turn on, follow these instructions:

•

Check that your PC has the IP address of your router listed as the default gateway. If the IP

conﬁguration of your PC is assigned by DHCP, this information will not be visible in the

control panel network utility. Go to the Run… window and run winipcfg. The IP address of the

router should appear as the Default Gateway.

•

Check to see that the network address of your PC (the portion of the IP address speciﬁed by

the netmask) is different from the network address of the remote device.

Check Menu 12 and verify that at least one static route exists.

As the ISDN call is being set up, your PC should display a few timeouts followed shortly by

replies. If the path is not functioning correctly, only timeouts are displayed. This response

indicates that the router is unable to establish a PPP connection with the remote LAN. Refer to

the next section, “Troubleshooting a Remote Node or ISP Connection.”

Troubleshooting a Remote Node or ISP Connection

To troubleshoot a remote node or an ISP connection, follow these instructions:

•

Check Menu 24.1 to verify the ISDN status. If the menu indicates the ISDN status as down,

then refer to “Troubleshooting the ISDN Line,” on page 10-2.

•

Place a manual call to the remote node, using Menu 24.4.5. The progress of the call is

displayed on the screen. If the call does not connect, verify the following parameters in

Menu 11:

–

Pri(mary) Phone #

Sec(ondary) Phone #

Transfer Rate

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•

Verify your IP address in Menu 3.2 and verify the following parameters in Menu 11:

–

My Login

My Password

Rem IP Addr

If the call is connected but quickly terminated, it indicates the possibility of a negotiation

problem.

•

Check the error log in Menu 24.3.1, which usually provides some indication of why the call

was dropped. If there is nothing in the log, the call may have been dropped by the remote

device. Verify that the conﬁguration parameters between these two devices are consistent.

If you are still unable to determine the problem, refer to Appendix D, “Using the Protocol

Analyzer and Trace Tools.”

Troubleshooting a Remote User Connection

To troubleshoot a remote user connection, follow these instructions:

•

Verify that you conﬁgured the authentication parameters in Menu 13. These parameters are:

–

CLID Authen

Recv Authen

Mutual Authen

•

Verify that the IP address is supplied correctly in Menu 13 if the remote dial-in user is

negotiating IP. Check that the remote dial-in user is supplying a valid IP address and that

the router is assigning a valid address from the IP pool.

Verify the user name and password for the remote dial-in user in Menu 14.

If you are still unable to determine the problem, refer to Appendix D, “Using the Protocol

Analyzer and Trace Tools.”

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Troubleshooting the Manager Interface

Refer to the following instructions if you cannot access the Manager interface by the serial port

or by using the Telnet Protocol.

If you cannot access the Manager interface by the serial port, follow these instructions:

•

Verify that the router is connected to the serial port of your terminal or computer using

the included cable.

•

Check the conﬁguration parameters of your terminal or communications program. The

connection should be conﬁgured as follows:

–

VT100 terminal emulation

9600 baud rate (unless this setting has been changed previously in the router setup)

No parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit

If you cannot access the Manager by using the Telnet Protocol, refer to “Testing the LAN Path to

Your Router,” on page 10-4.

Testing the Phone Ports

To test the phone ports, lift the telephone handset when there are no calls in progress. You should

hear a dial tone, and the LED for that phone port should be on. If there is no dial tone, the line may

be conﬁgured incorrectly. Check with your telephone company to make sure that your ISDN line is

conﬁgured for both data and voice.

Restoring the Default Conﬁguration and Password

The user can erase the current conﬁguration and restore factory defaults by uploading the utility

ﬁle romﬁle0, which can be found in the directory in which FirstGear was installed. It is also

available on the NETGEAR Web site. This procedure will restore the Manager password to 1234

and will set the Manager baud rate to 9600. This recovery method is for cases when the Manager

password is not known.

Troubleshooting

10-7

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

To upload romﬁle0, you must enter the BootModule debug mode with a serial connection to the

Manager port:

1. While monitoring the serial port, turn on the router. Wait for the following message:

Press Any key to enter Debug Mode within 3 seconds...

2. Press any key and wait for the following message:

Enter Debug Mode

3. (Optional)Type atba1 to change the baud rate atba1of the router to 38.4k, and then

change the baud rate of your terminal.

Changing the baud rate may be necessary if the ﬁle transfer is unreliable at 9600 baud.

(Note: The character after atba is the number 1.)

4. Type atur3 and wait for the following messages:

Now erase flash ROM for uploading ...

Starting XMODEM upload......

5. From your terminal program, send the binary ﬁle romﬁle0 using XMODEM transfer

protocol. Wait for the following message:

Programming successful....

6. Restart the router.

10-8

Troubleshooting

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Appendix A

Technical Speciﬁcations

This appendix provides technical speciﬁcations for the Model RT328/RH348 router.

General Speciﬁcation

Network Protocol and Standards Compatibility

WAN Protocols:

PPP, Multilink PPP, BACP

Data and Routing Protocols:

ISDN Standard:

TCP/IP, RIP-1, RIP-2, DHCP

National ISDN-1 (North America)

AT&T 5ESS Custom (North America)

Nortel DMS-100 (North America)

EuroISDN DSS1, NET-3 (Europe)

NTT INS-Net64 (Japan)

Security

PAP, CHAP, Caller ID

Data Compression

Hi/fn (Stac LZS) Compression with CCP

Technical Specifications

A-1

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Power Adapter

North America:

United Kingdom:

Europe:

120V, 60 Hz, input

240V, 50 Hz, input

230V, 50 Hz, input

Japan:

100V, 50/60 Hz, input

16 V AC @ 1A output, 22W maximum

All regions (output):

Physical Speciﬁcations

Dimensions:

253 by 181 by 35 mm

9.95 by 7.1 by 1.4 in.

Weight:

1.1 kg

2.5 lb.

Environmental Speciﬁcations

Operating temperature:

0 to 40° C

Operating humidity:

90% maximum relative humidity, noncondensing

Electromagnetic Emissions

Meets requirements of:

FCC Part 15 Class B

VCCI Class 2

EN 55 022 (CISPR 22), Class B

Interface Speciﬁcations

LAN:

UTP (10BASE-T), RJ-45 AUI, DB15F

ISDN:

S/T interface, RJ-45 (requires external NT1) or

U Interface, RJ-45 (NT1 built-in)

Analog:

Voice/fax/modem, RJ-11, 3 REN (Ring Equivalents)

RS-232, DB9F

Manager:

A-2

Technical Specifications

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Appendix B

Ordering ISDN Lines

Use the information in this section to order your ISDN line. If you have already installed your

ISDN line, you can check the following information to make sure that you can use all the features

of your Model RT328/RH348 router.

Ordering the Line

To order your ISDN line:

1. Contact the ISDN Ordering Center of your local telephone company to ﬁnd out what

type of ISDN service is available.

2. Provide your telephone company with the proper provisioning information.

Refer to the next sections to determine the provisioning information for the appropriate switch

type and ISDN service.

3. Obtain conﬁguration information from the telephone company.

When the telephone company installs your ISDN line, make sure you obtain the following

information:

•

ISDN switch type and protocol

ISDN telephone number(s)

ISDN Service Proﬁle Identiﬁer (SPID) number(s) (only for North America)

Ordering ISDN Lines

B-1

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Table B-1 summarizes the different switch types supported by your router and the related

information about the switch types (number of phone numbers and SPID numbers). The

information in this table refers to a “common” case and is recommended for such a case. However,

exceptions still exist to these ﬁgures. You can locate the provisioning information for the

appropriate North American switch type in the next sections.

Table B-1.

Switch Types Supported

Switch Type

Region

No. of Phone #s No. of SPIDs

AT&T 5ESS NI-1

North America

AT&T 5ESS Point to Point

AT&T 5ESS Multipoint

Northern Telecom NI-1

North America

Northern Telecom Custom North America

DSS1 Europe, Asia

N/A

Provisioning for Switches in North America

For North America, the Model RT328/RH348 router has been approved by Bellcore and has the

IOC (ISDN Ordering Code) “S” Capability, EZ-ISDN1. Ordering your ISDN line in this

conﬁguration provides basic data and voice service. If you wish to use any advanced calling

features such as call waiting, you need to order a higher level of service such as IOC “U.” In

particular, you need to have ACO (Additional Call Offering) provisioned in order to use call

waiting or incoming call bumping. If your telephone company is not familiar with the IOC

ordering codes, ask them what type of switch you will be connected to and whether it is

provisioned for National ISDN or a custom protocol. Use the information under each switch to

order your ISDN line.

Provisioning for AT&T 5ESS Switch

The AT&T 5ESS switch supports three types of ISDN service: National ISDN-1 (NI-1),

Multipoint, and Point-to-Point.

Table B-2 lists the provisioning features and settings for National ISDN-1 services when using the

AT&T 5ESS switch.

B-2

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Table B-2.

Provisioning Features and Settings for National ISDN-1 Services

Provisioning Feature

Setting

Term Type

Circuit Switched Voice (CSV)

CSV Additional Call Offering (ACO)

CSV limit

Unrestricted

CSV Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

Circuit Switched Data (CSD)

CSD Additional Call Offering (ACO)

CSD limit

Unrestricted

CSD Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

MTERM

Table B-3 lists the provisioning features and settings for multipoint ISDN services when

using the AT&T 5ESS switch.

Table B-3.

Provisioning Features and Settings for Multipoint Service

Provisioning Feature

Setting

Term Type

Call Appearances (CA)

CA Quantity

Circuit Switched Voice (CSV)

CSV Flexible Call Offering (FCO)

CSV limit

Unrestricted

CSV Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

Circuit Switched Data (CSD)

CSD Flexible Call Offering (FCO)

CSD limit

Unrestricted

CSD Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

MTERM

Ordering ISDN Lines

B-3

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Table B-4 lists the provisioning features and settings for Point-to-Point ISDN services when

using the AT&T 5ESS switch.

Table B-4.

Provisioning Features and Settings for Point-to-Point Service

Provisioning Feature

Setting

Term Type

Call Appearances (CA)

CA Quantity

Circuit Switched Voice (CSV)

CSV Flexible Call Offering (FCO)

CSV limit

Unrestricted

CSV Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

Circuit Switched Data (CSD)

CSD Flexible Call Offering (FCO)

CSD limit

Unrestricted

CSD Notiﬁcation Busy (NB) limit

MTERM

Provisioning for Northern Telecom Switch

The Northern Telecom switch type supports two types of ISDN service, National ISDN-1 and

Custom. Table B-5 lists the provisioning features and settings for National ISDN-1 services when

using the Northern Telecom switch.

B-4

Ordering ISDN Lines

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Table B-5.

Provisioning Features and Settings for National ISDN-1 Service

Provisioning Feature

Setting

Signaling

Functional

Protocol Version Control (PVC)

TEI assignment

2 (National ISDN-1)

Dynamic

Maximum number of keys (maxkeys)

Release key

3 (1 to 64 OK)

Ringing indicator

Electronic Key Telephone System (EKTS)

Additional Call Offering (ACO)

Number of call appearances

Notiﬁcation Busy Limit

Yes or No (set to opposite of ACO)

Yes or No (set to opposite of EKTS)

Table B-6 lists the provisioning features and settings for custom ISDN services when using

the Northern Telecom switch.

Table B-6.

Provisioning Features and Settings for Custom ISDN Service

Provisioning Feature

Setting

Signaling

Functional

Protocol Version Control (PVC)

TEI assignment

1 (Custom)

Dynamic

Maximum number of keys (maxkeys)

Release key

3 (1 to 64 OK)

Ringing indicator

Electronic Key Telephone System (EKTS)

Additional Call Offering (ACO)

Yes or No (set to opposite of ACO)

Yes or No (set to opposite of EKTS)

Ordering ISDN Lines

B-5

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Appendix C

ISDN Clearing Codes

This appendix provides information about the ISDN call clearing codes returned by the network

when you use your Model RT328/RH348 router. These codes may vary depending on your

service provider.

Clearing Codes

Table C-1 lists the ISDN call clearing codes.

Table C-1.

Reason

ISDN Call Clearing Codes

Description

Undeﬁned

Unallocated (unassigned number)

No route speciﬁed transit network

No route to destination

Channel unacceptable

Call awarded and being delivered in an established

channel

Normal call clearing

User busy

No user responding

No answer from user (user alerted)

Call rejected

Number changed

ISDN Clearing Codes

C-1

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Table C-1.

Reason

ISDN Call Clearing Codes (continued)

Description

102

127

Nonselected user clearing

Destination out of order

Invalid number format

Facility rejected

Response to status inquiry

Normal, unspeciﬁed

No circuit/channel not available

Network out of order

Temporary failure

Switching equipment congestion

Access information discarded

Resources unavailable (unspeciﬁed)

Requested facility not subscribed to

Service or option not available

Call identity in use

Incompatible destination

Destination address incomplete

Recovery on timer expired

Internetworking unspeciﬁed

C-2

ISDN Clearing Codes

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Appendix D

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

This appendix describes the steps for using the advanced internal diagnostic tools of the

Model RT328/RH348 router. These tools can be used to troubleshoot ISDN and PPP connection

problems. Several basic tests can be found in the menus of the internal Manager interface, while

the more advanced protocol and packet trace tools are accessible from the command line interface.

The Diagnostic Process

Many router connection problems can be diagnosed using the ISDN and Remote Node connection

tests in the Internal Manager Interface of the Model RT328/RH348 router. These tests can be

found in Menu 24.4, System Maintenance (Diagnostic). Detailed information about using this

menu can be found in Chapter 9, “System Maintenance.”

To begin problem diagnosis:

1. Execute test 4, the ISDN Connection test, from Menu 24.4.

This test performs a data loopback call from one B channel to the other. This call serves as a

basic test of your ISDN line. If this test fails, verify the ISDN hardware connection, the status

of your line, and the information entered in Menu 2, ISDN Setup.

2. Try test 5, placing a Manual Call to a Remote Node.

This test will display some basic progress information that may be sufﬁcient to determine the

problem.

If these tests are not sufﬁcient to diagnose a problem, you can run the more advanced protocol and

packet trace tools. These tools consist of an embedded ISDN protocol analyzer and a PPP packet

trace. The output of these trace tools can be captured to a ﬁle, which can then be faxed or sent by

e-mail to NETGEAR support, your ISP, or your telco for analysis.

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

D-1

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

ISDN Protocol Analyzer

An ISDN call connection failure can be diagnosed using the ISDN embedded protocol analyzer

(EPA) of the Model RT328/RH348 router. The EPA executes from the command line interface

within the internal Manager. You must ﬁrst connect to the router using the serial Manager port.

The EPA will not operate by Telnet.

To invoke the EPA:

1. Access the internal Manager using a serial terminal connection.

2. If you will be tracing an outgoing call, go to Menu 11 (Remote Node Setup) and note

which remote node number, N, corresponds to the location you will be calling.

3. Invoke the Command Interpreter Mode (Menu 24.8).

4. Turn on the screen capture/log capability:

rt328> isdn ana on

5. Trace the call.

To trace an outgoing call, force the router to dial the remote node by entering:

rt328> isdn dial N

(Nis the remote node number shown in Menu 11.)

Or, to trace an incoming call, enable incoming trace by entering:

rt328> sys event

6. Wait for all progress messages, and then (if necessary) force the router to drop the ISDN

connection by entering:

rt328> isdn drop all

7. Display the analyzer trace by entering:

rt328> isdn ana disp

The trace appears on the screen as in Figure D-1. Use PageUp and PageDown to inspect the entire

trace.

Figure D-1 shows the ISDN Protocol Analyzer Display.

D-2

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

-----Start Isdn Protocol Analyzer Display-----

Start of buffer

00:00:11.52 4 bytes LAPD D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

00:00:11.53 4 bytes LAPD D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=1 NR=6

P/F=1 NR=7

00:00:12.62 38 bytes LAPD D TE C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

34 bytes Northern American

NR=7 NS=6

Orig CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 SETUP

00000100 INFORMATION ELEMENT : BEARER CAPability

00000010 IE length

: 2 octets

: not continued

: CCITT

1------- Extension bit

-00----- Coding standard

---01000 Info. trans. cap.

1------- Extension bit

-00----- Transfer mode

: unrestricted digital information

: not continued

: circuit mode

---10000 Info. transfer rate : 64 kbit/s

00011000 INFORMATION ELEMENT : CHANNEL IDentification

00000001 IE length

: 1 octets

1------- Extension bit

-0------ Interface ident.

--0----- Interface type

---0---- Spare

: not continued

: implicitly identified

: basic interface

----0--- Preferred/exclusive : preferred

-----0-- D-channel indicator : not D-Channel

------11 Info. chan. sel.

: any channel

00101100 INFORMATION ELEMENT : KEYPAD

00001011 IE length

: 11 octets

******** Keypad information : [Called Number]

01101100 INFORMATION ELEMENT : CALLING party NUMber

00001000 IE length

: 8 octets

1------- Extension bit

-000---- Type of number

----0000 Numbering plan

******** Number

: not continued

: unknown

: [Directory Number 1]

00:00:12.65

00:00:12.75 11 bytes LAPD

7 bytes Northern American

4 bytes LAPD

D NT R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=7

NR=7 NS=7

D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

Dest CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 CALL PROCeeding

00011000 INFORMATION ELEMENT : CHANNEL IDentification

00000001 IE length

: 1 octets

1------- Extension bit

-0------ Interface ident.

--0----- Interface type

---0---- Spare

: not continued

: implicitly identified

: basic interface

----1--- Preferred/exclusive : exclusive

-----0-- D-channel indicator : not D-Channel

------01 Info. chan. sel.

: B1 channel

00:00:12.77

4 bytes LAPD

D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=8

00:00:13.40 11 bytes LAPD

D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

NR=7 NS=8

7 bytes Northern American

Dest CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 ALERTing

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

D-3

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1 00110100 INFORMATION ELEMENT : SIGNAL

00000001 IE length

: 1 octets

00000001 Signal value

: ring back tone on

00:00:13.42

00:00:13.44 11 bytes LAPD

7 bytes Northern American

4 bytes LAPD

D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=9

NR=7 NS=9

D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

Dest CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 CONNect

00110100 INFORMATION ELEMENT : SIGNAL

00000001 IE length

: 1 octets

00111111 Signal value

: tones off

00:00:13.46

00:00:13.47

4 bytes LAPD

8 bytes LAPD

D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=10

D TE C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

NR=10 NS=7

4 bytes Northern American

Orig CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 CONNect ACKnowledge

00:00:13.49

00:00:24.65

00:00:24.66

4 bytes LAPD

D NT R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=88 RR

D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=88 RR

P/F=0 NR=8

P/F=1 NR=2

P/F=1 NR=3

00:00:36.14 12 bytes LAPD

D TE C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

NR=10 NS=8

8 bytes Northern American

Orig CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 DISConnect

00001000 INFORMATION ELEMENT : CAUSE

00000010 IE length

1------- Extension bit

-00----- Coding standard

---0---- Spare

: 2 octets

: not continued

: CCITT

----0000 Location

: user

1------- Extension bit

-0010000 Cause value

: not continued

: Normal call clearing

00:00:36.16

00:00:36.36

4 bytes LAPD

8 bytes LAPD

D NT R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=9

D NT C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

NR=9 NS=10

4 bytes Northern American

Dest CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 RELease

00:00:36.38

00:00:36.39

4 bytes LAPD

8 bytes LAPD

D TE R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=11

NR=11 NS=9

D TE C SAPI=0 TEI=97 INFO P=0

4 bytes Northern American

Orig CR=0X03 PD=Q.931 RELease COMplete

00:00:36.41

4 bytes LAPD

D NT R SAPI=0 TEI=97 RR

P/F=0 NR=10

End of buffer

Figure D-1.

ISDN Protocol Analyzer Display

D-4

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

Packet Tracing

You can diagnose PPP connection failures using the packet trace feature of the Model RT328/

RH348 router.

To invoke the packet trace:

1. Access the internal Manager of the router using a serial or Telnet terminal connection.

2. If you will be tracing an outgoing call, go to Menu 11 (Remote Node Setup) and note

which remote node number, N, corresponds to the location you will be calling.

3. Invoke the Command Interpreter Mode (Menu 24.8).

4. Clear any existing trace information by entering:

rt328> sys trcl cl

5. Turn on the trace log by entering:

rt328> sys trcl sw on

6. Turn on the packet trace by entering:

rt328> sys trcp sw on

7. Trace the call.

To trace an outgoing call, force the router to dial the remote node by entering:

rt328> isdn dial N

(Nis the remote node number shown in Menu 11.)

Or, to trace an incoming call, enable incoming trace by entering:

rt328> sys event

8. Wait for the desired activity, and then display the trace log by entering:

rt328> sys trcl disp

The trace appears on the screen as in Figure D-2. Use PageUp and PageDown to inspect the entire

trace.

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

D-5

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

rt328> sys trcl cl

Program Trace Switch OFF

rt328> sys trcl sw on

rt328> sys trcp sw on

rt328> isdn dial 1

Start dialing for node<1>

Dialing chan<1> phone(last 9-digit):40201

### Hit any key to continue.###

Call CONNECT speed<64000> chan<1> prot<1>

LCP up

CHAP send response

CHAP login to remote OK!

IPCP negotiation started

BACP negotiation started

BACP up

<<< ------ user strikes a key to get a prompt

rt328> sys trcl disp

102

103

104

fe3792 15e PDI1 dialer

fe3ea4 169 PDI1 dialer

Dialing chan<1> phone(last 9-digit):40201

Call CONNECT speed<64000> chan<1> prot<1>

fe3eb8

0 POU1 ebp=4aa00,seqNum=17 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:40

0000: ff 03 c0 21 01 12 00 24 01 04 05 f4 02 06 00 00

0010: 00 00 08 02 0d 03 06 11 04 05 f4 13 09 03 00 a0

105

fe3f30

0 PNET ebp=4aa30,seqNum=18 PPP1-RECV:24 len:42

0000: ff 03 c0 21 01 30 00 26 01 04 05 f4 02 06 00 00

0010: 00 00 03 05 c2 23 05 08 02 11 04 05 f4 13 09 03

106

fe3f3a

0 POU1 ebp=4aa60,seqNum=19 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:42

0000: ff 03 c0 21 02 30 00 26 01 04 05 f4 02 06 00 00

0010: 00 00 03 05 c2 23 05 08 02 11 04 05 f4 13 09 03

107

fe3f44

0 PNET ebp=4aa90,seqNum=1a PPP1-RECV:24 len:40

0000: ff 03 c0 21 02 12 00 24 01 04 05 f4 02 06 00 00

0010: 00 00 08 02 0d 03 06 11 04 05 f4 13 09 03 00 a0

108

109

fe3f44 186 PNET ppp

LCP up

fe3fc6 0 PNET ebp=4aac0,seqNum=1b PPP1-RECV:24 len:15

0000: c2 23 01 11 00 0d 08 00 00 48 e4 00 04 fc 6c

110

111

fe3fc6 190 PNET ppp

CHAP send response

fe3fd0 0 POU1 ebp=4aaf0,seqNum=1c PPP1-XMIT:24 len:28

0000: c2 23 02 11 00 1a 10 ce f1 4c 9f fe 01 a9 85 04

0010: bb 0b 51 e5 17 3e 5e 50 32 38 36 34

112

0000: c2 23 03 11 00 0b 57 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65

113 fe4002 195 PNET ppp CHAP login to remote OK!

114 fe400c 0 PNET ebp=4ab50,seqNum=1e PPP1-RECV:24 len:8

0000: c0 29 01 32 00 06 01 02

fe4002

0 PNET ebp=4ab20,seqNum=1d PPP1-RECV:24 len:13

115

fe400c

0 POU1 ebp=4ab80,seqNum=1f PPP1-XMIT:24 len:8

0000: c0 29 02 32 00 06 01 02

116

fe402a

0 PNET ebp=4abb0,seqNum=20 PPP1-RECV:24 len:8

0000: c0 29 03 32 00 06 01 02

117

118

fe4034 225 PNET ppp

IPCP negotiation started

fe403e 0 POU1 ebp=4abe0,seqNum=21 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:18

0000: 80 21 01 12 00 10 02 06 00 2d 0f 01 03 06 cc f7

0010: cb b7

D-6

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

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119

120

fe403e 2d7 PNET ppp

fe4048

BACP negotiation started

0 POU1 ebp=4ac10,seqNum=22 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:12

0000: 80 71 01 13 00 0a 01 06 00 00 00 01

121

fe4048

0 PNET ebp=4ac40,seqNum=23 PPP1-RECV:24 len:12

0000: 80 2b 01 16 00 0a 01 06 00 00 00 00

122

fe4048

0 POU1 ebp=4ac70,seqNum=24 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:20

0000: ff 03 c0 21 08 13 00 10 80 2b 01 16 00 0a 01 06

0010: 00 00 00 00

123

fe4052

0 PNET ebp=4aca0,seqNum=25 PPP1-RECV:24 len:12

0000: 80 71 01 17 00 0a 01 06 ff ff ff ff

124

fe4052

0 POU1 ebp=4acd0,seqNum=26 PPP1-XMIT:24 len:12

0000: 80 71 02 17 00 0a 01 06 ff ff ff ff

125

fe405c

0 PNET ebp=4ad00,seqNum=27 PPP1-RECV:24 len:26

0000: ff 03 c0 21 08 33 00 16 80 21 01 12 00 10 02 06

0010: 00 2d 0f 01 03 06 cc f7 cb b7

126

0000: 80 71 02 13 00 0a 01 06 00 00 00 01

127 fe4066 2d8 PNET ppp BACP up

fe4066

0 PNET ebp=4ad30,seqNum=28 PPP1-RECV:24 len:12

Program Trace Switch OFF

Packet Trace Switch OFF

rt328>

Figure D-2.

Trace Screen

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

D-7

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Reference Guide for the Model RT328 and Model RH348 ISDN Routers

Packet Trace Display Format

Data packets are time stamped and displayed up to the ﬁrst 32 bytes. PPP message packets are

summarized, but their contents are not displayed. The format of the packet trace display is shown

in the following packet example:

125 fe405c 0 PNET ebp=4ad00,seqNum=27 PPP1-RECV:24 len:26

Figure D-3 breaks down and deﬁnes the packet trace display for the preceding packet example.

packet number

timestamp (unit ms)

process Id

packet type

LAN-XMIT, LAN-RECV

PP1-XMIT, PP1-RECV

PP2-XMIT, PP2-RECV

length

125

0000:

0000: 00 2d 0f 01 03 06 cc f7 cb b7

fe405c

0 PNET ebp=4ad00, seqNum=27 PPP1-RECV:24

len:26

ff 03 c0 21 08 33 00 16 80 21 01 12 00 10 02 06

packet data

8439EA

Figure D-3.

Packet Trace Display Deﬁnitions

The following is an example of the PPP message format:

113 fe4002 195 PNET ppp CHAP login to remote OK!

Figure D-4 breaks down and deﬁnes the PPP message format for the preceding packet example.

packet number

timestamp (unit ms)

process Id

type: ppp

message

113

fe4002

195 PNET

ppp

CHAP login to remote OK!

8440EA

Figure D-4.

PPP Message Deﬁnitions

D-8

Using the Protocol Analyzer and Trace Tools

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Glossary

10BASE-T

AUI

IEEE 802.3 speciﬁcation for 10 Mbps Ethernet over twisted pair wiring.

See attachment unit interface.

attachment unit

interface

A 15-pin connector for attaching an Ethernet transceiver.

B channel

A 64 Kbps “Bearer” channel used to carry voice or data over the ISDN

network.

BACP

BRI

See Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol.

See Basic Rate Interface.

Bandwidth Allocation

Control Protocol

An extension to the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) for dynamic control of the

combining of B channels.

Basic Rate Interface

The ISDN Basic Rate Interface, composed of two B channels and one

D channel.

blacklist

A list of phone numbers that cannot be dialed because of problems connecting

in the past.

CLID

See Caller Line Identiﬁcation.

callback

A feature in which a user dials in to the router, which then disconnects and

places a call to the user.

Caller Line

Identiﬁcation

Also known as Caller ID. The directory number of the caller is provided by

the telephone company to the party called during call setup.

CHAP

See Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.

Challenge Handshake

Authentication

Protocol

A method of establishing security on PPP links where the peers must

exchange a plain text “secret,” or password, in order to establish a link.

Glossary

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Reference Guide for the Model RT328 ISDN Router

D channel

A 16 Kbps channel used for signaling between the ISDN interface and the

ISDN network. This channel controls call setup and tear down.

DHCP

See Dynamic Host Conﬁguration Protocol.

DOSBS

DOVBS

See Data Over Speech Bearer Service.

Also known as DOSBS. See Data Over Speech Bearer Service.

Data Over Speech

Bearer Service

The process of sending data over a call that was established as a voice call.

Sending data in this method may result in a lower tariff in some parts of North

America.

Dynamic Host

Conﬁguration

Protocol

An Ethernet protocol that provides a centralized administration point for

assigning network conﬁguration information.

See Internet Protocol.

IP Address

A 4-byte number uniquely deﬁning each host on the Internet. Ranges of

addresses are assigned by Internic, an organization formed for this purpose.

Usually written in dotted-decimal notation with periods separating the bytes

(for example, 134.177.244.57).

IPX

See Internet Packet Exchange.

ISDN

ISP

See Integrated Services Digital Network.

Internet service provider.

Integrated Services

Digital Network

A digital telephone network for transmission of voice and data.

Internet Packet

Exchange

Novell’s internetworking protocol.

Internet Protocol

The main internetworking protocol used in the Internet. Used in conjunction

with the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) to form TCP/IP.

LAN

See local area network.

local area network

A communications network serving users within a limited geographical area,

such as one ﬂoor of a building, controlled by a network operating system and

using a transport protocol.

See Multilink Protocol.

MSB

See Most Signiﬁcant Bit or Most Signiﬁcant Byte.

Glossary

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Reference Guide for the Model RT328 ISDN Router

MRU

See Maximum Receive Unit.

MSN

See Multiple Subscriber Numbering.

masquerading

A technique by which several hosts share a single IP address for access to the

Internet. This process is an extension of Network Address Translator (NAT).