BODY COMPOSITION ANALYZER
BC-418MA
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
This equipment conforms to the following Safety Standards, the EMC Directive and the required items in the Medical Device Directive.
Safety Standard
: EN60601-1:1990, AM No.1:1993, AM No.2:1995
IEC60601-1:1988, AM No.1:1991, AM No.2:1995
: EN-60601-1-2:1993
EMC Standard
IEC60601-1-2:1993
Medical Device Directory Standard :93/ 42/ EEC:1993
<Corporation Responsible in the EU Region>
The Barn, Philpots Close, Yiewsley,
West Drayton, Middlesex,
UB7 7RY, United Kingdom
Tel : +44-1895-438577 Fax : +44-1895-438511
14-2,1-chome,Maeno-cho,Itabashi-ku
Tokyo,Japan
Tel:(03)3968-2123 / (03)3968-7048 Fax:(03)3967-3766
2625 South Clearbrook Drive
Arlington Heights, Illinois 60005 U.S.A.
Toll Free : (800) 826-4828
Tel : 847-640-9241
Unit 301-303 3/F Wing On Plaza,
62 Mody Road, Tsimshatsui East,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Dresdener Strasse 25
D-71065 Sindelfingen,
Germany
Tel : 07031-6189-6
Fax : 07031-6189-71
Villa Labrouste
Please read this Instruction Manual carefully and keep
68 Boulevard Bourdon,
92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine,
France
Tel : +852-2838-7111
it handy for future reference.
Fax : 847-640-9261
Fax : +852-2838-8667
Tel : 01 55 24 99 99
Fax : 01 55 24 98 68
ƽ
BC4187011(1)
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1.Product Assembly and Components
a Product Structure
a Rear View of Control Box
Please verify that the following components are in the package.
ቢ
Control Box
ቢPaper Dispenser Cover
ባ
ባPrinter Cover
ብ
ቤControl Panel
ƽ RS-232C
ብDigital Display
RS-232C Port
ቦLeft-hand grip
ቦ
ቧRight-hand grip
ቤ
ቨColumn
ቧ
ቩAnterior Electrodes
ቪPosterior Electrodes
ቫLevel Gauge
a Digital Display
ቭAdjustable feet
ቨ
Body weight mark
Measurement unit mark (kg)
Indicates that the device is being
used to measure body weight
In d icates th at th e w eigh t is
shown in kilograms
AC Adapter
Clothes weight mark
In d icates th at th e w eigh t of
clothes is being subtracted
kg
Cable
P T
Gender mark (male)
Stabilize mark
Indicates that the user is male
In d icates th at th e d isp layed
figure has stabilized
STABILIZE
cm / ft.in
AGE
MALE
FEMALE
Gender mark (female)
Indicates that the user is female
Unit of height (cm / ft. in)
nd icates that the height is show n in
either centimeters or in feet and inches
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
% FAT
Athlete mark
Age mark
ቫ
ቭ
In d icates th at th e u ser is an
“athlete”
Indicates that the figure shown
is the user’s age
Ready mark
In d icates th at th e d evice is
ready to begin measurements
Body fat percentage
Indicates that the figure shown
is the body fat percentage
Platform
ቩ
ቪ
Accessories
Printer Paper
Instruction Manual
(Technical Notes)
Bottom Cover
Bottom Cover
Attachment Screws
Paper Width:58mm
Paper Roll Diameter:Maximum 55mm
Column Attachment
Screws
Syringe
6
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2.Assembly Instructions
a Membrane Switch
Clothes Weight Setting Key
Weight Only Key
Sets the clothes weight.
Measures body weight only.
Even if the user is d ressed , w eight minus the w eight of
clothes can be measured.
Feed Key
ON/ OFF Key
Advances the print paper.
Turns the power on or off.
P T
Type
BC-418MA
%Body Fat Range : 1%~75%
%Body Fat Increments : 0.1%
Max 200kg
Numerical Keys
e=d= 0.1kg
Inputs numerical values.
Min
2kg
L
L
R
R
T= -200kg
Operation Temperature Range
0 / +35˚C
Time Set Key
Sets the date and time.
Body part data display keys
Column
Attachment
Screws
Used to display the measurement
results for the right arm, left arm,
right leg, left leg and trunk
Bottom Cover
Bottom Cover
Attachment Screws
Body Type Keys
To select the appropriate body type
CE Key
Clears entries.
Tanita defines “athlete” as a person involved in intense physical activity of at least 10
hours per week and who has a resting heart rate of approximately 60 beats per minute
or less. Tanita’s athlete definition includes “lifetime of fitness” individuals who have
been fit for years but currently exercise less than 10 hours per week.
a How to Attach the Column to the Weighting Platform
ቢRemove the Bottom Cover.
ባInsert the one cables from the column into the holes on
the Weighing Platform.
Tanita’s athlete definition does not include “enthusiastic beginners” who are making a
real commitment to exercising at least 10 hours per week but whose bodies have not yet
changed to require the Athlete mode.
ቤTighten the four Column Attachment Screws and attach
the column to the Weighing Platform.
ብConnect the one cables from the column to the Weighing
Platform as shown in the illustration and replace the
Bottom Cover using the two Bottom
Cover Attachm ent Screw s. When
replacing the Bottom Cover, please
place the cables in the right position
so th at th ey w ill n ot get cau gh t
between the cover and the Weighing
Platform . Th is m ay d am age th e
cables.
Please see Technical Notes booklet for further explanation.
Digital display
kg
P T
MALE
STABILIZED
cm
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
8
9
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3.Preparation for Use
a Connection and Installation
a Loading the Printer Paper Roll
●Please change the paper roll when red lines appear along the sides of the paper.
CAUTION
ƽ
1. Turn the equipment on by pressing the [
key.
]
kg
P T
“P.End” will flash in the middle of the screen.
This means that there is no printer paper.
* When you do not have any printer paper to replace
the old roll, p ress the [ ] key. “P.End ” w ill
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
Level Gauge
Check
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
disappear and you can continue measurement.
2. Remove the Paper Dispenser Cover.
When you lift up the Paper Dispenser Cover from the
back of the Control Box, it can be easily removed.
For accurate measurement, place the Weighing Platform on as flat a surface as possible and adjust the level with the adjustable feet so the bubble in
the level gauge is in the center of the frame.
CAUTION
3. Cut off the end of the printer paper where the
glue is (about 3 cm) in a straight line.
ƽ
3cm
Make sure you place the Weighing Platform on a stable level surface and adjust the level with the adjustable feet. If the
Weighing Platform is not stable because not all the feet are on the surface, for example, there is a risk of stumbling or
inaccurate measurement.
Please make sure to cut off the part with the
glue because the glue may hinder the paper
feeding through the printer.
ƽ
a Connection of Plugs
DC Jack for AC Adapter
4. Insert the printer paper into the slit.
The printer paper is automatically rolled up and the
edge of the paper is cut automatically.
Please remove the cut paper.
Please make sure you insert the printer paper
straight into the slit.
ƽ
Pilot Lamp
Adjustable feet
5. Insert the catches of the Paper Dispenser Cover
into the guide holes.
* If a paper jam occurs, please refer to P. 25.
1. Insert the plug from the AC adapter into the DC jack on the back of the Control Box.
2. Connect the cable and the AC adapter and insert the plug on the cable into the wall outlet.
• To avoid electric shock, do not insert or remove the plug with wet hands.
WARNING • To avoid electric shock, do not use the equipment near water.
CAUTION
such as mobile phones.
ƽ
ƽ
• To avoid measurement error, do not measure while using equipment that generates radio waves,
10
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4.Setting Date and Time
5.Mode Selection
Set the functions (modes) that you want this equipment to start with. The selected modes will be automatically recorded.
a Setting the date and time
If it is not necessary to change the settings, the equipment will start up when you simply press the [
] key.
The printer function is ON in the display shown below.
a Setting the number of printouts, the printout language, and the printout items
ƽ
Select the number of print outs (0 - 9) and language. (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish)
1. Push the [
] key.
kg
P T
1. While holding down the [0] key, press the [
]
The entire display will begin to flash, and then the
kg
key.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
clothes weight input screen will appear.
P T
FEMALE
Release the keys after “Prt-1” is displayed on the
screen.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
FEMALE
% FAT
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
TIME SET
2. Push the [
] key.
kg
The date and time input screen will appear.
The upper row of numbers show the year, the middle
row the month and day, and the bottom row the time
(hours and minutes).
2. Select the number of print outs
Using the numerical keys, enter the quantity of print
outs desired.
P T
kg
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
P T
TIME SET
FEMALE
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
The maximum number is nine.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
FEMALE
TIME SET
* If no changes are to be made, press the [
] key again.
[1]~[9]
[0]
:
:
Quantity of print outs
No printout
% FAT
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
3. Input the present date and time.
kg
Input the appropriate numbers, beginning with the
P T
3. Language Selection
kg
top row, in the flashing space.
Example: To input May 1, 2001, 6:03 p.m., press in
order the following keys:
If “0” is selected at step 2, you cannot preset
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
P T
FEMALE
the language.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
ƽ
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
FEMALE
The display will automatically change to the language
selection screen. The currently selected language will
be displayed as a number.
Example: (LNG-1) means English.
Select the language desired using the numerical keys.
[1] : English
2
0
0
2
0
5
0
1
1
8
0
3
% FAT
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
* If you make an error while inputting a number, press the
] key.
% FAT
[
This will return you to the previous input space.
kg
P T
TIME SET
4. Press the [
] key.
kg
[2] : French
[3] : German
[4] : Italian
[5] : Spanish
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
The date and time are set, and the clock function is
running.
The d isplay w ill now retu rn to the step prior to
entering this mode.
* The clock function is backed up by the rechargeable battery,
but natural electric discharge of the rechargeable battery
may occur if the device is not in use for an extended period
(more than 2 weeks); this will clear the settings, making it
necessary to reset the date and time.
P T
FEMALE
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
TIME SET
FEMALE
% FAT
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
4. Printing selection
kg
Printing contents are selected from numerical keys.
[0] : Short
[1] : Long
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
5. The displa y will a utoma tica lly cha nge to the
measurement screen after all the input has been
completed.
kg
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
If further change to the print settings is d esired ,
please turn off the equipment and follow steps 1 - 4
above.
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
The equipment will start up with these settings next time you use it.
ƽ
12
13
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a Setting the Original Mode
This process is utilized to select whether or not you use the target body fat ratio function. (See the printout sample
on page 16.)
< H I N T! >
The target body fat ratio function is deactivated when this product is shipped from factory.
P
T
kg
1. Press the
key while holding down the
key.
P T
P T
MALE
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
[0] : The target body fat ratio function is deactivated
[1] : The target body fat ratio function is activated
If the number of print outs is set to “0” during
kg
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
or
the process of “Setting the Number of Print
FEMALE
ƽ
Outs and Language” on page 13, you cannot
preset this item.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
2. After the input is completed, the display will
a utoma tica lly cha nge to the mea surement
screen.
kg
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
The equipment will start up with these settings next time you use it.
ƽ
14
15
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Sa m p le
T A N I T A
B O D Y C O M P O S I T I O N
A N A L Y Z E R
B C
—
4 1 8
2 1 ⁄ S E P ⁄ 2 0 0 2 1 9 : 2 9
B O D Y T Y P E
S T A N D A R D
G E N D E R
A G E
M A L E
3 4
H E I G H T
W E I G H T
B M I
1 7 9
c m
k g
7 3 .
3
9
2 3 .
B M R
7 2 9 4
k J
1 7 4 3 k c a l
F A T %
1 3 .
9 .
1
%
k g
k g
k g
This section prints the both the
bod y typ e an d bod y
com p osition d ata of th e
current user.
F A T M A S S
F F M
6
6 3 .
4 6 .
7
6
T B W
D E S I R A B L E R A N G E
F A T %
8 – 2 0
%
F A T M A S S
5 . 5 – 1 5 .
9
k g
T A R G E T B F % i s
P r e d i c t e d w e i g h t
:
2 0 %
:
Th is section calcu lates th e
amount of fat that should be
lost or gained to achieve the
Target BF% (preset by the user
and health care professional).
7 9 .
1 5 .
6 .
6
k g
k g
k g
P r e d i c t e d f a t m a s s
F A T T O G A I N :
:
9
3
C o n s u l
t
y o u r p h y s i c i a n
b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g a n y
w e i g h t m a n a g e m e n t p r o –
g r a m . T a n i t a i s n o t r e –
s p o n s i b l e f o r d e t e r –
m i n i n g y o u r t a r g e t B F % .
I M P E D A N C E
W h o l e B o d y
R i g h t L e g
L e f t L e g
5 5 1
2 1 2
2 1 4
2 9 2
3 0 9
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
R i g h t A r m
L e f t A r m
S e g m e n t a l A n a l y s i s
R i g h t L e g
<Printing selection and Goal Setter Mode>
F a t %
8 . 9
%
F a t M a s s
1 . 1 k g
Printing selection
Goal Setter Mode
Input
Print Out
F F M
1 1 . 5 k g
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
STANDARD
ATHLETIC
1 0 . 9 k g
ON
[1]
L e f t L e g
F a t %
1 0 . 1
%
F a t M a s s
1 . 2 k g
Short
[0]
F F M
1 1 . 0 k g
TARGET BF 00%
STANDARD
ATHLETIC
Th e m easu rem en t d ata for
each body part – the predicted
muscle mass, the fat mass, and
the body fat percentage – are
printed out in this portion.
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
1 0 . 4 k g
OFF
[0]
R i g h t A r m
F a t %
1 4 . 0
%
F a t M a s s
0 . 6 k g
3 . 6 k g
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
STANDARD
ATHLETIC
3 . 4 k g
ON
[1]
L e f t A r m
F a t %
1 5 . 4
%
F a t M a s s
0 . 6 k g
3 . 5 k g
Long
[1]
TARGET BF 00%
STANDARD
ATHLETIC
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
3 . 3 k g
OFF
[0]
T r u n k
F a t %
1 5 . 0
%
6 . 0 k g
3 4 . 1 k g
F a t M a s s
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
For this Printing Selection, please refer to the page 13.
For this Goal Setter Mode, please refer to the page 14.
3 2 . 8 k g
16
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6.Operating Instructions
6. Set the Target Body Fat Ratio.
a Body Composition Analysis
kg
After you in p u t th e h eigh t, “GOAL” w ill
automatically flash on the display. Input the target
body fat ratio desired using the numerical keys.
Example: 16% = Press [1] and [6].
9% = Press [0] and [9].
* If the number of print outs is set to “0”, nothing will
be displayed.
P T
MALE
This explains the procedure when the printer function is turned on. Please be aware that the display may be
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
FEMALE
different if the number of printouts is set to [0].
ƽ
ƽ
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
© Do not wipe the equipment with corrosive chemicals (gasoline, cleaner, etc.). Please use a neutral
detergent to clean the equipment.
© When the equipment has been transferred to any location where there is a temperature difference of
20˚C or more, wait for at least two hours before using it.
* If the target body fat ratio is set to OFF, the target
body fat ratio will not be printed out.
© In taking measurements, please keep the person away from the unit, who uses transmitters such as a
mobile phone avoid causing margin errors.
© Before you start a body weight management
progra m a nd set the a ppropria te persona l
ƽ
body fa t ra tio, plea se consult your doctor.
Ta nita is not resp onsib le for setting the
appropriate target body fat ratio for specific
individuals.
1. Turn on the Power.
kg
Press the [
] key.
P T
MALE
“0.0” will appear on the upper portion of the display.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
FEMALE
© For d eta ils of the d esira b le b od y fa t
percentage, please refer to the Technical Notes.
Male athletes may wish to select a single digit
body fat percentage as their target. However,
this is not recommended for Standard Adults, in
particular women, who should avoid becoming
excessively lean. Always consult a doctor about
the target body fat percentage most suitable for
your body type.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
2. Enter Clothes Weight.
kg
Enter clothes weight using the numerical keys.
Example: if the clothes weight is 2.0 kg, press [2], [.]
and then [0].
When the data input is completed, the data will be
displayed as a minus number.
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
©Do not step on the Weighing Platform until the
3. Select the Body Type.
ta rget b od y fa t ra tio setting ha s b een
ƽ
kg
Select the Bod y Type from Stand ard Male, Stand ard
Female, Athletic Male and Athletic Female. Please use the
Athletic key when the user is 17 years or older and also
meets the following criteria.
comp leted b eca use the p ower ma y b e
automatically turned off or the measurement
may be inaccurate.
P T
Male
Female
STANDARD
STANDARD
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
ATHLETIC
* If you want to change the settings, please press the
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
See page 8 for Tanita’s definition of “Athlete.”
[
] key and the procedure will go back to the
% FAT
former step. Please re-enter the data.
4. Enter Age.
kg
7. After “88888” is displayed on the upper portion
of the display, a flashing arrow will appear next
STEP ON
* If the user is 32 years old or younger.
Example: Press [3] and [2].
* If the user is 9 years old or younger
Example: press [0] and [9].
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
to
.
FEMALE
kg
kg
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
P
T
P
T
% FAT
* If ages 16 or less are entered, even if Athletic is
selected for the Body Type, it will be automatically
changed to Standard.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
MALE
FEMALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
% FAT
8. Start Measurement.
5. Enter Height.
kg
Step on the Weighing Platform with bare feet so they
touch the electrodes. Stand in a stable position without
bending your knees.
Example: If the user’s height is 172 cm, please press [1], [7]
P T
Posterior Electrodes
Anterior Electrodes
and then [2].
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
●Do not use the ha nd grips, a s you will only be
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
measuring your body weight this time.
ƽ
% FAT
18
19
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9. Taking Measurement.
a Weight Only Function
kg
Step on the weighing platform in bare feet. Make sure heels
are placed on the posterior electrodes, and the front part of
the feet are in contact with the anterior electrodes.
P T
MALE
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
1. After turning on the unit, press the [
] key.
kg
FEMALE
P T
After a momentary display check, “0.0” will appear
on the LCD. If measuring units need to be changed,
do so at this time by pressing the [
An arrow on the LCD will follow the selection of
weighing units.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
10.Measure the Impedance.
% FAT
FEMALE
]key.
When the grips are grasped with both hands,
w ill appear at the bottom of the d isplay and the
impedance measurement will begin.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
Th e
m arks w ill d isap p ear on e by on e d u rin g th e
2. Weight Measurement.
measurement; after five full cycles, the measurement will be complete.
kg
Step on th e w eigh in g p latform . Weigh t w ill be
P T
●
Gra b the grips (two loca tions) only a fter the body
weight figure on the display has stabilized.
displayed on the LCD.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
ƽ
FEMALE
●Do not step off the Weighting Platform until
the “ ” symbols disappear completely.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
●In cases when measurements of the body fat ratio
or the quantity of fat are abnormally small or the
error message (E01) is shown on the display, the
probable reason is that the soles of the feet and the
electrodes are not in full contact. Make sure you
step on the Weighing Platform so there is contact
between the electrodes and the soles of your feet.
If the problem is not solved this way, it is possible
that the soles of the feet have calluses and the
resistance is too great. Therefore, place about 0.5
ml of water on each of the four electrodes where
the feet touch before measurement.
3. When measuring is complete, press the [
key to turn off the power.
]
kg
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
●No printer is a va ila ble when mea suring
weight only.
●If body composition analysis is desired, turn
FEMALE
ƽ
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
the unit off and then on, using the [
key.
]
Important Note: There is no automatic weight lock
function.
kg
P T
11.Measurement Is Completed.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
a Setting of Clothes Weight
Once the body weight and impedance measurements have
been completed, the overall body fat percentage will be
shown at the bottom of the display and a buzzer will sound.
If the printer is ON, the measurement results will be printed out.
* With regard to the measurement result, please refer to P. 22.
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
P
T
% FAT
1. Press the [
] key.
kg
P T
The arrow next to P T twill flash.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
P T
FEMALE
If the printer is OFF, the measurement results (predicted
muscle mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage) for each
body part can be displayed using the ten-key pad.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
L
R
R
% FAT
Left arm
Left leg
Right arm
Right leg
Select the number of the desired body part on the ten-key pad.
2. Enter the clothes weight.
Example: If the clothes weight is 2.0 kg, press [2], [.]
and then [0].
[4]:
[6]:
[0]:
[. ]:
Left arm
Right ar
Left leg
kg
P T
L
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
* When you want to correct an entry, press the [
key and enter the data again.
]
FEMALE
Right leg
[5] and [2]: Trunk
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
Trunk
% FAT
* See page 13 for details on printer settings.
Step off the Weighing Platform.
kg
3. Finalizing the setting
kg
P T
P
T
Press the [
] key to finalize the clothes weight.
12.When You Continue to Measure.
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
The finalized clothes w eight is d isp layed w ith a
m inu s, an arrow next to P T t lights u p , and it
becomes possible to measure your weight.
After p rin tin g is com p leted , go back to step 3.
Measure by entering the data in the same procedure.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
P T
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
13.Finish Measurement.
% FAT
Press the [
] key and turn off the power.
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a Explanation of the Print Out
Sa m p le
Body Fat Ranges for Standard Adults
Underfat
Healthy
Overfat
Obese
Age
T A N I T A
B O D Y C O M P O S I T I O N
A N A L Y Z E R
20-39
BMI:Body Mass Index is a height to weight
ratio, and is calculated by the following
formula:
B C
—
4 1 8
BMR:Basal Metabolic Rate represents the
total energy exp end ed by the bod y to
maintain normal functions at rest such as
respiration and circulation.
40-59
60-79
Female
2 1 ⁄ S E P ⁄ 2 0 0 2
1 9 : 2 9
Weight (kg)
Height (m2)
Desirable Range 18.5 - 24.9
B O D Y T Y P E
S T A N D A R D
G E N D E R
A G E
M A L E
3 4
H E I G H T
W E I G H T
B M I
1 7 9
c m
k g
7 3 .
3
9
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
FAT MASS:Total weight of fat mass (in kg ,
lb) in the body.
2 3 .
FAT%:The percentage of total body weight
that is fat.
B M R
7 2 9 4
k J
1 7 4 3 k c a l
20-39
40-59
60-79
F A T %
1 3 .
9 .
1
%
k g
k g
k g
F A T M A S S
F F M
6
FFM:Fat Free Mass is comprised of muscle,
bone, tissue, water, and all other fat free
mass in the body.
6 3 .
4 6 .
7
6
TBW:Total Body Water is the amount of
water (expressed as lb, kg, or st.lb) retained
in th e bod y. TBW is said to com p rise
between 50% - 70% of total body weight.
Generally, men tend to have higher water
w eigh t th an w om en d u e to a greater
amount of muscle.
T B W
Male
D E S I R A B L E R A N G E
F A T %
8 – 2 0
%
F A T M A S S
5 . 5 – 1 5 .
9
k g
T A R G E T B F % i s
P r e d i c t e d w e i g h t
:
PW:Predicted weight
Calculated w eight for the given Target
BF%.
Underfat
Healthy
Overfat
Obese
2 0 %
:
7 9 .
1 5 .
6 .
6
k g
k g
k g
* As reported by Gallagher,et al., at NY Obesity Research Center.
To determine the percentage of body fat that's appropriate for your body,consuit your physician.
P r e d i c t e d f a t m a s s
F A T T O G A I N :
:
9
3
PFM:Predicted fat mass
Caluculated fat mass for the given Target
BF%.
FAT TO LOSE/ GAIN:
Calcu lated fat m ass to lose or gain to
achieve the Predicted Weight.
C o n s u l
t
y o u r p h y s i c i a n
b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g a n y
w e i g h t m a n a g e m e n t p r o –
g r a m . T a n i t a i s n o t r e –
s p o n s i b l e f o r d e t e r –
m i n i n g y o u r t a r g e t B F % .
S e g m e n t a l A n a l y s i s
R i g h t L e g
I M P E D A N C E
Based on NIH/ WHO BMI Guidelines
F a t %
8 . 9
%
W h o l e B o d y
R i g h t L e g
L e f t L e g
5 5 1
2 1 2
2 1 4
2 9 2
3 0 9
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
F a t M a s s
1 . 1 k g
IMPEDANCE:Impedance reflects the body’s
inherent resistance to an electrical current.
Muscle acts as a conductor of the electrical
current, adipose tissue acts as a resistor.
Underwight
Normal Range
Pre obese
BMI < 18.5
18.5 ≦ BMI < 25
25 ≦ BMI < 30
30 ≦ BMI < 35
35 ≦ BMI < 40
BMI ≧ 40
F F M
1 1 . 5 k g
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
R i g h t A r m
L e f t A r m
1 0 . 9 k g
L e f t L e g
F a t %
1 0 . 1
%
F a t M a s s
1 . 2 k g
Obese
Obese
Obese
CLASS l
CLASS ll
CLASS lll
F F M
1 1 . 0 k g
PMS:Predicted Muscle Mass
means bone-free lean tissue mass (LTM)
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
1 0 . 4 k g
R i g h t A r m
F a t %
1 4 . 0
%
F a t M a s s
0 . 6 k g
3 . 6 k g
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
3 . 4 k g
L e f t A r m
F a t %
1 5 . 4
%
F a t M a s s
0 . 6 k g
3 . 5 k g
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
3 . 3 k g
T r u n k
F a t %
1 5 . 0
%
6 . 0 k g
3 4 . 1 k g
F a t M a s s
F F M
P r e d i c t e d M u s c l e M a s s
3 2 . 8 k g
NOTE:Please refer to the Technical Notes for details.
Please consult your doctor before you start a body weight management program. Tanita is not responsible for the
target body fat ratio.
ƽ
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7.Clearing Paper Jams
a Components of the Printer Unit
a Clearing Paper Jams
Please pay careful attention to avoid injury from the sharp edge.
Please turn off the machine before clearing Paper jams.
CAUTION
ƽ
1. Remove the Paper Dispenser Cover.
If you lift up the Paper Dispenser Cover from the
back of the Control Box, it can be easily removed.
Automatic Cutter Unit
Printer Paper Outlet
2. Remove the Printer Cover.
As shown in the illustration, from the front side of the
Control Box, use a finger to lift up the Printer Cover.
The Printer Cover is firmly fixed by catches.
Please make sure not to drop the Control Box
when you remove the Printer Cover.
Paper Release Lever
ƽ
3. Lift up the Automatic Cutter Unit.
From the front side of the Control Box, lift up the
Automatic Cutter Unit with a finger.
Auto-cutter
Unit
4. Raise the Paper Release Lever and remove the
jammed paper.
* This is a picture of the Control Box without the Printer Dispenser Cover and the Printer Cover, looking down
from above.
Paper Release
Lever
Remove the printer roll paper and the jammed paper.
5. Return the Paper Release Lever, the Automatic
Cutter Unit and the Printer Cover to the normal
position.
Insert the catches of the Printer Cover into the guide
holes of the Control Box and push it down slowly
while pressing the catches on both the left and right
hand sides until a click is heard.
Failure to press down the Paper Release Lever
will result in continuous feeding of the printer
paper without it being cut automatically.
ƽ
6. Return the printer paper roll.
Retu rn th e p rin ter p ap er roll by follow in g th e
procedure in P. 11 [Loading Printer Paper Roll].
7. Return the Printer Dispenser Cover to the proper
position.
Press the Printer Dispenser Cover down slowly as the
catches of the cover go into the guide holes. P. 11.
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8.Troubleshooting
RS-232C Interface Instructions
This section describes the interface for outputting the BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer measurement results as
RS-232C signals to personal computers and other external devices.
a Problem List
If problems occur, please refer to the following instructions before you ask for repairs.
Only connect IEC950-compliant computers to the BC-418.
ƽCAUTION
Problem
Solution
• Please confirm that the Control Box is properly connected to the AC
Adapter and the AC Adapter is properly connected to the cable.
a Specifications
a Signal lines and connection methods
Nothing a ppea rs on the displa y a fter
pushing [
] key
Communication Standard
EIA RS-232C Compatible
Terminal number
Signal name
Communication Method Asynchronous Transmission
1
2
3
5
F.G .
• E-01 is d isplayed w hen the im ped ance show s an abnorm al value
compared to height and weight.
E-01 is displayed.
Signal speed
Data bit length
Parity
4800 baud
8 bits
R X D
T X D
Please make sure that measurement was carried out with bare feet, the
electrodes or the soles of the feet were clean, and the feet were correctly in
contact with the electrodes. If the feet are dry or have calluses, place water on
the electrodes before stepping on the unit.
None
G N D
Stop bit
1 bit
1 2 3 5
Terminator
CR+LF
• It is possible that the body fat ratio exceeds the measuring capacity.
Please stop measuring.
• This sign is displayed when the body fat percentage of the trunk is too
low and is off the measureable range.
E-02 is displayed and the reading of
the trunk cannot be obtained.
• Please refer to the readings of other parts for the body fat.
●Connection example Always use a reverse cable when connecting to an external computer.
Personal computer or
other device
• E - 11 is displayed when there is a loose connection between the control
box and the weighing platform.
E-11 is displayed.
BC-418M A
• Confirm that none of connections between the scale and control box are
loose or unplugged.
1 . F.G .
2 . R X D
3 . TX D
4 .
F.G .
TX D
R X D
R TS
C TS
G N D
D S R
D TR
•
There may be excessive vibration which will disturb the measurement process.
• The equipment requires readjustment.
E-12, 13 or 14 is displayed.
E-16 is displayed.
• Measurement is not possible because impedance is unstable. In order to
improve electrical conductivity, please clean the soles of the feet or
place water on the electrodes before using the equipment.
5 . G N D
•
Please confirm the number of print outs selected is more than 0. (See P. 13)
• Please confirm that the correct brand of paper is used.
Please confirm that the printer paper roll is placed in the correct position.
No print out
•
• Please confirm that the printer paper is not jammed.
●An RS-232C connector (D sub 9-pin male) is located in the lower center on the back of the control box.
●Use an RS-232C cross cable when connecting to a personal computer or other device.
• Please confirm the printer paper is not jammed.
The printer paper does not come out.
•
The printer paper is used up. Please put in a new printer paper roll. (See P.11)
P.End is displayed and the equipment
is incapable of taking a measurement.
RS-232C connector (D sub 9-pin male)
• Please confirm that the printer paper is being advanced properly.
•
Please make sure that the Paper Release Lever is not in the “Up” position. (See P. 25)
• It is possible that the maximum weight capacity has been exceeded.
Please stop measuring.
---- is displayed.
•
Do not stand on or put things on the Weighting Platform before starting measurement.
Start measurement after confirming there is nothing on the Weighing Platform.
uuuu is displayed.
The power has turned off during measurement.
RS-232C cross cable
• It is possible that the number of print outs selected is 0 or the Weight
Scale Mode has been selected. Please select the Body Fat Measurement
Mode and select a number larger than 0 for the number of print outs.
Feed Key is not functioning.
D sub 9-pin female
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(2).Output data format
a Transmission data
Measurement data will be output in the following format.
CAUTION ● Transmission data will be output after measurements regardless of the status of the
personal computer or other device to which data will be transmitted must be put in a
reception-ready status before measurement.
● A comma (,) is used as a separator between data items.
persona l computer or other device a t the receiving end. For tha t rea son, the
ƽ
● The terminators marking the end of data are CR (ASCII code: ODH) and LF (ASCII code: OAH).
● If the digits in the data do not reach the stipulated length for fixed length data, the data will be right-
justified for output, with a zero (0) (ASCII code: 30H) entered in any empty spaces.
(1).Output data items
Output data (ASCII code)
Date
Date
Time
kg m ode
lb m ode
Byte Langth
Comma
“dd/ mm/ yy” (date/ month/ year)
“hh:mm” (hour:minutes)
0: standard 2: athlete
“dd/ mm/ yy” (date/ month/ year)
“hh:mm” (hour:minutes)
0: standard 2: athlete
10
7
1
1
5
5
4
5
5
5
2
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
”d d /m m /y y ” ,”h h :m m ” , x , x , x x x x x , x x x . x ,
Body type
Gender
Height
1: male 2: female
1: male 2: female
Date
Time
Body type Gender
Height
Weight
xxxxx (cm )
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx
xxx.x (inch)
xxx.x (lb)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x lb)
xx
Weight
Comma
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Body water mass
Age
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x , x x x . x , x x x x x ,
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Body water mass
Age
BMI
BMR
Comma
Comma
BMI
BMR
xxx.x
xxx.x
xxxxx (kJ)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
xxxxx (kJ)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
x x x ,
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x ,
Impedance
Whole body
Right leg
Left leg
Right arm
Left arm
Body fat percentage Fat mass
Fat free mass Predicted muscle mass
Whole body impedance
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
xxx (Ω)
Right leg
x x x ,
Comma
Right leg
Left leg
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xxx.x (kg)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xx.x (% )
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
xxx.x (lb)
Right leg impedance
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x ,
Body fat percentage Fat mass
Fat free mass Predicted muscle mass
x x x ,
Left leg
Left leg impedance
Comma
x x x ,
Right arm
Left arm
Trunk
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x ,
Right arm impedance
Body fat percentage Fat mass
Fat free mass Predicted muscle mass
Right arm
x x x ,
Comma
Left arm impedance
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x ,
Body fat percentage Fat mass
Fat free mass Predicted muscle mass
Left arm
Comma
Data will not be output if the [
] key is used to switch to the body weight only mode.
C R LF
x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x , x x x . x
ƽ
ƽ
Calculations are made using 1kcal = 4.184kJ.
Terminator
Body fat percentage Fat mass
Fat free mass Predicted muscle mass
Trunk
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Output (Fat Monitor Mode) Format
a Control Commands
When in Remote mode, the body fat analyzer may be operated remotely by sending control commands from a host.
a Transmission Data
● The receiving PC must be rea dy to a ccept output da ta immedia tely a fter
U
U
U
?
0
1
CR LF
CR LF
CR LF
CAUTION
Output data
U? : Confirm current setting
U0: Use cm/kg mode
U1: Use in/lb mode
measurement is completed.
ƽ
commands
U
Byte Length
1
R
R
R
?
0
1
CR LF
CR LF
CR LF
K: unit of weight kg
R? : Confirm current setting
commands
R
First byte
L: unit of weight lb
R0: Select equation for Westerners
R1: Select equation for Orientals
S: stability of load (weight output)
D: instability of load (weight output)
I : overload status
Header
Second byte
1
5
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
?
0
1
2
3
4
6
CR LF
D? : Confirm current setting
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
CR LF
CR LF
D0 : Set clothing weight (5-byte fixed length)
D1 : Set gender male = 1 female = 2
D2 : Set body type standard = 0 athlete = 2
D3 : Set height (5-byte fixed length)
D4 : Set age (2-byte fixed length)
---: negative weight output
CR LF
CR LF
Weight
Output data format
xxx.x
commands
D
X
X
X
X
X
¥
¥
Terminal data are CR (ASCII format: 0DH), LF (ASCII format: 0AH).
Measurement data will be sent in the format shown to the right:
CR LF
CR LF
x x x x x . x
D6 : Set Target BF (2-byte fixed length)
Remote Mode
commands
G
G
G
1
2
CR LF
CR LF
G1: Start measuring body fat
G2: Measure weight only
All types of data may be entered by connecting the BF-350 to a PC and switching to Remote mode.
a Switching to Remote Mode
1. When the unit is switched off, press the [
and [ ] keys simultaneously.
]
kg
Special
CHR$(01FH)
CR LF
CHR$(01FH): Reset settings
P T
MALE
commands
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
FEMALE
The default setting is off.
Note
ƽ
*All fixed-length data right aligned. Enter
0
for blanks.
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
2. Press [0], [8].
a Error Codes
kg
P T
If an error occurs, the body composition analyzer will send an error code to the host.
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
E
E
E
0
0
X
0
1
X
CR LF
CR LF
CR LF
E00 : Attempted to start measuring without completing settings
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
E01 : Error in calculating body fat percentage
EXX :other error ’ body fat analyzer switches off
3. Switch Remote mode on and off by pressing [1]
or [0].
kg
*See p.26 "7. Troubleshooting" for details of errors.
P T
[1] : Enables Remote mode
[0] : Disables Remote mode
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
FEMALE
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
4. Press [ ] to confirm.
kg
Only "r S" will appear (standby screen).
P T
STABILIZED
cm / ft.in
MALE
To switch off Remote mode, start
from th e begin n in g again an d
select "OFF" at Step 3.
FEMALE
ƽNote
ATHLETIC
STEP ON
AGE
% FAT
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a Example of Use
Set body type
6
The body composition analyzer is used remotely as follows.
Ex: standard
D
2
0
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
Switch on body composition analyzer.
1
D
D
2
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
If commands accepted
If settings incorrect
Host ,
First, switch on the body composition analyzer.
Check that the unit is in Remote mode.
2
!
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Host ,
ƽ
Also check that the unit is connected properly to the computer.
Set height
7
Ex: 179cm
Host .
D
3
0
0
1
7
9
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Choose the units of measurement.
2
D
D
3
4
6
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Ex: cm/kg
If commands accepted
If settings incorrect
Host ,
3
!
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Units of measurement cannot be set if tare weight and height have been set. The default setting is cm/kg.
Host ,
ƽ
U
0
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
Set age
8
U
U
0
!
CR LF
CR LF
If commands received
Host ,
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
Ex: 34
If settings incorrect
. body composition analyzer
D
4
3
4
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
*If commands sent are unclear Host
commands returned
,
!
CR LF
D
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
If commands accepted
If settings incorrect
Host ,
D
4
!
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Host ,
Select equation
3
Ex: equation for Westerners
Set target BF
9
The default setting is the equation for Westerners
Ex: 18%
ƽ
D
6
1
83 CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
R
0
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
D
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
If commands accepted
If settings incorrect
Host ,
R
R
0
!
CR LF
CR LF
If commands received
Host ,
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
D
6
!
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Host ,
If settings incorrect
. body composition analyzer
Confirm settings
10
Set tare weight
4
D
?
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
The tare weight need not be set if not required. It will then be treated as 0.
Ex: 1kg tare weight
D
D
D
D
D
D
0
1
2
3
4
6
0
0
1
.
0
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
If commands accepted
Host ,
Host ,
Host ,
Host ,
Host ,
Host ,
D
0
0
0
1
.
0
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
1
CR LF
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
0
. body composition analyzer
D
D
0
!
CR LF
CR LF
If commands received
If settings incorrect
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
0
0
1
7
9
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
3
1
4
CR LF
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
8
. body composition analyzer
Set gender
5
If settings incorrect
Host ,if data settings incorrect .body composition analyzer
Ex: male
Host .
D
1
1
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
*Gender, body type, height and age must be entered.
D
1
CR LF
If commands accepted
If settings incorrect
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
*Once all the necessary items of data have been entered, the unit will determine on the basis of age and gender whether to switch to Athlete or Standard mode.
Hence even if you choose Athlete mode, the unit may switch to Standard mode.
D
1
!
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Host ,
*If starting in Weight Only mode, only tare weight needs to be set.
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a Resetting
Start measurement
11
Reset settings
G
1
CR LF
/body composition analyzer
Host .
CHR$(01FH)
CR LF
Host .
/ body composition analyzer
CHR$(01FH) CR LF
CR LF
G
E
1
CR LF
If commands accepted
Host ,
Host ,
. body composition analyzer
If commands accepted : Host ,
If settings incorrect : Host ,
. body composition analyzer
. body composition analyzer
0
0 CR LF
If settings incorrect
. body composition analyzer
!
During measurement
12
Commands are not accepted while measuring is in progress. If an error occurs, the body composition analyzer will transmit an error code to the host.
Host , error code . body composition analyzer
Measurement finished
13
Readings will be outputted when measurement is finished.
If concluded normally
Host ,
” 2 1 / 0 9 / 0 2 ” , ” 1 9 : 2 9 ” , 0 , 1 , 0 0 1 7 9 ,
Date
Time
Body type
Gender
Height
0 7 3 . 3 , 1 3 . 1 , 0 0 9 . 6 , 0 6 3 . 7 , 0 4 6 . 6 ,
Weight
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Body water mass
3 4 , 0 2 3 . 9 , 0 7 2 9 4 , 5 5 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 4 , 2 9 2 ,
Age
BMI
BMR
Whole body impedance Right leg impedance
Left leg impedance
Right arm impedance
3 0 9 , 0 8 . 9 , 0 0 1 . 1 , 0 1 1 . 5 , 0 1 0 . 9 ,
Left arm impedance
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Right leg
1 0 . 1 , 0 0 1 . 2 , 0 1 1 . 0 , 0 1 0 . 4 ,
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Left leg
1 4 . 0 , 0 0 0 . 6 , 0 0 3 . 6 , 0 0 3 . 4 ,
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Right arm
1 5 . 4 , 0 0 0 . 6 , 0 0 3 . 5 , 0 0 3 . 3 ,
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Left arm
1 5 . 0 , 0 0 6 . 0 , 0 3 4 . 1 , 0 3 2 . 8
Body fat percentage
Fat mass
Fat free mass
Predicted muscle mass
Trunk
CR LF
. body composition analyzer
Terminator
If an error occurs
Host , error . body composition analyzer
After measurement has finished, all necessary items of data and tare weight are cleared, and the unit waits for further commands.
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Technical Notes
Reliability of body composition measurements with an 8-electrode BIA
a Reliability of body composition analysis via 8-electrode BIA
Introduction
In deriving the body fat percentage, fat mass, and fat free mass for the whole body, the Body Composition
Analyzer uses data acquired by DXA* from both Japanese and Western subjects as well as a regression
formula derived through repeated regression analysis using height, weight, age, and impedance between
right hand and foot as variables. Measurements of body fat percentage, fat free mass, fat mass, and
predicted muscle mass for specific body parts also use a regression formula for each body part derived from
repeated regression analysis using height, weight, age, and impedance for individual body parts (right arm,
left arm, right leg, left leg, trunk) as variables, based on data acquired through DXA.
This device calculates body fat percentage, fat mass, fat free mass, and predicted muscle mass on the basis of
data obtained by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA).
One of two settings must be selected when taking measurements:
1)Standard (for persons 7 ~ 99 years of age)
2)Athlete (sportsmen/ women who exercise considerably more than non-athletes)
Making a distinction by body type in the measurement mode produces more reliable body composition
measurements for athletes, whose body compositions differ from those of average persons.
A high degree of correlation has been found to exist between the figures for body fat percentage, fat mass,
and fat free mass for individual parts and for the entire body calculated with this predictive formula and the
figures obtained by DXA, and the results are thus highly reproducible.
a Principles of body composition measurement via 8-electrode BIA
Body composition measurements attained by the 8-electrode method are therefore extremely reliable.
BIA is a means of measuring body composition – fat mass, predicted muscle mass, etc. – by measuring
bioelectrical impedance in the body. Fat within the body allows almost no electricity to pass through, while
electricity passes rather easily through water, much of which is found in muscles. The degree of difficulty
with which electricity passes through a substance is known as the electrical resistance, and the percentage of
fat and other body constituents can be inferred from measurements of this resistance.
※)Measurement of body composition using DXA
DXA was originally designed to measure bone mineral content, but in the full-body scan mode the body
fat percentage, fat mass, and fat free mass of individual body parts (arms, legs, trunk) can also be
measured. The image below shows one example of body composition measurement results obtained by
DXA.
The Tanita Body Composition Analyzer measures body composition using a constant current source with a high frequency
current (50kHz, 500μA). The 8 electrodes are positioned so that electric current is supplied from the electrodes on the tips of
the toes of both feet and the fingertips of both hands, and voltage is measured on the heel of both feet and the thenar side of
both hands. The current flows into the upper limbs or lower limbs, depending on the body part(s) to be measured.
a Body impedance measurement methods
In the conventional 4-electrode method, current is supplied from the electrodes at the tips of the toes on both feet, with the voltage
measured on the heel. This current flows from one lower limb through the lower abdomen and then into the other lower limb, and the
bioelectrical impedance (hereinafter, “impedance,”) thus measured is the impedance between the two feet. In the newly developed 8-
electrode method, however, current is supplied from the tips of the toes of both feet and the fingertips of both hands, and the voltage is
measured on the heel of both feet and the thenar side of both hands. This method allows five different impedance measurements to be
made – whole body, right leg, left leg, right arm, and left arm – by switching the part of the body in which the current is flowing and
the location where the voltage is measured. When measuring impedance in the right leg, for instance, the current flows between the
right hand and foot, and the voltage between both feet is measured.
For reference, the impedance measurement methods for the respective body parts are shown in the diagram below.
Body composition measurement results obtained by DXA (Lunar Co., Ltd; DPX-L)
Current
Voltage
Whole body
Right leg
Left leg
Right arm
Left arm
Impedance measurement methods for the respective body parts
36
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Intra-day changes are thought to occur in unique cycles
arising from differences in the rhythm of individual daily
routines, occupations, and day-to-day activities.
Consequently, to obtain consistent measurement figures it is
recom m end ed that m easu rem ents be taken u nd er the
following conditions:
a Causes of errors in impedance measurements
Intra-day fluctuations (Weight)
1.5
1.0
BIA measures impedance and calculates body composition on the basis of this impedance. It is known,
however, that impedance can vary due to changes in the quantity and distribution of body water, which
accounts for approximately 60% of body weight, as well as changes in body temperature. Therefore, when
measurements are being taken for research purposes or on a daily basis, uniform measurement conditions
must be ensured.
After supper
Before bathing
Sleeping
0.5
After lunch
After breakfast
0.0
After bathing
Before supper
kg
Rising
Before lunch
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Before breakfast
1) Measuring three hours or more after waking up, with
normal day-to-day activities carried on during this time
(simply sitting or traveling by car will keep impedance
high)
Consideration should be given to two types of changes in impedance: inter-day changes and intra-day
fluctuation (cyclic changes within a single day). In the 8-electrode method, full body measurements use the
impedance between the arms and legs, while measurements for specific body parts use the impedance of
those particular body parts.
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Time
2) Measu rin g th ree h ou rs or m ore after last eatin g
(impedance tends to fall for 2 to 3 hours after a meal)
3) Measuring twelve or more hours after vigorous exercise
(changes in impedance vary, depending on the type and
intensity of the exercise done)
Intra-day fluctuations (Impedance value)
60
40
20
0
The reasons for changes in impedance are different for the upper limbs and the lower limbs. Given that the
impedance of the trunk is extremely low (a mere 5-10% of the impedance between hands and feet), changes
involving the trunk can be almost wholly ignored when measuring the impedance between hands and feet,
and the changes for the upper and lower limbs are synthesized.
Rising
Before breakfast
Before supper
Before lunch
Before bathing
After
breakfast
4) Urinating before the measurement
Ω
Sleeping
When studying intra-day and inter-day changes with the 8-electrode method, it is thus necessary to
determine the respective changes for the upper and lower limbs.
5) Measuring as far as possible at the same time every day
in the case of repeated measurements (more dependable
m easu rem ents can be obtained if bod y w eight and
impedance are both measured at fixed times)
After
supper
After lunch
-20
-40
-60
After bathing
1) Intra-day fluctuations (cyclic activity within a single day)
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Time
Peripheral impedance ordinarily rises during sleep and falls during activity. This is believed to occur
becau se extracellu lar flu id , typified by the blood , m oves to the tru nk d u ring sleep, red u cing the
extracellular fluid in peripheral areas and thus increasing impedance, and because the extracellular fluid
returns to peripheral areas during activity, causing a drop in impedance.
Between both hands
Between hand and foot
Between both legs
Complying with the conditions above should result in very
consistent measurements.
Intra-day fluctuations( %FAT)
3.0
2.0
1.0
When developing this device, the following six conditions
were established in deriving the regression formula:
1) No alcohol less than 12 hours prior to measurement
2) No vigorous exercise less than 12 hours prior to measurement
3) No excess food and drink on the day before measurement
4) No food and drink less than 3 hours prior to measurement
5) Urination immediately before measurement
Intra-day activities during this cycle cause changes in body water volume and distribution due to the
consumption of food and drink as well as exercise.
Before breakfast
Rising
Before bathing
Sleeping
Before lunch
After supper
After
breakfast
The charts on page 33 illustrate one example of intra-day activities. The changes in weight, impedance, and
body fat percentage are shown on the respective vertical axes, while the measurement times are shown on
the horizontal axes (plotted points indicate the variation from the average change).
% 0.0
-1.0
After
lunch
Before
supper
-2.0
After bathing
Increases in body weight occurred following the consumption of food or drink, and a sharp decrease was
seen between 20:00 and 22:00 because of a bath.
-3.0
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
6) No measurements during menstrual period (women)
Time
The impedance between the hands and feet, as mentioned earlier, synthesizes the changes in impedance of
the upper limbs and the lower limbs.
Between both hands
Between hand and foot
Between both legs
During the two or three hours of digestion and absorption that followed breakfast and lunch, a decrease occurred
in the impedance of both the upper and lower limbs, but the degree of change was larger in the lower limbs than
in the upper limbs. This is because the impedance of the upper limbs temporarily increased due to the impact of
specific dynamic action (SDA) from the meals but then turned downward as the body fluid mass increased. No
such increase or decrease in impedance due to SDA was seen, though, in the lower limbs. After supper, the lower
level of activity caused an increase due to lessened extracellular fluid in peripheral areas at the same time that
upper and lower limb impedance fell due to digestion and absorption; as a result no clear trend could be seen.
Among the particularly large changes that occurred were decreases in impedance while taking baths and
subsequent increases, increases and decreases attributable to exercise, and decreases after tasks such as
carrying heavy objects that require use of the upper limbs. In the course of a single day, the largest intra-day
change in the lower limbs was the decrease in impedance due to the flow of blood to the lower limbs (blood
congestion). No clear trend was noted in impedance in the upper limbs over the course of a single day, but
extremely large changes did occur as a result of certain activities in the daily routine.
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2) Inter-day changes
THE APPLICABILITY OF THE OVERSEAS BMR REGRESSION
The diagrams below offer examples of actual measurements made of inter-day changes. A study was done
to determine the degree of change in the impedance between the feet during dehydration; the first two days
represent a normal daily routine, while in the latter two days a state of dehydration was induced using a
sauna.
FORMULA AND ITS DIFFERENCES WITH THE OLD FORMULA
The New Regression Formula for Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
It has long been said among medical and nutritional specialists that "The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is
more determined by the Fat Free Mass (FFM) than by the body weight" (Persons of a given body weight
with a higher FFM will have a higher BMR), and that from the aspect of evaluating the body composition,
should be estimated from the FFM. In addition, in cases of simple estimation formulae which can calculate
from the height, weight and age, without evaluating the body composition, there was a problem with
excessively high evaluations being given to obese persons with large body weight, and conversely
excessively small BMR evaluations given to muscular athletes, though these are not as many in number.
Currently, the BMR estim ation recursion form ula d eveloped by Tanita, the m anufacturer of bod y
composition analyzers, based on their research, works by multiple regressive analysis using this FFM, and
has a higher degree of accuracy in the individual differences in body composition. In order to derive the
BMR, resting respiratory metabolism (Resting Energy Expenditure: REE) was measured using a breath gas
analysis device, and this estimation recursion formula was created based on this data.
No significant inter-day change was measured in body
weight, impedance between the feet, or body fat percentage
during the normal daily routine. During the dehydrated
state, however, a drop in body weight of 1kg was noted,
with the impedance between the feet rising approximately
15Ω on the first day of dehydration and 30-35Ω on the
second day. As a result, body fat percentage was up by
around 1% on the first day of dehydration and by 1.5-2% on
the second day.
Intra-day fluctuations (Weight)
61
60.5
60
kg59.5
59
58.5
58
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
Time
As mentioned earlier, impedance increases when body
weight is reduced (such as by dehydration), and decreases
w h en bod y w eigh t is in creased th rou gh excess
consumption of food and drink. The inter-day change in
impedance is thus inversely proportional to the change in
body weight.
+5/ 13(Monday)
◆5/ 14(Tuesday) ▲5/ 15(Wednesday) ×5/ 16(Thursday)
Intra-day fluctuations (Impedance value)
<Figure 1> The Relationship Between Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) According
to Breath Gas Analysis and Weight, FFM
420
410
400
390
(Presented at Nutrition Week, Held in San Diego in 2002)
Ω 380
These inter-day changes stem from such causes as:
1) Temporary increases in body weight (total body water)
through overeating and overdrinking
FFM vs REE
W eight vs REE
370
360
350
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
2) Dehydration due to heavy sweating during vigorous
exercise
340
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
M ale
Time
M ale
+5/ 13(Monday)
◆5/ 14(Tuesday) ▲5/ 15(Wednesday) ×5/ 16(Thursday)
3) Dehydration due to alcohol consumption or the use of
diuretics
Fem ale
Intra-day fluctuations ( %FAT)
22
21
20
4) Dehydration due to heavy sweating during saunas, etc.
Accord ingly, it is recom m end ed that instru ctions be
provided to the subject to help eliminate these causes when
accurate measurements are needed.
Fem ale
%
19
18
17
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
0
0
Time
10
30
50
70
90
30
50
70
90
110
130
+5/ 13(Monday)
◆5/ 14(Tuesday) ▲5/ 15(Wednesday) ×5/ 16(Thursday)
FFM kg
W eght kg
Inter-d ay changes in bod y fat p ercentage and
im p ed ance m easu red by BIA betw een the feet
d u rin g n orm al d aily rou tin e an d d u rin g
dehydration
JP M ale
JP Fem ale
U S M ale
U S Fem ale
JP M ale
JP Fem ale
U S M ale
U S Fem ale
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Product specifications
BF-418MA
MDD : CLASS 2a
MDD : CLASS 3
AC adaptor (included) Center Minus MODEL SA25-0535U CLASS 2
Accuracy Grade
As shown in Figure 1: the REE (BMR) has a stronger relationship to the FFM than to body weight, and a
difference is visible between males and females in the distribution trends. We see that in principle that we
should calculate from the FFM rather than by the old formula centered on the relationship with weight.
Input Voltage: 100-240 VAC 50/ 60 Hz 550mA Output Voltage: 5 VDC ± 0.3 V
Power source
Rated Current: 3.5 A No Load Input Voltage: 5 VDC ± 0.3 V
<Fig: 2> Comparison of BMR Values from the TANITA Multiple regression model and Breath Analysis
17.5 W
Power Consumption
(Presented at Nutrition Week Held in San Diego in 2002)
8 polar Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Measurement System
50kHz
90µA
Measurement Frequency
Measurement Current
Electrode Material
3000
y = x + 9E – 11
Impedance
Measurement
Pressure Contact Stainless Steel Foot Pads, The Hand Grips are Metal-Plated to ABS Resin.
R2 = 0.808
R = 0.900
Whole body, Right leg, Left leg, Right arm and Left arm
Measurement Style
150 ~ 1200Ω
12Ω
Strain Gauge Load Cell
Measurement Range
Accuracy at first calibration
Measurement System
2500
SEE = 131.4
p<0.0001
Weight
Measurement
Maximum
Capacity
Minimum
Graduation
200 kg / 0.1 kg
±0.2kg
/
2000
Accuracy at first calibration
Clothes Weight
Gender
0-200 kg / 9 st 13.8 lb / 440lb
0.1 kg increments
Male / Female
Standard / Athletic
7~99 years old / 1year increments
1500
1000
500
0
Body Type
Age
Height
Input Items
90 - 249 cm
0 - 200 kg
1 cm increments
4~55%
4~55%
Target Body Fat %
Target Body Fat %
Weight
Male / Female
Standard / Athletic
7 - 99 years old / 1 year increments
Gender
Display
Body Type
Age
90 - 249 cm
1 cm increments
Height
FAT%
Body Type
Gender
Age
Height
Weight
BMI
1 - 75% / 0.1% increments
Standard / Athletic
Male / Female
7 - 99 years old / 1 year increments
0
1000
TAN ITA BM R kcal / day
(from TAN ITA m ultiple regression analysis m odel)
JP M ale JP Fem ale U S M ale U S Fem ale
2000
3000
90 - 249 cm
2 - 200 kg
1 cm increments
0.1 kg increments
Output Items
0.1 increments
1 kJ increments / 1 kcal increments
BMR
150 ~ 1200 Ω / 1Ω increments
Impedance
1
1 - 75% / 0.1% increments
Print-out
FAT%
Fat Mass
FFM
2
0.1 kg increments
0.1 kg increments
2
The current BMR retrogression formula is a formula which acts on the principle of using the FFM value
from the results of body composition measurement according to the BIA, A good relationship is shown in
the BMR value based on actual breath analysis REE or R=0.9 (p<0.0001). These results were presented at the
First Annual Nutrition Week (American College of Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition,
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, North American Association for the Study of
Obesity) held in 2002 in San Diego.
2
0.1 kg increments
0.1 kg increments
0.1 kg increments
0.1 kg increments
TBW
Predicted Weight
Predicted fat mass
FAT TO LOSE/ GAIN
0.1 kg increments
Predicted muscle Mass
2
Desirable Range for FAT% and FM (Standard and 20-79 years old ONLY)
Others
3 Rows, 5 Digits LCD
RS-232C (D-sub 9 pins Female Connector)
Display
NOTE: This model has been calibrated for those between ages of 18-84.
Output Data Interface
Temperature Range of Usage
Relative Humidity
Those individuals outside of this age range may not be obtain accurate readings.
0ºC/ 35ºC
30% / 80% (without condensation)
12kg
Weight of Equipment
Weighing Platform
340 X 375 X 90mm
830mm
Size
Height
1
2
This item displays Whole Body, Right Leg, Left Leg, Right Arm and Left Arm.
This item displays Right Leg, Left Leg, Right Arm, Left Arm and Trunk.
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