Important Information
Warranty
The PXI-PCI 8331 and 8336 hardware is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of
shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to
be defective during the warranty period. This warranty includes parts and labor.
The media on which you receive National Instruments software are warranted not to fail to execute programming instructions, due to defects
in materials and workmanship, for a period of 90 days from date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National
Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace software media that do not execute programming instructions if National Instruments receives
notice of such defects during the warranty period. National Instruments does not warrant that the operation of the software shall be
uninterrupted or error free.
A Return Material Authorization (RMA) number must be obtained from the factory and clearly marked on the outside of the package before
any equipment will be accepted for warranty work. National Instruments will pay the shipping costs of returning to the owner parts which are
covered by warranty.
National Instruments believes that the information in this document is accurate. The document has been carefully reviewed for technical
accuracy. In the event that technical or typographical errors exist, National Instruments reserves the right to make changes to subsequent
editions of this document without prior notice to holders of this edition. The reader should consult National Instruments if errors are suspected.
In no event shall National Instruments be liable for any damages arising out of or related to this document or the information contained in it.
EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED HEREIN, NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. CUSTOMER’S RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES CAUSED BY FAULT OR NEGLIGENCE ON THE PART OF
NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT THERETOFORE PAID BY THE CUSTOMER. NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
DAMAGES RESULTING FROM LOSS OF DATA, PROFITS, USE OF PRODUCTS, OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
THEREOF. This limitation of the liability of National Instruments will apply regardless of the form of action, whether in contract or tort, including
negligence. Any action against National Instruments must be brought within one year after the cause of action accrues. National Instruments
shall not be liable for any delay in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control. The warranty provided herein does not cover
damages, defects, malfunctions, or service failures caused by owner’s failure to follow the National Instruments installation, operation, or
maintenance instructions; owner’s modification of the product; owner’s abuse, misuse, or negligent acts; and power failure or surges, fire,
flood, accident, actions of third parties, or other events outside reasonable control.
Copyright
Under the copyright laws, this publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, storing in an information retrieval system, or translating, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of National
Instruments Corporation.
Trademarks
LabVIEW™, MXI™, National Instruments™, NI™, ni.com™, and NI-VISA™ are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation.
Product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies.
Patents
For patents covering National Instruments products, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file
on your CD, or ni.com/patents.
WARNING REGARDING USE OF NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS
(1) NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED WITH COMPONENTS AND TESTING FOR A LEVEL OF
RELIABILITY SUITABLE FOR USE IN OR IN CONNECTION WITH SURGICAL IMPLANTS OR AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN
ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS WHOSE FAILURE TO PERFORM CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT
INJURY TO A HUMAN.
(2) IN ANY APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE ABOVE, RELIABILITY OF OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCTS CAN BE
IMPAIRED BY ADVERSE FACTORS, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY,
COMPUTER HARDWARE MALFUNCTIONS, COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE FITNESS, FITNESS OF COMPILERS
AND DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE USED TO DEVELOP AN APPLICATION, INSTALLATION ERRORS, SOFTWARE AND
HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS, MALFUNCTIONS OR FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OR CONTROL
DEVICES, TRANSIENT FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS (HARDWARE AND/OR SOFTWARE), UNANTICIPATED USES OR
MISUSES, OR ERRORS ON THE PART OF THE USER OR APPLICATIONS DESIGNER (ADVERSE FACTORS SUCH AS THESE ARE
HEREAFTER COLLECTIVELY TERMED “SYSTEM FAILURES”). ANY APPLICATION WHERE A SYSTEM FAILURE WOULD
CREATE A RISK OF HARM TO PROPERTY OR PERSONS (INCLUDING THE RISK OF BODILY INJURY AND DEATH) SHOULD
NOT BE RELIANT SOLELY UPON ONE FORM OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DUE TO THE RISK OF SYSTEM FAILURE. TO AVOID
DAMAGE, INJURY, OR DEATH, THE USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER MUST TAKE REASONABLY PRUDENT STEPS TO
PROTECT AGAINST SYSTEM FAILURES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO BACK-UP OR SHUT DOWN MECHANISMS.
BECAUSE EACH END-USER SYSTEM IS CUSTOMIZED AND DIFFERS FROM NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS' TESTING
PLATFORMS AND BECAUSE A USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER MAY USE NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS IN
COMBINATION WITH OTHER PRODUCTS IN A MANNER NOT EVALUATED OR CONTEMPLATED BY NATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS, THE USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR VERIFYING AND VALIDATING
THE SUITABILITY OF NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS WHENEVER NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS ARE
INCORPORATED IN A SYSTEM OR APPLICATION, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE APPROPRIATE DESIGN,
PROCESS AND SAFETY LEVEL OF SUCH SYSTEM OR APPLICATION.
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Compliance
Compliance with FCC/Canada Radio Frequency Interference
Regulations
Determining FCC Class
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has rules to protect wireless communications from interference. The FCC
places digital electronics into two classes. These classes are known as Class A (for use in industrial-commercial locations only)
or Class B (for use in residential or commercial locations). All National Instruments (NI) products are FCC Class A products.
Depending on where it is operated, this Class A product could be subject to restrictions in the FCC rules. (In Canada, the
Department of Communications (DOC), of Industry Canada, regulates wireless interference in much the same way.) Digital
electronics emit weak signals during normal operation that can affect radio, television, or other wireless products.
All Class A products display a simple warning statement of one paragraph in length regarding interference and undesired
operation. The FCC rules have restrictions regarding the locations where FCC Class A products can be operated.
FCC/DOC Warnings
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in strict accordance with the instructions
in this manual and the CE marking Declaration of Conformity*, may cause interference to radio and television reception.
Classification requirements are the same for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Canadian Department
of Communications (DOC).
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by NI could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment under the
FCC Rules.
Class A
Federal Communications Commission
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC
Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated
in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and
used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this
equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user is required to correct the interference
at their own expense.
Canadian Department of Communications
This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.
Compliance with EU Directives
Users in the European Union (EU) should refer to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for information* pertaining to the
CE marking. Refer to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this product for any additional regulatory compliance
information. To obtain the DoC for this product, visit ni.com/hardref.nsf, search by model number or product line,
and click the appropriate link in the Certification column.
*
The CE marking Declaration of Conformity contains important supplementary information and instructions for the user or
installer.
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About This Manual
Chapter 1
About the MXI-4 Series.................................................................................................1-1
Description and Features.................................................................................1-1
Larger MXI-4 Systems....................................................................................1-3
Unpacking......................................................................................................................1-5
Chapter 2
Software Installation......................................................................................................2-1
Hardware Installation.....................................................................................................2-2
Installing a PCI MXI-4 Card...........................................................................2-2
Cabling ............................................................................................................2-5
Powering Up the MXI-4 System.....................................................................2-6
Chapter 3
Hardware Overview.......................................................................................................3-1
Serial-to-Parallel Converter ..............................................................3-2
Serial Connector/Fiber Optic Transceiver ........................................3-2
MXI-4 Cable Options......................................................................................3-3
Software Configuration..................................................................................................3-3
MXI-4 Retransmit Count.................................................................................3-3
MXI-4 Linked Chassis Status..........................................................................3-6
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Contents
Appendix A
Specifications
Appendix B
Technical Support and Professional Services
Glossary
Index
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About This Manual
This manual describes the features, functions, and operation of the MXI-4
series of products. The four products in this series are the PCI-8331,
PXI-8331, PCI-8336, and PXI-8336. The PXI-PCI 8331 and 8336
incorporate MXI-4 technology, which couples two physically separate PCI,
CompactPCI, or PXI buses with a data link capable of 1.5 Gbit/s serial data
rates.
Conventions
The following conventions appear in this manual:
This icon denotes a note, which alerts you to important information.
This icon denotes a caution, which advises you of precautions to take to
avoid injury, data loss, or a system crash.
bold
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such
as menu items and dialog box options. Bold text also denotes parameter
names.
italic
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross reference, or an introduction
to a key concept. This font also denotes text that is a placeholder for a word
or value that you must supply.
monospace
Text in this font denotes text or characters that you should enter from the
keyboard, sections of code, programming examples, and syntax examples.
This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,
programs, subprograms, subroutines, device names, functions, operations,
variables, filenames and extensions, and code excerpts.
MXI-4 card
MXI-4 dyad
MXI-4 card refers to any of the following cards, unless otherwise noted:
PCI-8331, PXI-8331, PCI-8336, and PXI-8336.
MXI-4 dyad refers to any of the following 4 pairs of MXI-4 cards:
•
•
•
•
PCI-8331 and PXI-8331
PCI-8336 and PXI-8336
PXI-8331 and PXI-8331
PXI-8336 and PXI-8336
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About This Manual
Note In this manual, whenever a PXI chassis is referenced, a CompactPCI chassis could
be used instead.
Related Documentation
The following documents contain information that you might find helpful
as you read this manual:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Set Up Your MXI-4 System
Your computer or chassis documentation
PXI Hardware Specification, Revision 2.1
PXI Software Specification, Revision 2.1
PCI Specification, Revision 2.2
PCI-PCI Bridge Architecture Specification, Revision 1.0
PICMG CompactPCI 2.0 R2.1 specification
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1
Introduction
This chapter describes the MXI-4 series of products, lists what you need to
get started, and explains how to unpack and set up your hardware.
The four products in this series are the PCI-8331, PXI-8331, PCI-8336, and
to any of the products in the MXI-4 series.
MXI-4 cards must always be installed as either a pair of PXI cards or as a
PCI card and a PXI card. The term MXI-4 dyad will refer to one of the four
allowable pairings of MXI-4 cards which are described in the Conventions
section of the About This Manual.
About the MXI-4 Series
Description and Features
A MXI-4 dyad is a PCI master/slave implementing the PCI-PCI bridge
register set. It couples two physically separate buses with either a copper or
fiber-optic data link capable of 1.5 Gbit/s serial data rates. With the MXI-4
dyad, you can do the following:
•
•
Control a PXI/CompactPCI backplane with a PCI based PC
Control a PXI/CompactPCI backplane with another PXI/CompactPCI
system
•
•
•
Increase the available number CompactPCI or PXI slots for your
application
Physically separate the measurement or automation system from
a host PC
Combine PCI, CompactPCI, and PXI devices in the same system
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Basic MXI-4 Systems
MXI-4 cards are used in two basic configurations, both of which are shown
in Figure 1-1:
•
A PCI MXI-4 in a PC, connected to a PXI MXI-4 in the controller slot
of a PXI/CompactPCI chassis.
•
A PXI MXI-4 in a non-controller slot of a PXI/CompactPCI chassis
with an embedded controller, connected to a PXI MXI-4 in the
controller slot of another PXI/CompactPCI chassis.
Note The PXI MXI-4 is capable of automatically detecting whether it is in a controller or
non-controller slot and configuring itself accordingly.
PC to PXI/CompactPCI
PXI/CompactPCI to PXI/CompactPCI
Figure 1-1. Basic MXI-4 Configurations
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Larger MXI-4 Systems
Using multiple MXI-4 dyads, large PCI/PXI/CompactPCI systems can be
created. The PCI specification makes provisions for up to 255 bus segments
to simultaneously exist in a PCI hierarchy and MXI-4 hardware provides
everything needed to support those provisions.
Notes Keep in mind that some chassis and PCs have more than one PCI bus segment.
The host configuration software (BIOS and OS) and device drivers must support the
number of bus segments and PCI devices that you intend to use.
Figure 1-2 shows how MXI-4 cards can be used to connect multiple
expansion chassis to a PC in both a star and daisy chain topology. The
PC that is shown at the root of the PCI hierarchy in this example could
instead be a PXI/CompactPCI chassis with an embedded controller in its
controller slot. The star topology will give higher performance than the
daisy chain because it minimizes the number of MXI-4 dyads between the
expansion cards and the PC.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Daisy-Chain Configuration
Star Configuration
Figure 1-2. Star and Daisy Chain MXI-4 Configurations
Note Adding PCI bridges, such as MXI-4, to a system can create a slight decrease in
performance when communicating with devices behind the bridges.
Although the distance between individual chassis is confined to a
maximum of 10 meters for copper cables and 200 meters for fiber-optic
cables, there is no limit to the total amount of cable in the system.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
What You Need to Get Started
To set up and use your MXI-4 cards, you need the following:
❑ Two MXI-4 cards of the allowable pairings that comprise a MXI-4
dyad. The allowable pairings are:
•
•
•
•
PCI-8331 and PXI-8331
PCI-8336 and PXI-8336
PXI-8331 and PXI-8331
PXI-8336 and PXI-8336
❑ A MXI-4 cable
•
•
A copper cable for 8331 dyads
A fiber optic cable for 8336 dyads
❑ A host—This can be a PC with PCI slots, or a PXI/CompactPCI
chassis that already has a controller
❑ An expansion chassis—This is the PXI/CompactPCI chassis that you
control with the MXI-4 dyad
❑ NI MXI-4 software
Note Your PXI MXI-4 card will work in any standard CompactPCI chassis adhering to
the PICMG CompactPCI 2.0 R2.1 specification, or in PXI chassis that are compatible with
the PXI Hardware Specification, Revision 1.0 or later. Your PCI MXI-4 card will work in
systems compliant with the PCI Specification, Revision 2.2 or later.
Unpacking
Your MXI-4 cards are shipped in antistatic packages to prevent
electrostatic damage (ESD) to the devices. ESD can damage several
components on the device.
Caution Never touch the exposed pins of connectors. Doing so may damage the device.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
To avoid such damage in handling the device, take the following
precautions:
•
Ground yourself using a grounding strap or by holding a grounded
object.
•
Touch the antistatic package to a metal part of the computer chassis
before removing the device from the package.
Remove the device from the package and inspect the device for loose
components or any sign of damage. Notify NI if the device appears
damaged in any way. Do not install a damaged device into the computer.
Store the device in the antistatic envelope when not in use.
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2
Hardware and Software
Installation
This chapter explains how to install the MXI-4 software and hardware.
Software Installation
The software for your MXI-4 controller enables use of the MXI-4
Connection Monitor which is built into the MXI-4 hardware. This software
enhances the product, allowing you to monitor your MXI-4 link, view
information about the organization of your PXI system, and
programmatically retrieve data about the link, chassis, and modules you
have installed.
The MXI-4 software for Microsoft Windows operating systems is included
as part of NI-VISA. The appropriate version of NI-VISA is provided on the
MXI-4 Software CD or National Instruments Driver CD included with your
kit. To install the software, insert the CD into your computer and run the
setup.exe program if it does not start automatically. Follow the
installation program prompts to install the NI-VISA software and any other
components you select. After installation you may be required to reboot
your computer before using the MXI-4 software.
Note If the MXI-4 software does not support your operating system, the operating system
will provide a mechanism for you to ignore the MXI-4 Connection Monitor which is built
into the MXI-4 hardware.
If you are using LabVIEW Real-Time, be sure you also update the LabVIEW RT controller
by accessing the Software attributes of your target system in Measurement & Automation
Explorer (MAX) and using MAX to update the software on your LabVIEW RT controller.
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Chapter 2
Hardware and Software Installation
Hardware Installation
The following are general instructions for installing the MXI-4 cards.
Consult your computer user manual or technical reference manual for
specific instructions and warnings.
Installing a PCI MXI-4 Card
1. Power off your computer, but leave it plugged in while installing the
PCI MXI-4 card. The power cord grounds the chassis and protects it
from electrical damage while you install the module.
Caution To protect both yourself and the computer from electrical hazards, your computer
should remain off until you finish installing the PCI MXI-4 device.
2. Remove the top cover or access port to the PCI bus.
3. Select any available PCI expansion slot.
4. Locate the metal bracket that covers the cut-out in the back panel of the
computer for the slot you have selected. Remove and save the
bracket-retaining screw and the bracket cover.
5. Touch the metal part of the power supply case inside the computer to
discharge any static electricity that might be on your clothes or body.
6. Line up the PCI MXI-4 with the slot on the back panel. Slowly push
down on the top of the PCI MXI-4 until its card-edge connector is
resting on the expansion slot receptacle. Using slow, evenly distributed
pressure, press the PCI MXI-4 straight down until it seats in the
expansion slot.
7. Reinstall the bracket-retaining screw to secure the PCI MXI-4 to the
back panel rail.
8. Replace the computer cover.
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Chapter 2
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2
1
3
1
2
PCI MXI-4 Card
PCI Bus Card-Edge Connector
3
PCI Bus Slot
Figure 2-1. Installing the PCI MXI-4
Installing a PXI MXI-4 Card
Complete the following steps to install the PXI MXI-4 in your PXI or
CompactPCI chassis.
1. Power off your PXI or CompactPCI chassis, but leave it plugged in
while installing the PXI MXI-4 card. The power cord grounds the
chassis and protects it from electrical damage while you install the
module.
2. Select a slot for the PXI MXI-4 card:
•
When being placed in the expansion chassis that you wish to
control using MXI-4, choose the controller slot (slot 1 in PXI).
•
When being placed in a host chassis, choose any slot except the
controller slot (slot 1 is reserved for the system controller in PXI).
The slot chosen must support bus mastering.
Caution To protect both yourself and the chassis from electrical hazards, leave the chassis
off until you finish installing the PXI MXI-4 card.
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Chapter 2
Hardware and Software Installation
3. Remove or open any doors or covers blocking access to the slot in
which you intend to install the PXI MXI-4.
4. Touch the metal part of the case to discharge any static electricity that
might be on your clothes or body.
5. Make sure the injector/ejector handle is in its downward position.
retaining screws on the module. Align the PXI MXI-4 card with the
card guides on the top and bottom of the system controller slot.
Caution Do not raise the injector/ejector handle as you insert the PXI MXI-4 card. It will
not insert properly unless the handle is in its downward position so that it does not interfere
with the injector rail on the mainframe, as shown in Figure 2-2.
6. Hold the handle as you slowly slide the module into the chassis until
the handle catches on the injector/ejector rail.
7. Raise the injector/ejector handle until the module firmly seats into the
backplane receptacle connectors. The front panel of the PXI MXI-4
card should be even with the front panel of the chassis.
8. Tighten the bracket-retaining screws on the top and bottom of the front
panel to secure the PXI MXI-4 card to the chassis.
9. Replace or close any doors or covers to the chassis.
Figure 2-2 shows a PXI MXI-4 card just before installation in the system
controller slot of a National Instruments mainframe.
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Chapter 2
Hardware and Software Installation
1
NI PXI-1042
2
4
3
1
2
PXI/Compact PCI Chassis
PXI MXI-4 Card
3
4
Ejector Handle in Down Position
PXI/Compact PCI Slot 1
Figure 2-2. PXI MXI-4 Before Installation as Secondary
Cabling
1. Connect the appropriate MXI-4 cable to both MXI-4 cards. If you are
using a fiber-optic MXI-4 cable, be sure to remove the protective caps
from the connectors. The cables have no polarity, so either end may be
connected to either card.
Caution Do not remove the cable after the system is powered on. Doing so can hang
or cause errors in applications communicating with devices behind MXI-4. If a cable
becomes unplugged, plug it back into the system.
Note For more information on cables, refer to the MXI-4 Cable Options section of
Chapter 3, Hardware and Software Overview.
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Chapter 2
Hardware and Software Installation
Powering Up the MXI-4 System
1. Power on all of the expansion chassis in any order you choose.
2. Power on the host, which could either be a PC or a CompactPCI/PXI
chassis with an embedded controller.
Typical PCI-PCI bridges are used to add PCI devices to a PCI hierarchy in
which all the bridges and devices are contained within a single chassis.
Because of this, BIOSes and operating systems make the assumption that
all PCI devices in the entire hierarchy will be available as soon as code
execution begins at power-up time. This assumption means that all of the
expansion chassis must be turned on before the host PC or embedded
controller in order for the BIOS and OS to correctly configure a MXI-4
system.
Note There are no requirements on how MXI-4 expansion chassis are powered up relative
to each other, as long as they are all on before the BIOS begins execution.
Powering Down the MXI-4 System
Because operating systems and drivers commonly make the assumption
that PCI devices will be present in the system from power-up to
power-down, it is important not to power off the expansion chassis until
after the host PC or embedded controller is powered off. Powering the
expansion chassis off while the host is still on can cause crashes or hangs.
The order in which expansion chassis are turned off, relative to each other,
is not important.
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3
Hardware and Software
Overview
This chapter presents an overview of the hardware and software function of
MXI-4 cards, and explains the operation of each functional unit.
Hardware Overview
Functional Overview
The PCI specification places a limit on the number of PCI devices that can
be placed on any single PCI bus segment in order to guarantee the electrical
characteristics and timing of the bus. This limitation spawned the need for
devices that could logically couple electrically independent busses to form
a hierarchical PCI system. The PCI Special Interest Group recognized this
need and created the PCI-PCI Bridge Architecture Specification in 1994 to
provide a standardized register set and well defined functionality for such
devices.
Each MXI-4 dyad implements this PCI-PCI Bridge Architecture
Specification for the purpose of coupling PCI-based peripherals located in
separate chassis into a single PCI hierarchy. Each of the MXI-4 cards
contains half of the bridge logic, and uses the serial link to communicate
between those two halves at a maximum rate of 1.5 Gbits/sec.
Using the PCI-PCI Bridge specification as the basis for its implementation
allows MXI-4 to connect a large number of peripheral devices while
host system. This is possible because the PCI-PCI Bridge Architecture
Specification was designed to be transparent to device drivers, and because
all major operating systems and BIOSes support configuration of the
bridges natively.
Figure 3-1 shows the basic architecture of a MXI-4 card. The MXI-4 FPGA
is connected to the PCI bus, a serializer and a deserializer. The serializer
and deserializer then connect to either a fiber-optic transceiver, which
converts the electrical signals to laser-light and vice versa, or directly
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Chapter 3
Hardware and Software Overview
copper cable using one differential pair on that cable to transmit data, and
the other pair to receive the data.
National Instruments MXI-4 FPGA
Parallel-
to-Serial
Converter
Serial
Data
Transmitter
Port
C P
P
C
I
P X
C I
I
Serial
PCI/PXI
Interface
Port
Connector/
Fiber-Optic
Transceiver
B
u
s
Serial-
to-Parallel
Converter
Receiver
Port
Serial
Data
Figure 3-1. MXI-4 Card Block Diagram
Functional Unit Descriptions
National Instruments MXI-4 FPGA
Each of the MXI-4 FPGAs in a MXI-4 dyad contain half of the logic
needed to implement the PCI-PCI Bridge Architecture Specification,
as well as logic that handles the packetization and reliable transmission
of data between the two half-bridges.
Parallel-to-Serial Converter
The serial transmitter converts packetized parallel data coming from the
MXI-4 FPGA into a differential electrical signal.
Serial-to-Parallel Converter
The serial receiver converts the incoming differential electrical signal, to a
parallel data stream for consumption by the MXI-4 FPGA.
Serial Connector/Fiber Optic Transceiver
The electrical signals coming from the transmitter and going to the receiver
may have one of two things done to them: either they are first run through
a fiber-optic transceiver for conversion to/from laser-light, or they are run
directly through a copper connector to a cable.
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MXI-4 Cable Options
MXI-4 dyads are available with either copper or fiber-optic media
connecting the MXI-4 cards. Copper cabled MXI-4 boards can span up to
10 meters, while fiber-optic cables provide up to 200 meters of separation
between the cards. Table 3-1 shows the cables that are available from
National Instruments:
Table 3-1. National Instruments MXI-4 Cables
Cable Length (meters)
Description
3 m
5 m
MXI-4 copper cable
MXI-4 copper cable
MXI-4 fiber optic cable
MXI-4 copper cable
MXI-4 fiber optic cable
MXI-4 fiber optic cable
10 m
10 m
30 m
200 m
Caution Although MXI-4 copper cables use the same DB-9 connector as many RS-232
serial cables, they are not compatible. RS-232 cables and MXI-4 cables cannot be
interchanged.
Software Configuration
On Microsoft Windows operating systems, National Instruments
Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) provides access to
information about your MXI-4 controller, as well as other components of
your PXI system. This section provides introductory information about the
MXI-4 specific functions within MAX. Refer to the MAX help within
MAX to learn more about how to use MAX with your PXI system.
MXI-4 Retransmit Count
Your MXI-4 dyad uses a robust protocol to communicate between the
individual MXI-4 cards. If serial data is corrupted during transfer, the
receiving MXI-4 card will detect the corruption and request that the other
MXI-4 card retransmit the data. This guarantees that even if the serial data
is compromised, your application will always get the correct data.
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You can determine how frequently retransmissions are occurring by
enabling the Show PXI Bus Details attribute of your PXI system (refer to
Figure 3-2). To set this attribute, right-click your PXI system in MAX and
select the Show PXI Bus Details menu option.
Figure 3-2. Show PXI Bus Details Attribute in Configuration Pop-Up
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With this attribute enabled, clicking on a PXI Bridge entry in MAX that
corresponds to a MXI-4 link will display information about the link in the
right-hand pane in MAX (refer to Figure 3-3). To update the information
shown, click the Refresh button.
Note In normal operation, the bridge retransmit count should be zero.
Figure 3-3. Bridge Retransmit Count Value in Right Pane View
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MXI-4 Linked Chassis Status
When your PXI system contains a chassis connected through MXI-4, MAX
can show additional information about the chassis status depending on the
state of the MXI-4 link. If there is a problem with the link or the chassis is
not connected, MAX will display the chassis with a yellow exclamation
point indicating a warning (refer to Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-4. Chassis Status Indication in Configuration Tree
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To determine the cause of the warning, click the chassis in the MAX tree
view and check the status bar text to determine what condition the software
detected (refer to Figure 3-5).
If MAX indicates that the MXI-4 connection has timed out, the MXI-4 card
did not detect that it was connected to another MXI-4 card at power-up
time. This can occur if the host chassis is turned on before the expansion
chassis, or if the MXI-4 cable is not plugged in properly. Refer to the
Powering Up the MXI-4 System section of Chapter 2, Hardware and
Software Installation, for more information.
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A
Specifications
This appendix lists the system specifications for PCI MXI-4 and
PXI MXI-4 cards. These specifications are typical at 25 °C, unless
otherwise stated.
Physical
Dimensions
PCI .................................................. 10.7 × 17.5 cm (4.2 × 6.9 in.)
PXI.................................................. 10.0 × 16.0 cm (3.9 × 6.3 in.)
Maximum cable lengths
Copper............................................. 10 m
Fiber-optic....................................... 200 m
Slot requirements ................................... One slot (PCI or PXI)
Compatibility ......................................... Fully compatible with the
PXI Hardware Specification,
Revision 2.1 and the
PCI Specification, Revision 2.2
Weight
PXI-8331......................................... .25 Kg (.55 lb) typical
PCI-8331......................................... .19 Kg (.42 lb) typical
PXI-8336......................................... .25 Kg (.55 lb) typical
PCI-8336......................................... .20 Kg (.44 lb) typical
PXI-8331 power requirement
3.3 V................................................ <.21 A typical
5 V................................................... <1.4 A typical
PXI-8336 power requirement
3.3 V................................................ <.34 A typical
5 V................................................... <1.4 A typical
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Appendix A
Specifications
Environment
Maximum altitude...................................2,000 m
Pollution Degree.....................................2
Indoor use only
Operating Environment
Ambient temperature range ....................0 to 55 °C (tested in accordance
with IEC-60068-2-1 and
IEC-60068-2-2)
Operating relative humidity....................10 to 90%, noncondensing
(tested in accordance with
IEC-60068-2-56)
Storage Environment
Ambient temperature range ....................–20 to 70 °C (tested in accordance
with IEC-60068-2-1 and
IEC-60068-2-2)
Storage relative humidity........................5 to 95%, noncondensing
(tested in accordance with
IEC-60068-2-56)
Shock and Vibration
Operational shock...................................30 g peak, half-sine, 11 ms pulse
(Tested in accordance with
IEC-60068-2-27. Test profile
developed in accordance with
MIL-PRF-28800F.)
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Appendix A
Specifications
Random Vibration
Operating................................................ 5 to 500 Hz, 0.3 grms
Nonoperating.......................................... 5 to 500 Hz, 2.4 grms
(Tested in accordance with
IEC-60068-2-64. Nonoperating
test profile exceeds the
requirements of
MIL-PRF-28800F, Class 3.)
Safety
The MXI-4 cards were evaluated using the criteria of EN 61010-1 and meet
the requirements of the following standards for safety and electrical
equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:
•
•
•
IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1
UL 3111-1, UL 61010B-1
CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1
Note For UL and other safety certifications, refer to the product label, or visit
ni.com/hardref.nsf, search by model number or product line, and click the
appropriate link in the Certification column.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Emissions ............................................... EN 55011 Class A at 10 m
FCC Part 15A above 1 GHz
Immunity................................................ EN 61326:1997 + A2:2001,
Table 1
EMC/EMI............................................... CE, C-Tick, and FCC Part 15
(Class A) Compliant
Note For EMC compliance, operate this device with shielded cabling. In addition,
all covers and filler panels must be installed.
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Appendix A
Specifications
CE Compliance
This product meets the essential requirements of applicable European
Directives, as amended for CE marking, as follows:
Low-Voltage Directive (safety)..............73/23/EEC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Directive (EMC).....................................89/336/EEC
Note Refer to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this product for any additional
regulatory compliance information. To obtain the DoC for this product, visit
ni.com/hardref.nsf, search by model number or product line, and click the
appropriate link in the Certification column.
Cleaning
If you need to clean the module, use a soft, nonmetallic brush. Make sure
that the module is completely dry and free from contaminants before
returning it to service.
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B
Common Questions
This appendix lists common questions related to the use of the MXI-4
controllers.
General Hardware
What are the board names of the MXI-4 remote controllers?
•
•
•
•
PCI-8331: PCI MXI-4 interface with connectors for copper cable
PXI-8331: PXI MXI-4 interface with connectors for copper cable
PCI-8336: PCI MXI-4 interface with connectors for fiber cable
PXI-8336: PXI MXI-4 interface with connectors for fiber cable
What is the difference between the copper (PXI-8331) and fiber
(PXI-8336) versions of MXI-4?
MXI-4 data performance is identical with both types. Use copper for short
distances, and fiber for longer distances, EMI resistance, and electrical
isolation.
Can I use a copper MXI-4 and a fiber MXI-4 kit in the same
multi-chassis PXI system?
A copper or fiber MXI-4 kit is comprised of two MXI boards of the same
type and an interconnecting cable. Copper and fiber MXI-4 kits can be
intermixed to connect multiple PXI chassis together. A single copper board
will not connect to a single fiber board.
How many PXI bus segments can I connect together with MXI-4?
The PCI specification allows up to 255 bus segments. MXI-4 does not limit
this number, but the maximum number of bus segments allowed can be
BIOS or operating system dependent. Also, a computer may already
possess internally several PCI bus segments. Notice that connecting large
numbers of chassis together in series with MXI-4 will result in high latency
and lower throughput for chassis at the end of the chain. To reduce the
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Appendix B
Common Questions
impact of this situation in general, design a multi-chassis system layout
such that there are a minimum of MXI-4 links between the host PC and PXI
boards requiring large bandwidth.
General Cabling
What are the different cabling options for MXI-4?
There are two different types of cables that can be used with MXI-4. The
PCI/PXI-8331 uses a copper cable. The PCI/PXI-8336 uses a fiber-optic
cable.
What is the maximum length of a MXI-4 copper cable?
The maximum length for the MXI-4 copper cable is 10 meters. National
Instruments offers 3 meter, 5 meter, and 10 meter copper cables.
What is the maximum length of a MXI-4 fiber-optic cable?
The maximum length for the MXI-4 fiber-optic cable is 200 meters.
National Instruments offers 10 meter, 30 meter, and 200 meter fiber-optic
cables.
How can I extend my system past the maximum cable length?
The best solution is to add a second MXI-4 link, which will then extend the
length to 400 meters (fiber-optic kit only). To do this you will need a
second PXI-MXI-4 kit (which consists of two PXI-8336 devices), another
cable, and another chassis. The 4-slot PXI chassis is the lowest cost option
for a chassis. Chassis and MXI-4 kits can be added as needed in order to
obtain the desired distance.
Can I use a repeater to extend the range of my MXI-4 link?
To extend MXI-4 greater than the 200 (fiber) or 10 (copper) meters, you
cannot use a normal Ethernet repeater. Most repeaters work by resending
the packets sent to them instead of the exact electrical signals. Since MXI-4
uses a proprietary packet optimized for PCI cycles, a standard Ethernet
repeater will not work.
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Common Questions
MXI-4 copper cables look like standard serial cables. Are they the
same?
No. Although MXI-4 copper cables use the same DB-9 connector as many
RS-232 serial cables like those found on a regular PC, they are not
compatible. RS-232 cables and MXI-4 cables cannot be interchanged.
Also, never attempt to cable together a standard RS-232 serial port to the
copper connector on a MXI-4 board. Doing so will result in damage to your
hardware.
General Software
Under which operating systems will MXI-4 work?
MXI-4 is a PCI-to-PCI bridge that is recognized by the majority of
operating systems. It should automatically work with most systems like
Windows, Macintosh OS X, Linux, and Solaris, but only Windows
operating systems have been verified in the initial release of MXI-4.
What software is required to use my MXI-4 kit?
For Windows and LabVIEW RT, the required software is included as part
of the latest version of NI-VISA included with your kit. The software for
your MXI-4 controller enhances the product, allowing you to monitor your
MXI-4 link, view information about the organization of your PXI system,
and programmatically retrieve data about the link, chassis, and modules
you have installed.
If the MXI-4 software does not support your operating system, you can still
use MXI-4 and the operating system will provide a mechanism for you to
ignore the MXI-4 Connection Monitor that is built into the MXI-4
hardware.
For more details, refer to the Software Installation section of Chapter 2,
Hardware and Software Installation.
MXI-3 required optimization software. Does MXI-4 require the same?
No. The necessary optimization is now done automatically by the MXI-4
hardware.
How does my MXI-4 board show up in the Windows Device Manager?
MXI-4 boards contain two distinct PCI functions onboard and will have
two separate listings in the Windows Device Manager (WDM). The first
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Appendix B
Common Questions
function will show up in the WDM listed under System devices as a PCI
standard PCI-to-PCI bridge. The second function listing in the WDM
will show up as a MXI-4 Connection Monitor when the correct MXI-4
driver is installed.
If the MXI-4 software is not installed, the PCI-to-PCI function will still be
detected and work correctly, but the MXI-4 Connection Monitor will be
detected as an unknown device.
MXI-3 to MXI-4 Upgrade Questions
What are some of the improvements from MXI-3 to MXI-4?
MXI-4 incorporates the latest technology to include:
•
•
Universal PCI support for both 3.3 V and 5 V PCI slots.
Improved error correction and handling for noisy or harsh
environments.
•
•
Expanded operating temperature range to 0–55 °C.
Improved mechanical connectivity.
Can a MXI-3 and a MXI-4 board be used together directly?
No. MXI-3 and MXI-4 boards use different cable connectors and cannot be
plugged in together. Additionally, the board-to-board communication
protocols differ.
Can I use a MXI-3 and a MXI-4 kit in the same multi-chassis PXI
system?
Yes. Different MXI kits can be intermixed to connect multiple PXI chassis
together. As mentioned previously, an individual MXI-3 board will not
cable directly to a MXI-4 board.
MXI-3 systems required the use of a specific boot ordering. Is this still
a requirement with MXI-4?
Yes, the requirements of the PCI bus still mandate that you must power on
secondary PXI chassis before powering on the host PC or controller when
using MXI-4, but MXI-4 does have improved boot behavior when using
multiple chassis connected in series.
With MXI-3 and several chassis connected in series, you were required to
power on the chassis in order starting with the chassis at the end of the chain
and move towards the host controller. Now with MXI-4, multiple chassis
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connected in series can be powered on in any order, except that you need
to ensure that the last component powered on is the host PC or the chassis
containing the host controller as previously mentioned.
For more details, refer to the Powering Up the MXI-4 System section in
Chapter 2, Hardware and Software Installation.
What is the benefit of Universal PCI support with MXI-4?
With Universal PCI support, MXI-4 now can be used in more types of PCI
and PCI-X slots.
Table B-1. MXI-4 Bus Compatibility
Will the board connector
work in this type of slot?
Universal
MXI-4 boards
Traditional
MXI-3 boards
5 V PCI 33 Mhz
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
3.3 V PCI 33 MHz
3.3 V PCI 66 MHz
3.3 V PCI-X 66 MHz
3.3 V PCI-X 100 MHz
3.3 V PCI-X 133 MHz
Note PCI-X and 66 Mhz PCI buses maintain backwards compatibility with 33 Mhz PCI
boards like MXI-4 by slowing down the bus to 33 Mhz operation.
What is significant about improved error handling with MXI-4?
MXI-4 now offers the flexibility to correct for serial data corruption during
transmission in noisy or harsh environments. MXI-4 also gives greater
flexibility of use.
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C
Technical Support and
Professional Services
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at
ni.com for technical support and professional services:
•
Support—Online technical support resources include the following:
–
Self-Help Resources—For immediate answers and solutions,
visit our extensive library of technical support resources available
in English, Japanese, and Spanish at ni.com/support. These
resources are available for most products at no cost to registered
users and include software drivers and updates, a KnowledgeBase,
product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards,
conformity documentation, example code, tutorials and
application notes, instrument drivers, discussion forums,
a measurement glossary, and so on.
–
Assisted Support Options—Contact NI engineers and other
measurement and automation professionals by visiting
ni.com/support. Our online system helps you define your
question and connects you to the experts by phone, discussion
forum, or email.
•
•
Training—Visit ni.com/training for self-paced tutorials, videos,
and interactive CDs. You also can register for instructor-led, hands-on
courses at locations around the world.
System Integration—If you have time constraints, limited in-house
technical resources, or other project challenges, NI Alliance Program
members can help. To learn more, call your local NI office or visit
ni.com/alliance.
•
Declaration of Conformity (DoC)—A DoC is our claim of
compliance with the Council of the European Communities using
the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity. This system affords
the user protection for electronic compatibility (EMC) and product
safety. You can obtain the DoC for your product by visiting
ni.com/hardref.nsf.
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Appendix C
Technical Support and Professional Services
•
Calibration Certificate—If your product supports calibration,
you can obtain the calibration certificate for your product at
ni.com/calibration.
If you searched ni.com and could not find the answers you need, contact
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit
the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobal to access the branch
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.
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Glossary
Symbol
Prefix
nano
micro
milli
kilo
Value
10–9
10– 6
10–3
103
n
µ
m
k
M
mega
106
Symbols
°
Degrees
≥
≤
%
Equal or greater than
Equal or less than
Percent
B
bus
the group of conductors that interconnect individual circuitry in a computer.
Typically, a bus is the expansion vehicle to which I/O or other devices are
connected. Examples of PC buses are the AT bus, NuBus, Micro Channel,
and EISA bus.
bus master
a type of a plug-in board or controller with the ability to read and write
devices on the computer bus
C
C
Celsius
clock
hardware component that controls timing for reading from or writing to
groups
counter/timer
a circuit that counts external pulses or clock pulses (timing)
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Glossary
D
device
a plug-in instrument card or pad that can contain multiple channels and
conversion devices. Plug-in boards and PCMCIA cards, which connect to
your computer parallel port, are examples of devices.
digital trigger
DMA
a TTL level signal having two discrete levels—a high and a low level
direct memory access—a method by which data can be transferred to/from
computer memory from/to a device or memory on the bus while the
processor does something else. DMA is the fastest method of transferring
data to/from computer memory.
dyad
MXI-4 dyad refers to any of the following 4 pairs of MXI-4 cards:
•
•
•
•
PCI-8331 and PXI-8331
PCI-8336 and PXI-8336
PXI-8331 and PXI-8331
PXI-8336 and PXI-8336
F
FPGA
Field Programmable Gate Array—a logic device that has its functionality
defined after it is manufactured.
I
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
P
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect—a high-performance expansion bus
architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA. It is
achieving widespread acceptance as a standard for PCs and workstations;
it offers a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 132 Mbytes/s.
PCI-PCI bridge
a device that transparently expands the PCI bus on a computer motherboard
to another bus segment in the same machine. The bridge expands the
number of PCI expansion slots, but remains transparent to the end user.
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Glossary
PXI
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation. PXI is an open specification
that builds off the CompactPCI specification by adding
instrumentation-specific features.
V
VCSEL
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
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Index
A
additional MXI-4 configurations (figure), 1-4
fiber optic transceiver, 3-2
functional unit descriptions, 3-2
B
block diagram, 3-2
help, technical support, C-1
Cable), 3-3
C
cable options, 3-3
calibration certificate (NI resources), C-2
common questions, B-1
installation
cable options, 3-3
cabling, 2-5
configuration, basic (figure), 1-2
configurations, additional
of a PCI MXI-4 card, 2-2
of a PXI MXI-4 card, 2-3
powering down the MXI-4 system, 2-6
software, 2-1
star (figure), 1-4
conventions used in the manual, vii
D
Declaration of Conformity (NI resources), C-1
diagnostic tools (NI resources), C-1
documentation
instrument drivers (NI resources), C-1
K
conventions used in manual, vii
NI resources, C-1
drivers (NI resources), C-1
M
MAX, 3-3
E
MXI-4
block diagram, 3-2
cable options, 3-3
definition, 1-1
overview, 3-1
electromagnetic compatibility, A-3
examples (NI resources), C-1
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Index
MXI-4 FPGA, 3-2
MXI-4 system
R
definition, 1-1
description, 1-1
getting started, 1-5
S
safety specifications (table), A-3
serial connector, 3-2
serial-to-parallel converter, 3-2
software (NI resources), C-1
N
services, C-1
electromagnetic compatibility, A-3
safety, A-3
O
overview
functional unit descriptions, 3-2
hardware, 3-1
training (NI resources), C-1
troubleshooting (NI resources), C-1
P
parallel-to-serial converter, 3-2
PCI MXI-4 card
installation, 2-2
W
figure, 2-3
Web resources, C-1
programming examples (NI resources), C-1
PXI MXI-4 card
installation, 2-3
figure, 2-5
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